THE CELL CYCLE

for General Biology 1 Grade 12

Quarter 1/Week 3

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I. What Happened

Hi. I’m Rian! …and I’m John!

We are here to join you in your quest towards learning our lesson
for today which is about the CELL CYCLE. We will also discover
some of the different disorders and diseases that result from the
malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle.

I guess this Are you ready

would be fun! to learn?

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PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST:
SCI-QUEST! #1

A. WORD SEARCH HUNT. Find the following words in the puzzle below
and encircle them. (Teachers will provide another copy of this page.)

GAP ZERO GROWTH

SYNTHESIS CHECKPOINT

REPLICATION CELLS

CHROMOSOMES INTERPHASE

Merry-GO-Around the Cycle!

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 SCI-QUEST! #2
CON-NECT. Draw lines to connect the boxes that will form the
correct words. Use the given clues as your guide.

1. A process wherein cancer metas gery

cells spread all throughout
the body

2. Treatment which uses chemot mor

certain drugs to kill
actively dividing cells

3. A group of diseases can gnant

characterized by
uncontrolled and
abnormal cell division

4. Harmful abnormal cells mali tasis

which have break
away or spread from its
point of origin

5. A disorganized solid mass tu cer

of cells

6. Removal of a cancerous
sur heraphy
body part

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II. What I Need To Know
Don’t worry Rian, in this
section, we will go through
the process of cell cycle, its
John, do you have any
phases, and its control
idea when and how
points.
cells divide?

Let us pay close attention so that we will

be able to understand as well as answer
the next challenge after this section!

We heard Sir Paul will help us with our

lesson for today…

Hello! I am teacher Paul and I’m ready to

help you understand the topic on CELL
CYCLE! We are going to tackle also
what might happen when there are
aberrations during cell cycle.

Before we proceed, let me ask you

this essential question: HOW DO
HEALTHY CELLS DECIDE WHEN TO
DIVIDE?

Trivia!
The body is made up of about 100 trillion cells, all from a single
fertilized cell at the start of life! Amazing right?
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 SCI-LEARN!

All organisms reproduce for one reason – to ensure the survival of

their species. Reproduction makes use of the process of cell division.

Cell division is important for two reasons:

➢ To be able to produce offspring
➢ To generate new cells that will replace worn out or
damaged cells

There are two types of cell division, namely mitosis which happens in
body cells or somatic cells and meiosis which involves the gametes or sex
cells.

In order to better understand cell division, you need to learn first the
cell cycle. This cycle involves distinct and regular phases of growth, DNA
duplication, and cell division that are needed to allow growth and repair.

The cell cycle is divided into two main stages:

1. Interphase – non-dividing stage (G1, S, and G2 phases, G0)

2. Cell division – dividing stage (mitosis for somatic cells and
meiosis for sex cells

Self-Check!

What are the two main stages of cell cycle?

Write your answers in your notebook.

1.

2.

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STAGES OF CELL CYCLE

Figure 1: The stages of

cell cycle.

STAGE 1: INTERPHASE

Interphase is the growth period in the cell cycle characterized by

cell preparation by replication of its genetic information and all of its
organelles.

Three Main Parts of Interphase

Gap 1 (G1) Phase Synthesis (S) Phase Gap 2 (G2) Phase

➢ Cell carries out its ➢ DNA synthesis ➢ Cells continue to

normal metabolic (replication) occurs; carry out their
functions (example: cells make a copy normal functions
during G1 phase, of its genetic and also undergo
an intestinal cell material in the form further growth and
performs its primary of nuclear DNA synthesis of RNA
duty to absorb ➢ Cells spend and proteins
nutrients) considerable ➢ This stage contains
➢ Cells increase their amount of time and a critical
size energy to make “checkpoint”
➢ Cell prepares for copies of its before transitioning
DNA synthesis chromosomes to the next stage
which is cellular
division

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STAGE 2: CELLULAR DIVISION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
(Note: This will be discussed in the next module)

Some cells undergo the cell cycle only once or they stop dividing
and enter the stage known as the gap zero or G0. In this stage, cells are
unlikely to divide but still continue to perform normal functions.
Such cells, like neuron cells and heart muscle cells that are highly
differentiated or specialized and that the body cannot easily replace, are
said to be permanently in G0.
Immune cells that are needed at a later time, such as lymphocytes,
remain in G0 for many years until such time that the body needs to
recognize an invader. Only when an invader binds to the lymphocyte’s
receptor that the lymphocyte starts to divide rapidly to help get rid of the
infection.

CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS

In order to prevent mutations/chromosomal aberrations and ensure

major events occur at correct times, several cell cycle checkpoints are
present at various times in the cycle preventing cells from proceeding to
the next stage unless all criteria had been met.

Figure 2: Stages of cell cycle and their

respective control points.

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 “Checkpoints” or control points are moments when the cell can
“check” its internal conditions and “decide” whether to progress to the
next phase or remain. It is similar to what happens during a police
operation checkpoint. When you have met the requirements asked by
the police officer in-charge, you can go pass the checkpoint.

The main activities done during cell checkpoint are summarized below.

G1 Checkpoint S Checkpoint G2 Checkpoint M Checkpoint

✓ Restriction point ✓ Checks for DNA ✓ Allows entry ✓ During mitosis:
to enter S phase damage into mitosis allows entry to
✓ Checks DNA before/ ✓ Checks DNA anaphase
damage and during damage ✓ Ensures all
favorable replication ✓ Ensures DNA chromosomes
conditions ✓ Prevents is aligned at
✓ Availability of reduplication of duplicated metaphase
growth factors DNA plate and
✓ G1 checkpoint attached to
can direct cell the spindle
into quiescence fiber
(G0) if conditions
are not
favorable

MALFUNCTION DURING CELL CYCLE

The key to understanding the different

disorders and diseases as a result of the
malfunction of cells lies on our knowledge of
the cell cycle. If you can still recall in the
previous discussion , we have tackled that
cell cycle has different phases and each part
has its own checkpoint in order to monitor
the activities of the cell. Failure to regulate
cell activities may result to various disease
and disorder. Some of these are mentioned
on the next page. Figure 1: Comparison between a normal cell
and a cancer cell undergoing cell division.

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A. CANCER
One of the most common disorder we know today but without cure
yet is cancer. Cancer refers to a group of diseases characterized by
uncontrolled and abnormal cell division. It occurs when there is a
disruption in the cell cycle. Instead of stopping and starting at appropriate
points, cancerous cells divide continuously until a disorganized
solid mass of cells called tumor is formed.

Tumors can be categorized as benign or malignant. Benign tumors

are cancer cells that remain clustered together, which may be harmless
or not and can probably be cured when removed out of the body.
Malignant tumors are cancer cells that has break away or metastasized.
This cancer cells are transported to the bloodstream of the lymphatic
system to the other parts and form more tumors.
What causes cancerous cells?

➢ Cancer is caused mainly by changes or mutations to the

DNA within cells.

What are some of the risk factor contributing to cancer?

➢ Lifestyle factors (e.g.: smoking, high-fat diet, working with
toxic chemicals)
➢ Family history, inheritance, and genetics (e.g., inheritance of
breast cancer)
➢ Some genetic disorder
➢ Exposure to certain viruses (e.g., cervical cancer which is
caused by human papilloma virus)
➢ Environmental exposures (e.g., exposure to pesticides and
fertilizers, radiations, and carcinogens)

Why are tumors dangerous inside the body?

➢ Generally, cancer cells do not perform the specialized
functions of the normal cells in the body
➢ Example, if the cancer cells are in the brain, they do not
perform their supposed function which is to transmit
electrical signals for response. Moreover, if they continue to
grow and form tumors, it can cramp the brain in the limited
skull. This might affect the other parts of the brain and their
functions because cancer cells also compete for nutrients
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 and blood supply with other healthy cells. If left unchecked,
it may hinder the proper functioning of the body.

How is cancer treated?

➢ Chemotherapy – uses certain drugs to kill actively dividing
cells. This procedure is systemic, which means that drugs are
introduced throughout the body orally (taken by mouth) or
intravenously (injection).
➢ Surgery – involves removal of the cancerous body part
➢ Radiation therapy – involves the exposure of X-rays to kill
cancer cells and shrink the tumor size

Self-Check!
What are the possible things that might happen to cancer cells?

B. GENETIC DISORDERS
A change in the number or structure of chromosomes can
dramatically change the traits of an organism and can cause serious
problems. Abnormal chromosomes most often happen as a result of an
error during cell division. Chromosome abnormalities often happen due to
one or more of these:
➢ Errors during dividing of sex cells (meiosis)
➢ Errors during dividing of other cells (mitosis)
➢ Exposure to substances that can cause birth defects
(teratogens)

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 Figure 2: Normal human karyotype. Male karyotype (left)
and female karyotype (right).
Karyotyping is the process by which photographs of chromosomes are
taken in order to determine the chromosome complement of an individual,
including the number of chromosomes and any abnormalities.

Numerical abnormality also called aneuploidy, a condition which occurs

when an individual has a missing chromosome from a pair (monosomy) or has
more than two chromosomes of a pair (trisomy, tetrasomy,
etc.).
Examples of chromosomal abnormalities under this
category include the following:
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
✓ The most common disorder of trisomy is Down
syndrome, wherein the 21st chromosome has
three instead of two chromosomes.
✓ Most cases of Down syndrome are not due to Figure 3: Child with
inheritance but on random mistakes during Down Syndrome (file
retrieved from Google marked
formation of reproductive cells of the parents. as “labeled for reuse”)
✓ Physical manifestations: Short neck, with
excess skin at back of the neck. Flattened
facial profile and nose. Small head, ears, and
mouth. Upward slanting eyes.

Turner Syndrome (45, XO)

✓ A condition that affects only female as a result
of one of the X chromosomes (sex
Figure 4: Turner
chromosome) is missing or partially missing.
Syndrome (file retrieved
✓ Physical manifestations: Webbed neck, short from Google marked as
“labeled for reuse”)
stature, swollen hands and feet. Some have
skeletal abnormalities, kidney problems, and/or
congenital heart defect.

Klinefelter Syndrome (47, XXY)

✓ A condition resulting from two or more X
chromosomes in males
✓ Manifestations are typically more severe if three Figure 5: Klinefelter Syndrome (file
or more X chromosomes are present as in (48, retrieved from Google marked as
“labeled for reuse”)
XXXY) or (49, XXXXY).

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 ✓ Physical manifestations: Primary features are infertility
and small poorly functioning testicles. Sometimes
includes weaker muscle, greater height, poor
coordination, less body hair, breast growth and less interest in
sex.

Trisomy X Syndrome (47, XXX)

✓ Characterized by the presence of extra X
chromosome in each cell of a female
✓ Physical manifestations: Often taller than
normal, affected individuals have usually
mild symptoms to none at all. Occasionally
there are learning difficulties, delayed
speech, decreased muscle tone, seizures, or Figure 6: Trisomy X (file
retrieved from Google
kidney problems. marked as “labeled for
reuse”)

Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)

✓ Caused by having an additional copy of
chromosome 13 in some or all of the
body’s cells.
✓ Physical manifestations: Clenched hands,
cleft lip or palate, extra fingers or toes
(polydactyly), hernias, kidney, wrist or scalp Figure 7: Patau Syndrome
problems, low-set ears, small head, (file retrieved from Google
marked as “labeled for
undescended testis. reuse”)

Edward Syndrome (Trisomy 18)

✓ Caused by having additional copy of
chromosome 18
✓ Physical manifestations: Cleft palate,
Clenched fists, defects of lungs, kidneys
and stomach, deformed feet, heart
defects, low-set ears, Fig. 8: Edward Syndrome
(file retrieved from Google
severe developmental delays, chest marked as “labeled for
deformity, slowed growth, small head, small reuse”)
jaw.

Structural abnormalities occur when the chromosome’s structure is

altered, which can take several forms such as: Deletion – a portion of a

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 chromosome is missing or deleted; Duplication – segment of a
chromosome is repeated twice; Translocation – transfer of a section of
one chromosome to non-homologous chromosome; Inversion – a
section of the chromosome becomes changed by rotation at 180
degrees
Cri-du-chat Syndrome (5p minus syndrome)
✓ A genetic condition caused by the deletion of
genetic material on the small arm (p arm) of
chromosome 5
✓ Physical manifestations: mentally retarded,
has abnormal development of glottis and
larynx resulting from a crying sounds that
sound like the meowing of a cat.
Figure 8: Child with Cri-du-
chat Syndrome (file retrieved
from Google marked as “labeled
for reuse”)

Remember
A change (even a very slight change) in the number or structures of
chromosomes can drastically change the traits of an organism and can cause serious
disorders, diseases, or abnormalities.

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ACTIVITIES

A. MATCH ME. Match the following terms correctly to their corresponding

descriptions below. Do this activity in your notebook.

A. G0 Phase B. G1 Phase C. S Phase

D . G2 Phase E. M Phase

1. The phase of the cell cycle when DNA packaged into

chromosomes is replicated. Once DNA replication is
complete the cell contains twice its normal number of
chromosomes and becomes ready to the next stage.

2. In this phase, a cell is performing its function without actively

preparing to divide, also called as resting phase. This may
be a permanent state for some cells, while others may
restart division if they get the signal.

3. This is an intermediate phase occupying the time between

the end of the cell division and the beginning of DNA
replication wherein the cell grows/increases its size.

4. This is a multistep process during which the duplicated

chromosomes are aligned, separated, and moved into two
new identical daughter cells.

5. Cells during this stage continue to grow and produce new

proteins. There is a critical checkpoint in this stage making
sure that the entirety of its DNA and other intracellular
components are properly duplicated.

F. Trisomy X G. Patau Syndrome H. Cri-du-chat Syndrome

I. Klinefelter Syndrome J. Edward Syndrome
6. deletion of small p arm of chromosome 5
7. additional copy of chromosome 13 (trisomy)
8. three copies of chromosome 18
9. condition with XXY genotype
10. presence of extra X chromosome in female

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 B. CHECK MATE. Complete the table below by checking the correct
column for each statement. Do this activity in your notebook.

STATEMENT INTERPHASE M PHASE

1. Cell growth occurs
2. Nuclear division occurs
3. Chromosomes are
distributed equally to
daughter cells.
4. Chromosomes are
duplicated.
5. DNA synthesis takes place
6. Cytoplasm divides
immediately after this
period.

C. TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if

not. Write your answer on the blank space provided before the item.

1. Genetic disorders are results of the changes occurring in

the DNA.
2. Triple X Syndrome results in XYXX males.
3. A karyotype is a picture of a cell’s chromosomes.
4. Down syndrome is also known as Trisomy 21.
5. Tumors are solid masses of cancer cells.

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 III. What I Have Learned

EVALUATION/POST-TEST:
MULTIPLE CHOICE: In your notebook, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. During the cell cycle, when are chromosomes visible?
a. only during interphase
b. only when they are being replicated
c. only during cell division
d. only during the G1 phase
2. During which phase in the cell cycle does mitosis happen?
a. G1 phase c. M phase
b. G2 phase d. S phase
3. Which pair includes a phase of the cell cycle and a cellular process
that occurs during that phase?
a. G1 phase – DNA replication
b. G2 phase – preparation for mitosis
c. S phase – cell division
d. M phase – cell growth
4. During the cell cycle, when does a cell’s DNA replicate?
a. G1 phase c. S phase
b. G2 phase d. M phase
5. Which of the following is a correct statement about the events of the
cell cycle?
a. Little happens during G1 and G2 phases
b. DNA replicates during cytokinesis
c. The M phase is usually the longest phase
d. Interphase consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases
Below is an illustration representing the cell cycle. Use this illustration to respond
to questions 6, 7, 8, and 9 below.

G₁

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6. Which phases of the cycle shown above represent interphase?
a. phases M, G1, and S c. phases S, G2, and M
b. phases G1, S, and G2 d. phases G1 and G2
7. Which of the following accurately describes the actions occurring
during the phase entitled S?
a. Each chromosome is duplicated; each chromosome results in
two sister chromatids attached at a centromere
b. The chromosome number is halved in preparation for cell
division.
c. The cell enlarges, proteins are increased, and organelles
duplicated
d. Cell reaches maximum size and adds more protein.
8. Which of the following accurately describes the actions occurring
during the G1 phase?
a. Each chromosome is duplicated; each chromosome
results in two sister chromatids attached at a centromere.
b. The chromosome number is halved in preparation for
cell division
c. The cell enlarges, proteins are increased, and
organelles duplicated
d. Cell reaches maximum size and adds more protein.
9. If the circle of the cell cycle also represents the time an average cell
spends in each phase, which of the following is correct?
a. Cells spend the majority of their time in the mitosis
phase.
b. Cells spend more than 75% of their time in interphase.
c. Cells spend approximately 50% of their time in
interphase.
d. Cells spend approximately 75% of their time in
mitosis and cytokinesis.
10. Major checkpoints exist to regulate the cycle of cell reproduction.
How do these checkpoints function?
a. Each cell will undergo cell reproduction unless, at
each of three checkpoints, the message changes
from “go” to “stop”.
b. Cells will not undergo cellular reproduction unless, at
each of three checkpoints, the message changes
from “stop” to “go”.
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 c. Each cell will undergo cell reproduction if, at two of
three checkpoints, a direct message of “stop” is received.
d. None of the three statements above are correct.
11. A chromosomal abnormality that causes a woman to be unusually
short in stature, to have webbed neck, and to generally lack
feminine secondary sexual characteristics refers to?
a. Triple X Syndrome c. Klinefelter Syndrome
b. Turner Syndrome d. Down Syndrome
12. A man who has feminine body contours with large breasts; small
penis, testis, and prostate gland; relatively little body hair; and are
sterile can be diagnosed to have .
a. Triple X Syndrome c. Klinefelter Syndrome
b. Turner Syndrome d. Down Syndrome
13. The basic difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell is .
a. cancer cells divide continuously but normal cells do not divide
b. normal cell is bigger than cancer cell
c. normal cells are immortal but cancer cells are mortal
d. cancer cells divide does not differentiate like normal cells
14. Migration of cancer cells from the site of origin to the other parts of
the body forming secondary tumors is called .
a. proliferation c. malignant
b. benign d. metastasis
15. A doctor may use to examine the chromosomes in a
cell to identify presence of chromosomal aberrations.
a. karyotype c. Chemotherapy
b. X-ray d. Radiation therapy
16. Which sex chromosomes would indicate an abnormal human male
individual?
a. XX b. X c. XY d. XXY

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For numbers, 17, 18, 19, and 20, refer to the choices presented below and
choose the correct disorder or disease which corresponds to its
karyotype.

a. b.

c. d.

17. Down Syndrome

18. Edward Syndrome
19. Patau Syndrome
20. Turner Syndrome

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