ANATOMY

Anatomy is the branch of biology that deals with the structure of living
things. The study of anatomy goes back over 2,000 years, to the Ancient Greeks. It
is a general term that can include human anatomy, animal anatomy (zootomy) and
plant anatomy (phytotomy).
In some of its facets anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative
anatomy and comparative embryology.
Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy (or macroscopic anatomy) and
microscopic anatomy. In medicine, gross anatomy, macro anatomy, or
topographical anatomy refers to the study of the biological structures that are
visible to the naked eye. The study of gross anatomy may involve dissection or
noninvasive methods. The aim is to collect data about the larger structures of
organs and organ systems. Such methods can be endoscopy, angiography,
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), x-ray, etc.
Gross anatomy also includes the branch of superficial anatomy or surface
anatomy, which is the study of the external features of the body. Surface
anatomy is a descriptive science. These are the form and proportions of the human
body and the surface landmarks which correspond to deeper structures hidden
from view, both in static pose and in motion.
There are 11 organ systems in the human body: the integumentary system
(meaning skin, hair, nails, and so on), skeletal system, muscular system, lymphatic
system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, endocrine system,
cardiovascular system, urinary system, and reproductive systems. Although these
systems have different names, they all work interdependently.
Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted
with microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the organization of
tissues), and cytology (the study of cells).
Anatomy should not be confused with anatomical pathology (also called
morbid anatomy or histopathology), which is the study of the gross and
microscopic appearances of diseased organs.
Human anatomy, including gross human anatomy and histology, is primarily
the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body.
Generally, students of certain biological sciences, paramedics,
physiotherapists, nurses and medical students learn gross anatomy and microscopic
anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs,
lectures and tutorials.
The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical
experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope;
and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy with practical
experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers (dead human bodies).
Human anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are basic medical sciences.

1. Learn to use
1) deal with мати справу з
2) facet грань, аспект
3) gross anatomy топографічна анатомія
4) visible to the naked eye видно неозброєним оком
5) noninvasive methods неінвазивні методи
6) dissection розсічення
7) magnetic resonance imaging магнітно-резонансна томографія
 (MRI) (МРТ)
8) superficial anatomy поверхнева анатомія
9) external features of the body зовнішні особливості організму
10) descriptive science описова наука
11) surface landmarks поверхневі ознаки (орієнтири)
12) hidden from view приховано від зору
13) in static pose and in motion у статичній позі та в русі
14) the integumentary system покривна система
15) minute anatomical structures маленькі анатомічні структури
16) morbid anatomy патологічна анатомія
17) diseased organs хворі органи
18) histological preparations (or гістологічні препарати
slides)
19) cadaver труп
20) basic medical sciences основні медичні науки

2. Answer the questions.

1) What subjects is anatomy related to in some aspects?
2) What does gross anatomy deal with?
3) What is anatomy subdivided into?
4) What organ systems do you know?
5) What methods are used to collect data about the large structures of the
human body?
6) What does the microscopic anatomy study?
7) What is pathology?
8) What can be used to study anatomy?

3. Match the definition with the method of study.

dissection visual examination of the interior of a hollow body organ by use
of an endoscope
endoscopy a diagnostic method of examining the inside of the body, tissues,
or organsusing radio waves to produce maps or images
angiography the separation of a whole into its parts for study
magnetic resonance imaging a method of examining body organs by scanning them with x
(MRI) rays and using a computerto construct a series of cross-sectional
scans along a single axis
computed tomography (CT) a method of obtaining an x-ray of blood vessels
Key: 1-3, 2-1, 3-5, 4-2, 5-4