'Coral zombies' may spell doom for coral

reefs around world

June 21 2016

Scientists, like UCF Biologist John Fauth, have known for a while that coral
reefs around the world are dying, and in a worst-case scenario they were
counting on large, healthy-looking corals to repopulate. But a new study
presented at the 13th International Coral Reef Symposium in Honolulu today
shows that these seemingly healthy colonies are 'Coral Zombies' with no
reproductive ability, which makes them useless in a recovery effort. Credit:
UCF: Nick Russett

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- Scientists have known for a while that coral reefs around the world are
dying, and in a worst-case scenario they were counting on large, healthy-
looking corals to repopulate.

But a new study presented at the 13th International Coral Reef

Symposium in Honolulu today shows that these seemingly healthy
colonies are "Coral Zombies" with no reproductive ability, which makes
them useless in a recovery effort.

"It's pretty discouraging," said University of Central Florida biologist

John E. Fauth, one of the researchers who sampled 34 sites across the
Caribbean for the study. "This is not good news."

Cheryl M. Woodley, a marine biologist with NOAA's National Ocean

Service led the study, which sampled 327 coral colonies off the coasts of
Florida, Puerto Rico, and St. Thomas, St. John and St. Croix in the US.
Virgin Islands. The researchers analyzed the samples to determine the
reproductive ability of elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata), which is a
threatened species.

In some places - including two sites in the Florida Keys - the coral had
no eggs or sperm. The study suggests that with no ability to propogate,
elkhorn corals in those spots will eventually die out - like zombies, they
essentially are walking dead. Two samples from a more remote area in
St. Croix found the coral had 100 percent reproduction ability.

"Basically the places with the heaviest tourism had the most severe
damage," Fauth said. He dove and took samples from all of the Puerto
Rican sites in the study, along with marine biologists Michael Nemeth
and Katie Flynn.

This study adds to growing evidence that coral reefs frequented by

divers are in peril. Last year a study found that oxybenzone, a common

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UV-filtering compound in sunscreen, is in high concentrations in the
waters around the more popular coral reefs in Hawaii and the Caribbean.
The chemical not only kills coral, it causes DNA damage in adult corral
and deforms the larval stage, making it unlikely they can develop
properly. The highest concentrations of oxybenzone were found in reefs
most popular with tourists. Fauth was a co-investigator of that 2015
study, which was published in the journal Archives of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology.

Oxybenzone also causes coral bleaching, which is a prime cause of coral

mortality worldwide. Corals bleach when they lose or expel the algae
that normally live inside them, thus losing a valuable source of nutrition.

In another study presented at the symposium on Monday, researchers

found the same sunscreen chemical is common in Hawaii, Florida and
the U.S. Virgin Islands, and concentrations peak during high tide.

"It's almost counterintuitive," said Fauth, who is a co-author of that study

as well. "We think that aerosol sunscreen is to blame." When you spray
sunscreen, much of it lands on the sand or water, Fauth said. So when
the high tide comes in, it collects all the overspray and pulls it back out
to sea.

Together, the two new studies show that coral reefs are in more danger
than already thought. Several species of coral are listed as threatened
under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.

Reproductive failure in Caribbean coral already was identified as a

critical factor preventing their recovery. The news that even corals that
appear healthy may be incapable of reproducing and that a chemical
linked to coral decline commonly occurs at high concentrations is a
double blow, Fauth said.

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 "We have to act now," Fauth said. "It is simple things like not using
chemicals that harm our coral. Wear rash guards or go without sunscreen
during dives. And it is making a serious commitment to conservation and
management of our reefs. Coral reefs are the world's most productive
marine ecosystems and support commercial and recreational fisheries
and tourism. We want to do everything we can to ensure that the
underwater beauty we see today is around for generations to come."

Provided by University of Central Florida

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