Nucleic acid

Dhirendra Khare
Plant Breeding and Genetics
JNKVV, Jabalpur
 Nucleic acid
are the molecular
repositories for genetic
information
Nucleic acids are of two types

Ribo Nucleic Acid

Deoxy ribo nucleic acid
 RNA
Ribo Nucleic Acid
RNA is made up of

sugar ( Ribose)

Bond

phosphate ( PO4)
RNA is made up of

sugar ( Ribose)

Bond

phosphate ( PO4)

Nitogenous
base
RNA is made up of

sugar ( Ribose)

Bond

phosphate ( PO4)

Purine

Nitogenous
base

Pyrimidine
RNA is made up of

sugar ( Ribose)

Bond

phosphate ( PO4)

Adenine (A)
Purine
Guanine (G)
Nitogenous
base

Pyrimidine
RNA is made up of

sugar ( Ribose)

Bond

phosphate ( PO4)

Adenine (A)
Purine
Guanine (G)
Nitogenous
base
Cytosine ( C)
Pyrimidine
Uracil ( U)
P

P
P

P
S
P

S
P
S
P

S
P

P
S
P

S
P
S
P
S
 P

P
B
A S
C
K P
B
S
O
N P
E
S
P
S
P

S
There is no
P rule for
S sequence of
organic base
P in the
strand
S
P
S
P
S
P

S U
There is no
P rule for
S sequence of
organic base
P in the
strand
S
P
S
P
S
P

S U
There is no
P rule for
S sequence of
C
organic base
P in the
strand
S
P
S
P
S
P

S U
There is no
P rule for
S sequence of
C
organic base
P in the
strand
S G
P
S
P
S
P

S U
There is no
P rule for
S sequence of
C
organic base
P in the
strand
S G
P
S U
P
S
P

S U
There is no
P rule for
S sequence of
C
organic base
P in the
strand
S G
P
S U
P
S A
 DNA
Dexoyribo Nucleic acid
Structure ladder like

Shape helical
RNA is made up of

sugar ( Ribose)

Bond

phosphate ( PO4)

Adenine (A)
Purine
Guanine (G)
Organic
base
Cytosine ( C)
Pyrimidine
Uracil ( U)
DNA is made up of

sugar
Deoxy
( Ribose)
ribose

Bond

phosphate ( PO4)

Adenine (A)
Purine
Guanine (G)
Organic
base
Cytosine ( C)
Pyrimidine
Thymine (T)
Uracil ( U)
P

S T
P

S T

P
S C
P

S T

P
S C
P

S G
P

S T

P
S C
P

S G
P
S T
P

S T

P
S C
P

S G
P
S T
P
S A
P P

S T S

P P
S C S
P P

S G S
P P
S T S
P P
S A S
 Rule for pairing of organic base

Adenine A T

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine
 Rule for pairing of organic base

Adenine A T

Guanine G C

Cytosine

Thymine
 Rule for pairing of organic base

Adenine A T

Guanine G C

Cytosine C G

Thymine
 Rule for pairing of organic base

Adenine A T

Guanine G C

Cytosine C G

Thymine T A
P P

S T S

P P
S C S
P P

S G S
P P
S T S
P P
S A S
P P

S T A S

P P
S C S
P P

S G S
P P
S T S
P P
S A S
P P

S T A S

P P
S C G S
P P

S G S
P P
S T S
P P
S A S
P P

S T A S

P P
S C G S
P P

S C S
G
P P
S T S
P P
S A S
P P

S T A S

P P
S C G S
P P

S C S
G
P P
S T A S
P P
S A S
P P

S T A S

P P
S C G S
P P

S C S
G
P P
S T A S
P P
S A T S
Hydrogen bond between organic base

T A
Hydrogen bond between organic base

T A

H
Hydrogen bond between organic base

T A

C G
Hydrogen bond between organic base

T A

H
C H G

H
P P
H
S T H A S

P P
S C G S
P P

S C S
G
P P
S T A S
P P
S A T S
P P
H
S T H A S

P P
H
S C H G S
H
P P

S C S
G
P P
S T A S
P P
S A T S
P P
H
S T H A S

P P
H
S C H G S
H
P P
H
S H C S
G H
P P
S T A S
P P
S A T S
P P
H
S T H A S

P P
H
S C H G S
H
P P
H
S H C S
G H
P P
S H S
T A
H
P P
S A T S
P P
H
S T H A S

P P
H
S C H G S
H
P P
H
S G H C S
H
P P
S H S
T A
H
P P
H
S A T S
H
P
Nucleoside = Base + sugar
S T

P
Nucleotide = Base +
S A sugar+Phosphate
 Base Nucleoside Nucleotide Nucleic acid
Purine
 Base Nucleoside Nucleotide Nucleic acid
Purine
Adenine Adenosine Adenylate RNA
Deoxyadenosine Deoxyadenylate DNA
 Base Nucleoside Nucleotide Nucleic acid
Purine
Adenine Adenosine Adenylate RNA
Deoxyadenosine Deoxyadenylate DNA
Guanine Guanosine Guanylate RNA
Deoxyguanosine Deoxguanylate DNA
 Base Nucleoside Nucleotide Nucleic acid
Purine
Adenine Adenosine Adenylate RNA
Deoxyadenosine Deoxyadenylate DNA
Guanine Guanosine Guanylate RNA
Deoxyguanosine Deoxguanylate DNA
Pyrimidines
 Base Nucleoside Nucleotide Nucleic acid
Purine
Adenine Adenosine Adenylate RNA
Deoxyadenosine Deoxyadenylate DNA
Guanine Guanosine Guanylate RNA
Deoxyguanosine Deoxguanylate DNA
Pyrimidines
Cytosine Cytidine Cytidylate RNA
Deoxycytidine Deoxycytidylate DNA
 Base Nucleoside Nucleotide Nucleic acid
Purine
Adenine Adenosine Adenylate RNA
Deoxyadenosine Deoxyadenylate DNA
Guanine Guanosine Guanylate RNA
Deoxyguanosine Deoxguanylate DNA
Pyrimidines
Cytosine Cytidine Cytidylate RNA
Deoxycytidine Deoxycytidylate DNA
Thymine Thymidine or Thymidylate or DNA
deoxy thymidine deoxy thymidylate
 Base Nucleoside Nucleotide Nucleic acid
Purine
Adenine Adenosine Adenylate RNA
Deoxyadenosine Deoxyadenylate DNA
Guanine Guanosine Guanylate RNA
Deoxyguanosine Deoxguanylate DNA
Pyrimidines
Cytosine Cytidine Cytidylate RNA
Deoxycytidine Deoxycytidylate DNA
Thymine Thymidine or Thymidylate or DNA
deoxy thymidine deoxy thymidylate
Uracil Uridine Uirdylate RNA
 RNA DNA
single stranded Double stranded
 RNA DNA
Pyrimidines Pyrimidines

C
Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U) Thymine(T)
 WATSON J. D. ,F. H. C. CRICK Molecular structure of nucleic acids
A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid Nature(London) April (1953) 171:
737-738
 Watson, James
Dewey
(1928

WATSON J. D. ,F. H. C. CRICK Molecular structure of nucleic acids

A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid Nature(London) April (1953) 171:
737-738
 Watson, James Dewey Crick, Francis Harry
(1928 Compton ((1916- 2004)

WATSON J. D. ,F. H. C. CRICK Molecular structure of nucleic acids

A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid Nature(London) April (1953) 171:
737-738
 Watson, James Dewey Crick, Francis Harry
(1928 Compton ((1916- 2004)

WATSON J. D. ,F. H. C. CRICK Molecular structure of nucleic acids

A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid Nature(London) April (1953) 171:
737-738
 Rule for Corresponding organic base in DNA

Strand of DNA
A T C G G C A A T

A
G

T C
 Rule for Corresponding organic base in DNA

Strand of DNA
A T C G G C A A T

T A G C C G T T A

A
G

T C
 Rule for Corresponding organic base in RNA

Strand of DNA
A T C G G C A A T

U A G C C G U U A

Strand of RNA

A
G

U C
Molecular Structure of Nucleotide
Molecular Structure of Nucleotide

Base + sugar+Phosphate
Molecular Structure of Nucleotide

Base + sugar+Phosphate

P
Sugar Nitrogenous base
Phosphate bond

O-- O--
H+ P H+

O
 sugar of RNA
Ribose sugar

C
C

C
 sugar of RNA
Ribose sugar

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

C
 sugar of RNA
Ribose sugar

C O
H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

C
 sugar of RNA
Ribose sugar

C O
H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

CH2OH
 sugar of RNA
Ribose sugar

H OH

C O C H2 5
H
O
H C OH
4 C H
C 1
H C OH H
OH
H C OH H
3 C C 2
C OH
OH
CH2OH
 sugar of RNA
Ribose sugar

OH

C H2 5
H
O
4 C H
C 1
H
OH
H
3 C C 2
OH
OH
 sugar of RNA sugar of DNA
Ribose sugar Deoxyribose sugar

OH

C H2 5
H
Removal of one
O oxygen from

4 C H
C 1 carbon present on
second location
H
OH made it
H dexoyribose
3 C C 2
OH
OH
 sugar of RNA sugar of DNA
Ribose sugar Deoxyribose sugar

OH

C H2 5
H
Removal of one
O oxygen from

4 C H
C 1 carbon present on
second location
H
OH made it
H dexoyribose
3 C C 2
OH
OH
 sugar of RNA sugar of DNA
Ribose sugar Deoxyribose sugar

OH

C H2 5
H
Removal of one
O oxygen from

4 C H
C 1 carbon present on
second location
H
OH made it
H dexoyribose
3 C C 2
H
OH
Pyrimidine are one ring base

The ring is carbon nitrogen ring

Pyrimidine are one ring base

The ring is carbon nitrogen ring

C
4
N 3 5 C

2 6
C 1 C

N
Pyrimidine are one ring base
Presence of Keto ( C=O) at second
and fourth positions
O

C
4
HN CH

2
C CH
O N
H
Uracil ( U)
Pyrimidine are one ring base
Presence of methyl (CH3) group at number five with keto
(C=O ) at second and fourth positions
O O

C C CH3
4
HN CH HN 5C

2
C CH C C

O N O N
H H
Uracil ( U) Thymine (T)
Pyrimidine are one ring base
Presence of amino (NH 2) group at number four and keto
(C=O) at number two position
O O NH 2

C C CH3 C
4 4
HN CH HN 5C N CH

2 2
C CH C C C CH
O N O N O N
H H H
Uracil ( U) Thymine (T) Cytosine ( C)
Purine are two ring base

C N
6
N 1 5C 7

8 CH
2 4
C 3 C 9
N
N H
Purine are two ring base
Presence of amino (NH 2) group at
number six position
NH 2

C N
6
N C

CH

C C
N
N H

Adenine (A)
Purine are two ring base
Presence of amino (NH 2) group at number two position
and keto (C=O) at number six
NH 2 O

C N C N
N C HN C
CH CH

C C C C
N N
N H H 2N N H

Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

Linkage between phosphate and deoxyribose sugar

5 C OH
O
4 C H H C 1
C C H
H
3 2
OH H
Linkage between phosphate and deoxyribose sugar

O--
H+
O
P
-- O
O
H+ 5 C OH
O
4 C H H C 1
C C H
H 3 2
OH H
Linkage between phosphate and deoxyribose sugar

O--
H+
O
P
-- O
O
H+ 5 C OH
O
4 C H H C 1
C C H
H 3 2
OH H
 Linkage
between
phosphate
and
deoxyribose
sugar
 Linkage between
O
phosphate and
O P O
deoxyribose sugar
O
 Linkage between
O
phosphate and
O P O
deoxyribose sugar
O
 Linkage between
O
phosphate and
O P O
deoxyribose sugar
O

O P O

O
 Linkage between
O
phosphate and
O P O
deoxyribose sugar
O

O P O

O
 Linkage between
O
phosphate and
O P O
deoxyribose sugar
O

O P O

O P O

O
 Linkage between
O
phosphate and
O P O
deoxyribose sugar
O

O P O

O P O

O P O

O
 Linkage between
O
phosphate and
O P O
deoxyribose sugar
O

O P O

O P O

O P O

O
 5 A Linkage between
3
O
phosphate and
O P O
deoxyribose sugar
O T
5
5 3
O

O P O

O C
5
3
O
3 O P O

O G
5
3
O

O P O

O G
5
 5 A 5 A
3 3
O O

O P O O P O

O T O T
5 5
5 3 3 5
O O

O P O O P O

O C O C
5 5
3 3
O O
3 O P O 3
O P O

O G O G
5 5
3 3
O O

O P O O P O

O G O G
5 5
 5 A For pairing second
3
O
DNA should be 3-5
O P O

O T
5
3 3
5
O

O P O

O C
5
3
O
3 O P O 5
O G
5
3
O

O P O

O G
5
 5 A G 5
3 3O
O
O P O
O P O

O T A O
5
5 3
3 3
5 O
O
O P O
O P O

O C G O
5
5 3
3 O
O
3 O P O
O P O 5
O G C O
5
5 3
3 O

O P O
O P O

O G C O
5
5
Adenine Thymine
 Adenine Thymine

H H H
H
N N H O C H
C
C C C C
N
N H N C
C
N C C N
To
chai
n
H O
with To
suga chai
r n
With
suga
r
 Adenine Thymine

H 2.85 A
H
N H
C N H O H

C C C H
N 2.90 A
C C
C N H N C

N C C N

H O

10.7 A
Guanine

C N O

C C
N

C C N H

N C
H
N

H
 Cytosine

H
H
H N
C C H
N C
C N

O C
Guanine Cytosine

H
N H H
C O
H
N
C C
N C C H
C N C
C N H
C N
N C
H O C
N

H
Guanine Cytosine

H
N H H
C O
H
N
C C
N C C H
C N C
C N H
C N
N C
H O C
N

H
Guanine Cytosine

H 0.29nm
N H H
C O
H
N
C C
N 0.30nm C C H
C N C
C N H
C N
N C
H O C
N

H
1.08nm