BUNDELKHAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY JHANSI

SESSION 2022-23

Project on:
Managing stress and Application of 4-As

Submitted To: Submitted by:

Dr. Manisha Sharma Vivek Kumar
(2200430130045)
 Stress
Stress is a physiological and psychological response to challenging or
demanding situations. It is the body's natural reaction to any perceived
threat, whether it's real or imagined. When faced with stressors, the
body releases hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, which prepare
the body for a "fight or flight" response. Stress can be triggered by
various factors, including work or school pressures, relationship issues,
financial problems, health concerns, or major life changes.
Stress can manifest in different ways and affect individuals both
mentally and physically. Some common symptoms of stress include:
Emotional symptoms: Anxiety, irritability, mood swings,
restlessness, sadness, or feeling overwhelmed.
Physical symptoms: Headaches, muscle tension, fatigue, sleep
disturbances, increased or decreased appetite, digestive problems, or
frequent illnesses.
Cognitive symptoms: Difficulty concentrating, memory problems,
racing thoughts, or constant worrying.
Behavioral symptoms: Social withdrawal, changes in eating or
sleeping paterns, increased use of substances (like alcohol or drugs), or
decreased productivity.
While some stress can be beneficial and motivate individuals to
perform beter, chronic or excessive stress can have detrimental effects
on overall health and well-being. Prolonged stress may lead to mental
health disorders like anxiety or depression, as well as physical health
issues such as cardiovascular problems, weakened immune system, and
digestive disorders.
Managing stress is crucial for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Some
effective stress management techniques include practicing relaxation
techniques (e.g., deep breathing, meditation, or yoga), engaging in
regular exercise, maintaining a balanced diet, getting enough sleep,
setting realistic goals, seeking social support, and finding healthy
coping mechanisms like hobbies or activities that bring joy and
relaxation. In severe cases, it may be beneficial to seek professional
help from a therapist or counselor who can provide guidance and
support in managing stress.

Types of stress:
Basically, stress is of three types:
Work related stress - long working hours, heavy, excessive working
loads, job insecurity, conflict with boss for Co-worker, poor working
condition, lack of opportunity for growth and advancement are main
factors for work related stress.
Personal stress - Disturbance in love life, Lack of pleasure in married
life, Failure in some exam, Lack of social support are the main reasons
for personal stress.
Psychological stress - Not having any true friends, Introvert Nature,
Emotional Inferiority, Status pressure are the main for psychological
stress.
Effects of stress on an individual - Headache, fatigue, Mental
tension, Depression, Troublesome sleep, job pain, Change in appetite,
Frequent mood swings, Irritated behavior, being in despair are the
major ill effects of stress on a person.
Techniques of managing stress (4 A’s to manage stress)
Avoid – some ways we can do it are:
Have a strong hold over these:
1. Avoid losing control over your actions and reactions.
2. Avoid losing control over your patience.
3. Be cool and be ready to take up challenges.
4. Avoid being negative, Positive approach will help you to manage
stress.
5. Avoid being aggressive. Be cool and wait for your chance.
6. Leave something on time. Read and watch strategies would also
work to manage stress.
7. In case when you’re stuck in some Mismanaged condition Avoid
the company who are disturbing and irritating.
8. Avoid saying YES to everyone, learn to say a polite but firm NO.
9. Avoid procrastinating things. Avoid killing time in
unnecessary and unproductive things.
Alter - some ways we can do it are:
1. Counter unfavorable and unmanageable circumstances with
your wit, patience, negotiation, persuasion, and tactics.
2. Alter yourself too, to be fit in your environment. “do in Rome, as
romans do” approach will work.
3. After “I” approach, develop “you” approach
4. Develop team, spirit and healthy atmosphere around you.
5. Alter emotional outburst Instead use- emotional intelligence and
Professional maturity.
Accept – some ways we can do it are:
1. Accept the people as they are.
2. Forgiving is an essential part of accepting the people.
3. Accept the challenges as they come to you and gather courage
to face these.
4. Prepare a strong strategy, be creative and innovative to hit
challenges.
5. Accept your weaknesses and work over them.
6. Accept your failures and mistakes, Learn from your mistakes. Do
not hide these.
Adapt - some ways we can do it are:
1. Adaptability is a great art to keep yourself away from stress.
2. Adapt yourself to the environment, you are in.
3. Create a list of happy people and happy resources. Think about
all those things that makes you happy.
4. Adapt mantra such as, “I can do it”, “Nothing is impossible”,
“This is easy to accomplish”.
5. Adapt to hobby like reading books, visit a garden, Dancing,
making paintings, etc.
 PARALINGUSTIC FEATURES OF VOICE
DYNAMICS
Introduction
There are two ways of communication that people usually use, verbal
communication and nonverbal communication. Verbal communication is
concerned with the spoken language to convey messages and nonverbal
communication is the use of facial language, body movement, tone of
voice, gestures, eye contact, and so on in conveying their thoughts. Non-
verbal communication designates all the kinds of human
messages/responses not expressed in words.
In a normal two-person conversation, the verbal components carry less
than 35 percent of the social meaning of the situation and more than 65
percent of the social meaning is carried on the nonverbal level as This also
cannot be separated from the students’ life in the university where they use
more communication in their study especially in the EFL ( English as a
Foreign Language) context. When they present their assignments or
talking in the class they use both verbal and nonverbal communication.
The theoretical and research on nonverbal communication can be divided
into seven areas, they are
1) kinesics or body motion.
2) physical characteristics (including physique or body shape; general
attractiveness; clothing).
3) haptics or touching behavior
4) paralanguage (including vocal qualities and vocalization).
5) proxemics (the study of the use and perception of social and personal
space.
6) artifacts.
 7) the environmental factors.
Paralanguage comes along to accompany the speech which is
one of important thing in communication. Through
paralanguage, people communicate their emotional state,
veracity, and sincerity. There are eight paralinguistic features,
pitch, tempo, loudness, resonance, timbre, intonation range,
syllabic duration, and rhythm. Here, the research scoped to
three features to be analyzed by PRAAT they are pitch,
loudness, and intonation. Men usually produce lower pitch
than women.
Learning paralinguistic features can help the learners to avoid
miscommunication between the speakers, so that the messages
can be delivered as the speakers want.
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Vocal Characteristics
Vocal characteristics are the pitch (the highness or lowness of
your voice), volume (how loudly or softly you speak), rate (the
speed at which you speak) and voice quality (how pleasant or
unpleasant your voice sound).
Each of these characteristics plays a part in the impression
others have of you. For example, a loud voice is usually
associated with aggressiveness; people who speak quickly are
said to be nervous.

Vocal interference
Vocal interferences are the sounds and words we use when we hesitate
or are not sure of the right word. We all use the occasional “uh”, “er”,
“well”, and “you know” to indicate that we are searching for the right
word. But such interferences may become a problem when they pop up
too frequently as they can interrupt your listener’s concentration and
comprehension. Hesitation can be broken down into filled pauses, also
known as vocalized pauses such as “um”, “er”, “ah”, and
“uh”;
and empty pauses, which consist of silence. Hesitations occur within the
speech utterance, as well as at the beginning and at the
end. These pauses allow the speaker to collect his/her
thoughts and also serve as signals for turn-taking within a
face-to-face interaction.

EXAMPLES OF PARALINGUISTIC
"We speak with our vocal organs, but we converse with our
entire bodies.
... Paralinguistic phenomena occur alongside spoken language,
interact
with it, and produce together with it a total system of
communication. . . .
The study of paralinguistic behavior is part of the study of
conversation: the conversational use of spoken language
cannot be properly understood unless paralinguistic elements
are taken into account."
— David Abercrombie

“Paralinguistics is commonly referred to as that which is left

after subtracting the verbal content from speech. The simple
cliche, language is what is said, paralanguage is how it is said,
can be misleading because frequently how something is said
determines the precise meaning of what is said."
— Owen Hargie, Christine Saunders, and David Dickson

Loudness in Different Cultures

"A simple example of the adverse effects of paralinguistics is
quoted in [Edward T.] Hall concerning the loudness with
which one speaks (1976b). In Saudi Arabian cultures, in
discussions among equals, the men atain a decibel level that
would be considered aggressive, objectionable and obnoxious
in the United States. Loudness connotes strength and sincerity
among Arabs; a soft tone implies weakness and deviousness.
Personal status also modulates voice tone. Lower classes
lower their voices. Thus, if a Saudi Arab shows respect to an
American he lowers his voice.
Americans 'ask' people to talk more loudly by raising their
own voices. The Arab then has his status confirmed and thus
talks even more quietly. Both are misreading the cues!"
PREFIX AND SUFFIX
Prefixes and suffixes are types of affixes, which
are morphemes added to a base word to modify its meaning.
Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word, while suffixes
areadded to the end.
PREFIX

Prefixes are used mainly to shorten phrases into a single

word. For example, instead of saying that someone is
“achieving more than expected,” you can say simply that
they’re “overachieving,” thanks to the prefix over-. In writing,
prefixes are one of the best ways to streamline text and make
it more potent.

Prefixes are also important in academic disciplines,

specifically to classify subjects. For example, biology is the
study of living organisms, based on the prefix bio-, meaning
“life,” but geology is the study of rocks and other earth
minerals, based on the prefix geo-, meaning “relating to the
earth.”

Just be careful using prefixed words with a negative that you

don’t create a double negative. Some prefixes, like a-, in-, or
un-, are already negative. That means if you say “not
unnecessary,” the two negatives cancel each other out, and
the meaning is simply “necessary.”
SUFFIX
You find suffixes at the ends of words. Like prefixes, they are a rich sourceof
information about a word.

“It’s a Noun”

The following suffixes are usually found at the end of nouns:

-ance,
-ation, -ness, -ism, -ment, -ship.

Beyond giving clues to the part of speech, suffixes also carry meaning.
The endings -er, -or, -ist, or -yst are commonly added towords for
people who perform certain tasks or activities. Examplesinclude
programmer, calculator, analyst, and abolitionist.

“It’s a Verb”

There are several suffixes associated with the meaning to

make. Bycombining the baseactive with the suffix -ate, you
create the
word activate, which means to make active.

Other suffixes with this meaning are -ize, -ise, -ify, and -en.

“It’s an Adverb”

In the majority of cases, adverbs are formed by adding -

ly to anadjective. For instance, beautiful becomes
beautifully. If the adjective already ends with a y as in
easy, you would replace
the y with -ily to form the adverb easily. There is a special rule for
adjectives ending in -able, -ible, or -le: replace the -e with -y. For
most words ending in -ic (with the exception of public) add -ally.

HOMOPHONES
Homophones are fascinating linguistic phenomena that
add complexity and richness to the English language. They
are words that share the same pronunciation but have
different meanings and, sometimes, different spellings.
These linguistic twins create potential for ambiguity,
humor, and even misunderstandings in spoken and written
communication.

The term "homophone" is derived from the Greek words

"homo" (meaning "same") and "phone" (meaning "sound").
Despite the same pronunciation, homophones may have
entirely distinct origins and may belong to different word
classes, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. Their
identical phonetic representation is a result of historical
linguistic changes and the evolution of language over time.

One of the most well-known examples of homophones is

"there," "their," and "they're." Each of these words has a
distinct meaning and usage: "there" refers to a location or a
point in a sentence; "their" indicates possession; and
"they're" is a contraction of "they are." When spoken, all
three sound the same, causing potential confusion in
writing if not used correctly.

Homophones are abundant in the English language. Some

examples include "ate" and "eight," "flower" and "flour,"
"peace" and "piece," "soar" and "sore," and "pair" and
"pear." Each pair has different meanings, making it crucial
to understand the context to interpret them correctly.
Homophones often lead to puns and wordplay in literature,
humor, and everyday conversation. Their ability to create
humorous situations arises from their identical
pronunciation but divergent meanings. Jokes, riddles, and
puns play with the dual meanings of homophones to
surprise and amuse the listener or reader.

Additionally, homophones present a challenge for learners

of English as a second language, as it requires a thorough
understanding of context to discern which word is being
used. Homophonic confusion can lead to
misunderstandings, especially in written communication,
and highlights the importance of precise language usage.

To address potential ambiguities, writers and speakers can

rely on context clues to disambiguate homophones. By
examining the surrounding words and the intended
meaning, the appropriate homophone can be deduced.
However, context might not always be sufficient, and
occasionally, homophones can be used intentionally to
create wordplay or evoke different interpretations.

Homophones also pose unique challenges for spelling and

vocabulary tests. Many students encounter difficulty
distinguishing between these words during language
assessments. Teachers often employ exercises and
mnemonics to help learners remember the differences and
correctly use homophones in their writing and speech.

Homophones are not exclusive to English and are present

in various languages worldwide. Each language has its own
set of homophones, and some languages may have more or
fewer than English.
In conclusion, homophones are an intriguing aspect of the
English language that enriches communication with
diversity and complexity. They demonstrate the evolution
of language over time and the interplay between phonetics,
meaning, and spelling. Homophones can lead to
amusement, confusion, and challenges for language
learners, highlighting the importance of understanding
context to interpret their intended meanings accurately.
The presence of homophones in literature, humor, and
everyday speech adds depth and nuance to language,
making it a fascinating area of study for linguists and
language enthusiasts alike.