Ghassan Ahmad Lazzuardy – 14010121190050

IUP Class 24
Mid-term Examination of Government Communication

1. Laswell (1927) expresses the meaning of communication as follows "Who Says What
in Which Channel to Whom with What Effects" which means who conveys what,
through what media, delivered to whom, and with what kind of impact. The context of
the birth of this theory is as the oldest communication theory which can be said to be
no longer relevant to the development of today's era. This theory is also considered a
one-way communication method and does not have the potential to provide feedback
in the ongoing process of communication between the communicant and the
communicator itself. The characteristics of Laswell's communication are at least
described as follows:
a. Who: Who acts as a communicator. Is the person who conveys the message. Who
in this context can be individuals, groups, or organizations.
b. Says What: Says what can be interpreted as the content of what message is
conveyed to the recipient of the message.
c. Channel: means media used to convey messages.
d. To Whom: can also be referred to as communicant. Is the person who receives the
message from the communicator.
e. Effect: Is the impact of the communication process carried out.

2. In a world that has now moved into the digital era, access to information is now easier
to obtain. By using only one click, one can get information from various sources, be it
from the use of the model or the existing computer. This in itself is prone to getting
hoax information everywhere, which is why it is important to be careful in informing
something. Therefore, it is important to carefully review any information. The
difference itself is that with conventional communication, how communication is now
carried out in the digital era is that it is easy to access information that is carried out by
2 or more people face to face. While online communication itself is a technique of
delivering information obtained or through the internet network. The difference itself
provides an understanding that society now has developments in terms of
 communication, which is the impact of technological developments that are rife in
society.
Essentially, the difference between government communication that took place in the
traditional and digital era lies in the presence of increasingly flexible and open
accessibility and the Internet, which marks the transition from traditional to digital
models. The age of digital communication is simple, cheap, fast, interactive, effective
and efficient. The existence of digital modes opens up new alternative media options
for positive change in political communication. In that context, users get a freer and
more open space to participate and express themselves in any public agenda. However,
parallel to these advances, the decline in values associated with the advancement of the
Internet remains a concern. Phenomena involving negative emotions such as the spread
of hoaxes, fake news, criticism, etc., require users, especially ordinary citizens in the
context of political communication, to react more adaptively and selectively to changes
that occur.

3. To find out whether or not crisis communication is being carried out, at least we must
first understand the stages in crisis communication. Reynolds and Seeger (2005)
described the stages contained in Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERD)
into five main phases, namely: the pre-crisis stage, the initial stage of the crisis, the
stage during the crisis continuity, the evaluation stage, and the resolution stage. The
characteristics of good communication are certainly correlated with the values and
crucial actions at each stage as described previously. The crucial values and actions
contained in these stages are:
a. Precrisis
At this stage, the government should ideally prepare for the coming crisis.
Governments must also be able to win and strengthen public trust so that they can
work together to overcome the crises they face. On the other hand, with poor
communication, governments tend to be more negative and feel they can work on
their own to deal with the crisis.
b. Initial event
At this stage, the government should be able to provide valid information without
concealing facts for specific gain. Governments should also start devising
procedures and strategies for dealing with the crisis to raise public awareness of
what will happen. On the other hand, when crisis communication is inadequate,
 governments are reluctant to initiate strategies and systematic measures. This
usually leads to community confusion and panic.
c. Maintenance
Ideally, at this stage, governments give people the confidence to weather the crisis.
Socialization on precautionary measures against crisis events should also be more
focused and structured. When crisis communication is poor, governments tend to
become passive and blame each other. As a result, people are confused and lack a
systematic understanding of the crisis they are facing.
d. Resolutions
This phase is the phase where the crisis ends. Performance evaluation must be
conducted directly by relevant institutions and stakeholders as well as by the
community. On the other hand, when crisis communication is inadequate, the
government feels proud and proud as if it were functioning and faces all crises
independently without anyone interfering.
e. Evaluation
At this stage, governments must build solidarity and thank communities for
surviving the crisis. The government should also establish better communication
and involve all stakeholders among relevant agencies. On the other hand, when
crisis communication is poor, governments are reluctant to act and tend to impose
sanctions on stakeholder performance.

4. Disinformation is the dissemination of erroneous, misguided, and inaccurate

information to manipulate public opinion in order to meet the interests of certain parties.
Disinformation is considered a bad government communication because it can lead to
public misconceptions about something. Something that should be true and based on
facts can change quickly and massively only with the victory of public opinion by one
party through disinformation. Signs of ongoing public opinion can be seen through the
sudden appearance of news or hashtags that take place massively and systematically.
Knowing the impact and consequences of disinformation being disseminated to the
public has led several scholars to study the urgency and credibility of information.
Manipulation also contributes to the spread of disinformation, so vulnerabilities in this
regard have also been questioned. It highlights information that should not be
transformed into defensible information, as in some cases in Indonesia. This leads to a
decline in public trust in information provided by governments, especially information
 considered important to provide. In this disinformation implementation, operations
become commonplace and performed, so informational policies must be based on real
data and attested to its authenticity.

5. Sentiment analysis is the technique of analyzing texts to examine community responses,

reactions, and sentiments to current issues. This analytical technique can be performed
through the process of extracting opinions gleaned from text such as comments on
social media and other internet networking sites. Sentiment analysis is also known as
natural language processing (NLP). NLP is actually a series of processes starting with
textual information. Texts are available from tweets, Facebook statuses, articles and
newspaper writing. The text is then converted to PDF or Word format. This phase only
aims to collect texts from different languages. Once this text is collected, the data is
processed to detect sentences, paragraphs and even sentence structures: subjects,
predicates and objects. System analysis of subject, predicate and object is very useful.
For example, if you have limited time to read an article, but want to know the key
concepts of the article. Through system analysis, readers can find connections between
concepts such as actors, places, and common terminology. This is called co-occurrence.
Co-occurrence indicates that there is a strong correlation between actors and terms, but
its weakness is the inability to detect what type of correlation is occurring.

Machine learning is the use of machine intelligence to analyze data without human
assistance. However, using machine learning in social media analytics takes time and
doesn't always work right. The use of machine learning is based on the use of exact
sciences such as mathematics and statistics.

Social network analysis (hereafter referred to as SNA) is a form of social network

analysis used to show the relationships between people in a network. SNA itself has
multiple forms, such as lines, dots, and colors, intended to identify specific things
contained in social media.

6. Ethnography comes from the Greek, namely etnos which means people, tribes and
nations while graphy which means I write. Thus, ethnography is writing about a social
phenomenon, social practice and social interaction that is carried out in real terms and
is part of the research. Ethnography is a research method that requires researchers to go
directly to the field and be involved and live the lives of the people they study.
Digital ethnography can be understood in two different ways. The first concerns the
popularization of ethnography to understand digital culture or digital culture through
digital. Second, it applies to the use of the digital tools of technology itself. This is
increasing in ethnographic research involving the use of photographs, videography and
recordings from digital media products such as YouTube. Some people use various
nicknames for their digital ethnography, such as: B. Social media ethnography or digital
auto-ethnography, which is a combination of digital ethnography and autoethnography.
Social media ethnography means enabling researchers to establish online-based real-
world connections and trace the discontinuities between social media (online) and face-
to-face (offline). Instead of analyzing all the scattered aspects of social media, digital
ethnography prefers to shift focus to specific analysis depending on the problem
situation at hand. Therefore, digital ethnographic analysis can directly witness the
reality that occurs on social media and digital platforms. As such, social media is
considered an 'online place' where users live. Digital Ethnography not only oversees
the social media site, but also operates it as a "field site ethnography site".
Table of Big Data Analysis:

Name Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan

Periods 8-15 October 2022
Platform Instagram (@luhut.pandjaitan)
Time of the Post(s) 14 October 2022
Frequency of the Post(s) 1 Day
Volume of the Post(s) 14 October 2022 (1 Post)
Total Word(s) 200 Words
Number of Post(s) 1 Video
Topic (economies, politics, law, gender,) Economies
Interactive/Not interactive Not Interactive
Interaction between accounts
Available
(available/not available)
Framing/Branding Branding
Total Comments 324 Comments
Support/Criticize (witnessing, flaming) Support