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Biographyi ssomet i
mesr egar dedasabr anchofhi story,andear l
ierbiographical writ
ings—such
asthe15t h-centuryMémoi r
esoft heFr enchcouncel lorofst ate,Phi l
ippedeCommy nes, or
GeorgeCav endish’s16t h-
centur ylif
eofThomasCar dinal Wol sey—hav eoftenbeent r
eatedas
hist
oricalmat eri
al rathert hanasl i
terarywor ksi ntheirownr ight.Someent ri
esi nancient
Chinesechr oniclesi ncludedbi ogr aphicalsket ches; i
mbeddedi nt heRomanhi stori
anTaci tus’s
Annalsist hemostf amousbi ographyoft heemper orTiber i
us; conv ersel
y,SirWi nston
Churchill
’
smagni f
icentl if
eofhi sancest orJohnChur chill
,fi
rstdukeofMar l
bor ough,canbe
readasahi story(wr it
tenf rom aspeci alpointofv iew)ofBr it
ai nandmuchofEur opedur i
ngt he
Waroft heSpani shSuccessi on( 1701–14) .Yett herei sgener al r
ecogni ti
ont odayt hathistory
andbi ographyar equi tedi sti
nctf ormsofl i
terature.Hi storyusual lydealsingener ali
zati
ons
aboutaper i
odoft i
me( forexampl e, t
heRenai ssance) ,aboutagr oupofpeopl ei ntime( the
Engli
shcol oniesi nNor thAmer i
ca) ,aboutani nst i
tuti
on( monast icism duringt heMi ddleAges) .
Biographymor et y
pi cal
lyf ocusesuponasi ngl ehumanbei nganddeal sint hepar ti
cularsoft hat
person’slif
e.
Thebi ographerwri
ti
ngt helif
eofapersonr ecentl
ydeadi soft
enf acedwiththeopposite
problem:anabundanceofl iv
ingwit
nessesandapl et
horaofmat erial
s,whichincl
udethe
subject’
spaper sandletter
s,someti
mest ranscri
pti
onsoft el
ephoneconv ersat
ionsand
conferences,aswellast herecor
dofinter
v i
ewsgr antedtothebiographerbythesubject’
s
fr
iendsandassoci ates.FrankFri
edel
,forexample, i
ncreati
ngabi ographyoftheU.S.presi
dent
FranklinD.Roosevel
t,hadtowr estl
ewithsomet hingli
ke40tonsofpaper.Butfinal
l
y,when
writ
ingt hel
if
eofanyper son,whetherlongorrecent l
ydead,t
hebiogr
apher’schiefr
esponsibil
it
y
i
sv igorousl
ytotestt
heaut hentici
tyofthecol
lectedmat er
ial
sbywhateverrulesandtechniques
areav ail
abl
e.Whenthesubj ectofabiographyisst i
l
lali
veandacontri
butortothewor k,
the
bi
ogr apher’
staskist
oexami nethesubject
’sperspectiv
eagainstmul
ti
ple,evencontradi
ctory
sources.
Psy
chol
ogi
cal
Assembli
ngast r
ingoff actsinchronologicalorderdoesnotconst i
tutethel i
feofaper son; it
onl
ygivesanoutli
neofev ent
s.Thebi ographerthereforeseekstoelicitfr
om hi smaterialsthe
motiv
esforhissubject’
sact i
onsandt odi scovertheshapeofhi spersonal i
ty.Thebiogr apher
whohasknownhi ssubj ectinli
feenjoystheadv antageofhi sowndi rectimpr essi
ons,of ten
for
ti
fi
edbywhatt hesubj ecthashimsel freveal
edi nconversat
ions,andofhi shav i
ngl i
vedi nthe
sameera(thusavoidingthepitfal
l
si ndepi ct
ingdistantcentur
ies)
.Butont hedebitside, sucha