20CS5104

MOBILE
COMPUTING
AND
APPLICATION
DEVELOPMENT
COURSE OBJECTIVE
To understand the basic
concepts of mobile
computing, mobile
telecommunication system
and gain knowledge about
different mobile platforms
and application
development
 SYLLABUS OVERVIEW

1 2 3 4 5

UNIT 2 - UNIT III UNIT IV UNIT V

UNIT 1 -
INTRODUCTI
MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE
TELECOMM TRANSPORT PLATFORMS
ON TO NETWORK
UNICATION AND AND
MOBILE LAYER
SYSTEM APPLICATIO APPLICATIO
COMPUTING

N LAYER NS

COURSE OUTCOMES
Students will be able to
1 Explain the basics of mobile telecommunication systems
Illustrate the generations of telecommunication systems in
2
wireless networks
Determine the functionality of MAC, network layer and Identify
3
a routing protocol for a given Ad hoc Network
4 Explain the functionality of Transport and Application layers

Develop a mobile application using android / blackberry / ios /

5
Windows SDK.
Session no Topic Name

1 Introduction to Mobile Computing

2 Applications of Mobile Computing, Generations of Mobile Communication Technologies (S)

3 Multiplexing

4 Spread spectrum

5 MAC Protocols

6 SDMA, FDMA

7,8 TDMA

9 CDMA
What is Mobile Computing?
Mobile computing or ubiquitous computing or nomadic computing
Widely described as the ability to compute remotely while on the
move.
Two separate and distinct concepts: mobility and computing.
Computing - the capability to automatically carry out certain
processing related to service invocations on a remote computer.
Mobility - capability to change location while communicating

Advantages
Flexibility to the Users
The user need not be tethered in front of the desktop computer.
MOBILE COMPUTING VS WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
S.no Mobile Computing Assigned To Wireless Communication

A mobile device is one that is made to be taken Traditional computers or other non-mobile
1
anywhere. devices can access wireless networks.

Mobile system offers all of the resources of that Wireless system provides a fixed or
2 distributed network to something that can go portable endpoint with access to a
anywhere distributed network

Mobile devices already have inherent access to the Wireless devices doesn‘t have its own
3
Internet internal Internet access built in.

Mobile Communication utilizes some of the Wireless Communication in itself is a very

4 technologies that are made available / possible by broad concept that is achieved using
Wireless Communication. various inter-related technologies.
APPLICATION OF MOBILE COMPUTING
Replacement of wired
Vehicle
networks

Emergencies
Infotainment

Business Location dependent

services
 APPLICATION OF MOBILE COMPUTING
Stock
For Estate Information
Agents Collation/
Control

Emergency
Credit Card
Services
Verification

In courts

APPLICATION
Taxi/Truck
Dispatch
In companies
 CHARACTERISTICS OF MOBILE
COMPUTING
Location Personalization
awareness

CHARACTERISTIC

Adaptation Broadcast

Ubiquity
Short History of Wireless Transmission

1831-79 1857–94 1856–1943 1874–1937

James C. Maxwell - EM Heinrich Hertz - Wave Nikola Tesla - increased Guglielmo Marconi wireless
Waves character of electrical the distance of telegraphy with very high
transmission through electromagnetic transmission power (> 200
space transmission kW)

1907 1915 1920

commercial first wireless voice first commercial radio
transatlantic transmission was set up between station
connections New York and San Francisco.
Short History of Wireless Transmission

1928 1933 1958 1971

Trials for television Edwin H. Armstrong - first network in Germany B-Netz had 13,000 customers
broadcasting frequency modulation analog A-Netz -11000
Customer

1983 1984 1991

US system advanced CT1 (cordless telephone) digital European cordless telephone
mobile phone system (DECT) - digital
(AMPS) 850 MHz cordless telephony
 MOBILE GENERATIONS

GSM, LTE,
GPRS HSPA+

1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

NMT,AMPS, UMTS,HSPDA, Enhanced Mobile

TACS EDGE,W-CDMA Broadband and More
Generat Data Years of
Key Features
ion Speed Introduction

Analog technology, only capable of carrying voice

1G 2.4 kbps 1979-1991
calls

14.4 Digital technology, enabled text messaging and early

2G 1991-2001
kbps mobile internet services

144
2.5G 1999-2007 Enhanced data speeds and capabilities
kbps

Packet switching, high-speed data transfer, and video

3G 2 Mbps 2001-2010
streaming

14.4
3.5G 2004-2012 Faster data speeds and more advanced features
Mbps Back o Agenda
 Years of
Gener Data
Introducti Key Features
ation Speed
on

2009- Ultra-fast data speeds, high-definition video

4G 1 Gbps
present streaming, and mobile gaming

100 2010-
4.5G Enhanced data speeds and capabilities
Mbps present

Ultra-fast data speeds, ultra-low latency,

10 2019-
5G and support for new applications such as
Gbps present
self-driving cars and virtual reality

Back o Agenda
1 GENERATION
SUPPORTED ONLY VOICE CALLS
COMPLETELY ANALOG SYSTEM
DIFFICULT TO SUPPORT SMS
AND OTHER DATA SERVICES.
USES FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
FDMA
2 GENERATION
ENCODED VOICE AND OTHER
INFORMATION DIGITALLY
NOISE IMMUNITY
BETTER BANDWIDTH
UTILIZATIONS
SMS BECAME POSSIBLE.
CDMA AND TDMA
GSM
2.5 GENERATION
GENERAL PACKET RADIO
SERVICE (GPRS)
REDUCE CALL COSTS
DRAMATICALLY.
SUPPORTS MULTIMEDIA
 5 GENERATION
THE NEW NETWORKS HAVE HIGHER
DOWNLOAD SPEEDS, PEAK SPEED
OF 10 GIGABITS PER SECOND
(GBIT/S)
 Frequency Spectrum

Radio transmission can take place using many

different frequency bands.
 Frequency Wavelen
Description Application
Range (Hz) gth (m)
Very low frequency 100–10 Navigation, submarine
3–30 kHz
(VLF) km communications, time signals
AM radio broadcasting,
Low frequency (LF) 30–300 kHz 10–1 km maritime navigation, long-
range radar
AM radio broadcasting,
Medium frequency 300–3000
1–100 m maritime navigation, medium-
(MF) kHz
range radar
Shortwave radio broadcasting,
10–1000
High frequency (HF) 3–30 MHz amateur radio, long-range
m
communications
 Frequency Wavelen
Description Application
Range (Hz) gth (m)
FM radio broadcasting,
Very high frequency
30–300 MHz 1–10 m television broadcasting,
(VHF)
cellular phones, radar
Ultra high 300–3000 10–100 Television broadcasting,
frequency (UHF) MHz cm cellular phones, radar, Wi-Fi
Super high Satellite communications,
3–30 GHz 1–10 cm
frequency (SHF) radar, Wi-Fi, microwave ovens
Extremely high Satellite communications,
30–300 GHz 1–10 mm
frequency (EHF) radar, spectroscopy
300–3000 1–100 Spectroscopy, medical
Terahertz (THz)
GHz µm imaging, telecommunications
SIGNAL
Signals are the physical representation of
data.
Signals are functions of time and location.
Signal parameters represent the data
values.
Signal parameters are the amplitude A, the
frequency f, and the phase shift φ.
MULTIPLEXING
Multiplexing describes how several users can share a medium with
minimum or no interference.
One example, is highways with several lanes.
Many users (car drivers) use the same medium (the highways) with
hopefully no interference (i.e., accidents).

Multiplexing can be carried out in four

dimensions: space, time, frequency, and
code.
 Space division multiplexing (SDM)

Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

MULTIPEXING
Time division multiplexing (TDM)

Code division multiplexing (CDM)

 SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (SDM)
Space division multiplexing (SDM), the (three dimensional) space si is also
shown.
Here space is represented via circles indicating the interference range.
How is the separation of the different channels achieved?
The channels k1 to k3 can be mapped onto the three ‘spaces’ s1 to s3
which clearly separate the channels and prevent the interference ranges
from overlapping.
The space between the interference ranges is sometimes called guard
space.
Example
FM radio stations where the transmission range is limited to a certain
region
 SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (SDM)
Many radio stations around the world can use the same frequency without
interference.
if several radio stations want to broadcast in the same city use other
techniques
 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM)
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) describes schemes to subdivide the
frequency dimension into several non-overlapping frequency bands.
 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM)
Each channel ki is now allotted its own frequency band as indicated.
Senders using a certain frequency band can use this band continuously.
guard spaces are needed to avoid frequency band overlapping
This scheme is used for radio stations within the same region, where each
radio station has its own frequency.
Disadvantage
Assigning the separate frequency for each user is waste of scarse
resource
Very inflexible and limits the number of senders.
 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM)
Here a channel ki is given the whole bandwidth for a certain amount of time.
Guard spaces, which now represent time gaps.
Disadvantage
All senders need precise clocks
 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM)
Frequency and time division multiplexing can be combined.
A channel ki can use a certain frequency band for a certain amount of time
Now guard spaces are needed both in the time and in the frequency
dimension.
 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (CDM)
Code division multiplexing (CDM) is a relatively new scheme in commercial
communication systems.
 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (CDM)
Separation is now achieved by assigning each channel its own ‘code’,
This allows multiple signals to coexist without interfering with each other,
and they can be separated at the receiving end using the corresponding
codes.
Guard spaces are realized by using codes with the necessary ‘distance’ in
code space.
Advantage
Good protection against interference and tapping.
Disadvantage
Relatively high complexity of the receiver
SPREAD SPECTRUM
 SPREAD SPECTRUM
Spread spectrum techniques involve spreading
the bandwidth needed to transmit data
Problem of radio transmission:
Frequency dependent fading can wipe out narrow
band signals for duration of the interference
Solution:
Spread the narrow band signal into a broad band
signal using a special code protection against
narrow band interference
EFFECTS
 EFFECTS
i) Shows an idealized narrowband signal from a sender of user
data
ii) Converts the narrowband signal into a broadband signal.
iii) During transmission, narrowband and broadband
interference add to the signal. The sum of interference and user
signal is received.
iv) The receiver now knows how to despread the signal,
converting the spread user signal into a narrowband signal again
v) The receiver applies a bandpass filter to cut off frequencies
left and right of the narrowband signal.
 SPREAD SPECTRUM
Spread spectrum helps to deal with narrowband
interference for a single channel, it can be used
for several channels
 SPREAD SPECTRUM
To separate different channels, CDM is now used
instead of FDM.
 SPREAD SPECTRUM
Features
coexistence of several signals
robustness
high security
Drawbacks
Increased complexity of receivers
Large frequency band needed
Spreading the spectrum can be achieved
in two different ways

1. Direct sequence spread spectrum

(DSSS)

2. Frequency hopping spread spectrum

(FHSS)
Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
systems take a user bit stream and perform
an (XOR) with a so-called chipping
sequence.
While each user bit has a duration tb
The chipping sequence consists of smaller
pulses, called chips, with a duration tc
The spreading factor s = tb/tc determines
the bandwidth of the resulting signal.
Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
DSSS Transmitter
DSSS Receiver
Frequency Hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
The total available bandwidth is split into
many channels of smaller bandwidth plus
guard spaces between the channels.
Transmitter and receiver stay on one of
these channels for a certain time and then
hop to another channel.
The pattern of channel usage is called the
hopping sequence.
Frequency Hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
The time spend on a channel with a certain
frequency is called the dwell time.
FHSS comes in two variants, slow and fast
hopping
Frequency Hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
Slow Hopping
In slow hopping, the transmitter uses one
frequency for several bit periods.
Fast Hopping
For fast hopping systems, the transmitter
changes the frequency several times during
the transmission of a single bit.
Medium Access Control
Medium access control compromises
all mechanisms that regulate user
access to a medium using SDM, TDM,
FDM, or CDM.
MAC is thus similar to traffic
regulations in the highway/multiplexing
Medium Access Control
Motivation for a specialized MAC
Hidden and exposed terminals
Near and far terminals
SDMA
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
Motivation for a specialized MAC
Let us consider carrier sense multiple access with
collision detection, (CSMA/CD) (Wired Network).
A sender senses the medium to see if it is free.
If the medium is busy, the sender waits until it is
free.
If the medium is free, the sender starts
transmitting data and continues to listen into the
medium.
Motivation for a specialized MAC
Why does this scheme fail in wireless networks?
CSMA/CD is not really interested in collisions at
the sender, but rather in those at the receiver.
The strength of a signal decreases proportionally
to the square of the distance to the sender.
Obstacles attenuate the signal even further.
The sender may now apply carrier sense and
detect an idle medium.
Motivation for a specialized MAC

Some more scenarios where schemes known from

fixed networks fail.
Hidden and exposed terminals
Near and far terminals
Hidden terminals
 Hidden terminals
Consider the scenario with three mobile phones.
The transmission range of A reaches B, but not
C
The transmission range of C reaches B, but not A.
A starts sending to B, C does not receive this
transmission.
C also wants to send something to B and senses
the medium.
 Hidden terminals
The medium appears to be free, the carrier
sense fails.
C also starts sending causing a collision at B.
But A cannot detect this collision at B and
continues with its transmission.
A is hidden for C and vice versa.
Exposed terminals
 Exposed terminals
Hidden terminals may cause collisions, causes
unnecessary delay.
B sends something to A
C wants to transmit data to some other mobile
phone (D)
C senses the carrier and detects that the carrier is
busy
C postpones its transmission until it detects the
medium is free
 Exposed terminals
A is outside the interference range of C, waiting is
not necessary.
C is exposed to B.
Near and Far terminals
 Near and Far terminals
A and B are both sending with the same
transmission power.
B’s signal drowns out A’s signal.
C cannot receive A’s transmission.

The near/far effect is a severe problem of wireless

networks using CDM.
All signals should arrive at the receiver with more
or less the same strength.
 SDMA
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
SDMA is used for allocating a separated space to
users in wireless networks.
A typical application involves assigning an
optimal base station to a mobile phone user.
The mobile phone may receive several base
stations with different quality.
A MAC algorithm - decide which base station is
best – depending on the technology (FDM
,TDM,CDM)
 SDMA
SDMA is never used in isolation but always in
combination with one or more other schemes.
The basis for the SDMA algorithm is formed by
cells and sectorized antennas.
 FDMA
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
It comprises all algorithms allocating frequencies
to transmission channels according to the
frequency division multiplexing (FDM) scheme.
Allocation can either be fixed or dynamic
Channels can be assigned to the same frequency
at all times, i.e., pure FDMA, or change
frequencies according to a certain pattern, i.e.,
FDMA combined with TDMA.
FDMA
 FDMA
FDM is often used for simultaneous access to the
medium by base station and mobile station in
cellular networks.

The two directions, mobile station to base station

and vice versa are now separated using different
frequencies. This scheme is then called
frequency division duplex (FDD).
 FDMA
The two frequencies are also known as uplink and
downlink
Uplink - from mobile station to base station or
from ground control to satellite.
Downlink - From base station to mobile station or
from satellite to ground control.
FDMA