RESEARCH NO.

1:
NAME: SUNGA, KATRIX B.
PRELIM RESEARCH
INSTRUCTOR: DATE: NOVEMBER 27, 2021 PAGE 1 OF 10
ENGR. EDWARD JOSEPH M. BAUTISTA RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

Amphibious Aircraft

As part of general aviation, amphibious aircraft has the capacity to be essential,

particularly with short-range flights. The utilization of water bodies and ports as
runways for amphibious aircraft exclusively gives the aircraft a greater adaptability and
scope since takeoff and landings can be done both ground and water. Unlike with other
type of aircraft, they are designed for takeoff and landing on runway airports only.

Any aircraft's conceptual design and development must consider a variety of

factors, including mission profiles, weight estimation, fuel economy, range, payload,
and overall stability. However, because to the enhanced complexity of water  analysis
for amphibious aircraft's takeoff and landing flight segments, the production of this kind
of aircrafts are more complicated than regular aviation aircraft. The difficulties of
fundamental aerodynamic and hydrodynamic factors make it challenging to non-
dimensionalize and test models on a long scale (Seth & Liem, 2020).

Figure 1. Piaggo P136 L1 Royal Gull

One of the rarest in the world, Piaggo P136 L1 Royal Gull, is originally certified in
the acrobatic category in Europe but used for utility in United States of America. The
Piaggo Gull is a five-seat amphibious aircraft with 3-bladed Piaggio P.1033 constant-
RESEARCH NO. 1:
NAME: SUNGA, KATRIX B.
PRELIM RESEARCH
INSTRUCTOR: DATE: NOVEMBER 27, 2021 PAGE 2 OF 10
ENGR. EDWARD JOSEPH M. BAUTISTA RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

speed full-feathering propellers, dihedral wings, retractable tailwheel landing gear, and
conventional tail powered by 2 Lycoming GSO-480 6-cylinder air-cooled horizontally
opposed piston engines with 340 hp (Hirschman, 2021).

The Piaggo P136 L1 is notable for its enormous proportions; with large upturned
dihedral wings that are taller at the tips than at the roots, the crew/passenger enters
the aircraft without having to crouch. The three-blade propeller located behind the
trailing edge allows for direct cooling of the engine through lengthy ducts over the
leading edge of the wings. Additionally, the aircraft's two 95-gallon fuel tanks are
located in the fuselage rather than on the wings. Due to the massive dihedral wings,
the control pressures in Gull are mild, well-balanced, and stable in roll. Stalls are
preceded by modest airframe buffeting with or without flaps, and at the stall break, the
right wing descends. Recovery is usual but not quick, and the ailerons restore their
efficiency after a few seconds (Hirschman, 2021).

The fuselage of an amphibious aircraft should be designed as hull to operate on

water. Some basic requirements of amphibious aircraft that do not exist in conventional
aircraft are watertight watertight, especially for doors, windows, and any panels that
give access to dry components. Aircraft stability must be ensured during flight and on
water and the ability to control the speed in water at all times. On the other hand,
hydrostatic stability is one of the aspects to be considered as checking buoyancy is one
of its requirements to check if the aircraft is returning to its at-rest position where it can
tilt to other side when external force were applied (Liem, 2018).

To begin, students must get familiar with a few nautical phrases that are not used
in conventional aircraft. Port and starboard, for example, are used instead of left and
right, windward and leeward to refer to upwind and downwind, and bow and stern to
refer to the nose and base of the empennage, accordingly. Landing in various water
conditions demands a range of methods and techniques that pilots must be familiar
with. Additionally, the cockpit design should give enough view for pilots, particularly
when determining height above water (Liem, 2018).
RESEARCH NO. 1:
NAME: SUNGA, KATRIX B.
PRELIM RESEARCH
INSTRUCTOR: DATE: NOVEMBER 27, 2021 PAGE 3 OF 10
ENGR. EDWARD JOSEPH M. BAUTISTA RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

Transport Aircrafts

In today’s modern aviation world, transport aircraft has now wings which
provide very high lift-coefficients in low speed flight during take-off and landing
(Tinnap & Nitsche, 1999). Transport aircraft are classified according to characteristics
such as the number of passenger seats, motor type, maximum takeoff weight (MTOW),
and defined permissible aerobatic maneuvers. The Type Certificate will show the
designated category. Transport category are:

 Jet powered airplanes with 10 or more seats or with a maximum takeoff weight
(MTOW) greater than 5,670 kg (12,500 lb)
 Propeller-driven airplanes with more than 19 seats or with a MTOW greater than
8,618 kg (19,000 lb)
 Helicopters with a MTOW greater than 3,175 kg (7,000 lb).

Transport Category Aircraft have other regulatory requirements such as

performance criteria, critical system redundancy and safety equipment requirements
i.e., Flight Data Recorder (FDR).

Figure 2. Antonov An-12

RESEARCH NO. 1:
NAME: SUNGA, KATRIX B.
PRELIM RESEARCH
INSTRUCTOR: DATE: NOVEMBER 27, 2021 PAGE 4 OF 10
ENGR. EDWARD JOSEPH M. BAUTISTA RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

The Antonov An-12 is a medium-range transport aircraft that served in Soviet

military service in 1955, during the Cold War. The aircraft has a high wing, retractable
tricycle landing gear, and a conventional tail powered by four Progress Al-20K
turboprop engines, each producing 4 525 shaft horsepower and 4 turboprop blade
propellers Zhuzhou WJ6. It is operated by a crew of five to six people, which includes
two pilots, a navigator, a flight engineer, a radio operator, and a tail gunner (optional).
The primary fuselage has an unpressurized narrow body; however most versions
include a pressurized passenger compartment for 12 passengers at the rear
pressurized deck.

Its cockpit was set forward in design and the fuselage covers all cargo, fuel
tanks, and other cargo components. Because of its high tail design, it is simpler to load
large cargo than conventional transport aircraft. The freight door is 8.2 feet long and
9.8 feet wide. Its cargo hold is more than 45 feet in length, 10 feet in width, and 8 feet
in height. Another transport aircraft is the Airbus A300-600ST Beluga, which is almost
123 feet long, 23 feet wide, and 23 feet tall, making it twice as massive as the
Antonov.

Fighter Aircraft

Fighter aircraft are primarily meant to maintain control of critical airspace by

eliminating adversary aircraft in combat. The opponent might be equal-capability
fighters or bombers carrying defensive weaponry.

Figure 3. Sukhoi Su-27

RESEARCH NO. 1:
NAME: SUNGA, KATRIX B.
PRELIM RESEARCH
INSTRUCTOR: DATE: NOVEMBER 27, 2021 PAGE 5 OF 10
ENGR. EDWARD JOSEPH M. BAUTISTA RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

The Sukhoi Su-27 is a Russian fighter jet designed as a big long-range

interceptor with twin turbofan engines capable of flying at more than twice the speed
of sound. It offers air superiority with a highly maneuverable 30 mm GSh-301 cannon
and 150 rounds of ammo, as well as a variety of missiles, rockets, and bombs. The Su-
27 is a twin-finned aircraft with a high level of integration. The titanium and high-
strength aluminum alloys used in the airframe's construction. The engine nacelles have
trouser fairings installed to produce a continuous streamlined profile between the
nacelles and the tail beams. Tail beams support the fins and horizontal tail consoles.
The Su-27 was developed to compete with the United States' Grumman F-14
Tomcat and McDonnel Douglas F-15 Eagle air fighters. The F-14 Tomcat was designed
with supersonic flying behavior, supersonic combat ceiling performance, trouble-free
engine performance, engine growth potential, and subsonic longitudinal stability in
mind. This aircraft's fixed-wing variant was rejected due to its weight, carrier
adaptability, and low-altitude performance (Rogowoy, 2018). It was eventually
developed into a two-seat, twin-engine jet fighter with variable-geometry wings
powered by two Pratt & Whitney turbofan engines capable of exceeding Mach 2 at high
altitudes.

Figure 4. Grumman F-14 Tomcat

Ultralight Aircraft
RESEARCH NO. 1:
NAME: SUNGA, KATRIX B.
PRELIM RESEARCH
INSTRUCTOR: DATE: NOVEMBER 27, 2021 PAGE 6 OF 10
ENGR. EDWARD JOSEPH M. BAUTISTA RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

In comparison to other traditional ultralight aircraft, the Airsport Song has a

cantilever low wing, twin-boom tail, a single seat cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear,
and a single engine in pusher configuration. It features exceptional vision and a low
fuel consumption, as well as a rocket rescue system composed of a light weight carbon
fiber airframe. Its polyhedral wing is available in two different spans and is powered by
a Bailey V5 four-stroke engine.

Figure 5. Airsport Song

The Sadler Vampire Ultralight is similar to the Airsport Song in design. It is a
part 103 lightweight aircraft with a single seat. In the early 1980s, William Sadler of
Sadler aircraft created it. It was offered as a kit, with claimed build times ranging from
400 to 500 hours. It boasts a number of distinctive characteristics, including a dual
boom tail design, folding wings for convenience of storage and transport, and metal
construction throughout. It is a pusher aircraft with a mid-wing.
RESEARCH NO. 1:
NAME: SUNGA, KATRIX B.
PRELIM RESEARCH
INSTRUCTOR: DATE: NOVEMBER 27, 2021 PAGE 7 OF 10
ENGR. EDWARD JOSEPH M. BAUTISTA RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

Figure 6. Sadler Vampire Ultralight

Supersonic Passenger
Concorde is a first passenger-carrying commercial aircraft that can fly at
supersonic speeds over water. It has a delta-wing design that reduces drag by being
narrow and swept back and provides enough lift for subsonic takeoff and landing. It
also offers flying stability, eliminating the requirement for horizontal stabilizers on the
tail.  It was later abandoned in 2003 because to financial difficulties caused by high
fuel and maintenance costs, as well as a lack of aviation experts and entrepreneurs to
test its technical, environmental, and economic issues.

Figure 7. Concorde
RESEARCH NO. 1:
NAME: SUNGA, KATRIX B.
PRELIM RESEARCH
INSTRUCTOR: DATE: NOVEMBER 27, 2021 PAGE 8 OF 10
ENGR. EDWARD JOSEPH M. BAUTISTA RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

Until recently, a Denver-based Boom technology established a 21 st century

push for supersonic commercial flight. Like Concorde’s wing, Boom is also equipped
with delta-wing configuration. Boom has stated that it will also go supersonic over
water only. This aircraft emphasizes environmental impacts such as sustainable
aviation fuel which is key to overture sustainability enabling net-zero-carbon flight
(Schneider, 2021).

Figure 8. Boom Supersonic

RESEARCH NO. 1:
NAME: SUNGA, KATRIX B.
PRELIM RESEARCH
INSTRUCTOR: DATE: NOVEMBER 27, 2021 PAGE 9 OF 10
ENGR. EDWARD JOSEPH M. BAUTISTA RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

References

Airbus A300-600ST Beluga. (n.d.).

https://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/stbeluga/

Airsport Song. (n.d.). https://everything.explained.today/Airsport_Song/

Antonov AN-12. (n.d.). http://www.military-today.com/aircraft/an_12.htm

Antonov AN-12. (n.d.).

https://www.aircharterservice.com/aircraft-guide/cargo/antonov-ukraine/
antonovan-12

General Aircraft Cagnet. (n.d.). https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/6702384

Hirschman, D. (2021). Piaggo Royal Gull: Way Ahead of its Time.

https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2021/may/pilot/piaggio-royal-
gull

Liem, R. (2018). Review of Design Aspects and Challenges of Efficient and Quiet
Amphibious Aircraft. 10.1088/1742-6596/1005/1/012027

Tinapp, F., & Nitsche, W. (1999). Engineering Turbulence Modelling and Experiments.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008043328-8/50059-X

Rogoway, T. (2020). Incredible Lecture By F-14 Designer Explains Why The Tomcat
Owes A Lot To The F-111.
https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/34383/incredible-lecture-by-f-14-
designer-explains-why-the-tomcat-owes-a-lot-to-the-f-111

Sadler Vampire Ultralight. (n.d.). http://www.ultralightaircraftmagazine.com/sadler-

vampire-part-103-legal-ultralight-aircraft-by-sadler-aircraft-ultralight-aircraft-
magazine.html

Scheneider, D. (2021). The New Supersonic Boom. https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-new-

supersonic-boom
RESEARCH NO. 1:
NAME: SUNGA, KATRIX B.
PRELIM RESEARCH
INSTRUCTOR: DATE: NOVEMBER 27, 2021 PAGE 10 OF 10
ENGR. EDWARD JOSEPH M. BAUTISTA RATING: ISSUE NO.: 01

Seth, A. & Liem, R. (2020). V-22 Amphibious Aircraft Developments: Computational

Studies of Hydrofoil Design for Improvements in Water-Takeoffs.
https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8010010

Skybrary. (n.d.). Antonov AN-12. https://skybrary.aero/aircraft/an12

Skybrary. (n.d.). Transport Category Aircraft. https://skybrary.aero/articles/transport-

category-aircraft

Su-27 Flanker Front-Line Fighter Aircraft, Russia. (n.d.). https://www.airforce-

technology.com/projects/su27/

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Brittanica. (2018). F-14.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/F-14

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Brittanica. (2020). Concorde.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/Concorde

The Soviet-Russian Su-27 Flanker Series. (2021).

https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.php?aircraft_id=71