How did life

come into
existence?
Life is believed to have originated in the aqueous solutions

of the world’s oceans

The early signs of life was originated in

WATER in the form of Bacteria.

About 3500 million year ago

Source: https://www.science.org.au/curious/space-time/origins-life-earth
Tiktaalik bridged the gap between sea living and land-living creatures and played an important
evolutionary role on our journey to becoming human.
Zina Deretsky/National Science Foundation (on www.npr.org)

Image by: Daniel Lee, portrait photographer and fine artist

Even our Mythology dated millions of
years back states that the first being
was a fish “Matsya avatar” of lord
Vishnu and second being a Kurma
(amphibient – tortoise) who could live
both on land and water. And that is
how human being has come into
existence.
WATER
CHANGES
EVERYTHING
 WATER – THE
ELIXIR OF LIFE
• Unusual properties of water

• We get to see water in all 3 forms: solid ice, liquid water and gas
vapor. While all substances can be solid, liquid, or gas, a lot of them
only change states at extreme temperatures.

• The solid form is less dense than the liquid form unlike other
components.

• Water molecule forms rings when it is frozen and hence making the
space that allows the ice to float on water.

• Floating ice allows the liquid below to remain in the same state. else
Imagine If ice wound sink, all our oceans would have frozen!

• Water has an interesting characteristic. It’s sort of “sticky.” It likes to

stick to itself and other things. That’s why water forms round droplets.
Not all liquids do that.

• Water made life possible on Earth. Because of this, astrobiologists

(scientists who search for life on other planets) think our best bet for
finding life is to search for water.
GLOBAL
WATER CIRSIS
• 785 million people lack access to clean water.
That’s one in 10 people on the planet.

• Women and girls spend an estimated 200 million

hours hauling water every day.

• The average woman in rural areas walks 6

kilometers every day to haul 40 pounds of water.

• Every day, more than 800 children under 5 die

from diarrhea caused by contaminated water,
poor sanitation, and unsafe hygiene practices.

• One of the United Nations’ Sustainable

Development Goals aims to provide universal
access to clean water and sanitation by 2030.
 WATER QUALITY

Generally quality of wated is measured by:

- Visibly Clean and clear water

- No Odour
- Taste
- Trusted source of water
- Free From Toxins, ca , carcinogens,
pathogenic micro-organisms
 WATER QUALITY
Water quality parameters include chemical, physical, and
biological properties and can be tested or monitored
based on the desired water parameters of concern.

Parameters that are frequently sampled or monitored for

water quality include temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH,
conductivity, ORP, and turbidity.

Sources of Drinking water:

• Rivers
• Lakes
• Groundwater (borewell, Wells)
 SAFE DRINKING WATER STANDARDS

Why is Safe drinking water important :

Access to affordable, safe drinking water is critical for health and
development. There are basic quality standards, norms, criteria
and indicators that have been designed to ensure safety of
drinking water.

There are a number of standard guidelines for ensuring quality of

drinking water such as those by the :
World Health Organization, Commission for European Union, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Canada etc .

Drinking Water in India:

Water in India is extremely polluted and unsafe. Water from major
sources like tube wells and hand pumps is also found to be unsafe
as they are known to be carriers of waterborne diseases.
Shockingly no one talks about the Main evils of making the water
unsafe for drinking.
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS FOR
SAFE DRINKING
WATER
 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
AGENCY

WHO: The EPA regulates the manufacturing, processing,

Agency of US Federal Government distribution, and use of chemicals and other
pollutants.
WHAT:
Enforces laws that protect the environment. Oversee
various industries and operate on Federal and state ENFORCE LAWS SUCH AS:
level
✓ Clean Air Act
WHEN: ✓ Safe Drinking Water Act
Established on December 2, 1970 by President Richard ✓ National Environmental Education Act
Nixon ✓ Clean Water Act

WHY
Responsible for creating standards and laws MISSION:
promoting health of individuals and environment To protect human health and environment.
To ensure Americans have clean air, water and land
 SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT - SDWA

WHAT IS SDWA WHY WAS IT PASSED:

• A United States law to govern and legally ensure
availability of Safe drinking water for the public.
• Originally passed by congress in 1974 to protect
public health by regulating national public
drinking water supply and added amendments
in 1986 and 1996
A study in 1996 stated that there were 132
disease outbreak due to contaminated water in
the US. In order to standardize drinking water
across the country, the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) enacted the Safe Water Drinking
Act of 1974.

WHAT DOES IT STATE The Law made it :

✓ Illegal to discharge pollution to a point of
• SDWA authorizes the United States source without permit
Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) to set ✓ Set new standards for industrial waste water
national health-based standards for drinking and contamination levels
water to protect against both naturally- ✓ Provided funding for sewage treatment
occurring and man-made contaminants that plant
may be found in drinking water. (90
contaminants)
 SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT - SDWA
MAJOR PROVISIONS - SDWA

✓ EPA to issue primary standards and secondary standards -

✓ Primary – related to public health risk. Would include Ecoli or pathogens
✓ Secondary – aesthetic or economic quality. Eg: Color, Odur, PH level etc.
✓ Act included right to know clause, that anytime a primary standard was violated, the public should be
notified
✓ Required the protection of Ground water supply – the only source of aquifers
✓ Provided funds to state to create programs under this act.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CONTAMINANTS

• EPA established two major types of contaminants: primary and secondary.
• Primary contaminants: Substances that can be toxic in small amounts. (Eg: Hg, As, and U)
• Secondary contaminants: Substances that are less toxic (Eg: Fe and Zn) and include aesthetic
issues (color, taste, and odor)

• All primary contaminants have enforceable concentration values. If a water supplier exceeds a given
MCL for a toxin, then fines and penalties could by imposed by the EPA. Water that contains any amount
of these pathogens must be sanitized immediately with a standardized EPA procedure.
 SDWA – PRIMARY CONTAMINATION
The Actual Evil

The National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR)

• Legally enforceable primary standards and treatment techniques that apply to
public water Levels of contaminants
• Limits the levels of contaminants. would be defined using the
• Classified into 6 types: concentration terms:
• Microorganisms
• Disinfectants Maximum Contaminant
• disinfectant byproducts Level (MCL)
• Inorganic Chemicals Treatment Technique (TT)
• Organic Chemicals
• Radionuclides.

Concentration Units for Pollutants/Toxins

Typically, concentrations of primary contaminants are listed in parts per million. Metric amounts of a part per million are
milligrams of the toxin per liter of the water sample.

For extremely toxic substance, smaller units like parts per billion (ppb) might be used to express concentration. Metric
amounts of a part per billion are micrograms of toxin per liter of water sample.
 SDWA – PRIMARY CONTAMINATION
The Actual Evil
MICROORGANISM
Contaminant MCL((mg/L) Potential Health Effects from Long-Term Exposure Above Sources of Contaminant in Drinking
the MCL Water

Cryptosporidium NA Gastrointestinal illness (such as diarrhea, vomiting, and Human and animal fecal waste
cramps)

Turbidity NA Higher turbidity levels are often associated with higher Soil Runoff
levels of disease-causing microorganisms such as viruses,
parasites and some bacteria. These organisms can cause
symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and
associated headaches.

Viruses NA Gastrointestinal illness (such as diarrhea, vomiting, and Human and animal fecal waste
cramps)

Legionella Legionnaire's Disease, a type of pneumonia Found naturally in water; multiplies in

heating systems

Cryptosporidium Gastrointestinal illness (such as diarrhea, vomiting, and Human and animal fecal waste
cramps)
 SDWA – PRIMARY CONTAMINATION
The Actual Evil

DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS

Potential Health Effects from

Long-Term Exposure Above Sources of Contaminant in
Contaminant MCLG1 (mg/L)2
the MCL (unless specified as Drinking Water
short-term)

Byproduct of drinking water

Bromate zero Increased risk of cancer
disinfection

Anemia; infants and young Byproduct of drinking water

Chlorite 0.8 children: nervous system effects disinfection

Byproduct of drinking water

Haloacetic acids (HAA5) n/a6 Increased risk of cancer
disinfection

Liver, kidney or central nervous

Total Trihalomethanes Byproduct of drinking water
--> n/a6 system problems; increased risk of
(TTHMs) cancer
disinfection
 SDWA – PRIMARY CONTAMINATION
The Actual Evil
DISINFECTANTS RADIONUCLIDES
Potential Health
Potential Health Effects from
Effects from Long- Long-Term
MCLG Sources of Contaminant
MCLG1 (mg Sources of Contaminant in
Contami 1 (mg Term Exposure Above /L)2
Exposure Above
Drinking Water
Contaminant in the MCL (unless
nant the MCL (unless specified as
/L)2 Drinking Water
specified as short- short-term)
term)
Erosion of natural deposits of
none ---- certain minerals that are
Increased risk of
Alpha particles ------ cancer
radioactive and may emit a
Chlorami Eye/nose irritation; Water additive zero form of radiation known as
MRDL
nes stomach discomfort, used to control alpha radiation
G=41
(as Cl2) anemia microbes
Decay of natural and man-
Beta particles none ---- made deposits of
Increased risk of certain minerals that are
and photon ------ cancer radioactive and may emit forms
Water additive emitters zero
Chlorine MRDL Eye/nose irritation; of radiation known as photons
used to control and beta radiation
(as Cl2) G=41 stomach discomfort
microbes
Radium 226 and none ----
Increased risk of
Radium 228 ------ cancer
Erosion of natural deposits
Anemia; infants and (combined) zero
Chlorine MRDL Water additive
young children:
dioxide G=0. used to control Increased risk of
nervous system
(as ClO2) 81 microbes Uranium zero cancer, kidney Erosion of natural deposits
effects toxicity
SDWA – PRIMARY CONTAMINATION The Actual Evil

INORGANIC CHEMICALS
Contaminant MCL((mg/ Potential Health Effects from Sources of Contaminant in Drinking Water
L)2 Long-Term Exposure Above
the MCL
Arsenic 0.010 Skin damage or problems Erosion of natural deposits; runoff from orchards, runoff from
with circulatory systems, and glass and electronics production wastes
may have increased risk of
getting cancer
Cadmium 0.005 Kidney damage Corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion of natural deposits;
discharge from metal refineries; runoff from waste batteries and
paints
Cyanide 0.2 Nerve damage or thyroid Discharge from steel/metal factories; discharge from plastic
problems and fertilizer factories
Lead 0.015 Infants and children: Delays in Corrosion of household plumbing systems; erosion of natural
physical or mental deposits
development; children could
show slight deficits in
attention span and learning
abilities
Adults: Kidney problems; high
blood pressure

Chromium 0.1 Allergic dermatitis Discharge from steel and pulp mills; erosion of natural deposits
 SDWA – PRIMARY CONTAMINATION
The Actual Evil
ORGANICAL CHEMICALS
Contaminant MCL((m Potential Health Effects Sources of Contaminant in Drinking Water
g/L)2 from Long-Term Exposure
Above the MCL
Benzene 0.005 Anemia; decrease in blood Discharge from factories; leaching from gas storage tanks and landfills
platelets; increased risk of
cancer
Carbon 0.005 Liver problems; increased risk of Discharge from chemical plants and other industrial activities
Tetrachloride cancer
Chlorobenzene 0.1 Liver or kidney problems Discharge from chemical and agricultural chemical factories

Ethylbenzene 0.7 Liver or kidneys problems Discharge from petroleum refineries

Toluene 1 Nervous system, kidney, or liver Discharge from petroleum factories

problems
Xylenes(total) 10 Nervous system damage Discharge from petroleum factories; discharge from chemical factories

Vinyl Chloride 0.002 Increased risk of cancer Leaching from PVC pipes; discharge from plastic factories
 SDWA – SECONDARY CONTAMINATION

The Secondary Drinking Water Regulations CLASSIFICATION

➢ NON – enforced and non-mandatory water quality standards.

Secondary contaminations can be
➢ Not considered at risk to human health classified into 3 categories:
➢ Aesthetic effect
➢ Limit contaminants that affects the aesthetics and Economical ➢ Cosmetic Effect
effect of drinking water such as Taste, Color, Odour etc. ➢ Technical Effect

➢ These can be classified into 3 categories:

➢ Aesthetic effect
➢ Cosmetic Effect
➢ Technical Effect
 SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT - SDWA
TABLE OF SECONDARY STANDARDS
Secondary MC
Contaminant Noticeable Effects above the Secondary MCL
L
Aesthetic effect (Taste or Odor): 0.05 to
Aluminum coloured water
• Standards related to odor and taste: Chloride, 0.2 mg/L*
Copper, Foaming Agents, Iron, Manganese pH, Chloride 250 mg/L salty taste
Sulfate, Threshold Odor Number (TON), Total Color
15 color
visible tint
units
Dissolved Solids, Zinc Copper 1.0 mg/L metallic taste; blue-green staining
• Standards related to color: Aluminum, Color, Corrosivity
Non-
metallic taste; corroded pipes/ fixtures staining
Copper, Iron, Manganese, Total Dissolved Solids corrosive
Fluoride 2.0 mg/L tooth discoloration
• Standards related to foaming: Foaming Agents
Foaming agents 0.5 mg/L frothy, cloudy; bitter taste; odor
rusty color; sediment; metallic taste; reddish or
Iron 0.3 mg/L
Cosmetic effects orange staining

• Skin Discoloration: Related Standard: Silver Manganese 0.05 mg/L

black to brown color; black staining; bitter
metallic taste
• Tooth Discoloration: Related standard: Fluoride 3 TON
(threshold
Odor "rotten-egg", musty or chemical smell
odor
Technical Effect number)

• Corrosion: Standards related to corrosion and pH 6.5 - 8.5

low pH: bitter metallic taste; corrosion
high pH: slippery feel; soda taste; deposits
staining: Chloride, Copper, Corrosivity, Iron, skin discoloration; graying of the white part of the
Manganese, pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Zinc Silver 0.1 mg/L
eye
• Scaling and Sedimentation: Standards related to Sulfate 250 mg/L salty taste

scale and sediments: Iron, pH, Total Dissolved Total Dissolved

500 mg/L
hardness; deposits; colored water; staining; salty
Solids (TDS) taste
Solids, Aluminum
Zinc 5 mg/L metallic taste
DRINKING STANDARDS ACROSS WORLD
Comparison of WHO drinking water guidelines against European Union, United States and
Australia (selected parameters)
 INDIAN
STANDARDS FOR
SAFE DRINKING
WATER
INDIAN STANDARD FOR
DRINKING WATER
BUREAU OF INDIAN
STANDARDS
Drinking Water standards in India are marked by
the Bureau of Indian Standards which are the
specifications for potable water (IS -10500:
2012).

According to the Central Ground Water Board,

BIS (IS_10500 and revised module IS 10500:2012)
has set standards for drinking water. This
standard has two limits i.e. acceptable limits
and permissible limits.

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has made two

Indian Standards pertaining to drinking water
• IS 10500:2012 on Drinking Water –
Specification and
• IS 17482:2020 on Drinking Water Supply
Management System – Requirements for Piped
Drinking Water Supply.
 IS 10500 : 2012 – BIS Standard for Drinking Water
According to BIS 1500-2012 the acceptable limit of bacteria and other major contamination are as follows:

Permissible limit
Test parameter Acceptable limit (In the absence of alternate source of
water)
pH value 6.5-8.5 No relaxation
Turbidity 1 5
Total hardness as CaCo3, mg/l, Max 200 600
Shall not be detectable in any 100ml Shall not be detectable in any 100ml
E.coli presence/absence
sample sample
Total iron as Fe, mg/l, Max 0.3 No relaxation
Taste Agreeable Agreeable
Odour Agreeable Agreeable
IS 14543: 2004 –
BIS Standard for
Packaged
Drinking Water

Packaged drinking water

Modified /Treated water by removing

the Dissolved particles by RO filtration
and then dosing it with additives to
make it suitable for drinking which is
aesthetically good.
IS 14543: 2004 – BIS Standard
for Packaged Drinking Water

Physical Parameters Toxic Substance Parameters General Parameters – Undesirable substances

Characteristic Requirement Characteristic Requirement(m Characteristic Requirement(mg/l)
g/l)
Color 2
Mercury 0.001
Turbidity(NTU) 2 Barium 0.7
Cadmium 0.003 Copper 0.05
TDS(mg/l) 500
Lead 0.01 Iron 0.1
pH 6-8.5
Calcium 75
Magnesium 30
Radioactive Substance Parameters
Characteristic Requirement(Bq/l)
Alpha Emitters 0.1
Beta Emitters 1
IS 14543: 2004 – BIS Standard for Packaged Drinking Water
Typical process Flow chart for Packaged Drinking Water

OZONE
RAW WATER R.O.(REVERSE GENERATOR WITH
(Bore Well) OSMOSIS SYSTEM) RE-CIRCULATION
SYSTEM

RAW WATER TANK HIGH PRESSURE FINAL PRODUCT

FORWARDING
(TESTING) PUMP STORAGE TANK

M.C.F. (MICRON STORAGE FOR

DOSING SYSTEM(1) CARDRIGE FILTER) U.V. SYSTEM
TESTING

VISUAL
PRESSURE AND ACTIVATED FILLING AND EXAMINATION AND
FILTER CARBON FILTER PACKING PRODUCT TESTING
IS 13428: 2005 – BIS
Standard for
Packaged Natural
Water
Mineral water : The water is collected under conditions which guarantee the
original microbiological purity and chemical composition of essential
components.

➢ It has all the mineral compositions inbuilt naturally. Unlike packaged

drinking water, it retains all its original composition. The TDS is not
removed and hence no Ro process is involved

➢ It is packaged close to the point of emergence of the source with

particular hygienic precautions and it is not subjected to any treatment
other than those permitted

➢ Treatments permitted include separation from unstable constituents,

such as compounds containing iron, manganese, sulfur or arsenic,
by decantation and/or filtration, if necessary. The permitted treatments
may only be carried out on condition that the mineral content of the
water is not modified in its essential constituents, which give the water its
properties.

➢ Only simple mechanical filtrations which do not change the

composition of the source water are permitted. Processes like Reverse
Osmosis, Active Carbon Bed etc. are not permitted.
 • Benefits of RO Filteration:

RO FILTERATION •
•
Only solution to purify water from any source
Ensures every kind of impurity is eliminated from water – Even the primary

– THE ONLY
contaminants.
• Enables to remove plastic jars and bottles totally for your health benefits

SOLUTION
• 100% guaranteed source of clean water.
• Avoids water wastage. Fill only what you need.
• 24 X 7 clean and pure drinking water available.
• No overheads (no daily transportation of water in jars)
• Huge annual savings - upto 70%
• Customized solutions as per your need.
Thank you
for saving water
each day!

www.waecorp.com