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HRM - WEEK 1 - Introduction - LearnJCU 2020
HRM - WEEK 1 - Introduction - LearnJCU 2020
HRM - WEEK 1 - Introduction - LearnJCU 2020
• Discuss the structure and functions of red blood cells and describe the different stages of
erythropoiesis
• Compare the different types of leucocytes and describe the different stages of leucopoiesis
Functions of CT:
Plasma – Anticoagulated blood from which cellular components have been removed by centrifugation
Plasma contains blood coagulation proteins
Hyperproteinemia Hypoproteinemia
Increase in total plasma protein (> 8.0g/L) Decrease in total plasma protein
• New red cell is bigger than old cells (more rigid and less deformed)
• RBC packages hemoglobin - Contains 29 picograms (pg) of Hb; 33% of the cell’s weight
• Cells also contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), which plays important role in the
carriage of CO2
• The plasma membrane of erythrocytes contain specific polysaccharides and proteins
(form antigens) that differ from person to person
Red Cell Membrane
• Red cell membrane is made up of three important structural
proteins - spectrin which is anchored to the transmembrane
protein band 3 by protein ankyrin
• G6PD deficiency (most common enzyme defect) may result in acute hemolysis
when red cell is exposed to oxidative stress
• Red cells do not have an insulin receptor and thus glucose uptake in RBC is not
regulated by insulin
Functions of Platelets
Hemostasis –Vasoconstriction and Platelet Plug
Blood Coagulation – Phospholipids
For Clot Retraction – Contractile Proteins
Platelets
Platelet Factors:
• From two specific types of granules (α- and δ-granules)
• - granules -Fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor (vWF),
fibronectin, factors V and VIII, PDGF
• δ-granules (dense granules) - ADP and ATP, ionized calcium,
histamine, serotonin, and epinephrine
• Other platelet factors - Glycoproteins, phospholipids, Actin,
Myosin, Thrombasthenin, Thromboxane A2
• Most formed elements survive in the bloodstream only for a few days
• Each day an adult human produces 2 x 1011 erythrocytes, 1 x 1011 leukocytes, and
1 x 1011 platelets
Sites of Hematopoiesis
• Hematopoiesis begins in yolk sac – 3rd week of embryonic life
• Erythrocytes – first cells
• By 2nd month - granulocyte and megakaryocyte production
• 4th month - lymphocytes production
• 5th month - monocytes produced
Mesoblastic Stage - Blood formation begins in mesoderm of the yolk sac – up to 3 months
of fetal life
Primitive blood cells appear in the 2nd to 3rd week of embryonic life
Hepatic Stage - After the third month up to fifth/seventh month of fetal life, liver (hepatic)
and spleen are the important sites of hematopoiesis
Myeloid Stage - After 5th month of fetal life, hemopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow
Hemopoiesis continues within all the bones until age of five
• Active regions of marrow decreases after 4-5 years and replaced by fat (yellow marrow)
• In adults - only the sternum, vertebrae, ribs, clavicles, skull, pelvis and proximal ends of long bones produce blood cells
(red bone marrow)
• Inactive regions of bone marrow, liver and spleen can resume blood cell production in times of need
Bone Marrow
• Found in the medullary canals of long bones and in the cavities of
cancellous bones
• Yellow bone marrow – Adipocytes; New born – all bone marrow is red
marrow
• Yellow marrow is replaced by red bone marrow – hypoxia, severe
bleeding
• Folic acid
• Folic acid present in spinach, green leafy vegetables, fruits and many plants
• Required for synthesis of the nucleotide base thymine
• Essential for the formation of DNA and thus for normal cell division
• Inadequate folic acid - impairment of cell division occurs through out the body, most strikingly in rapidly
proliferating cells including erythrocyte precursors
• Vitamin B12 is required for the action of folic acid
Other Factors …
• Lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid
• Diminishes cell multiplication and cell number
• Cells formed become larger than normal with more fragile membrane
• Erythrocytes are irregular, large and oval instead of the usual biconcave disk
• Metals
• Iron, copper, manganese, cobalt, zinc and calcium are necessary for
erythropoiesis. Iron is essential for the formation of haem
• Hormones
• Erythropoietin, Thyroxin, Testosterone, ACTH, Cortisol, Growth hormone,
Parathyroid hormone are required for erythropoiesis
• Nutritional factors
• First class proteins are necessary as amino acids are essential for globin formation. Even
lipids and carbohydrates are required
Hemoglobin
• Main erythrocyte compound – a red pigment/chromo protein
• It is formed by 4 subunits – each unit contains heme
• A hemoglobin molecule consists of two parts:
• The globin portion, a protein made up of highly folded polypeptide chains
• Four iron containing non protein groups known as heme groups, each of which is bound
to one of the polypeptides
• Heme is an iron-porphyrin complex
Hemoglobin
• Each of the four iron atoms can combine reversibly with
one molecule of O2
• HbO2 – oxyhemoglobin – oxygenation of iron
The oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin molecule.
• Each Hb can pick up four O2 molecules in the lungs α, β, globin chains of normal adult haemoglobin (Hb A).
2,3-DPG, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
Carbamino-hemoglobin: Carboxyhemoglobin:
Oxyhemoglobin:
Types of Haemoglobin
• Four different types of polypeptide chains - alpha, beta, gamma
and delta (α, β, , )
• HbA1: Normal adult haemoglobin - has 2 alpha and 2 beta
chains (It forms about 95%)
• Normal adult haemoglobin (HbA) has lower affinity for
oxygen than foetal haemoglobin and, therefore, releases
greater amount of bound oxygen at tissue capillaries
• HbA2: It has 2 α and 2 chains (5% of adult Hb)
The timeline of the expression of the human globin genes from early
• HbF: Predominant type in fetus and contains 2 and 2 chains stages of fetal development to the changes that occur at birth and in
the first year of life
- Has increased affinity for oxygen
• HbF appears on 9th wk in fetus
• For first 7-12 weeks, it is primitive hemoglobin in the fetus
Hemoglobin Levels
• At birth 23gm% of Hb is present as RBC count is high
• In adults: males – 13 to 18 g% [135 to 180 g/L] and females 12 to 16 g% [115 to 160 g/L]
(international units - 8.1 - 11.2 mmoles/liter for men, 7.4 - 9.9 mmoles/liter for women)
• Blood contains 15g of Hb in 100ml of arterial blood - on an average 100ml of blood can carry
20ml of O2
Erythrocyte Destruction
• Senile RBCs are destroyed by the tissue macrophage system
• Extravascular destruction: spleen, bone marrow, liver
• Conserves and recycles erythrocyte components (amino acids, iron)
• Heme is reduced to bilirubin and eventually degraded to urobilinogen and excreted in the feces
• Indirect indicators of erythrocyte destruction include blood bilirubin and urine urobilinogen
Leukopoiesis