IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS RATIO & PROPORTION x1  x2  x3  ......

 xn
2. Arithmetic Mean =
1. It a : b : : c : d, then ad = bc n
1. Important formulae used in simplification: 2. If P is the principal kept at Compound Interest (C.I.)
(1) (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab @ r% p.a., amount after n years
(2) (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab 2. If a < b and x is a positive quantity, then 3. Geometric Mean = n x1  x2  x3  ......  x n
n
(3) (a + b)2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab  r  a ax a a–x
= P 1    and 
(4) a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)  100  b bx b b– x 4. Harmonic Mean =
(5) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
(6) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) n
3. Amount = Principal + Interest 3. If a > b and x is a positive quantity, then
 1 1 1 1 
2 1 2 2 2 a ax a a–x     ......  
(7) a  b  [(a  b)  (a – b) ] 4. Let P = Original Population, P = Population after   x1 x 2 x 3 xn 
2 and 
n years, r% = rate of anual growth b bx b b– x

2. Rules of counting numbers n 5. Let Ko be the initial concentration of a solution and

 r 
1. Sum of f irst n natural numbers P'  P  1   a c K is the final concentration after n dilutions.
 100  4. If  then:
b d V is the original volume and x is the volume of the
n  n  1 solution replaced each time, then
=
2 5. Difference between CI and SI for 2 and 3 years ab cd
(a)  – Componendo Law n
respectively: b d Vx
K  Ko  
2. Sum of first n odd natural numbers (CI)2 – (SI)2 = Pa2 for two years  V 
(CI)3 – (SI)3 = Pa2 (a + 3) for three years a–b c–d
= n2 (b)  – Dividendo Law
b d
r
3. Sum of first n even natural numbers where, a = ab c d TIME, SPEED AND DISTANCE
= n(n + 1) 100 
(c) – Componendo &
a–b c–d
4. Sum of the squares of first n natural 6. A principal amounts to X times in T years at S.I. It Dividendo Law 5 18
will become Y times in: 1. 1 km/hr = m/s and 1m/s = km/hr
ac a 18 5
n(n  1)(2n  1) (d) 
numbers =  Y – 1 bd b
6 Years   T
 X – 1 Total Distance Travelled
2. Average Speed =
5. Sum of the cubes of first n a c e Total Time Taken
7. A principal amounts to X times in T years at C.I. It 5. If   = K, then:
2 b d f
 n(n  1)  will become Y times in: 3. When the distance is constant, the average speed
natural numbers =  
 2  Years = T × n ace is the harmonic mean of the two speeds
(a) K
where n is given by Xn = Y b d f
2S1S2
PERCENTAGES Savg 
PROFIT AND LOSS pa  qc  re S1  S2
(b) = K
1. Two successive percentage changes of a% and pb  qd  rf
Profit
b% is an effective change of 1. Profit % =  100 (p, q and r are not all zero) 4. When the time is constant, the average speed is
CP
the arithmetic mean of the two speeds.
 ab  ALLIGATION, MIXTURES AND MEAN
 a+b+ 100  %.  P  S1  S2
  2. SP = CP + P% of CP = CP  1   Savg 
 100  2
1. Alligation is a method of calculating weighted
2. If A is r% more/less than B, averages. The ratio of the weights of the two
3. Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price items mixed will be inversely proportional to the 5. D – Speed of the boat downstream
100 r U – Speed of the boat upstream
B is % less/more than A. difference of each of these two items from the
100  r Discount average attribute of the resultant mixture. B – Speed of the boat in still water
4. Discount % =  100 R – Speed of the stream
Marked Price x1 x2
INTEREST D = B + R and
w1  x 2 – x  U = B – R.
5. The selling price of two articles is same. x  Further, by adding and subt racti ng these
1. P = Principal, A = Amount, I = Interest, n = no. of
If one is sold at X% profit and the other at loss of w 2  x – x1  equations we get,
years, r% = rate of interest
x2 – x : x – x1
Pr n X2 w1 : w2 DU D–U
The Simple Interest (S.I.) = X%, then there is always a loss of % B= and R =
100 100 2 2

IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS Page 1 Page 2 IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS
6. W hen the distance cov ered by a boat in 6. If N is not a perfect square, HARMONIC PROGRESSION (HP) 2. Angle – Bisector Theorem:
downstream is same as the distance covered by No. of ways of writing N as a product of two factors
the boat upstream then 1. nth term of a HP is given by A
1
= {(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) ....} 1
2 Tn 
a  (n  1)d

A/2
Time taken downstream Upstream speed

A/2
 c b
Time taken upstream Downstream speed 7. If N is a perfect square,
2. Harmonic Mean (HM) of two numbers a and b
No. of ways in which N can be expressed as a
prodcut of two different factors 2ab
7. If ‘H’ is the hours and ‘M’ is the minutes then the = B D C
angle between the hour hand and minute hand is ab a
1
= {(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) .... – 1 } ways
11 2 3. For any set of n positive numbers, the following
  30H – M Angle bisector divides the opposite side in the ratio
2 and as a product of two factors relationship always holds true.
(AM, GM and HM have been defined earlier) BD AB
1 of sides containing the angle. So 
= {(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) .... + 1 } ways DC AC
2 AM  GM  HM
NUMBER SYSTEM (GM)2 = (AM)·(HM) 3. Apollonius Theorem:
8. Sum of the factors of Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle and m is the
1. 1 is not a prime number GEOMETRY length of the median to the side with length a. Then
 ap 1 – 1  bq1 – 1  cr 1 – 1
N=     .... 1 2
2. If two numbers a and b are given, and their LCM Triangle b2  c 2  2m2  a
 a – 1   b – 1   c – 1  1. The area of a triangle can be determined in the 2
and HCF are L and H respectively, then L × H = a
× b. following ways:
9. Totient function is given by 1
(a) Area of a triangle =  b  h , where b is base
 1  1  1  2
LCM of numerators (N)  N  1   1   1   ... b c
3. (a) LCM of fractions  and h is height m
HCF of denominators  a  b  c 
(b) Area of a triangle = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) ,
Here (N) is the number of numbers less than and
where a, b and c are the sides of the triangle a
HCF of numerators prime to N. If P is some other natural number which
(b) HCF of fractions  abc
LCM of denominators is prime to N, then the remainder when P(N) is and s is the semi-perimeter i.e. s 
2 Special case:
Note: Fractions should be in the lowest form. divided by N is 1. This formula of area is known as Heron’s If b = c (the triangle is isosceles), then we have
formula 1 2
10. Sum of numbers less than and co-prime to a 2b2  2m2  a
4. The least number leaving remainder ‘r’ in 1 2
each case when div ided by ‘x’, ‘y’ and (c) Area of triangle = ab sin  , where a and b are
N 2
number N  (N)   a2 
‘z’ = (LCM of x, y, z) + r the sides of the triangle and  is the included
2 m2   b2 – 
angle i.e. angle between sides of length a  4 

The series of such numbers will be 11. Number of ways of writing a number N as a product and b.
(LCM of x, y, z) × n + r of two co-prime numbers = 2n–1
(d) Area of a triangle = r × s, where r is the 4. For acute triangle ABC
in-radius and s is the semi-perimeter AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2 × BC × BD
5. In general, for any composite number C, which where, n is the number of prime factors of a number
can be expressed as C = am × bn × cp× …, where A
(e) Cosine rule: If a, b and c are the three sides
a, b, c, … are all prime factors and m, n, p are 12. Product of all the factors of of a triangle and if  is the included angle
positive integers, then: between the sides of length a and b, then
 Number of factors 
 2 
Number of factors is equal to N  N  a2  b2 – c 2
cos  
(m + 1) (n + 1)(p + 1) … 2ab
 (p 1).(q1).(r 1).... 
 2  or c2 = a2 + b2 – 2 ab cos 
 N 
B D C
abc
(f) A  where R is circum-radius and A is
4R
area of the triangle
IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS Page 3 Page 6 IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS
5. For obtuse triangle ABC Circles 5. This means that a parallelogram inscribed in a (b) When two circles touch internally
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2 × BC × BD circle is always a rectangle/square. Only one common tangent is possible
1. If two chords, AB and CD intersect inside or outside
the circle at a point P, 6. Also, when a square or rectangle is inscribed in a (c) When two circles intersect.
A Two direct common tangents are possible.
circle, the diagonal of the square / rectangle is
A equal to the diameter of the circle.
B D (d) When one circle is completely inside the other
P A without touching each other.
7. Common Tangents for a pair of circles:
D P B For the two circles with centres O1 and O2 and No common tangent is possible
C
C radius r1 & r2
(e) When two circles are apart i.e. not touching
Then, PA × PB = PC × PD each other
B C D
P Q Two direct and two transverse tangents are
2. If AB is any chord of a circle which is extended to possible.
P, and PT is a tangent drawn from P on to the circle, r1 r2
6. The following are some properties of a triangle right
angled at A, where AD  BC: then O1 O2
8. Alternate segment theorem:
PA × PB = PT2 R S Angle between any chord passing through the
(i) AD2 = BD × DC tangent point and tangent is equal to the angle
(ii) AB2 = BD × BC subtended by the chord to any point on the other
(iii) AC2 = CD × BC A B C B side of circumference (alternate segment)
P
O1 O2 A
A
A D x
T C
PQ, RS are Direct common tangents & AB, CD
are Transverse common tangents.
x
3. Angle subtended by the chord at the center of a P B Q
circle i s twi ce of that subtended at the Length of PQ or RS
B D C circumference.
= (distance between centres)2 – (r2 – r2 )2 9. Ptolmey’s theorem:
X For a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of products of
two pairs of opposite sides equals the product of
Polygon the diagonals
Length of AB or CD
In a polygon of ‘n’ no. of sides,
Reflex AOB
O = (distance between centres)2 – (r2  r2 )2 D
n(n – 3) A
1. Total number of diagonals = A B
2 (a) When two circles touch externally C
360 P Distance between centres C1 C2 = r1 + r2 and
2. Exterior angle of a regular polygon  2 direct common tangents and one transverse B
n Thus AOB = 2 × AXB
common tangents are possible. AB × CD + BC × DA = AC × BD

3. Interior angle of a regular convex polygon 4. An exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal
to the angle opposite to its adjacent interior angle.
360
= 180° –
n B
4. Sum of all the exterior angles of a regular convex A
polygon = 360°

5. Sum of interior angles of a n sided polygon

= (n – 2) × 180°
D C E

i.e. BCE  DAB

IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS Page 7 Page 8 IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS
Mensuration
Two dimensional Figures

S.No. Name Figure Perimeter Area Nomenclature

S.No. Name Figure Perimeter Area Nomenclature r = Radius of
the circle
r Circumference r 2
11. Circle
a = Length = 2r  = 22or 3.416
1. Rectangle b 2(a + b) ab 7
b = Breadth (approx.)
a
a
1 r 2 r = Radius of
12. Semicircle r + 2r the circle
2. Square a a 4a a2 a = Side 2
r r
a
b is the base and Ring R R = Outer radius
a 1.
1
b×h h is the altitude. 13. r 2(R + r) (R2 – r 2)
c 2 a, b, c are three (shaded region) r = Inner radius
3. Triangle h a + b + c = 2s
2. sides of 's is the
semiperimeter
b
=
l+ 2r where
Sector of A 
Right angled d 1 d (hypotenuse) 14. r  ×r 2 r=
h bh a circle  l= ×2r 360°
4. triangle b+h+d 360°
2 = b2 + h2 B  C l=
b Area of
 segment ACB r=
1 O ×2r
1. ah a = side Segment of 360° (Minor segment)  =
Equilateral a a 2 h = Altitude 15. a circle  r
5. triangle h 3a  2  sin
= 3 a. + 2rsin =r –
2. 3 a2 A
C
B 2 360° 2
4 2
a l
Pathways l = Length
Isosceles running across b = Breadth
d 1 2 16. the middle of w A = w(l + b – w) w = Width of
6. right angled a 2a + d a
2 a = Each of equal a rectangle
triangle sides. w b the path
a
a w
a = Side Pathways l
17. outside 2[l + b + 4w] A = 2w(l + b + 2w)
b= b
7. Parallelogram b h b 2(a + b) ah w
h=
a
a l
w
d1 a= 18. Pathways 2[l + b – 4w] A = 2w(l + b – 2w)
1 inside b
8. Rhombus a d2 a 4a d × d2 w
2 1
a
D C AC is one of its
h1 diagonals and h1, h2
h2 Sum of its 1
9. Quadrilateral (AC)(h1 + h2) are the altitudes on
four sides 2 AC from D, B
respectively.
A B
b a, b are parallel
sides and h is the
Sum of its 1 perpendicular
10. Trapezium h h(a + b)
four sides 2 distance between
parallel sides.
a

IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS Page 9 Page 10 IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS
 Solids 2. Important Formulae: 3. loga (Xk) = k loga X
sin 
S.No. Name Figure Lateral/curved Total surface Volume Nomenclature (i) tan  
surface area area cos 
1
l = Length (ii) sin2   cos2   1 4. log X loga X
ak k
1. Cuboid 2( l b+bh+ l h) lbh b = Breadth
h = Height (iii) 1  tan2   sec 2 
(iv) 1  cot 2   cosec 2  1
2. Cube 6a 2
a 3
a = Edge 5. loga k X  loga X
k
3. Trigonometric measures of certain angles:
(Area of log X  k loga X
3. Right prism base) × 6. a1/ k
(Height)
Angle sin cos tan
r=
Right circular 2r(r + h) r 2 h 7. loga 1 = 0 [As a0 = 1]
4. 2rh h=
cylinder 0° 0 1 0
1 (Perimeter of 1 1
1
5. Right pyramid 2 3 (Area of 30° 3 8. logx X = 1
the base) × the base) 2 2 3
(Slant height) × Height 1 1
h = Height 45° 2 2
1 1
Right circular r(l + r) 1r 2h r = Radius 9. loga X = log a
6. rl 3 x
cone l = Slant height 3 1
2
= r +h
2 60° 2
3
2
2 4 r 3 logb X
7. Sphere 4r r = Radius 90° 1 0  10. loga X 
3 logb a

2 r 3
8. Hemisphere 2r 2 3r 2
3
r = Radius Signs of trigonometric ratios 11. a(loga X)  X

st 12. When base is not mentioned, it will be taken as 10.

4 R = Outer radius IInd quadrant I quadrant
9. Spherical shell 4(R 2 + r 2) Here, only sin and Here all ratios
3 r = Inner radius
cosec are positive. (sin, cos, tan, sec,
cosec, cot) are positive. MODERN MATHS

rd
III quadrant
th
IV quadrant Permutations & Combinations
Trigonometry
Height PB Here, only tan and Here, only cos and
(i) sin    n n!
Hypotenuse AP cot are positive. sec are positive. 1. Pr 
1. Angle Measures: (n – r)!
Angle are measured in many units viz. degree,
Base AB n!
minute, seconds, radians. We have (ii) cos    n
Cr 
Hypotenuse AP You can remember above table as 2.
1 degree = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds,  (n – r)! r !
radians = 180° School After
Height PB
(iii) tan   
Trigonometrical Ratios: Base AB To College n
n Pr
3. Cr 
1 Base AB r!
In a right angled triangle ABP, if  be the angle (iv) cot    
tan  Height PB
between AP and AB we define LOGARITHM
n
P 1 Hypotenuse AP 4. Cr  n Cn–r
(v) sec     1. loga (XY) = loga X + logaY
cos  Base AB
5. nC + nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + ... + nCn = 2n
1 Hypotenuse AP 0
(vi) cosec      X
 sin  Height PB 2. loga   = loga X – loga Y 6. Number of ways of distributing ‘n’ identical things
Y
B A among ‘r’ persons such that each person may get
any no. of things = n + r – 1Cr – 1

IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS Page 11 Page 12 IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS