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Formulae 2
Formulae 2
xn
2. Arithmetic Mean =
1. It a : b : : c : d, then ad = bc n
1. Important formulae used in simplification: 2. If P is the principal kept at Compound Interest (C.I.)
(1) (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab @ r% p.a., amount after n years
(2) (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab 2. If a < b and x is a positive quantity, then 3. Geometric Mean = n x1 x2 x3 ...... x n
n
(3) (a + b)2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab r a ax a a–x
= P 1 and
(4) a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b) 100 b bx b b– x 4. Harmonic Mean =
(5) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
(6) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) n
3. Amount = Principal + Interest 3. If a > b and x is a positive quantity, then
1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 2 a ax a a–x ......
(7) a b [(a b) (a – b) ] 4. Let P = Original Population, P = Population after x1 x 2 x 3 xn
2 and
n years, r% = rate of anual growth b bx b b– x
IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS Page 1 Page 2 IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS
6. W hen the distance cov ered by a boat in 6. If N is not a perfect square, HARMONIC PROGRESSION (HP) 2. Angle – Bisector Theorem:
downstream is same as the distance covered by No. of ways of writing N as a product of two factors
the boat upstream then 1. nth term of a HP is given by A
1
= {(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) ....} 1
2 Tn
a (n 1)d
A/2
Time taken downstream Upstream speed
A/2
c b
Time taken upstream Downstream speed 7. If N is a perfect square,
2. Harmonic Mean (HM) of two numbers a and b
No. of ways in which N can be expressed as a
prodcut of two different factors 2ab
7. If ‘H’ is the hours and ‘M’ is the minutes then the = B D C
angle between the hour hand and minute hand is ab a
1
= {(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) .... – 1 } ways
11 2 3. For any set of n positive numbers, the following
30H – M Angle bisector divides the opposite side in the ratio
2 and as a product of two factors relationship always holds true.
(AM, GM and HM have been defined earlier) BD AB
1 of sides containing the angle. So
= {(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) .... + 1 } ways DC AC
2 AM GM HM
NUMBER SYSTEM (GM)2 = (AM)·(HM) 3. Apollonius Theorem:
8. Sum of the factors of Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle and m is the
1. 1 is not a prime number GEOMETRY length of the median to the side with length a. Then
ap 1 – 1 bq1 – 1 cr 1 – 1
N= .... 1 2
2. If two numbers a and b are given, and their LCM Triangle b2 c 2 2m2 a
a – 1 b – 1 c – 1 1. The area of a triangle can be determined in the 2
and HCF are L and H respectively, then L × H = a
× b. following ways:
9. Totient function is given by 1
(a) Area of a triangle = b h , where b is base
1 1 1 2
LCM of numerators (N) N 1 1 1 ... b c
3. (a) LCM of fractions and h is height m
HCF of denominators a b c
(b) Area of a triangle = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) ,
Here (N) is the number of numbers less than and
where a, b and c are the sides of the triangle a
HCF of numerators prime to N. If P is some other natural number which
(b) HCF of fractions abc
LCM of denominators is prime to N, then the remainder when P(N) is and s is the semi-perimeter i.e. s
2 Special case:
Note: Fractions should be in the lowest form. divided by N is 1. This formula of area is known as Heron’s If b = c (the triangle is isosceles), then we have
formula 1 2
10. Sum of numbers less than and co-prime to a 2b2 2m2 a
4. The least number leaving remainder ‘r’ in 1 2
each case when div ided by ‘x’, ‘y’ and (c) Area of triangle = ab sin , where a and b are
N 2
number N (N) a2
‘z’ = (LCM of x, y, z) + r the sides of the triangle and is the included
2 m2 b2 –
angle i.e. angle between sides of length a 4
The series of such numbers will be 11. Number of ways of writing a number N as a product and b.
(LCM of x, y, z) × n + r of two co-prime numbers = 2n–1
(d) Area of a triangle = r × s, where r is the 4. For acute triangle ABC
in-radius and s is the semi-perimeter AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2 × BC × BD
5. In general, for any composite number C, which where, n is the number of prime factors of a number
can be expressed as C = am × bn × cp× …, where A
(e) Cosine rule: If a, b and c are the three sides
a, b, c, … are all prime factors and m, n, p are 12. Product of all the factors of of a triangle and if is the included angle
positive integers, then: between the sides of length a and b, then
Number of factors
2
Number of factors is equal to N N a2 b2 – c 2
cos
(m + 1) (n + 1)(p + 1) … 2ab
(p 1).(q1).(r 1)....
2 or c2 = a2 + b2 – 2 ab cos
N
B D C
abc
(f) A where R is circum-radius and A is
4R
area of the triangle
IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS Page 3 Page 6 IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS
5. For obtuse triangle ABC Circles 5. This means that a parallelogram inscribed in a (b) When two circles touch internally
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2 × BC × BD circle is always a rectangle/square. Only one common tangent is possible
1. If two chords, AB and CD intersect inside or outside
the circle at a point P, 6. Also, when a square or rectangle is inscribed in a (c) When two circles intersect.
A Two direct common tangents are possible.
circle, the diagonal of the square / rectangle is
A equal to the diameter of the circle.
B D (d) When one circle is completely inside the other
P A without touching each other.
7. Common Tangents for a pair of circles:
D P B For the two circles with centres O1 and O2 and No common tangent is possible
C
C radius r1 & r2
(e) When two circles are apart i.e. not touching
Then, PA × PB = PC × PD each other
B C D
P Q Two direct and two transverse tangents are
2. If AB is any chord of a circle which is extended to possible.
P, and PT is a tangent drawn from P on to the circle, r1 r2
6. The following are some properties of a triangle right
angled at A, where AD BC: then O1 O2
8. Alternate segment theorem:
PA × PB = PT2 R S Angle between any chord passing through the
(i) AD2 = BD × DC tangent point and tangent is equal to the angle
(ii) AB2 = BD × BC subtended by the chord to any point on the other
(iii) AC2 = CD × BC A B C B side of circumference (alternate segment)
P
O1 O2 A
A
A D x
T C
PQ, RS are Direct common tangents & AB, CD
are Transverse common tangents.
x
3. Angle subtended by the chord at the center of a P B Q
circle i s twi ce of that subtended at the Length of PQ or RS
B D C circumference.
= (distance between centres)2 – (r2 – r2 )2 9. Ptolmey’s theorem:
X For a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of products of
two pairs of opposite sides equals the product of
Polygon the diagonals
Length of AB or CD
In a polygon of ‘n’ no. of sides,
Reflex AOB
O = (distance between centres)2 – (r2 r2 )2 D
n(n – 3) A
1. Total number of diagonals = A B
2 (a) When two circles touch externally C
360 P Distance between centres C1 C2 = r1 + r2 and
2. Exterior angle of a regular polygon 2 direct common tangents and one transverse B
n Thus AOB = 2 × AXB
common tangents are possible. AB × CD + BC × DA = AC × BD
3. Interior angle of a regular convex polygon 4. An exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal
to the angle opposite to its adjacent interior angle.
360
= 180° –
n B
4. Sum of all the exterior angles of a regular convex A
polygon = 360°
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Mensuration
Two dimensional Figures
IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS Page 9 Page 10 IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS
Solids 2. Important Formulae: 3. loga (Xk) = k loga X
sin
S.No. Name Figure Lateral/curved Total surface Volume Nomenclature (i) tan
surface area area cos
1
l = Length (ii) sin2 cos2 1 4. log X loga X
ak k
1. Cuboid 2( l b+bh+ l h) lbh b = Breadth
h = Height (iii) 1 tan2 sec 2
(iv) 1 cot 2 cosec 2 1
2. Cube 6a 2
a 3
a = Edge 5. loga k X loga X
k
3. Trigonometric measures of certain angles:
(Area of log X k loga X
3. Right prism base) × 6. a1/ k
(Height)
Angle sin cos tan
r=
Right circular 2r(r + h) r 2 h 7. loga 1 = 0 [As a0 = 1]
4. 2rh h=
cylinder 0° 0 1 0
1 (Perimeter of 1 1
1
5. Right pyramid 2 3 (Area of 30° 3 8. logx X = 1
the base) × the base) 2 2 3
(Slant height) × Height 1 1
h = Height 45° 2 2
1 1
Right circular r(l + r) 1r 2h r = Radius 9. loga X = log a
6. rl 3 x
cone l = Slant height 3 1
2
= r +h
2 60° 2
3
2
2 4 r 3 logb X
7. Sphere 4r r = Radius 90° 1 0 10. loga X
3 logb a
2 r 3
8. Hemisphere 2r 2 3r 2
3
r = Radius Signs of trigonometric ratios 11. a(loga X) X
rd
III quadrant
th
IV quadrant Permutations & Combinations
Trigonometry
Height PB Here, only tan and Here, only cos and
(i) sin n n!
Hypotenuse AP cot are positive. sec are positive. 1. Pr
1. Angle Measures: (n – r)!
Angle are measured in many units viz. degree,
Base AB n!
minute, seconds, radians. We have (ii) cos n
Cr
Hypotenuse AP You can remember above table as 2.
1 degree = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds, (n – r)! r !
radians = 180° School After
Height PB
(iii) tan
Trigonometrical Ratios: Base AB To College n
n Pr
3. Cr
1 Base AB r!
In a right angled triangle ABP, if be the angle (iv) cot
tan Height PB
between AP and AB we define LOGARITHM
n
P 1 Hypotenuse AP 4. Cr n Cn–r
(v) sec 1. loga (XY) = loga X + logaY
cos Base AB
5. nC + nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + ... + nCn = 2n
1 Hypotenuse AP 0
(vi) cosec X
sin Height PB 2. loga = loga X – loga Y 6. Number of ways of distributing ‘n’ identical things
Y
B A among ‘r’ persons such that each person may get
any no. of things = n + r – 1Cr – 1
IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS Page 11 Page 12 IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS