ANCESTORS OF THE INCASR ioe Om NLA) Margaret Young-SinchezFor nearly a millennium, from approximately A.D. 200 to 1100, Tiwanaku was the largest, most splendid urban center in the Titicaca Basin of Peru and Bolivia. At its peak, the city itself housed a population esti- mated at twenty-five to forty thousand, while another four to five hun dred thousand lived in the surrounding core region (Kolata, personal communication). Tiwanaku’s direct sphere of cultural influence encom- passed much of the south-central Andes, extending from southern Peru through most of Bolivia to northern Chile and Argentina (see maps | and 2). The icons of Tiwanaku’s religion are even more widely distributed, disseminated throughout much of Peru by Tiwanaku's contemporary, the Wari state (ca. A.D. 500-800). 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