Mathematics 8: Module 4 & 5, Quarter 4 – Proving Properties • vertical angles (∠1 and ∠4, ∠2 and ∠3, (∠5 and

∠2 and ∠3, (∠5 and ∠8,

of Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal ∠6 and ∠7)
DISCUSSION 1: Parallelism Definition: Vertical Angles – Two angles are vertical
angles if and only if they are nonadjacent angles formed by
1. Two lines are parallel if and only if they are coplanar and two intersecting lines.
they do not intersect.
2. A line that intersects two or more lines at different points is Vertical Angle Theorem
called a transversal. Th Vertical angles are congruent.
Properties, Theorems and Postulates on Parallel lines cut by a
• interior angles on the same side of the transversal
Transversal:
(∠3 and ∠5, ∠4 and ∠6)
A. Parallel Postulates: If there is a line and a point not on the
Parallel-Interior Angle-Same Side Theorem
line, then there is exactly one line through the point that is
parallel to the given line. Th If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
the interior angles on the same side of the transversal
are supplementary.
m∠3 + m∠5 = 1800, and m∠4 + m∠6 = 1800.

Its Converse: Interior Angles Same Side-Parallel

Theorem
m ∥ n is read as “line m is parallel to line n.” In geometry, lf two lines are cut by a transversal so that the
the term parallel is denoted by ∥ which means “is parallel interior angles on the same side of the transversal are
to”. Also, an arrow is used in diagrams to supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
indicate that lines are parallel. Moreover, the term
parallel is used for lines, segments, rays, and planes. • exterior angles on the same side of the transversal
B. The angles formed by the transversal with the two other (∠1 and ∠7, ∠2 and ∠8)
lines are called:
Parallel-Exterior Angle-Same Side Theorem
• exterior angles (∠1, ∠2, ∠7 and ∠8)
Th If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the
• interior angles (∠3, ∠4, ∠5 and ∠6).
exterior angles on the same side of the transversal are
C. The pairs of angles formed by the transversal with the
supplementary.
other two lines are called: (Refer to the above figure)
• corresponding angles (∠1 and ∠5, ∠2 and ∠6, ∠3 and
m∠1 + m∠7 = 1800, and m∠2 + m∠8 = 1800.
∠7, ∠4 and ∠8)
Definition: Corresponding Angles – are two
nonadjacent angles, one interior, and one exterior on the Its Converse: Exterior Angles Same Side-Parallel
same side of the transversal. Theorem
lf two lines are cut by a transversal so that the
Parallel-Corresponding Angles Theorem exterior angles on the same side of the transversal are
Th If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
corresponding angles are congruent.
Its Converse: Corresponding Angles-Parallel 3. If two lines are cut by a transversal, then the two lines are parallel
Theorem if:
lf two lines are cut by a transversal and a pair of a. corresponding angles are congruent.
corresponding angles are congruent, then the lines are b. alternate-interior angles are congruent.
parallel. c. alternate-exterior angles are congruent.
d. interior angles on the same side of the transversal are
• alternate-interior angles (∠3 and ∠6, ∠4 and ∠5) supplementary.
Definition: Alternate Interior Angles – are two e. exterior angles on the same side of the transversal are
nonadjacent interior angles on opposite sides of the supplementary.
transversal.
Now that we know these postulates and theorems, let us take a look
at the following examples:
Parallel-Alternate Interior Angles Postulate
Th If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
any pair of alternate interior angles are congruent.
Its Converse: Alternate Interior Angles-Parallel
Postulate
lf two lines are cut by a transversal and a pair of
alternate interior angles are congruent, then the lines
are parallel.
• alternate-exterior angles (∠1 and ∠8, ∠2 and ∠7) Statements Reasons
Definition: Alternate Exterior Angles – are two nonadjacent 1. n ‖m , transversal a 1. Given
exterior angles on opposite sides of the transversal. 2. ∠1 ≅ ∠ 3 2. Vertical Angles Theorem
3. ∠3 ≅ ∠ 4 3. Parallel-Alternate Interior Angle
Parallel-Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem Postulate
Th If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then any pair 4. ∠1 ≅ ∠ 4 4. Transitive Property
of alternate exterior angles are congruent. 5. ∠4 ≅ ∠2 5. Vertical Angles Theorem
Its Converse: Alternate Exterior Angles-Parallel 6. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠2 6. Transitive Property
Theorem
lf two lines are cut by a transversal and a pair of alternate
exterior angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.
Example 2 8. Same side exterior angles are ____________________.
Given: c ∥ d, transversal a and 9. If m∠ d=120 °, then m∠ e=¿ .
if m∠1 = 6x−46 and m∠4 = 10. If m∠ c=78 °, then m∠ g=¿ .
5x−24, find the value of x, then
solve for the measure of each
angle below:
1. m∠ 1 2. m∠ 4 3.
m∠2 4. m∠ 3 Statements Reasons
Solutions: 1. Given: p ∥ q, transversal m 1.
1. To find the measure of ∠1, we must find first the value of x. 2. ∠3 ≅ ∠7 2.
We know that ∠1 and ∠4 are corresponding angles, and 3. 3. Vertical Angle
corresponding angles are congruent, hence, they are Theorem
equal. From then, we can now formulate an equation: 4. ∠ 3 ≅ ∠ 5 4. Transitive Property
Activity 2: Prove It
m∠ 1=m∠ 4 Corresponding angles are congruent
Given the figure at the right, complete each proof:
( 6 x−46 )=(5 x−24) Substitution
1. Given: p∥q, transversal m
6 x−5 x−46=5 x−5 x−24Addition Property of Equality Prove: ∠3 ≅ ∠5
x−46=−24 Additive Inverse Property Proof:
x−46+46=−24 +46 Addition Property of Equality DISCUSSION 2.
x=22 Additive Inverse Property Theorems on Perpendicular Lines:
Substitute the value of x in the equation, m∠ 1=(6 x−46), Theorem 1
we have: Th If two lines are perpendicular to each other, then
m∠ 1=( 6 x−46 ) Substitute the measure of ∠1 they form right angles.
m∠ 1=|6 ( 22 )−46| Substitute the value of x Theorem 2
m∠1=( 132−46 ) Simplify Th If the angles in a linear pair are congruent, they the
m∠ 1=86 Result lines containing their sides are perpendicular.

Substitute the measure of ∠1

Definition: Quadrilateral – is a polygon with four sides. The
2. m∠ 4=( 5 x−24 )
symbol ▭ is used to indicate a quadrilateral. For example,
m∠ 4=[ 5 ( 22 )−24 ] Substitute the value of x
▭PEAL , this is read as “Quadrilateral PEAL.”
m∠ 4=( 110−24 ) Simplify
There are several types of quadrilaterals:
m∠ 4=86 Result 1. Parallelogram – is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel
sides. It is further classified as:
3. m∠2=? a. Rhomboid – is a parallelogram with no right angle and any
Answer: m∠ 2=86 Reason: ∠ 2 and ∠ 4 are vertical two consecutive sides are not congruent.
angles; vertical angles are congruent. b. Rectangle – is a parallelogram with four right angles.
c. Rhombus – is a parallelogram with four congruent sides.
4. m∠ 3=?  Square – is a rectangle with four congruent sides. It is
Answer: m∠ 3=86 Reason: ∠ 2 and ∠3 are both a rectangle and a rhombus because it satisfies
corresponding angles; ∠ 3 and the definition of a rectangle and a rhombus.
∠ 4 are alternate-interior angles 2. Trapezoid – is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of
and they are congruent, and ∠1 parallel sides. If the non-parallel sides, called legs, are
and ∠3 are vertical angles and congruent, then the trapezoid is isosceles.
they are also congruent. 3. Trapezium – is a quadrilateral with no pair of parallel sides
__________________________________________________ Points to Remember
Now, try the following Activities 1, 2, and 3: COPY AND Th If two lines are perpendicular to each other, then
ANSWER on a clean sheet of paper. they form right angles.
Activity 1: Fill Me! A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if:
A. Given the figure below, name the following:  A pair of opposite sides are both parallel and
congruent.
 Two pairs of opposite sides are congruent.
 Consecutive angles are supplementary.
 The diagonals bisect each other.

Activity 3: Name Me!

Directions: Below is the tree diagram that shows the
relationship of some quadrilaterals. Complete the diagram.
1. two pairs of alternate interior angles: ________________ Your answers depend on the shapes provided. The first step is
2. four pairs of corresponding angles: ________________ done for you.
3. two pairs of same side interior angles: ________________
4. four pairs of vertical angles: ________________
5. two pairs of alternate exterior angles: ________________
6. two pairs of same side exterior angles: ________________
B. Complete each statement.
7. Any pair of alternate interior angles are ________________.