What is Globalization?

It is a process (does not happen quickly) of interaction (there is an active involvement

of every human being, government ,country, there is an interaction, we interact) and
integration(will be adapting,will practice) among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations. Process driven by international trade and
investments. This process has affect the environment, culture, political systems,
economic development and human physical world being in societies around the
world.

We are going to talk about the Origins and History of Globalization. You know any
topic will always go to the history or the origin of that certain topic nu? So I am going
to discuss about How globalization started? What are the waves of globalization? How
globalization is being compared before and the globalization that we have right now.

There are actually 5 perspective regarding the origin of globalization. (show pictures)
Hardwired – it is something that is innate or will happen eventually.Its like the genes
of people. So according to Nayan Chanda, it is because of our basic human needs to
make our lives better that globalization started. So our species originated from Africa
but has crossed many continents seeking greener pastures. So if you would believe in
science, according to science, species originated from africa which is we often say it’s
the cradle of life . Eventually it spread to the other continents, Europe , asia , america,
etc.
Commerce, religion, politics, and warfare are the “urges” of people toward a better
life. So for commerce, trade, when you trade oftentimes you earn money.
Religion, can be used as something to urge people towards a better life , so some
people wants to spread the religion and when they spread the religionthey have a
better sense of fulfillment.
Politics, when you we say politics, there are some countries who want to extend their
political ideologies for example, US is often a champion of democracy, UN some of
their policies are very democractic and last
Warfare, it means the people are trying to get material thigs wealth through war. So
that is actually a way for people to get or to have a better life now.
Cycle
Okay so lets check the picture, it has different races, different individuals in the
countries in the world, different attires, different apparels, depende sa kung anong
trending ngayon. There have been other global agents, we have what they call retro,
hiphop, tapos meron ngayon aesthetic. So the past globalization maybe considered as
the global age before. Ngayon, we have a far different global age that we are enjoying
right now. So today is what we called the new global age or the high point such an age
is distinct contract and disappear in the future probably these trends might be not
occurring in the near future or it might be reoccurring again or might be disappear this
type of clothes or that trend. So that is the cycle of globalization. Another examples of
this was our cellphones, before pager lang, then naging cellphones na may keypad,
ngayon, iphone 14 is selling in the market na. High tech ikaw nga, touch screen, you
can take pictures na videos. Who knows db?in my own opinion, This kind of
globalization is good. Better communication eh.

Okay,now lets talk about the Epochs.

Epochs means a period in history or a person's life, typically one marked by

notable events (remarkable)or characteristics. There are 6 waves of
globalization according to this presentation:

1. There was a widespread of Christianity in the middle east and in Islam no

scattered throughout the world. That is a good example of globalization.
There is an integration of their beliefs. Kaya so far, Christianity is one of
the most numerous numbers of believers and of course Islam. How?
Madaming ways, through missionary works, sometimes through conquest
or even trade.

2. In the 15th century that highlighted during the time of exploration

discovery colonization now when the Europeans especially for,
specifically the Spaniards ands and the Portuguese. In our case we have
been colonized by the Spaniards for more than three decades and that is
a long period of time that there could be a globalization and integration of
 the practice. Practices their culture, so far, I think we could still witness
the impact, the effect. The influences of the Europeans. Ano ano un? Like
the food,ex paella, the family name(alvarado, angeles) that we’re using,
the different traditions and cultures, so globalization really happened
before.

3. The Europian wars. If you try to remember in our world history, the
napoleon the great of france, also the different power country, there were
a powerful individual in Germany .

4. So different wars no. And that is because there’s war,there is

globalization. Imperialism, lalong lumakas ang bansa sa Europe .
Different machines na ginagamit nila . From manual operations to
machine operated na mga kagamitan. Industrial revolution started in 19 th
century.

5. And ofcourse nu, we could not forget the different wars in the world that
being involved all countries . IN MID 20 TH CENTURY, trade was
international than global.

6. And lastly the post cold war period. The cold war is a war between two
principles of ecenomy and on form of government the communism and
the democracy. It’s a war between united states and union soviet of
socialist republic

And those are the 6 waves of globalization, so makikita natin nu, or we can sya
that globalization did happen before. And our global age today is there, because
of the past or history.
And syempre RECENT CHANGES of globalization today. So in the early 2000
and in the 1990 we can observe the emergence of the global power after the
cold war, here comes the United Staes the most influential and the most
powerful country after the 2nd world war , they defeated japan and other access
power, the allied. After the 2 nd world war, united nations was created . From
what we call the league of nations. After that the US became more powerful and
global power and they have the control , I believe they have controlled over
other small countries. Like philippines. We cannot really deny the fact that we
are still being influenced by the americans. Like, they way of living, the way our
economic policies and OfCourse our foreign policies. Kaya nga si Ex President
Duterte, sinubukan tuligsain ang US. But we cant really avoid or escape
america. Kasi sila yung most powerful country eh.
Then we have the emergence of the multinational corporation this one, We are
enjoying this different product. These are companies which also present in other
countries, more than branches .
So, I think after that, america control everything most of the products from the
automobile . Fastfood , devices, ano pa ba, technology and the rest. Although, japan
and china still a threat US when it comes to globalization but then still Us is the most
powerful country.

EVENTS

-specific events are considered as part of the fourth view in explaining globalization.

Here are some events which are argued as the origin of globalization.

a. Gibbon argued military conquests like the roman conquests before the coming
of Jesus Christ or the rampage of Genghis Khan’s armies into eastern Europe
(13th century)
b. Roman conquest –Roman empire , because of the large size of the roman
empire spread its culture throughout many parts of the world.
c. Recent years, some people view globalization beginning due to technological
advancements in transportation and communication.
 d. Events include the laying of the first transatlantic telephone cables(1956). First
Television Broadcast(1962) Modern Internet(1988) and terrorist attacks on the
twin towers in New York(2001)

I owe to discuss 8 theories, based on my research eto yung mga kilalang theories or
well recognized theory ng globalization.

8 Theories of Globalization
All theories of globalization have been put hereunder in eight categories: liberalism,
political realism, Marxism, constructivism, postmodernism, feminism , Trans-
formationalism and eclecticism. Each one of them carries several variations.

1. Theory of Liberalism:
Liberalism sees the process of globalisation as market-led extension of modernisation.
At the most elementary level, it is a result of ‘natural’ human desires for economic
welfare and political liberty. As such, transplanetary connectivity is derived from human
drives to maximise material well-being and to exercise basic freedoms. These forces
eventually interlink humanity across the planet.
-So according sa theory ng Liberalism Nagkaron daw ng globalization it is because of
the liberalism, pag sinabe ntin liberalism, it means kalayan. So yung mga tao they aim
for more libertarian society, kung saan hindi dapat makialam ang gobyerno o
pamahalaan sa kung paano yung market ay kumikilos. we must remember that in the
principle of lais·sez-faire by adam smith, the father of economics, sabe nya the
government should not intervene with how the market moves. It must be the free
hand of the market that should move para sumulong ang market . Ano ba yung free
hand or invisible hand, yung ay demand and supply. It is the interaction of the buyer
and the seller.
-lumawak so it transcends across the border, pwede pumunta sa ibang bansa.
-dapat may technical standards na dapat sundin ang bawat bansa. -covid protocol
-administrative harmonization – hindi magkakaaway ang mga bansa. Merong
translation translation arrangement between languages, laws of contract, and
guarantees of property rights.
They fructify in the form of:
(a) Technological advances, particularly in the areas of transport, communications and
information processing, and,
(b) Suitable legal and institutional arrangement to enable markets and liberal democracy
to spread on a trans world scale.
Such explanations come mostly from Business Studies, Economics, International
Political Economy, Law and Politics. Liberalists stress the necessity of constructing
institutional infrastructure to support globalisation. All this has led to technical
standardisation, administrative harmonisation, translation arrangement between
languages, laws of contract, and guarantees of property rights.

2. Theory of Political Realism:

Advocates of this theory are interested in questions of state power, the pursuit of
national interest, and conflict between states. According to them states are inherently
acquisitive and self-serving, and heading for inevitable competition of power. Some of
the scholars stand for a balance of power, where any attempt by one state to achieve
world dominance is countered by collective resistance from other states.
-may mga bansa na nangangarap, power dominant, dominant world power, persian
empire, chinese empire, british empire, rome, america, to achieve it, need nila ng
alliance. US allied great britain, france, asian country, malalakas na bansa. Ngayon,
economics and politics kalaban ng US russia and china. In return, ayaw naman ng US na
maging dominant power si china, kaya tinatapatan nya.
-so titinggan natin, UN was established for the community nations to have single agency
to govern everyone.

Another group suggests that a dominant state can bring stability to world order. The
‘hegemon’ state (presently the US or G7/8) maintains and defines international rules
and institutions that both advance its own interests and at the same time contain
conflicts between other states. Globalisation has also been explained as a strategy in
the contest for power between several major states in contemporary world politics.
They concentrate on the activities of Great Britain, China, France, Japan, the USA and
some other large states. Thus, the political realists highlight the issues of power and
power struggles and the role of states in generating global relations.
At some levels, globalisation is considered as antithetical to territorial states. States,
they say, are not equal in globalisation, some being dominant and others subordinate in
the process. But they fail to understand that everything in globalisation does not come
down to the acquisition, distribution and exercise of power.

3. Theory of Marxism:
Marxism is principally concerned with modes of production, social exploitation through
unjust distribution, and social emancipation through the transcendence of capitalism.
Marx himself anticipated the growth of globality that ‘capital by its nature drives beyond
every spatial barrier to conquer the whole earth for its market’. Accordingly, to
Marxists, globalisation happens because trans-world connectivity enhances opportu-
nities of profit-making and surplus accumulation.
- Naniniwala si Carl Marx na it is the government who should control the market,
walang negosyo ang pwedeng maging pagaari ng individual.
- Isang tao lang ang mag gogovern, lahat ng tao pantay pantay.
- May policies lang na susunduin , pero lahat pantay pantay.
-
Marxists reject both liberalist and political realist explanations of globalisation. It is
the outcome of historically specific impulses of capitalist development. Its legal and
institutional infrastructures serve the logic of surplus accumulation of a global scale.
Liberal talk of freedom and democracy make up a legitimating ideology for
exploitative global capitalist class relations.
4. Theory of Constructivism:
Globalisation has also arisen because of the way that people have mentally constructed
the social world with particular symbols, language, images and interpretation. It is the
result of particular forms and dynamics of consciousness. Patterns of production and
governance are second-order structures that derive from deeper cultural and socio-
psychological forces. Such accounts of globalisation have come from the fields of
Anthropology, Humanities, Media of Studies and Sociology.
-nagkaroon ng globalization, kasi kelangan natin ng globalization symbol, images and
interpretation,
English – international language – it is the product of globalization.
Because of english, natuto mga tao to communicate, nagkaron ng globalization. And
because of globalization, lumaganap ang english.
Technology- applications such as FB, symbol, that people are using today.
Constructivists concentrate on the ways that social actors ‘construct’ their world: both
within their own minds and through inter-subjective communication with others.
Conversation and symbolic exchanges lead people to construct ideas of the world, the
rules for social interaction, and ways of being and belonging in that world. Social
geography is a mental experience as well as a physical fact. They form ‘in’ or ‘out’ as
well as ‘us’ and they’ groups.

5. Theory of Postmodernism:
Some other ideational perspectives of globalisation highlight the significance of
structural power in the construction of identities, norms and knowledge. They all are
grouped under the label of ‘postmodernism’. They too, as Michel Foucault does strive to
understand society in terms of knowledge power: power structures shape knowledge.
Certain knowledge structures support certain power hierarchies.
-Ibigsabihin according to this theory kaya daw nagkaron ng globalization it is because of
those mayayaman na bansa, they have the capability to understand how society works
on itself.
-postmodernism shows, social conditions like global market, global government. No
man is an island. So tulungan ang ibang bansa.

Postmodernism, like Marxism, helps to go beyond the relatively superficial accounts

of liberalist and political realist theories and expose social conditions that have
favoured globalisation. Obviously, postmodernism suffers from its own
methodological idealism. All material forces, though come under impact of ideas,
cannot be reduced to modes of consciousness. For a valid explanation,
interconnection between ideational and material forces is not enough.
6. Theory of Feminism:
It puts emphasis on social construction of masculinity and femininity. All other theories
have identified the dynamics behind the rise of trans-planetary and supra-territorial
connectivity in technology, state, capital, identity and the like.
-Dito nagumpisa na yung kinikilala ng tao yung pagkatao nila.
-Sa ibang bansa , pantay ang rights ng lalake at babae. Sa pinas ok pa eh, may equality
examples, -2 vice president na babae , women senators.
-unlike sa ibang bansa, mas gusto nila or naniniwala sila na lalake ang dapat mamuno

Biological sex is held to mould the overall social order and shape significantly the
course of history, presently globality. Their main concern lies behind the status of
women, particularly their structural subordination to men. Women have tended to be
marginalised, silenced and violated in global communication.

7. Theory of Trans-formationalism:
This theory has been expounded by David Held and his colleagues. Accordingly, the term
‘globalisation’ reflects increased interconnectedness in political, economic and cultural
matters across the world creating a “shared social space”. Given this
interconnectedness, globalisation may be defined as “a process (or set of processes)
which embodies a transformation in the spatial organisation of social relations and
transactions, expressed in transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of
activity, interaction and power.”
-transformationalism, nagumpisa yan sa connectivity ng small group, lumawak lumaki.
-maliliit na bansa, maliit na tribe, or city, nakakabuo tayo ng mas malalaking pilitcal
entities eh. Global politics, para magovern natin ang ibat ibang bansa.

8. Theory of Eclecticism:
Each one of the above six ideal-type of social theories of globalisation highlights certain
forces that contribute to its growth. They put emphasis on technology and institution
building, national interest and inter-state competition, capital accumulation and class
struggle, identity and knowledge construction, rationalism and cultural imperialism, and
masculinize and subordination of women. Jan Art Scholte synthesises them as forces of
production, governance, identity, and knowledge.
-it shows yung mga naunang theories na nabanggit kanina, however, it is more globally,
-yung mga bansa, normal na yung magkampi kampi sila eh pero because of other
aspects.
-Hudyo , kalat kalat sila, pero dahil sa globalization ngayon more of them are in Israel
na.
-the belief of one african nation
-lgbt also an example, iba iba ng lahi, pero pag nagsasama yan ,lahat ng bansa makikita
mo, nagigin trend yung paglaban for lgbt rights,
Black lives matter, although, all lives matter naman talaga, but that particular situation,
na isantabi yung buhay ng mga black, from america, africa, pano?online petition, just to
show their global presence or global force. Minsan nga kahit hindi ka black, nakiki black
live matter ka eh, why? Kasi nakikiisa ka eh.

ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION

Hardwired
Our basic human need to make our lives better made globalization possible
Ancestors from Africa who walked out from their continent in the late Ice Age
Commerce, religion, politics, and warfare — “urges”
Cycles
Globalization is a long-term cyclical process; finding its origin is difficult.
Globalization will always find its way
Epoch (Waves)
Globalization of religion (4th-7th century)
European colonial conquests (late 15th century)
Intra-European wars (late 18th to early 19th centuries)
Heyday of European Imperialism (mid-nineteenth century to 1918)
Post-World War II period
Post-Cold War period
Events
Roman conquests centuries before Christ
Genghis Khan siege into Eastern Europe
Christopher Columbus’s discovery of America
Vasco da Gama in Cape of Good Hope
Ferdinand Magellan’s circumnavigation of the globe
Broader, more recent changes
The emergence of the United States as the global power
The emergence of multinational corporations
The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War
**Immigration, tourism, media, diplomacy, and MNCs spread thus making
the “free” world.

THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION in the contemporary world

Ok, you have heard the origin and history of globalization. Now, we will analyze
globalization culturally economically and politically and from these theories we can also
see globalization as a process that increases either homogeneity or heterogeneity.

HOMOGENEITY-refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs

economic factors and political orientations of societies expand to create common
practices, same economies and similar forms of government.

Culture Imperialism
Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural imperialism, this means a given culture
influences other culture for an instance the dominant religion in our country is
Christianity which was brought to us by the Spaniards in the year 1521.
Another example is the koreanization or the proliferation of Korean culture such a
kdrama, kpop and a dance. Which influences the youth today in economic terms is
recognition of the spreading of neoliberalism, capitalism, and the market economy in
the world.
The global economic crisis are also a product of homogeneity in economic globalization.
In the end rich countries become advantageous in the world economy at the expense of
the poor countries which leads to increase inequality among the nations.
The political realm also suffers homogenization if one takes into account the emerging
similar models of governance in the world which means one political orientation is
growing in today’s society.
The global flow of media is often characterized as media imperialism the television, the
music, the books and movies are perceived as imposed on developing countries by the
west.
Media Imperialism

CONTEMPORARY WORLD
GLOBALIZATION THEORIES
View globalization as a mix of cultural, economical, and political systems.
Theories see it as a process that increases homogeneity and
heterogeneity.
2 processes:
1. Homogeneity
2. Heterogeneity
Homogeneity refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural
inputs, economic actors, and political orientations of societies expand to create
common practices, same economies, and similar forms of government
“homo” – same
Sense of pride in one’s culture, nationality, and politics
Homogeneity in culture is often linked to Cultural imperialism - a given
culture influences other cultures [Philippines was colonized by the Spanish,
culture nanatili pa rin – Christianity; same religion with the other country]
[Americanization; import of products image, technologies, practices, and
behaviour that are closely associated with America or Americans]
In terms of economy, there is a recognition of the spread of neoliberalism,
capitalism, and the market economy in the world.
The West imposes their culture
The world undergoes the process of McDonaldization (Ritzer, 2008)
Efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control
This process is “extended to other businesses, sectors, and geographic areas”
Grobalization focuses on the imperialistic (the effect that a powerful country
or group of countries has in changing or influencing the way people live in
other, poorer countries) ambitions of nations, corporations, and organizations,
and the likes and desires, and meeting the cultural means of the nation. (e.g.
McDonald’s)
Heterogeneity pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, new
economies, and political groups because of the interaction of elements from
different societies in the world.
It is associated with cultural hybridization

Heterogeneity refers to the differences because of either lasting differences

of the hybrid or combinations of cultures that can be produced through the
different processes. [HETERO: Philippines different cultures - Kapampangan,
Ilocano…; HOMO: Filipinos]
Glocalization is the combination of the words “globalization” and
“localization” used to describe a product or service that is developed and
distributed globally, but is also fashioned to accommodate the user or
consumer in a local market.
It is the interpretation of the global and the local, resulting in unique outcomes
in different geographic areas.
Glocalization focuses on the uniqueness and differences within and
between areas of the world; individuals have room to express themselves in
order to adapt, innovate, and maneuver within a glocalized world.

DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURE

3 perspectives on global cultural flows:
1. Cultural differentialism emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially
different and are only superficially affected by global flows.
The interaction of the culture is deemed to contain the potential for
catastrophic collision (theory on the class of the civilization) – conflict.
[Christianity vs Muslim]
2. Cultural hybridization approach emphasizes the integration of local and
global cultures.
“hybrid” – mix or combination
Globalization is considered to be a creative process which gives rise to hybrid
entitles that are not reducible to either the global or the local; heterogeneity.
This concept is called GLOCALIZATION. Glocalization is the interpenetration
of the global and local resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic
areas.
Scapes is where global flows involve people, technology, finance, political
image and media, and the disjuncture between them which lead to the creation
of cultural hybrid.
3. Cultural convergence approach stresses homogeneity introduced by
globalization. 2 or more things come together to form new things.
“Con” - together
Cultural imperialism
GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
GLOBALIZATION IN RELIGION
Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the
current revival and the resurgence of religion.
Today, most religions are not relegated to the countries where they began.
Religion has spread and scattered on a global scale because globalization
provided the religion to spread and thrive. [nadadala yung mga religion sa
ibang bansa. Ex: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saint]
Religion has spread and scattered on a global scale.
Globalization provided religions a fertile milieu to spread and thrive.
Information technologies [social media], transportation means
[missionaries], and the media [common or the useful way to spread their
religion Ex: Twitter, IG, Website] are deemed important means on which
religionists rely on the dissemination of their religious ideas
Globalization has allowed religion or faith to gain considerable significance and
importance as a non-territorial touchstone of identity. Being a source of
identity and pride, religion has always been promoted by its practitioner as that
it completes the level of globality and be embraced by many people as
possible.
How would you identify Filipinos today? Does religion make Filipinos who they
are?
How about differentialism, hybridization, and convergence?
Consider for example a Muslim and a Christian...
There is a tension between religion and globalization!
The globalization has brought religions to a circle of competitions and conflicts.
Pumapasok yung hybridization sa dynamics of local and global culture.
Such conflicts among the world religions exhibit a solid proof confirming erosion
and the failure of hybridization [nawawala yung local culture, napapalitan ng
global – nahahaluan (confusion), pagkawala ng dating pinaniniwalaan]
As religion is spread via globalization; the whole process of globalization
gradually erodes various religious identities because of hybridization.
When religion is hybridized, is it destroyed or reinforced?
DEPENDS ON THE PERSON
Destroyed: Nawawalan ng nananampalataya (kabuuan). Example: Catholic –
nawawasak
Reinforced: Nadadagdan ng yung paniniwala (nasa tao/nasa sarili) lalo
nadadagdagan