Name RHIZHAIL D.

CABALSE Date Performed

Subject ME 56 (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY II) Due Date
November 20, 2013
Instructor DIOMEDES T. GABULE JR. Date Submitted

PHYSICAL STUDY OF FOUR-STROKE CYCLE GASOLINE ENGINE

Exercise No. 1

I. OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss the four strokes of a four stroke gasoline internal combustion engine.
2. Identify the parts of a four-stroke cycle gasoline engine.
3. Enumerate the function of the different parts of the engine.
4. Discuss the principles of operation of the internal combustion engine.
5. Discuss the principles and formulas in determining the power of the engine.

II. THEORY

1. Principle of operation of the internal combustion engine.

The internal combustion engine is an engine in which
the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an
oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion that is an integral part of
the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine
(ICE) the expansion of the high-temperature and high-
pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to
some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to
pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the
component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into
useful mechanical energy.
 The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more
familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel
rotary engine. The ICE is quite different from external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, in which the
energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids
can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in some kind of boiler. ICEs are usually powered by
energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. While there are many stationary applications,
most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats.

As their name implies, four-stroke internal combustion engines have four basic steps that repeat with every
two revolutions of the engine:
(1) Intake/suction stroke (2) Compression stroke (3) Power/expansion stroke and (4) Exhaust stroke
1. Intake stroke: The first stroke of the internal combustion engine is also known as the suction stroke because the
piston moves to the maximum volume position (downward direction in the cylinder) creating a vacuum (negative
pressure). The inlet valve opens as a result of the cam lobe pressing down on the valve stem, and the vaporized fuel
mixture is sucked into the combustion chamber. The inlet valve closes at the end of this stroke.
2. Compression stroke: In this stroke, both valves are closed and the piston starts its movement to the minimum
volume position (upward direction in the cylinder) and compresses the fuel mixture. During the compression process,
pressure, temperature and the density of the fuel mixture increases.
3. A Power stroke: When the piston reaches a point just before top dead center, the spark plug ignites the fuel
mixture. The point at which the fuel ignites varies by engine; typically it is about 10 degrees before top dead center.
This expansion of gases caused by ignition of the fuel produces the power that is transmitted to the crank shaft
mechanism.
4. Exhaust stroke: In the end of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. During this stroke, the piston starts its
movement in the maximum volume position. The open exhaust valve allows the exhaust gases to escape the cylinder.
At the end of this stroke, the exhaust valve closes, the inlet valve opens, and the sequence repeats in the next cycle.
Four-stroke engines require two revolutions.

2. Functions of the different parts of the engine.

Internal combustion engines made from various parts. Each part has its own location and function for proper
working of engine. Some important parts and its function is as described below. It is most essential to know right
information from engineering person.

Cylinder Block - In the bore of cylinder the fresh charge of air-fuel mixture is ignited, compressed by piston and
expanded to give power to piston.

Cylinder Head -It carries inlet and valve. Fresh charge is admitted through inlet valve and burnt gases are exhausted
from exhaust valve. In case of engine, a spark plug and in case of diesel engine, a injector is also mounted on cylinder
head.

Piston -During suction stroke, it sucks the fresh charge of air-fuel mixture through inlet valve and compresses during
the compression stroke inside the cylinder. This way piston receives power from the expanding gases after ignition in
cylinder. Also forces the burnt exhaust gases out of the cylinder through exhaust valve.

Piston Rings -It prevents the compressed charge of fuel-air mixture from leaking to the other side of the piston. Oil
rings, is used for removing lubricating oil from the cylinder after lubrication. This ring prevents the excess oil to mix
with charge.
Connecting Rod -It changes the reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion at crankshaft. This way connecting
rod transmits the power produced at piston to crankshaft.

Gudgeon Pin -Connects the piston with small end of connecting rod.

Crank Pin -hand over the power and motion to the crank shaft which come from piston through connecting rod.

Crank Shaft -Receives oscillating motion from connecting rod and gives a rotary motion to the main shaft. It also
drives the camshaft which actuate the valves of the engine.

Cam Shaft -It takes driving force from crankshaft through gear train or chain and operates the inlet  valve as well as
exhaust valve with the help of cam followers, push rod and rocker arms.

Inlet Valve & Exhaust Valve -Inlet valve allow the fresh charge of air-fuel mixture to enter the cylinder bore.
Exhaust valve permits the burnt gases to escape from the cylinder bore at proper timing.

Governor -It controls the speed of engine at a different load by regulating fuel supply in diesel engine.
In petrol engine, supplying the mixture of air-petrol and controlling the speed at various load condition.

Carburettor -It converts petrol in fine spray and mixes with air in proper ratio as per requirement of the engine.

Fuel Pump -This device supply the petrol to the carburettor sucking from the fuel tank.

Spark Plug -This device is used in petrol engine only and ignite the charge of fuel for combustion.

 Fuel Injector -This device is used in diesel engine only and delivers fuel in fine spray under pressure.

Fan - The fan blows through the radiator to cool the engine.

The Valve Lifter - The valve lifters are made out of metal. One intakes the fuel and one lets it out. One of them is
big and one is not very big. They get burned a lot and the little one gets burned the most.

3. Power measurements of the engine.

The power of an engine may be measured or estimated at several points in the transmission of the power from
its generation to its application. A number of names are used for the power developed at various stages in this
process, but none is a clear indicator of either the measurement system or definition used. In the case of an
engine dynamometer, power is measured at the engine's flywheel. With a chassis dynamometer or rolling road, power
output is measured at the driving wheels. This accounts for the significant power loss through the drive train.
In general:

Nominal is derived from the size of the engine and the piston speed and is only accurate at a pressure
of 48 kPa (7 psi).
Indicated or gross horsepower (theoretical capability of the engine) [PLAN/ 33000] minus frictional
losses within the engine (bearing drag, rod and crankshaft windage losses, oil film drag, etc.), equals

Brake / net / crankshaft horsepower (power delivered directly to and measured at the engine's
crankshaft) minus frictional losses in the transmission (bearings, gears, oil drag, windage, etc.), equals
 Shaft horsepower (power delivered to and measured at the output shaft of the transmission, when
present in the system) minus frictional losses in the universal joint/s, differential, wheel bearings, tire and
chain, (if present), equals

Effective, True (thp) or commonly referred to as wheel horsepower (whp)

Nominal horsepower
Nominal horsepower (nhp) is an early 19th-century rule of thumb used to estimate the power of steam
engines.
nhp = 7 x area of piston x equivalent piston speed/33,000
For paddle ships the piston speed was estimated as 129.7 x (stroke) 1/3.35
For the nominal horsepower to equal the actual power it would be necessary for the mean steam pressure in the
cylinder during the stroke to be 48 kPa (7 psi) and for the piston speed to be of the order of 54–75 m/min.

Indicated horsepower
Indicated horsepower (ihp) is the theoretical power of a reciprocating engine if it is completely frictionless in
converting the expanding gas energy (piston pressure × displacement) in the cylinders. It is calculated from the
pressures developed in the cylinders, measured by a device called an engine indicator – hence indicated horsepower.
As the piston advances throughout its stroke, the pressure against the piston generally decreases, and the indicator
device usually generates a graph of pressure vs stroke within the working cylinder. From this graph the amount of
work performed during the piston stroke may be calculated. It was the figure normally used for steam engines in the
19th century but is misleading because the actual power output may only be 70% to 90% of the indicated horsepower.

Brake horsepower
Brake horsepower (bhp) is the measure of an engine's horsepower before the loss in power caused by the
gearbox, alternator, differential, water pump, and other auxiliary components such as power steering pump, muffled
exhaust system, etc. Brake refers to a device which was used to load an engine and hold it at a desired rotational
speed. During testing, the output torque and rotational speed were measured to determine the brake horsepower.
Horsepower was originally measured and calculated by use of the "indicator" (a James Watt invention of the late 18th
century), and later by means of a De Prony brake connected to the engine's output shaft.
More recently, an engine dynamometer is used instead of a De Prony brake. Although the output delivered to the
driving wheels is less than that obtainable at the engine's crankshaft, a chassis dynamometer gives an indication of an
engine's "real world" horsepower after losses in the drive train and gearbox.

Shaft horsepower
Shaft horsepower (shp) is the power delivered to the propeller shafts of a steamship (or one powered
by diesel engines or nuclear power), or an aircraft powered by a piston engine or a turbine engine, and the rotors of a
helicopter. This shaft horsepower can be measured with instruments, or estimated from the indicated horsepower and
a standard figure for the losses in the transmission (typical figures are around 10%). This measure is not commonly
used in the automobile industry, because in that context drive train losses can become significant.
 Gasoline engines are known as internal combustion engines and are divided into two general classes, namely
two-cycle and four-cycle engines. A cycle represents one stroke of the piston or one-half revolution of the crank-
shaft, a complete revolution therefore represents two cycles. In a two-cycle engine the power impulse occurs at each
revolution, while in a four-cycle engine it occurs at every other revolution, hence the terms two and four-cycle
engines. To determine multiply the area of the cylinder by the length of stroke in inches and that product by the
number of revolutions per minute then divide by the constant 10000 for two-cycle or 13400 for four-cycle engine, the
result will be the I.H.P.

Mechanical (mechanic) power equation: Power P = E ⁄ t = W ⁄ t

where power P is in watts, energy E is in joules, and time t is in seconds. 1 W = 1 J/s
Scroll down to related links and look at "Formulas and calculations - Electricity and Electric Charge".

III. APPARATUS/MATERIALS

1. Bond Paper
2. Drawing Pen
3. Straight Edge
4. Gasoline Engine
IV. SKETCH/DRAWING

1. Drawing of a four-stroke gasoline engine.

2. Label of the parts of the engine.
V. OBSERVATIONS
In this activity, I observed the behavior and functions of the different parts of a four-stroke internal
combustion engine. The four-stroke internal combustion engines have four basic steps that repeat with
every two revolutions of the engine: (1) Intake/suction stroke (2) Compression stroke (3)
Power/expansion stroke and (4) Exhaust stroke. Internal combustion engines are made from various
parts. Each part has its own location and function for proper working of engine. I also observed that the
power of an engine be measured or estimated at several points in the transmission of the power from its
generation to its application.

VI. CONCLUSION
Based on this activity, I was able to determine a four-stroke gasoline internal combustion engine.
Able to identify the parts of a four-stroke cycle gasoline engine, enumerate the function of the different
parts of the engine, distinguish the principles of operation of the internal combustion engine, define the
formulas in determining the power of the engine.
It is very important to know the basic concept of a four-stroke gasoline internal combustion engine
especially in mechanical engineering students.

VII.RECOMMENDATIONS

Learn and study more about four-stroke gasoline internal combustion engine, its principles of
operation and function of the different parts. There is also an importance of knowing a four-stroke gasoline
internal combustion engine.