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BIOTECHNOLOGY - Progress and Prospects

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 S M Paul Khurana
Machiavelli Singh
BIOTECHNOLOGY Khurana
Singh

Progress & Prospects

About the Book
Biotechnology is the exploration to exploitation of biological processes and systems for
industrial purposes. The biotechnology and life sciences students at various Indian

BIOTECHNOLOGY—Progress & Prospects

Universities and engineering institutions are required to take up the allied courses
either as a compulsory or an elective subject. This book is written and designed to
provide up-to-date information on topics of Biotechnology syllabi.
“Biotechnology – Progress & Prospects” is an outcome of Editors' efforts for a
handbook, covering diverse scientific backgrounds, of graduate and post-graduate
levels in Biotechnology. The book is joint effort of 67 authors from 6 nations. Among
them are eminent academicians, renowned scientists and researchers from national,
viz IIT, State & Private universities, ICMR & ICAR institutes and international
organisations. 29 chapters have been received from US, Australia, Korea, Taiwan,
People's Republic of China and India. The focus is to comprehensively cover
biotechnology, from basics to applied aspects and illustrate ideas about their
applications. The subject matter has been planned in a systematic manner for thorough
understanding, using simple language, clear illustrations, and digestible information.
Every contributor has brought about blend of expertise and shared professional
experience, designing it for the beginners and advanced university students to learn
Biotechnology without the need of additional books. Besides the young Biotech
researchers, faculty, professionals and policy makers will also find this book handy and
BIOTECHNOLOGY
useful resource.
If we are to feed the world, this book - Biotechnology: Progress and Prospects, will
play an encouraging role in human resource development, help students to achieve
excellence in this fast growing highly beneficial science of innumerable applications.
Progress & Prospects
This text cum reference book is covering the entire width of subject matter under
seven sections and twenty nine chapters, right from the Indian scenario of
Biotechnology, fundamentals of biomolecules, biochemistry, cell & molecular biology,
microbial diversity, mystery of recombinant DNA, principles and application of
bioanalytical and biophysical techniques. It also highlights the basics of bioinformatics,
genomics, proteomics and lipidomics, animal biotechnology, transgenesis, animal
cloning and stem cells technology, medical healthcare and pharmaceutical
biotechnology, safety issues, approval and regulation for the industry as well as plant
breeding, genetic modification, plant biotechnology of GM crops, agro-biotechnology,
biofuels, food biotechnology, nanobiotechnology, bioethics, biosafety and IPR related
issues and regulations in the biotech world.

ISBN 1-62699-059-X
Studium Press LLC
P.O. Box 722200, Houston
TX 77072 - U.S.A.
Foreword by S M Paul Khurana
Tel: (281) 776-8950, Fax: (281) 776-8951
E-mail: studiumpress@gmail.com
S K Sopory Machiavelli Singh
Website: http://www.studiumpress.in
9 781626 990593
 Our Inspiration
“To him who devotes his life to science, nothing can
give more happiness than making discoveries,
But his cup of joys is full only when the results of
his studies find practical applications”

Louis Pasteur
(1822-1895)
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Progress & Prospects

Edited by
S M Paul Khurana
Machiavelli Singh

2015

Studium Press LLC, U.S.A.

 BIOTECHNOLOGY
Progress & Prospects

© 2015

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded
sources. Reprinted materials from authentic sources are acknowledged and
indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have
been made to publish reliable data and information, but the editors and the
publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for
the consequences of their use.
All rights are reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright
Conventions. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study,
research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, 1956, no
part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted, in any form or by any means–electronic, electrical, chemical,
mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise–without the prior
permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN : 1-62699-059-X

Published by:
STUDIUM PRESS LLC
P.O. Box 722200, Houston, TX 77072 - U.S.A.
Tel: (281) 776-8950, Fax: (281) 776-8951
E-mail: studiumpress@gmail.com
Website: http://www.studiumpress.in

Printed at:
 Foreword

This textbook, “Biotechnology – Progress & Prospects” provides an up-to-date information on

several topics which are prescribed in syllabi of Biotechnology courses in various science and
technical institutions under Central, State and Private Indian universities. This is an outcome
of Editor’s passion to give a handbook of information in an understandable language to the
students of Biotechnology and thus is geared for the diverse scientific backgrounds of graduate
and post-graduate students pursuing a career in biotechnology. The book is an integrated
approach to encompassing comprehensive knowledge by a large team of 67 authors. The 29
chapters have been contributed by well known academicians, scientists and young researchers
from India, and abroad.
The book has been planned to ensure that each chapter deals with the basics of the topic and
its components as well as associated issues such as progress and prospects. The editors and the
chapter authors together have brought about their expertise and long research/ teaching
experience to this book, designing it for advanced college students as well as for Biotechnology
researchers, faculty and policy professionals.
The progress in Basic biology and Biotechnology will play an important role in human resource
and development and to address issues of hunger, poverty, human health, energy and
environment. This book is therefore timely and I am sure will be very useful to learners and
teachers of biotechnology.

June 20, 2014

S.K. Sopory

Tel.: 26741500, 26704001, 26742676 Ext. 4001 • Fax: +91-11-26742580

• Res.: 26741555, 26704033 • E-mail: vc@mail.jnu.ac.in; sopory@mail.jnu.ac.in
vi Biotechnology—Progress and Prospects

List of Contributors

Abha Agnihotri: Professor & Head, Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Amity Institute of
Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida – 201303 (NCR), India.
Ajit Varma: Distinguished Scientist & Professor of Eminence, Amity Institute of Microbial
Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida – 201303 (NCR), India.
AmolKumar U Solanke: Principal Scientist, National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology,
New Delhi – 110012, India.
Anchal Singh: Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar
Pradesh, Noida – 201303 (NCR), India.
Anju Verma: Post-Doctoral Fellow, 315 Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Road,
University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
Aparajita Das: Research Associate, Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University
Uttar Pradesh, Noida – 201303 (NCR), India.
Aravind J: Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of
Technology, Coimbatore – 641049 T.N., India.
Ashish Gupta: Assistant Professor, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University,
Greater Noida – 203207 U.P., India.
Ashish Swarup Verma: Professor, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar
Pradesh, Noida – 201303 (NCR), India.
B.K. Joshi: Director, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal – 132001, Haryana,
India.
Babita Khosla: Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Maharshi
Dayanand University, Rohtak – 124001, Haryana, India.
Bharti Jaiswal: Research Associate, Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru
University, New Delhi – 110067, India.
Bishnu M. Bashyal: Scientist, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi – 110 012, India.
Biswarup Sen: Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering and Science,
Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Green Energy Development Centre, Feng Chia
University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Taiwan.
C. Manoharachary: Professor, Department of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad –
500007, India.
Charu Datta Mayee: Ex – Chairman ASRB, Adjunct Professor, IARI, New Delhi – 110012,
India.
Debasis Pattanayak: Principal Scientist, National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology,
New Delhi – 110012, India.
Dikshi Aggarwal: National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi – 110012,
India.
List of Contributors vii

Dinesh Goyal: Professor & Head, Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University, Patiala –
147004, Punjab, India.
Divya Kilam: Research Scholar, Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Amity Institute of
Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida – 201303 (NCR), India.
Durga Prasad Panigrahi: Research Associate, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute
of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee – 247667, India.
Ganesh Kumraj: Managing Director, BioBridge Healthcare Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Rachna
Blossom, Jagdishnagar, Aundh, Pune – 411007, India.
Gargi Ghoshal: Assistant Professor, Dr. S.S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh – 160014, India.
Girish Sharma: Professor, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity Center for Cancer
Epidemiology and Cancer Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida – 201303
(NCR), India.
Gursharn Singh Randhawa: Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, Roorkee – 247667, India.
Harvinder Kumar Singh: Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh – 490212, India.
Jasroop Kaur Aneja: Research Associate, Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Amity
Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida – 201303 (NCR),
India.
K.V.B.R. Tilak: Professor, Department of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad – 500007,
India.
Kanika: National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa campus, New Delhi – 110012,
India.
Kishor U. Tribhuvan: Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Namkum, Ranchi –
834010, Jharkhand, India.
Machiavelli Singh: Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University
Haryana, Gurgaon (Manesar) – 122413, India.
Manishi Mukesh: National Fellow, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal –
132001, India.
Monika Sodhi: Principal Scientist, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal –
132001, India.
Mukesh Kumar Saini: Assistant Professor, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, College
of Agriculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar – 125004, India.
Nadeem Akhtar: Senior Research Fellow, Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University,
Patiala – 147004, Punjab, India.
Neelanjana Roy: Research Associate, National Brain Research Centre, Nainwal Road, Manesar
– 122 051, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
Nitai Debnath: Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University
Haryana, Gurgaon (Manesar) – 122413, India.
Pankaj Bhatia: Project Scientist, Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Haryana State Council for
Science & Technology (DST, Haryana), CCS Haryana Agricultural University New Campus,
Hisar – 125004, India.
Pankaj Kumar Mittal: Operations & Quality Compliance Expert, BioBridge Healthcare
Solutions Pvt. Ltd., #13, Rachna Blossom Jagdishnagar, Aundh, Pune – 411007, India.
Pankaj Seth: Professor, National Brain Research Centre, Nainwal Road, Manesar – 122051,
Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
viii Biotechnology—Progress and Prospects

Prahlad Kishore Seth: Chief Executive Officer, Bioinformatics Centre, Biotech Park,
Lucknow – 226001, (U.P.), India.
Prasun Bandyopadhyay: Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar
Pradesh, Noida – 201303 (NCR), India.
Priya Goel: Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar
Pradesh, Noida – 201303 (NCR), India.
Rashi Srivastava: Assistant Professor, Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research,
Ambala Cantt. Haryana. *Presently at National Institute of Virology, Gorakhpur Unit,
Gorakhpur – 273013 (U.P.), India.
Rashmi Aggarwal: Principal Scientist, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural
Research Institute, New Delhi – 110012, India.
Ravi Tiwari: Academic Chair Biotechnology and Biotechnology & Commerce, School of
Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia.
Rekha Sharma: Senior Scientist (Network Programme), National Bureau of Animal Genetic
Resources, Karnal – 132001, Haryana, India
Rohini Sreevathsa: Senior Scientist, National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New
Delhi – 110012, India.
Ruby Gupta: Assistant Professor, Dr. S.S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh – 160014, India.
S.K. Singla: Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh – 160014,
India.
S.M. Paul Khurana: Professor & Director, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Dean (Science,
Engg. & Tech.), Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon (Manesar) – 122413, India.
Saif Hameed: Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana,
Gurgaon (Manesar) – 122413, India.
Sangeeta Gupta: Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New
Delhi – 110012, India.
Santosh Kumar Karn: International Young Scientist, Environmental Pollution and
Bioremediation Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy
of Science, Wulumuqi – 830011, Xinjiang, P.R. of China
Sapna Sharma: Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New
Delhi – 110012, India.
Sarita Dewan: Associate Consultant, Roche Diagnostics India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi – 110067,
India.
Shipra Gupta: Senior Programmer, Bioinformatics Centre, Biotech Park, Lucknow – 226001,
(U.P.), India
Sumistha Das: Post-Doctoral Fellow, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, KY 40546 0091, USA
Susheel Kumar Sharma: ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre,
Lamphelpat, Imphal – 795004, India.
Swati Tripathi: Post-Doctoral Fellow, Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of
Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 440-706,
Republic of Korea.
Swati Verma: Research Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee – 247667, India.
Tanzeer Kaur: Assistant Professor, Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh
– 160014, India.
List of Contributors ix

U.S. Shivhare: Professor & Chairperson, Dr. S.S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh – 160014, India.
Venkat Raman K: National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi – 110012,
India.
Virendra Kumar Baranwal: Principal Scientist, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division
of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi – 110012, India.
Zeeshan Fatima: Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University
Haryana, Gurgaon (Manesar) – 122413, India.
 About the Editors

Prof (Dr) S.M. Paul Khurana, born on 31 December, 1944, has been a scholar of rare distinctions
since very beginning with unique amalgamation of scientific aptitude, and administrative skills.
Prof Khurana recently received Eminent Scientist honour by Hon’ble PM of India with Sir J C
Bose Memorial Medal at Indian Sciences Congress on 3rd February 2014 for his eminent
contributions to plant virology and institute building. He has made tremendous contributions to
fundamental and applied aspects of Virology especially pioneered the work on potato viruses
(Poty, Luteo, Begomo and Tospo Viruses) which are widely quoted and acclaimed. He was the
Director of Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI) Shimla and the Vice-Chancellor of Rani
Durgavati University,Jabalpur for two consecutive terms and presently leading the Institute of
Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana as its Director AIB and currently Dean, Science, Engg.
& Tech. Dr Khurana is fellow of National Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Academy of
Biological Sciences and Hony. Fellow of several National & International level professional societies
as President, Vice-President, Secretary, Editor/ Editor-in-Chief for several terms. He is the Chief
Editor of Indian Phytopathology. Prof Khurana has guided 10 Ph.Ds while seven are currently
registered with him. He has the rare distinction of being the first Indian to deliver the Key Note
at the Seventh Olympiad of the Mind at Paris (May 2005). Dr Khurana has been honored with
more than two dozen awards such as CPRI Golden Jubilee Outstanding Achievements Award
(2000), Best Scientist of the year Award (2002), Dr S. Ramanujam Memorial Award (2003), ICAR
Ch. Devi Lal Award (2005), ICAR Team Research Award (2008), ISCA Platinum Jubilee Award
(2010), SARC Outstanding Achievement Award in Science & Technology (2011),Lifetime
Achievement Award (4 Times) including that from IPA, ISMPP and HSI recognitions. Dr Khurana
has published over 160 original research papers in leading national, international journals of
repute with high impact factor and authored more than 90 reviews/ book chapters.

Dr Machiavelli Singh, born on 13 March, 1978, is Assistant Professor with Amity Institute of
Biotechnology (AIB) and Coordinator (QAE) for AUH. He started his career as a UNDP fellow
under ITSAP project in 2001. He has held research positions under nationally and internationally
funded research projects in the field of agro-industrial-biotechnology, has contributed extensively
to the methodologies of biotechnological teaching over the decade while mentoring UG and PG
students in reputed institutions of Kurukshetra University and with Faculty of Technology &
Sciences at LPU. He has quality research to his credit in molecular markers, sustainability of
agro-ecosystems, microbial biotechnology and bioprocessing. He has 10 peer-reviewed papers to
his credit, presented his work in various conferences, published in many proceedings/symposia
and authored book chapter on Mycorrhiza with LAP, Germany (2012). Machiavelli has a Doctorate
(2010) and Masters (2001) in Biotechnology from Thapar University. He completed his graduation
in Biology (1999) from Punjabi University, Patiala. He is qualified WIPO alumnus on IPR
management systems. He has supervised more than 50 B.Tech student research projects and
guided 5 M.Tech (Biotech) theses. He even achieved an IEEE funded project under All India
Young Engineers’ Humanitarian Challenge 2010 on PSM application as bio-inoculants. He
successfully convened a national conference on “Contemporary Issues in Biotechnology: Progress
and Future Applications, 2014” at Amity University Haryana.
 Preface

Biotechnology is the exploration to exploitation of biological processes and systems for industrial
purposes. Biotechnology is primarily associated with systematic approach to ethically, morally,
safely and valuable commercialisation of biological systems in processes and products that are
of major economic, environmental and social importance throughout the world.
The biotechnology and life science students at various Indian Universities and Engineering
Institutions are required to take up all allied courses either as a compulsory or an elective
subject. This book is written keeping in mind the need for an exhaustive text book on all
aspects for students of UG and PG courses from both engineering and biology backgrounds and
also helpful to students in botany, bioscience, microbiology and courses touching aspects of
biotechnology. The main feature of this book is that it covers practically all aspects of this
discipline from introduction to applied cum allied aspects, which will help the students to
understand the subject better. It is readable in parts, easy to understand and also enjoy the
advanced genetic insights of Biotechnology. An attempt has been made to introduce the students
to the basic elementary and advanced aspects with emphasis on the latest treatise by the
authorities both on achievements made in the field and progress underway.
This text cum reference book is covering the entire width of subject matter in seven sections
and twenty nine chapters. The first chapter introduces the present status and scenario of
Biotechnology in India. The rest of the twenty eight chapters are suitably divided into six
sections.
Whereas the first chapter is dealing with scenario of biotechnology, the second chapter
deals with basics of biomolecules and their biochemistry. The third chapter illustrates the
structure and function of cell, describing its molecular biology. The fourth chapter deals with
symbiotic microbes and their interactions in soil and roots of higher plants. The fifth chapter
covers aspects of microbial diversity and their bio prospects. Mystery of Recombinant DNA
technology is dealt in the sixth chapter. Emphasis is laid on the working principle and application
of Bioanalytical and Biophysical techniques in the seventh chapter to help in studying the
biological world. The second section emphasis on the fundamentals, the eighth chapter highlights
the basics of bioinformatics and concept of computational biology. The chapter nine describes
the study of genome and its wide prospects. The tenth chapter focuses on study of proteins and
their functions. The chapter eleven deals with the conceptual basis for metabolomics as well as
analytical and informatics techniques used in the metabolomic studies. The basic functions and
diversity of lipid molecules from cellular functions to study their role in progression of several
human diseases are dealt with in the twelfth chapter.
The third section covers the aspects of animal biotechnology and practical outcomes. The
chapter thirteen gives a look on basic principles of animal biotechnology, while fourteenth
chapter deals about applications in transgenesis and cloning of animals. The fifteenth chapter
explains various aspects of stem cells technology and its future applications.
The fourth section deals with the medical, healthcare and pharmaceutical biotechnology.
Whereas the sixteenth chapter looks on advancements of medical biotechnology and application
xii Biotechnology—Progress and Prospects

of therapeutic proteins in treatment of diseases, seventeenth chapter covers the role of

biomarkers to early screening/identification of cancer in HIV/AIDS. Eighteenth chapter
summarises the aspects of pharmaceutical biotechnology from drug delivery to targeting. It
also focuses on quality control, safety issues, approval and regulation of this industry.
The fifth section covers the wide horizon of plant biotechnology and its applications in
success of GM crops. Nineteenth chapter highlights the different principles and methods of
plant breeding and genetic modification in plant science. The twentieth chapter explains the
methods and techniques of plant regeneration, growth regulators and elicitors, secondary
metabolites, products of industrial application. Twenty first chapter summarises the advances
made in the plant virology towards disease management using molecular tools. The twenty
second chapter explains the use of transgenic technology in agriculture and how has it
revolutionized the modern agriculture. Twenty third chapter gives the updates on GM crop –
BT cotton and its prospects.
Section sixth gives an outlook of the applied biotechnology and allied fields. The chapter
twenty four explains the basics and applications of biofertilizers and biopesticides in
agrobiotechnology. The twenty fifth chapter emphasises on fundamental concept of biofuels
production. It covers various routes to harness solar energy and accumulate it in the form of
biomass. Twenty sixth chapter deals with basic processes of industrial food biotechnology and
its commercialisation. Twenty seventh chapter covers the basic concepts of nanobiotechnology
and its application in daily life.
The seventh section deals with bioethics, biosafety and IPR related issues. The twenty eight
chapter describes the role of ethics towards the values and safety of the biologists, scientist and
workers in thelab and industry. This covers the biosafety guidelines and regulations adopted or
issued to the industry.
The last chapter (twenty nine) describes the concept and importance of IPR and its different
forms. It emphasises on lifelong incentives that can be gained by making innovations and gives
freedom to operate in the biotech world.
We are highly grateful to venerated Dr. Ashok K. Chauhan, Founder President, RBEF for
his blessings and Mr. Aseem K. Chauhan, Additional President, RBEF, Chancellor, Amity
University Haryana (AUH) & Amity University Rajasthan (AUR) for the academic facilities and
constant encouragement. We also wish to record our sincere thanks to Hon’ble Prof (Dr) P.B.
Sharma, Present Vice Chancellor, Prof (Dr) R.C. Sharma, Founder Vice Chancellor and Lt.
Gen (Retd.) B.S. Suhag, Dy. Vice Chancellor, AUH for their all round support. We must express
our profound gratitude for Prof (Dr) Padmakali Banerjee, Pro Vice Chancellor, AUH for her
constant encouragement and academic support in all possible manner to let us compile & edit
this book.
We also feel highly thankful and grateful to all our eminent & worthy contributors for
dedicating their valuable time in compiling their best in creating this master piece available for
the biotechnology students and researchers as ready reckoner. Our heartfelt thanks to Dr
J.N. Govil of Studium Press LLC, for his patience and support during the preparation of this
book. We are also thankful to our colleagues from Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AlB),
Gurgaon for helping us to achieve success in this mission.
At last but not the least this book is dedicated to achieve our life’s motto “Ambitious, Bold &
Competent”.

S.M. Paul Khurana

Machiavelli Singh
 xiii

Table of Contents

Foreword v
List of Contributors vi
About the Editors x
Preface xi

Section I: Introduction

1. Biotechnology: Scenario in India 1

MACHIAVELLI SINGH AND S.M. PAUL KHURANA

2. Introduction to Biomolecules 10
TANZEER KAUR AND S.K. SINGLA

3. Cell and Molecular Biology 61

NADEEM AKHTAR AND DINESH GOYAL

4. Soil-Borne Symbiotic Fungal Interactions in Higher Plants 100

APARAJITA DAS, SWATI TRIPATHI, PRASUN BANDYOPADHYAY AND AJIT VARMA

5. Diversity and Bioprospecting of Fungi and Microorganisms 121

C. MANOHARACHARY AND KVBR TILAK

6. Recombinant DNA Technology: A Tool to Change Life 139

GURSHARAN SINGH RANDHAWA, DURGA PRASAD PANIGRAHI AND SWATI VERMA

7. Bioanalytical and Biophysical Techniques 158

BABITA KHOSLA

Section II: Fundamentals of Biotechnology

8. Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 204

SHIPRA GUPTA AND PRAHLAD KISHORE SETH

9. Genomics: An Integrative Approach for Molecular Biology 234

AMOLKUMAR U. SOLANKE, KISHOR U. TRIBHUVAN AND KANIKA

10. Proteomics: Methodologies and Applications 271

RASHMI AGGARWAL, SAPNA SHARMA, SANGEETA GUPTA AND BISHNU M. BASHYAL
xiv Biotechnology—Progress and Prospects

11. Metabolomics: Application in Biotechnology 293

SANTOSH KR. KARN

12. Lipidomics: Tool to Redefine Lipids 302

SAIF HAMEED AND ZEESHAN FATIMA

Section III: Animal Biotechnology

13. Animal Biotechnology: In Vitro Approaches 313

ANCHAL SINGH, ASHISH SWARUP VERMA, PRIYADARSHINI MALLICK AND ANJU VERMA

14. Methodologies and Applications of Transgenesis and Cloning in 336

Farm Animals
B.K. JOSHI, MONIKA SODHI, REKHA SHARMA AND MANISHI MUKESH

15. Stem Cells and their Application 377

NEELANJANA ROY AND PANKAJ SETH

Section IV: Medical, Healthcare and Pharma Biotechnology

16. Developments in Medical Biotechnology: Present and Challenges 392

BHARTI JAISWAL AND ASHISH GUPTA

17. HIV and Cancer: Understanding the Deadly Relationship 422

GIRISH SHARMA AND PRIYA GOEL

18. Pharma Biotechnology 441

GANESH KUMRAJ AND PANKAJ KUMAR MITTAL

Section V: Plant Biotechnology

19. Plant Breeding and Genetic Modification 476

PANKAJ BHATIA AND MUKESH KUMAR SAINI

20. Plant Biotechnology 509

SARITA DEWAN AND RAVI TIWARI

21. Plant Virology: Advances in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 540

VIRENDRA KUMAR BARANWAL, SUSHEEL KUMAR SHARMA AND HARVINDER KUMAR SINGH

22. Transgenic Technology: Applications in Agriculture and Plant Sciences 558

VENKAT RAMAN K, DIKSHI AGGARWAL, AMOL KUMAR U SOLANKE, ROHINI SREEVATHSA
AND DEBASIS PATTANAYAK

23. GM crops/BT Cotton 579

CHARUDATTA MAYEE

Section VI: Applied Biotechnology

24. Agrobiotechnology – Biofertilizers and Biopesticides 604

ABHA AGNIHOTRI, JASROOP KAUR ANEJA AND DIVYA KILAM
 Table of Contents xv

25. Bioresources and Energy Technology 628

BISWARUP SEN AND ARAVIND J

26. Food Biotechnology – A Compendium 652

RUBY GUPTA, GARGI GHOSHAL, U S SHIVHARE

27. Nanobiotechnology: Science of Small Things with a Big Future 686

NITAI DEBNATH AND SUMISTHA DAS

Section VII: Bioethics, Biosafety and IPR

28. Bioethics and Biosafety: Managerial Tools for Biotechnology 704

MACHIAVELLI SINGH, RASHI SRIVASTAVA AND S.M. PAUL KHURANA

29. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – An Incentive for Innovation 736

MACHIAVELLI SINGH AND S.M. PAUL KHURANA

Subject Index 763

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