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SCP Thesis100
SCP Thesis100
SCP Thesis100
This Simplified Course Pack (SCP) is a draft version only and may not be
used, published or redistributed without the prior written consent of the
Academic Council of SJPIICD. Contents of this SCP are only intended for
the consumption of the students who are officially enrolled in the
course/subject. Revision and modification process of this SCP are
expected.
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COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Respect
Hard Work
Perseverance
Core Values
Self-Sacrifice
Compassion
Family Attachment
Inquisitive
Ingenious
Graduate Attributes
Innovative
Inspiring
Course Code/Title THESIS 100/Thesis Writing1
This course covers undergraduate research proposal and data
Course Description
gathering.
Course Requirement Research Proposal (Initial Stage)
Time Frame 54 Hours
“Based 40” Cumulative Averaging Grading System
Grading System Periodical Grading = Attendance (5%) + Participation (10%) + Quiz (25%) + Exam (60%)
Final-Final Grade = Prelim Grade (30%) + Midterm Grade (30%) + Final Grade (40%)
Contact Detail
Dean/Program Head Amie P. Matalam, MM (09953860989)
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Course Map
SCP-Topics: Prelim Period SCP- Topics: Midterm Period SCP- Topics: Final Period
Week 1 The Nature of Research Week 7 Research Variables Week 13 Consultation Phase
Week 2 Research Proposal Preparation Week 8 Research Instruments Week 14 Finalization of Thesis Manuscript
Week 4 Literature Review Week 10 Research Format Orientation Week 16 Outline Defense
Week 5 Literature Review (Continuation) Week 11 Implementation Phase Week 17 Outline Defense
Course Outcomes
1. Identify gaps in the body of knowledge, particularly for addressing specific, relevant issues
2. Apply specialized knowledge in solving real world problems
3. Develop detailed research proposals and information
4. Present a research proposal
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LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
This section provides meaning and definition of the terminologies that
are significant for better understanding of the terms used throughout the
simplified course pack of Thesis Writing 1. As you go through the labyrinth
of learning, in case you will be confronted with difficulty of the terms, you
may refer to the defined terms for you to have a clear picture of the learning
concepts.
Thesis consists of an argument or a series of arguments combined with
the description and discussion of research that the researchers have
undertaken.
Research is a diligent systematic inquiry into nature and society to
validate and refine existing knowledge and to generate new knowledge
(Naidoo, 2011).
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SELF-SUPPORT: You can click the URL Search Indicator below to help you further understand the lessons.
Search Indicator
Apuque, O.D. (2017). Quantitative research methods: A synopsis approach.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320346875.
Barglowski, K. (2018). Where, what and whom to study? Principles, guidelines and
empirical examples of case selection and sampling in migration research.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323174165
Bell, S. (2008). Introduction to geomatics.
https://openpress.usask.ca/introgeomatics/chapter/introduction-what-is-
geomatics/
Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (2005). Handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage. https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-
binaries/48453_ch_1.pdf
Lopez, V., & Whitehead, D. (2013). Sampling data and data collection in qualitative
research. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255950308
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MacDonald, S., & Headlam, N. (2006). Research methods handbook introductory guide
to research methods for social research. Centre for Local Economic Strategies,
ISBN: 1870053656
Maheshwari, V.K. (2017). Sampling techniques in quantitative research.
Philosophical Commentary on Issues of Today.
http://www.vkmaheshwari.com/WP/?p=2455
Shield, L., & Twycross, A. (2008). Sampling in quantitative research.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23282871
LET’S INITIATE!
Activity 1. Let us try to check your understanding of the topics. Write your
answers on the space provided below every after the questions.
1. What specific topic, problem, or issue in your field that are interested
in?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Based on your chosen topic, what have others done to solve this
problem?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Differentiate qualitative and quantitative research.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. State the importance of sampling.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
Activity 1. In this activity, you are required to expound your answer to
each of the question below.
1. Explain the impact of research in solving the challenges of COVID- 19
pandemic.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. If you are interested to conduct a research project, what research
design do you want to use? and why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. How will you address biases in a quantitative research?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Why the nature of a qualitative research is subjective?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. The aforementioned lessons on choosing the topic,
respondents/participants, and scope and limitation of study were
discussed, construct a graphical presentation on initial research process
and justify each component in your illustrations.
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Terms to Ponder
Theory is used as a plausible general principle or body of principles
offered to explain a phenomenon. In a more philosophical context, what is
expected from a theory is a model capable of predicting future occurrences
or observations, being tested through experiment or otherwise verified
through empirical observation.
Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected
relationship between an independent and dependent variable (Creswell,
1994).
Essential Content
Science refers to knowledge that can be demonstrated, objectively, in
the concrete, factual realm of reality. Matters that are inherently outside of
objective reality, those things that are subjective or internal and cannot be
demonstrated objectively, are outside of the realm of natural science.
Scientific Inquiry is characterized by objectivity. A scientist, ideally,
does not become attached to a certain hypothesis and seek to prove it.
Rather, he or she adopts multiple working hypotheses and seeks to eliminate
them. Scientists also accept that there will always remain a degree of
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or deriving the hypotheses, and it is here that a subjective factor enters into
a scientific theory.
On the axiomatic foundation, which consists of principles and
hypotheses, is erected a logical procedure or superstructure (e.g.
mathematical reasoning) whose aim is to arrive at exact theoretical
statements. Note that once a type of logical system has been adopted (e.g.
calculus), the rules of that particular system have to be followed strictly, very
much like the rules of grammar in language, i.e. there is no freedom of choice
in this realm.
The logical procedure finally culminates in predictions of the theory,
whose test is a comparison between such predictions and sense or
experiential data. If the comparison is favorable (and there can be some
subjectivity in judging this), the theory is considered to be valid; otherwise,
the hypotheses have to be revised and the whole procedure repeated.
NOTE: No theory that has constructive elements in its base can be
final, for there is always the chance that future measurements will
disprove its predictions. This fact attaches a pathos to a scientific
theory since it is tenuous and holds the attention of the world only
briefly, and which will eventually be superseded by a more
comprehensive approach. This is in contrast to a mathematical theorem
like that of Pythagoras, which is eternal since it does not depend upon
external experience for its truth, and can be proved from logical
considerations alone.
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2. Complex Hypothesis:
▪ A Complex hypothesis examines relationship between two or more
independent variables and two or more dependent variables.
4. Null Hypothesis:
▪ A null hypothesis is a general statement which states no relationship
between two variables or two phenomena. It is usually denoted by H0.
5. Alternative Hypothesis:
▪ An alternative hypothesis is a statement which states some statistical
significance between two phenomena. It is usually denoted by H1 or
HA.
6. Logical Hypothesis:
▪ A logical hypothesis is a planned explanation holding limited
evidence.
7. Statistical Hypothesis:
▪ A statistical hypothesis, sometimes called confirmatory data analysis,
is an assumption about a population parameter.
Importance of Hypothesis
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Research Questions
Define Research Questions: Identifying research question and
refining it is of paramount importance in any research undertakings.
As Howie suggested, “To find the right question requires that we
understand what we are asking about, and know to keep the question
simple enough to be answerable, but challenging enough to be
interesting.
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Search Indicator
Chatterjee, S. (2012). The nature of scientific theory. Current Science, 102(2),
386-388.
LET’S INITIATE!
Activity 1. Let us try to check your understanding of the topics. Write your
answers on the space provided below.
2. State the null hypothesis of this research question: Are there significant
relationships between organizational culture, (IV1), work commitment (IV2)
and well-being of employees (DV).
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
1.___________________________________________________________________
2.___________________________________________________________________
3.___________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
Activity 1. Formulate at least three research questions and its equivalent
null hypotheses.
2. 2.
3. 3.
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Give the equivalent hypotheses of the framework below.
Academic
Career Ambition
Preparations
Love Affair
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Terms to Ponder
Literature Review is a comprehensive summary of previous research
on a topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other
sources relevant to a particular area of research. The review should
enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify this
previous research (Bloomsburg University, 2008).
Essential Content
Literature Review Purpose
A literature review creates a "landscape" for the reader, giving her or
him a full understanding of the developments in the field. This landscape
informs the reader that the author has indeed assimilated all (or the vast
majority of) previous, significant works in the field into her or his
research.
In writing the literature review, the purpose is to convey to the reader
what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what
their strengths and weaknesses are. The literature review must be defined
by a guiding concept (eg. your research objective, the problem or issue
you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a
descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries.
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NOTE: You can also organize your literature review report in a way
that demonstrates your evaluation of the sources in terms of how
each one relates to other sources and to the major debates on the
topic.
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Search Indicator
LET’S INITIATE!
Activity 1. Let us try to check your understanding of the topics. Write your
answers on the space provided below.
1. What strategy will you use to fill in the research gap?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
LET’S INQUIRE!
Activity 1. In this activity, you are required to expound your answer to the
question below.
1. In what ways that the elements of literature review are helpful to a
neophyte researcher like you?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Choose only one research topic provided below and apply the
elements of literature review.
1. Mental Wellness Amid COVID-19
2. Davao City LGU Health Safety Protocols
3. Online Learning
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At SJPIICD, I Matter!
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Terms to Ponder
Variable in research simply refers to a person, place, thing, or
phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way. The best way to
understand the difference between a dependent and independent variable is
that the meaning of each is implied by what the words tell us about
the variable you are using.
“Variable” is a term frequently used in research projects. It is pertinent
to define and identify the variables while designing quantitative research
projects. A variable incites excitement in any research than constants. It is
therefore critical for beginners in research to have clarity about this term
and the related concepts. Variable, to put in layman statement is something
that can change and or can have more than one value.
Variables can be defined in terms of measurable factors through a
process of operationalization. It will convert difficult concepts into easily
understandable concepts which then can be measured, empirically. “It is
essential to define the term as variables so that they can be quantified and
measured. That is, the variable has to be able to work for you to operate, or
becomes operational”.
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Essential Content
Types of Variables: There are two ways to classify variables that will be
important to us in this course. One is to decide whether a variable is
continuous or discrete and the other is to decide whether a variable is
nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio.
Continuous versus Discrete. Some of the statistical tests assume the
variable is continuous or discrete. For example, the theory behind a test
called Chi-Square requires discrete variables. Therefore, if the test you use
assumes a discrete variable you must use one, or you are violating a key
assumption of the test. This is why we need to learn to distinguish between
continuous or discrete.
NOTE: Any variable with a yes or no answer is discrete. Have you ever been
convicted of a crime? 1= yes 0=no. The answer is either yes or no and there
is nothing in between. Did you go to the doctor in the past 30 days? 1= yes
0=no. The answer is either yes or no and there is nothing in between. Any
variable where the categories are “either/or” is discrete. Who is your health
insurance provider? 1=HMSA 2= Kaiser 3=other 4= uninsured. You choose
one of the four and there is nothing in between.
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Search Indicator
De Witte, H., De Cuyper, N., Handaja, Y., Sverke, M., Näswall, K., & Hellgren,
J. (2010). Associations between quantitative and qualitative job
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LET’S INITIATE!
Activity 1. Let us try to check your understanding of the topics by filling up
the table with examples on the type of variables.
Type of Variable Example
1.
2.
Discreet 3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
Continuous 3.
4.
5.
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LET’S INQUIRE!
Activity 1. Below is the research framework taken from different studies,
this activity requires you to pinpoint of what type of variable (Independent
Variable, Dependent Variable, Demographic Variable,
Confounding/Intervening Variable).
1.
Learning Academic
Style Success
2.
Online Technology
Teaching Integration
Readiness Skills
3. Age
Sex
Mental
Health
Thinking
Skills
Age
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LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. The aforementioned lessons on research variables were
discussed, construct your own research framework showing the types of
variables (Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Demographic
Variable, Confounding/Intervening Variable). Note: one research
framework only.
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Terms to Ponder
Research Instrument is a tool used to collect, measure, and analyze
data related to your research interests. These tools are most commonly used
in health sciences, social sciences, and education to assess patients, clients,
students, teachers, staff, etc. A research instrument can include interviews,
tests, surveys, or checklists.
Questionnaire is a data collection instrument consistent of a series
of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information
from respondents. The questionnaire was invented by Sir Francis Galton.
Essential Content
Data collection is an important step in the research process. The
instrument you choose to collect the data will depend on the type of data
you plan on collecting (qualitative or quantitative) and how you plan to
collect it. The following considerations must be given attention by the
researchers:
➢ Accurate and systematic data collection is critical to conducting
scientific research.
➢ Data collection allows researchers to collect information that they
want to collect about their study objects.
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Select a topic
Formulate a thesis statement
Choose the types of analyses
Research and write a literature review
Formulate the research questions
Conceptualize a topic, refine thesis
Choose research method and research instrument
Operationalize concepts construct instruments
Formulate the data collection strategy
Perform a pilot study
Collect data
Prepare the data for processing and analysis
Process and analyze data
Interpret and make inferences about data
Write the research paper
Publish data
Characteristics of a Good Research Instrument
Valid and reliable
Based on a conceptual framework, or the researcher's
understanding of how the particular variables in the study
connect with each other
Must gather data suitable for and relevant to the research topic
Able to test hypothesis and/or answer proposed research
questions under investigation
Free of bias and appropriate for the context, culture, and
diversity of the study site
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Search Indicator
Columbia University (2018). Research Instrument Examples. Teachers College
Journal.
Leung, W. C. (2010). How to design a questionnaire. Business Management Journal.
Mays N, & Pope C. (2011). Assessing quality in qualitative research. Business
Management Journal.
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LET’S INITIATE!
Activity 1. Let us try to check your understanding of the abovementioned
topics discussed. Choose the best answer of the following questions below
by encircling the letter:
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I
LET’S NQUIRE!
Activity 1. Give your analysis and interpretation to each of the following
insights from different scholars:
1. Discovery follows discovery, each both raising and answering questions,
each ending a long search, and each providing the new instruments for
a new search.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. I’ve always wanted to be aware of what’s going on around me, and I’ve
wanted to use photography as an instrument of research into and
reporting on the life of my own time.
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Design a Survey Questionnaire (5 statements using these scales:
5–Always; 4-Oftentimes; 3-Sometimes; 2-Rarely; or 1-Never), and Interview
Guide (5 probe questions) based on the situation below.
Since the COVID-19 outbreak began, people across the country have
taken steps to stay safe. And until the virus is under control and there’s
a vaccine to protect everyone from getting it, it’s important to keep taking
those precautions. Remember that the virus spreads mainly from person
to person, especially if you’re within six feet of one another. Also
remember that you can have, and spread the virus even if you don’t have
symptoms. So, keep following the guidelines from the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) and other public health experts for staying
safe.
Survey Questionnaire
1._______________________________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________________________
3._______________________________________________________________________
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4._______________________________________________________________________
5._______________________________________________________________________
Interview Guide
1._______________________________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________________________
3._______________________________________________________________________
4._______________________________________________________________________
5._______________________________________________________________________
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Terms to Ponder
Essential Content
Why reference?
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o doi: 10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
o https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
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o The poor
o People living in poverty
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Search Indicator
LET’S INITIATE!
Activity 1. Let us try to check your understanding of the abovementioned
topics discussed.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INQUIRE!
Activity 1. Give your comments/suggestions on the article below.
Shifting Cultural Expectations of Citation
Because of new technologies that make finding, using, and sharing
information easier, many of our cultural expectations around how to do that
are changing as well. For example, blog posts often “reference” other articles
or works by simply linking to them. It makes it easy for the reader to see
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where the author’s ideas have come from and to view the source very quickly.
But in these more informal writings, blog authors do not have a list of
citations (bibliographic entries). The links do the work for them. This is a
great strategy for online digital mediums, but this method fails over time
when links break and there are no hints (like an author, title and date) to
know how else to find the reference, which might have moved.
This example of a cultural change of expectations in the non-academic world
might make it seem that there has been a change in academic scholarship
as well, or might make people new to academic scholarship even less familiar
with citation. But in fact, the expectations around citing sources in academic
research remain formal.
State your comments/suggestions here:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. In your own opinion, how will you present the overall purpose
of citing authors?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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