7 კლგოგიშვილი

guram gogiSvili, Teimuraz vefxvaZe
ia mebonia, lamara qurCiSvili
maTematika
VII klasi
maswavleblis wigni
grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturisa

da sportis saministros mier 2019 wels
gamomcemloba inteleqti
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Tbilisi
guram gogiSvili, Teimuraz vefxvaZe,
ia mebonia, lamara qurCiSvili
maTematika
VII klasi
maswavleblis wigni
Tbilisi 2019
redaqtori Teimuraz vefxvaZe
damkabadonebeli viola tuRuSi
teqstis amkrefi marTa wiklauri
ISBN 978-9941-482-92-2
© guram gogiSvili, Teimuraz vefxvaZe, ia mebonia, lamara qurCiSvili, 2019.
© gamomcemloba ìnteleqti~, 2019.
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZDis gamz. 5. tel.: 2-25 05 22
www.intelekti.ge info@intelekti.ge
intelekti Publishing
5 Ilia Chavchavadze Ave., Tbilisi, Georgia. Tel.: (995 32) 2-25 05 22
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me-7 klasis maTematikis saxelmZRvanelos
koncefc i a
saxelmZRvanelo agebulia sabazo safexuris 2018-2024 wlebis standartisa da

wliuri programebis moTxovnebis sruli SesabamisobiT. amavdroulad, vicavT ba-
lanss Cvens SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebasa da dasaxelebuli standartiT warmodgenil
swavla-swavlebis miznebTan, meTodikur orientirebsa da SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT
warmodgenil moTxovnebs Soris. aq mTavaria Sesabamisoba im principebTan, romle-
bsac maTematikis standarti efuZneba _ maTematikis swavlebam (raSic saxelmZR-
vanelos mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba) Tavisi wvlili unda Seitanos erovnuli
saswavlo gegmis misiisa da miznebiT gaTvaliswinebuli unarebisa da Rirebulebebis
ganviTarebasa da CamoyalibebaSi. gaviTvaliswineT is ZiriTadi orientirebi, romle-
bic erovnul saswavlo gegmaSia miTiTebuli _ orientireba mravalmxrivi codnis,
azrovnebis, realuri problemebis gadaWris unarebis dauflebis efeqtiani gzebis
demonstrirebaze; xelis Sewyoba, rom gatardes principi: ara marto `mza~ codnis
aTviseba, aramed àxali~ qmediTi codnis mopoveba-daufleba, saswavlo procesis
sxvadasxva formebisa da sistemebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebi: individualu-
ri, jgufuri, koleqtiuri, problemuri, interaqtiuli.
zogadi informacia saxelmZRvanelos Sesaxeb
saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarss gansazRvravs rogorc praqtikuli moTxovnebi, aseve

maTematikis ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonzomierebebi. Sinaarsis SerCevas Sesabami-
si asakis moswavleTaTvis misawvdomobis principic udevs safuZvlad. standartis
moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebisas yuradReba gavamaxvileT mimarTulebebis integra-
ciaze (integracia `maTematikis SigniT~ da integraciaze sxva saswavlo sagnebTan).
maTematika erTiani mecnierebaa da ara misi sxvadasxva nawilis xelovnuri gaer-
Tianeba. saxelmZRvaneloSi masalis gadmocemis meTodika iTvaliswinebs sakiTxebs
urTierTkavSirSi da ara izolirebul gadmocemas; sistematuria wina masalis ga-
meorebisa da ganmtkicebis momentebis gaTvaliswineba. es xels uwyobs kursis er-
Tiani koncefciis ganxorcielebas. pirveli Tavic ki, romelic ZiriTadad wina wle-
bSi Seswavlili sakiTxebis gameorebas moicavs, momavali sakiTxebis gaTvaliswine-
biTaa agebuli. saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili mrvalferovani saswavlo masala
maswavlebels miscems saSualebas, kargad Seasrulos diferencirebuli swavleba
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sxvadasxva akademiuri donis moswavleebTan. aqvea masala siRrmiseuli swavlebisT-
vis, masala jgufuri da saproeqto aqtivobebisTvis.
aqve aRvniSnavT saxelmZRvanelos maRalmecnierul dones; gadmocemis misawvdo-
mobas, enis sizustesa da simartives. wigni mkafiodaa struqturirebuli da aRweri-
li. calkea gamoyofili saklaso muSaobisTvis gankuTvnili amocanebi.
cxadia, aseTi dayofa pirobiTia da maswavlebels SeuZlia survilisamebr cvlile-
bebi Seitanos davalebaTa moculobasa da SinaarsSi.
masalis mravalferovneba, moculoba da misawvdomoba uTuod Seuwyobs xels pe-
dagogs, raTa man warmatebiT gadaWras saswavlo standartiTa da wliuri programiT
dasaxuli amocanebi.
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sarCevi
Sesavali
maswavlebelis wignis mokle mimoxilva 7

maTematikis swavlebis miznebi; miznebis, standartis Sedegebis miRwevisa
da Sinaarsis urTierTkavSiris matrica 8
moswavlis wignSi gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva struqturuli erTeulis
mimaniSnebeli simboloebi da maTi ganmartebebi 17
I Tavi. gameoreba. geometriuli figurebi
1.1. arapoziciuri sistemebi. Zveli qarTuli numeracia. 21

1.2. naturaluri ricxvebis gayofa. gayofadobis niSnebi. 31
Semajamebeli wera #1 38
1.3. simravle. qvesimravle 42
1.4. simravleTa gaerTianeba da TanakveTa. venis diagramebi 46
1.5. geometriuli figurebi 53
1.6. kuTxe. kuTxeTa urTierTganlageba 58
1.7. monakveTisa da kuTxis gazomva 61
1.8. kuTxeTa klasifikacia. or wrfes Soris kuTxe 66
II Tavi. racionaluri ricxvebi. monacemTa analizi da statistika.

zogierTi geometriuli figura.
2.1. mTeli ricxvebi 82

2.2. mTeli ricxvis moduli. mTeli ricxvebis Sedareba 85
2.3. mTeli ricxvebis Sekreba da gamokleba 88
2.4. mTeli ricxvebis gamravleba da gayofa 91
2.5. dadebiTi racionaluri ricxvebi 98
2.6. racionaluri ricxvebi 104
2.7. racionaluri ricxvis naturalurmaCvenebeliani xarisxi 112
2.8. monacemTa analizi da statistika 113
2.9. oTxkuTxedebi. 118
III Tavi. cvladiani gamosaxuleba
3.1. cvladiani gamosaxuleba. cvladiani gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobis povna 130

3.2. naturalurmaCvenebeliani xarisxis Tvisebebi 133
3.3. erTwevri. mravalwevri. moqmedebebi mravalwevrebze. 138
3.4. Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebi 142
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IV Tavi. mravalwevris mamravlebad daSla. gantoleba
4.1. mravalwevris mamravleblad daSla 148

4.2. gantoleba. gantolebis fesvi. 156
4.3. wrfivi erTucnobiani gantoleba 161
V Tavi. amocanebis amoxsnis xerxebi.

koordinatebi da maTi gamoyeneba
5.1. amocanebis amoxsna gantolebis saSualebiT 170

5.2. amocanebis amoxsnis sxvadasxva xerxi 176
5.3. koordinatebi wrfesa da sibrtyeze 184
5.4. RerZuli simetria 194
5.5. paraleluri gadatana 203
VI Tavi. sidideebs Soris damokidebulebebi
6.1. Sefardeba 219

6.2. ricxvis dayofa proporciul nawilebad 222
6.3. proporcia 225
6.4. pirdapirproporciuli sidideebi 229
VII Tavi. samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebi. procenti
7.1. samkuTxedi. samkuTxedis saxeebi kuTxeebis mixedviT 238

7.2. samkuTxedis elementebi 243
7.3. samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebi 248
7.4. procenti 256
7.5. vagrZelebT procentze amocanebis amoxsnas 259
Tavi VIII. statistikis elementebi. geometriuli amocanebi
8.1. monacemTa Semajamebeli ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebi 277

8.2. samkuTxedis saxeebi gverdebis mixedviT. tolferda samkuTxedi 280
8.3. monakveTis SuamarTobis Tviseba. wrewiris qorda da mxebi 285
8.4. kuTxis biseqtrisis Tviseba 291
8.5. geometriuli amocanebi agebaze 297
maTematikuri terminebis leqsikoni da maTematikuri niSnebi 308

literatura 309
damatebiTi beWduri da eleqtronuli resursebi 310
boloTqma 311
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Sesavali
maswavlebelis wignis mokle mimoxilva
maswavlebelis wigni Seicavs meTodikur rekomendaciebs maTematikis 2018-2024

wlebisTvis gankuTvnili standartis mixedviT Sedgenili maTematikis me-7 kla-
sis saxelmZRvanelosTvis. wignis daniSnulebaa, daexmaros maswavlebels saswavlo
procesis dagegmvasa da warmarTvaSi.
maswavlebelis wignSi Tavebisa da paragrafebis numeracia da dasaxelebebi
emTxveva moswavlis saxelmZRvaneloSi SemoRebul numeraciasa da dasaxelebebs. war-
modgenilia TiTqmis yvela gakveTilis scenari.
wignSi gaecnobiT Cvens mosazrebebs axali masalis axsnis Sesaxeb; mocemuli
iqneba Sesabamisi axsna-ganmartebebi masalis wardgenis fazebis Sesaxeb _ motiva-
cia, sakiTxis dasma, amocanis gansazRvra, ZiriTadi masalis gamoyofa; sawyis etapze
Sesasrulebeli savarjiSoebi da maTi analizi, damagvirgvinebel etapze Sesasrule-
beli amocanebi da maTi analizi, Semajamebeli davalebebi da maTi Sefasebis ru-
brika, TviTSefasebisTvis gankuTvnili Semajamebeli davalebebis garCevis xerxebi.
Cveni miTiTebebi, TiTqmis yvela gakveTilis scenarTan dakavSirebiT, daexmareba
maswavlebels ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi.
amoxsnilia saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli TiTqmis yvela amocana; amasTanave, mi-
TiTebulia amoxsnis sxvadasxva xerxis gamoyenebis magaliTebi. xSirad xdeba xolme,
rom moswavle amoxsnis gansxvavebul xerxs irCevs, maswavlebeli mzad unda iyos
moswavlis mier SeTavazebuli amoxsnis gansxvavebuli xerxis gansaxilvelad da Se-
safaseblad.
maswavlebeli gaecnoba warmodgenili masalis mecnierul da meTodologiur sa-
fuZvlebs. miwodebulia Sesabamisi eleqtronuli, beWdviTi resursebis misamarTebi;
literaturis nusxa.
maswavleblis wigni Seicavs rekomendaciebs Sefasebis sqemebis gamoyenebis Se-
saxeb. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis ganxorcie-
lebis xelSewyobas _ rogor vawarmooT moswavleebis muSaobaze dakvirveba, rogor
movaxerxoT maTi aqtivobebis dafiqsireba yovel gakveTilze, rogor gamoviyenoT es
Sefaseba miRweuli Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad.
amasTanave, Cven mier miwodebul rekomendaciebs gakveTilis dagegmvisa da war-
marTvis Sesaxeb maswavlebeli SemoqmedebiTad unda miudges _ swavleba, cnobili
maTematikosis d. poias mixedviT, xelovnebaa.
saxelmZRvnelo ar warmoadgens saswavlo gegmas da arc standarts. maswavlebels
SeuZlia mis mier SerCeuli strategiis realizaciis, diferencirebuli swavlebis
mizniT, SearCios wignSi warmodgenili didi moculobis saswavlo masalidan saTa-
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nado sakiTxebi ise, rom miaRwios standartiT dasaxul miznebs. wignSi moyvanili
saintereso istoriuli faqtebi, amocanebi jgufuri, saproeqto da sxva saxis da-
valebebisTvis, gaamravalferovnebs swavlebis formebs da gazrdis moswavleTa mo-
tivacias. saswavlo procesis dagegmvas maswavlebels gauadvilebs saxelmZRvanelSi
saklaso davalebaTa calke gamoyofa, Tumca maswavlebels SeuZlia maTi moculobis,
Tavad amocanebis Secvlac.
SesaZlebelia maswavlebelma gakveTilis warmarTvis, moswavleTa aqtivobis da
gegmvis Tavisi originaluri xerxebic moifiqros.
yoveli Temis warmodgenas Tan axlavs detaluri komentarebi da masalis
mecnieruli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebis mimoxilva.
Cven mier warmodgenil rekomendaciebSi, romlebic yoveli gakveTilis Catare-
bis sqemas exeba, ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba saswavlo procesSi moswavlis aqtiuri
CabmisTvis xelSemwyobi pirobebis Seqmnaze; swavleba Ziebisa da dasabuTebis gziT
unda mimdinareobdes, moswavle Tavad unda aRmoaCendes WeSmaritebas motivirebuli
situaciis dagegmvis Semdeg; mTavaria kvlevis procesi, ara marto pasuxis mosmena
kiTxvaze _ `ra~, aramed _ `rogor~, an _ `kidev rogor~. es yvelaferi aucilebe-
lia moswavleTa momavali profesiuli saqmianobisTvis, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
aqtiuri monawileobisTvis.
maTematikis swavlebis miznebi; miznebis, standartis

Sedegebis miRwevisa da Sinaarsis urTierTkavSiris
matrica
sabazo safexuris standarti, romlis mixedviTac aris Cveni saxelmZRvanelo

Sedgenili, Semdegi nawilebisgan Sedgeba:
a) sagnis swavla-swavlebis miznebi
b) standartis Sedegebi da Sinaarsi
g) meTodikuri orientirebi
d) Sefaseba
maswavlebeli kargad unda icnobdes 2018-2024 wlebisTvis gankuTvnil standart-

sa da mis moTxovnebs. misi muSaoba unda warimarTos am moTxovnebis Sesabamisad,
raTa standartSi Camoyalibebul swavla-swavlebis miznebze muSaobiT maTematikam
Tavisi wvlili Seitanos erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli unarebisa da
Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi.
axal standartSi Camoyalibebuli miznebi, logikuri da kritikuli azrovnebis
xerxebisa da maTematikis enis dauflebasTan erTad, maTematikuri instrumentebis
gamoyenebiT realuri problemebis gadaWrasac gulisxmobs.
aqve aRvniSnavT azrovnebis maTematikuri stilis Camoyalilebis mniSvnelobas,
rac gulisxmobs:
1) obieqtTa klasifikaciis unars, 2) kanonzomierebis aRmoCenasa da dadgenas,
3) argumentirebis unars.
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sagnis swavla-swavlebis miznebi, Sefasebis indikatorebi pasuxobs standartis
Sedegebs. isini pasuxobs SekiTxvas:^ ra unda SeZlos moswavlem maTematikaSi yoveli
Temis Seswavlis Semdeg. Cven mier Sedgenil cxrilSi warmodgenil yovel Sedegs win
uZRvis indeqsi, romelic miuTiTebs sagans, swavlebis etaps da standartis Sedegs.
es aRniSvna maTematikis standartSi miRebuli aRniSvnis analogiuria.
standartis Sedegebis miRwevisa da Sinaarsis urTierTkavSiris matrica
miznebi: Sinaarsis gardaqmna miznad; stand-

Temebis CamonaTvali dro
artSi miTiTebuli Sesabamisi punqtebi
naturaluri ricxvebi,
wakiTxva, gamosaxva, Se- naturaluri ricxvebis wakiTxva, Cawera (maT.
dareba. sab. 3, 4) klasifikacia, moqmedebebis sxvadasx-
10 sT
va xerxiT Sesruleba (maT. sab. 1, 2) da praqti-
naturalur ricxvebze moq- kuli gamoyenebebi (maT. sab. 7).
medebebi
simravle, qvesimravle, mo- simravluri cnebebisa da operaciebis gamoye-
5 sT
qmedebebi simravleebze neba amocanebis amoxsnisas (maT. sab. 7, 8)
geometriuli figurebis amocnoba, maTi sa-
geometriuli figurebi, xeobebis Sedareba da klasifikacia (maT. sab.
kuTxe, monakveTebisa da 1, 2, 5, 6, 7)
kuTxeebis gazomva, kuTx- 8 sT
eebis klasifikacia, or zomis erTeulebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba
wrfes Soris kuTxe da gamoyeneba amocanebis amoxsnisas (maT. sab.
7)
mTeli ricxvebi: Cawera, gamosaxva, Sedareba,
dalageba, (maT. sab. 3,4)
mTel ricxvebze moqmedebebis sxvadasxva xerx-

iT Sesruleba (maT. sab. 1, 2).
mTeli ricxvebi. mTeli
ricxvis moduli. moqmede- racionaluri ricxvebis gamosaxva, Sedare-
bebi mTel ricxvebze. ba, dalageba, poziciuri sistemis gamoyeneba
(maT. sab. 3, 4). 12 sT
racionaluri ricxvebi.
racionaluri ricxvis racionalur ricxvebze moqmedebebis sxva-
naturalurmaCvenebeliani dasxva xerxiT Sesruleba (maT. sab. 1, 2).
xarisxi
racionalur ricxvebze moqmedebaTa Sedegis
Sefaseba (maT. sab. 1, 2).
naturalurmaCvenebeliani xarisxis praqtiku-

li gamoyenebebi (maT. sab. 6, 7).
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monacemebi, monacemTa raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi monacemebis Seg-
warmodgenis xerxebi (sia, roveba, mowesrigeba, warmodgena xelsayreli
cxrili, wertilovani, xaz- formiT (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8) 6 sT
ovani, svetovani diagrame- monacemTa analizi konteqstis gaTvaliswine-
bi, piqtograma) biT (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9)
geometriuli figurebis amocnoba, maTi sa-
xeobebis Sedareba da klasificireba (maT. sab.
oTxkuTxedebi 1, 2, 5, 6, 7) 6 sT
geometriuli obieqtebis warmodgena amocanis
konteqstis Sesabamisad (maT. sab. 4, 5, 6)
cvladiani gamosaxuleba,
gamosaxulebis gamartive-
ba, mravalwevri, moqmede-
bebi mravalwevrebze, verbalurad aRwerili situaciis algebruli
mravalwevris mamaravle- gamosaxulebis saxiT Cawera (maT. sab. 4, 7, 8)
bad daSla (saerTo mam- algebruli gamosaxulebis gamartiveba da 16 sT
ravlis frCxilebs gareT ricxviTi mniSvnelobis gamoTvla cvladTa
gatana, dajgufebis wesi, sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebisTvis (maT. sab. 4)
mamravlebad daSla Semok-
lebuli gamravlebis for-
mulebiT)
gantoleba, gantolebis
fesvi. wrfivi gantolebis amoxsna da amoxsnis geome-
8 sT
wrfivi erTucnobiani gan- triuli interpretacia (maT. sab. 1, 3, 7)
toleba.
koordinatebi wrfesa da koordinatTa meTodis gamoyeneba
sibrtyeze, sakoordinato gantolebebis amosaxsnelad, sibrtyeze ori- 9 sT
meoTxedebi entirebisTvis (maT. sab. 7).
gantolebis Sedgena mocemuli amocanis Sesa-
amocanebis amoxsna sxva
bamisad, gantolebis Sesabamisi amocanis Sed- 6 sT
dasxva xerxiT
gena (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7)
geometriuli gardaqmnebi: geometriuli gardaqmnebis ganxorcieleba da
RerZuli simetria, para- gamoyeneba figuraTa Tvisebebis dasadgenad 10 sT
leluri gadatana. (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3)
Sefardeba. proporcia. sidideebs Soris pirdapirproporciuli
pirdapirproporciuli damokidebuleba, misi amocnoba da gamosaxva 10 sT
sidideebi (maT. sab. 7, 8, 9)
samkuTxedi, samkuTxedebis
geometriuli amocanebis amoxsna samkuTxed-
saxeebi kuTxeebis mixed-
Tan dakavSirebuli cnebebisa da faqtebis ga- 10 sT
viT, samkuTxedebis tolo-
moyenebiT (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8)
bis niSnebi
10
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racionaluri ricxvebis Caweris sxvadasxva xe-
procenti, procentze amo- rxisa da racionaluri ricxvebis Tvisebebis
6 sT
canebis amoxsna gamoyeneba praqtikuli amocanebis amosaxsne-
lad (maT. sab. 3, 4)
Tvisebriv da raodenobriv monacemTa inter-
statistikis elementebi.
pretacia da analizisas monacemTa Semajamebe-
monacemTa Semajamebeli 10 sT
li ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebis gamoyeneba (maT.
ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebi
sab. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9)
monakveTis SuamarTobisa
da kuTxis biseqtrisis Tvi-
seba.
geometriuli amocanebis amoxsna samkuTxe-
agebis amocanebi:
debTan dakavSirebuli cnebebisa da faqtebis 6 sT
samkuTxedis toli sam- gamoyenebiT (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9)
kuTxedis ageba, kuTxis bi-
seqtrisis ageba, monakveTis
SuamarTobis ageba
samizne asakis Taviseburebebi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos maTe-

matikis swavlebisas safuZvlad udevs saxelmZRvaneloSi Sinaarsis SerCevas, gad-
mocemis meTodikas, saswavlo procesis dagemvis formebis SerCevas. am mxriv mniSv-
nelovania moswavlis muSaoba TanatolebTan erTad.
jgufuri muSaoba, proeqtebze erToblivi Zalisxmeva xels uwyobs moswavleTa
Soris TanamSromlobis, gaziarebis, sakiTxis sxva adamianis TvaliT danaxvisa da
problemebis gadawyvetis unarebis ganviTarebas. davalebebi, romlebic erTmaneT-
Tan TanamSromlobas moiTxovs, moswavleebs sxva adamianebis daxmarebis unarebis
ganviTarebaSi exmareba. TanatolebTan urTierTobebis dros moswavleebi bevr rames
swavloben imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris da ra ar aris socialurad miRebuli saqcieli.
unda gaviTvaliswinoT asakisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi. 12-13 wlis
asakidan TandaTanobiT umjobesdeba momavali qmedebebis dagegmvis unari. Sesabami-
sad, moswavleebs SeiZleba mivceT davalebebi, romlebic damoukideblad Seswavlasa
da gadawyvetas moiTxovs.
am asakSi moswavle iwyebs TviTmotivaciis strategiebis gamoyenebas. amitom maT
unda mivceT SesaZlebloba Seafason TavianTi progresi swavlaSi da Semdeg es Sefase-
ba maswavleblis Sefasebas Seadaron. am mimarTulebiTac vexmarebiT maT, saswavlo
masalis yoveli dasrulebuli monakveTis gavlis Semdeg gaTvaliswinebulia Sema-
jamebeli davalebebi TviTSefasebisTvis, Sefasebis mocemuli rubrikis mixedviT
moswavle TviTon afasebs Tavis Sedegs. am asakSi ukve SeiZleba daviwyoT Sedare-
biT rTuli davalebebis micemac, romlebic damoukideblad swavlas moiTxovs. im
moswavleebs, romlebsac jer ar aqvT swavlis TviTregulaciis unari, konkretuli
miTiTebebiT vexmarebiT. konkretul-operaciuli stadiidan formalur-operaciul
stadiaze gadasvlis procesSi (iwyeba me-7 klasidan) unda gamoviCinoT sifrTxile
don’t copy
_ am dros mozardebs ukve aqvT hipoTezurad azrovnebis unari. maT SeuZliaT ims-
11
jelon iseT situaciebsa da garemoebebze, rac maT TviTon ar gamoucdiaT. piaJes
azriT, formalur-operaciuli azrovnebis ganviTarebasTan erTad moswavleTa maTe-
matikuri SesaZleblobebi umjobesdeba. maT ukve uadvildebaT abstraqtuli maTe-
matikuri amocanebis amoxsna, SeuZliaT iseTi cnebebis gageba, rogoricaa uaryofi-
Ti ricxvi (axali standartis mixedviT, uaryofiTi ricxvebis Seswavla me-7 klasSi
iwyeba). maT axla ukve esmiT, rom temperaturam SeiZleba nuls qvemoT daiwios,
da rom ori paraleluri wrfe erTmaneTs arasodes `Seexeba, usasrulobamdec rom
gagrZeldes~. am asakSi moswavleebs ukve uCndebaT dasabuTebis moTxovnebi. magram
am mimarTulebiTac vcdilobT davicvaT zomiereba, saxelmZRvanelo ar aris gada-
tvirTuli rTuli damtkicebebiT, aqsiomebze dayrdnobiT geometriis sistemis age-
biT. moswavle unda grZnobdes dasabuTebis aucileblobas. gansakuTrebiT, es mniSv-
nelovania geometriuli masalis gadmocemisas. arsebobs araswori warmodgena, rom
mxolod geometria uwyobs xels logikuri msjelobis unaris ganviTarebas. amasTa-
nave, maTematikuri azrovneba ar daiyvaneba mxolod deduqciur msjelobebze, for-
malur damtkicebebze. cnebis gamoyofa, romelic konkretul situacias esadageba,
dakvirvebis Sedegad konkretuli SemTxvevis ganzogadebiT hipoTezis wamoyeneba, in-
duqciis gamoyenebiT msjelobis Catareba, analogiiTa da intuiciiT daskvnis Zieba
maTematikuri azrovnebis nawilia.
maTematikuri simkacris roli, SeiZleba iTqvas, intuiciiT mopovebulis da-
kanonebaa. Tumca, es ar niSnavs deduqciur msjelobaze uaris Tqmas. `berZnebidan
moyolebuli _ vambobT: `maTematika~, vgulisxmobT `damtkicebas~ [13]. siZneleebi
moswavleebs martividan rTulisken mimaval gzaze unda Sexvdes. me-7 klasidan viwy-
ebT Teoriul-simravluri simbolikis zomier gamoyenebas.
maswavleblebs mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT moswavleTa gawafuloba sxvadasxva alge-
bruli gardaqmnebis Catarebaze. did dros uTmoben aseTi sakiTxebis gavlis dros
erTi da imave tipis savarjiSoebze varjiSs. wignis moculobis Semcirebis mizniT
Cvens wina wlebis sabazo safexuris saxelmZRvaneloebSi mcire iyo aRniSnuli ti-
pis amocanebis wili. amitom maswavleblebi iyenebdnen Tanamedrove saganmanaTle-
blo miznebisTvis miuRebel saxelmZRvaneloebsac ki. amjerad gvaqvs SesaZlebloba
saxelmZRvanelo ramdenime wignad gamovceT, amitom ukve mravlad aris yvela tipis
savarjiSo _ `testebi~, amocanebi jgufuri da individualuri muSaobisTvis, amo-
canebi gameorebisTvis, amocanebi, romlebic sxvadasxva rubrikiTaa warmodgenili
da pasuxobs am rubrikebis moTxovnebs _ `moisazre~, `vip~ (vin iqneba pirveli), amo-
canebi, romlebic moiTxovs gardaqmnebis akuratul Catarebas, amocanebi, romelTa
amoxsnisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sinjvisa da amowurvis meTodi, saproeqto amocane-
bi.
maTematikuri kvlevis meTodebi _ dakvirveba, cda, Sedareba, analizi da sin-

Tezi, ganzogadeba da specializacia, analogia, abstraqcia da konkretizacia _
gamoiyeneba maTematikis swavlebis procesSi. magaliTad, abstraqciis gavrcelebu-
li saxe _ idealizaciis abstraqcia _ sabazo safexuris pirvelive wels gvxvdeba,
roca ganvixilavT geometriul figurebs: wertils da wrfes (idealizaciis abstraq-
cia iseTi axali obieqtis warmodgenaa, romelic xasiaTdeba realuri wina saxisgan
12
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momdinare TvisebebiTac da iseTi TvisebebiTac, romlebic realur obieqts ara
aqvs).
msjelobebi, ZiriTadad, induqciuria, magram sabazo safexurze ukve viwyebT
deduqciis gamoyenebas. induqciuria gayofadobis niSnebis miReba, Tumca, gvxvdeba
deduqciuri msjelobis magaliTebi _ samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebze dayrdno-
biT monakveTis SuamarTobis, kuTxis biseqtrisis Tvisebebis dadgena. klasifikaciis
magaliTia samkuTxedebis klasifikacia kuTxeebis mixedviT.
saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo resursebis CamonaTvali, romlebic efeqturs gax-
dis swavlebis miznebis miRwevas (beWduri da eleqtronuli resursebi), darTuli
aqvs maswavleblis wignis boloSi ganTavsebul literaturas.
saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili davalebebi (Semajamebeli amocanebi, amocanebi
TviTSefasebisTvis), testebi, maswavleblis wignSi ganxiluli gakveTilebis scenare-
bi exmareba maswavleblebs Sefasebis orive formis realizaciisas.
ganmsazRvreli da ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebebi. skolaSi gamoiyeneba ori tipis

Sefaseba, ganmsazRvreli da ganmaviTarebeli. ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis gamoyeneba
iwyeba mexuTe klasis saswavlo wlis pirveli naxevris damTavrebis Semdeg. ganmsazR-
vreli Sefaseba akontrolebs moswavlis miRwevis dones standartiT gansazRvrul
miznebTan mimarTebaSi. ganmsazRvrel SefasebaSi iwereba qula.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba yvela klasSi unda ganxorcieldes. igi akontrole-
bs TiToeuli moswavlis ganviTarebis dinamikas da xels uwyobs swavlis xarisxis
gaumjobesebas.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebisas maswavlebeli moswavleTa saqmianobas amowmebs ara
maTi miRwevis donis gansasjelad da qulebis dasawerad, aramed maT dasaxmare-
blad. maswavlebeli akvirdeba TiToeul moswavles swavlis procesSi, swavlobs maT
saWiroebebs, raTa TiToeul maTgans maqsimalurad Seuwyos xeli winsvlaSi. aseT
konstruqciul saswavlo garemoSi moswavleebs ar aferxebT warumateblobis SiSi
da nebisimer SemTxvevaSi maswavleblis rCevisa da mxardaWeris imedi aqvT. codnis
donis miuxedavad, moswavleebi iZenen axal codnas, imdidreben gamocdilebas da
iumjobeseben unarebs.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis procesSi unda CaerTon maswavlebelica da moswavlee-
bic. maswavleblis daxmarebiT, moswavleebi Tavadac cdiloben, daadginon sakuTari
moTxovnilebebi, gamoavlinon Zlieri da susti mxareebi, Semaferxebeli faqtorebi,
igrZnon winsvla da irwmunon, rom SeuZliaT siZneleTa etapobrivi gadalaxva. es
faqtorebi zrdis maT qmediTobasa da pasuxismgeblobas.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebisas gamoiyeneba iseTi saSualebebi rogorebicaa: sity-
vieri komentari, rCeva-darigeba, dakvirvebis furceli, TviTSefasebisa da ur-
TierTSefasebis sqema, codnis aTvisebis an unaris ganviTarebis etapebis aRmniSvne-
li doneebi (magaliTad, aTvisebulia/flobs, aTvisebis procesSia, asaTvisebelia).
aTvisebis, Tu flobis doneebiT Sedgenili Sefasebis, an TviTSefasebis sqemebi
maswavlebelsac da moswavlesac saSualebas aZlevs, dinamikaSi dainaxon konkretu-
li codnis, Tu unaris aTvisebis procesi.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis aRwerilobisas unda gamovyoT am Sefasebis miznebi,
amocanebi, warmatebis kriteriumebi, Semfaseblebi da Sefasebis formebi, swavlis
don’t copy 13
procesTan mimarTeba, Catarebis dro da maswavleblis roli. miznebis Sesaxeb ukve
visaubreT. amocanebidan gamovyofT moswavlis mier Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxaree-
bis dadgenis unaris Sefasebas, romelic ukavSirdeba moswavleTa rols _ isini Sem-
faseblebis rolSi gvevlinebian. amasTanave, mniSvnelovania urTierTSefasebac. Se-
fasebis procesi uwyvetad mimdinareobs, rogorc axal masalaze gadasvlamde, aseve
misi aTvisebisas, Tanac SesaZlebelia ramdenjerme _ gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi.
moswavlem aqtiuri monawileoba unda miiRos Catarebisa da Sedegebis SejamebaSi.
magaliTad, SeiZleba aseTi forma gamoviyenoT. moswavleebs urigdebaT furcle-
bi, romlebic or nawiladaa gakecili. erT nawilze iwereba moswavlis saxeli, gva-
ri da amocanebis nomrebi, meore nawilze _ mxolod saxelmZRvanelodan SerCeuli
daxurulboloiani amocanebis nomrebi. moswavleebi Seavseben (Seitanen pasuxe-
bs) furclis orive nawilSi da furclis pirvel nawils abareben maswavlebels.
maswavlebeli swrafad kiTxulobs swor pasuxebs. moswavleebs saSualeba aqvT
TviTon Seafason sakuTari Tavi _ daajamon swori pasuxebis raodenoba. am gziT
moswavleebi gaigeben, ramdeni `qula~ miiRes. Semdeg ki CaerTvebian mocemuli amo-
canebis sajaro ganxilvaSi, raTa daadginon, Tu ratom dauSves Secdoma ama Tu im
davalebis Sesrulebis dros. es aqtivoba SeiZleba mxolod daxurulboloani amo-
canebis gamoyenebiT ar Semoifarglos.
moswavleTa miRwevebis, swavlebis procesis gasaumjobeseblad maswavleblisT-
vis sasargebloa aseTi gamokiTxvac: saWiroa furclebze dasmul sam kiTxvaze pa-
suxis gacema; magaliTad, sami ram, rac dRes viswavle; ori ram, rac saintereso
iyo; SekiTxva romelic maqvs. axal masalaze gadasvlamde savaraudo problemebis
winaswari codna axali problemebis prevenciis saSualebaa. amasTanave, ganmaviTare-
beli Sefaseba gvexmareba swavlebis diferencirebaSi.
amrigad, ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba, faqtobrivad, unda ganvixiloT rogorc
procesi, romelic gulisxmobs sxvadasxva aqtivobiT (e.w. ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis
instrumentiT) informaciis Segrovebas moswavlis mier sakiTxebis gagebis, gaazre-
bis Sesaxeb da am informaciis gamoyenebas moswavleTa swavla-swavlebaSi progresis
xelSesawyobad.
ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis instrumentic (mag. testi) zogjer SeiZleba ganmavi-
Tarebeli Sefasebis instrumentad vaqcioT, Tu, magaliTad, moswavleebs davyofT
mcire jgufebad da davavalebT miRebuli pasuxebisa da amoxsnis gzebis Sedarebas,
maTi mosazrebebis axsnas.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis mixedviT, maswavlebelma SeiZleba dagegmos swavle-
bis procesi, diferencirebuli midgomebi moswavleebTan _ muSaobis moculoba da
strategia.
maswavleblis komentaric (zepiri, an werilobiTi) ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis
instrumentad miiCneva, roca es komentari, vTqvaT, mxolod SeqebiT ki ar Semoi-
fargleba, aramed ganmartavs am Seqebis arss. ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis mZlavr
instrumentad TanatolTa mosazrebebis Sefaseba SeiZleba miviCnioT. davasaxelebT
agreTve Seswavlili cnebebis mixedviT moswavleTa mier amocanebis Sedgenas. kidev
ufro maRal dones am cnebaTa vizualizacia warmoadgens.
14
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yoveli aqtivobisas maswavleblis mier warmoebuli dakvirvebac moswavleTa Car-
Tulobaze ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis instrumentia, rom araferi vTqvaT am dros
gakeTebul rCevebze.
maSasadame, ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba uwyvetad unda mimdinareobdes _ saSinao
davalebis ganxilvisas (rac, faqtobrivad, TiTqmis yoveli gakveTilis dawyebisas
unda Catardes), axal masalaze gadasvlamde da am masalis aTvisebis procesSic.
moswavleebze dakvirvebisa da maT mier masalis aTvisebaze warmodgenis Sesaqm-
nelad maswavleblebs vexmarebiT saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli testebiT, sakontro-
lo kiTxvebiT. isini wliur gegmaSi Camoyalibebuli Tematuri sakvanZo SekiTxvebis
safuZvelzea Sedgenili. standartSi miTiTebulia sxva mniSvnelovani funqciebic.
informacia moswavlis saxelmZRvanelos Sesaxeb. saxelmZRvanelo moswavlis

wignisadmi wayenebuli yvela moTxovnis Sesabamisadaa agebuli. sarCevi da rCevebi
wigniT sargeblobisTvis wignis dasawyisSia mocemuli, maTematikuri terminebis le-
qsikoni, maTematikuri niSnebi da maTi gamoyenebis magaliTebi, sagnobrivi saZiebeli
_ wignis boloSi.
moswavleebSi maTematikis, rogorc zogadsakacobrio kulturis nawilis Sesaxeb
warmodgenis Camoyalibebas xels uwyobs SinaarsSi CarTuli epizodebi mecnierebis
istoriidan. isini moswavleebs im adamianTa saxelebs acnobs, romlebic maTematikas
qmnidnen. maT Soris arian saxelovani qarTveli maTematikosebic.
saxelmZRvanelos Sedgenis erT-erTi principi moswavleTa asakobrivi Tavise-
burebebis gaTvaliswinebaa.
gazrdilia SedarebiT martivi amocanebis raodenoba, `moisazres~ rubrikiT war-
modgenili amocanebis amoxsna ki SedarebiT maRali akademiuri mzaobis moswavlee-
bisTvis SeiZleba iyos gankuTvnili. Tumca, klasSi maTi erToblivi ganxilvac
sasargeblo unda iyos yvela moswavlisTvis, roca isini Tanaklaselis mier war-
modgenil amoxsnebs usmenen da monawileoben amocanebis ganxilvasa da amoxsnebis
SefasebaSi.
saxelmZRvanelo 6 Tavisagan Sedgeba, TiToeuli Tavi _ paragrafebisgan. yove-
li paragrafis nomeri, saTanadod Tavis nomersac mianiSnebs. magaliTad, paragrafi
3.2 aris me-3 Tavis me-2 paragrafi. yovel Temas mosdevs Semajamebeli amocanebi da
amocanebi TviTSefasebisTvis, romlebiTac moswavleebi Tavad afaseben sakuTar co-
dnas. zogierTi paragrafi ramdenime nawilisgan Sedgeba. sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa
Cveni miTiTeba saklaso da saSinao samuSaoebad amocanebis danawilebis Sesaxeb.
vcdilobT, davicvaT zomiereba, ar gadavtvirToT saxelmZRvanelo rTuli
damtkicebebiT; moswavle unda grZnobdes dasabuTebis aucileblobas. es gan-
sakuTrebiT geometriis sakiTxebis gadmocemas exeba. amocanebi, romelTa Sefase-
bas moswavle Tavad afasebs _ saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili Sefasebis rubrikis
mixedviT. Cven mier SeTavazebuli savarjiSoebi xels uwyobs maswavleblebs ganmavi-
Tarebeli Sefasebis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi; advilia moswavleTa codnaSi xarveze-
bis aRmoCena da am xarvezebis gamosworebaze muSaoba, rac ganmaviTarebeli Sefase-
bis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli niSania.
moswavlis wignSi SemoTavazebuli savarjiSoebi exmareba maswavlebels diferen-
cirebuli swavlebis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi.
don’t copy 15
moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo saswavlo procesis dagegmvisa da warmarTvis erT-er-
Ti saSualebaa. moswavleebTan saubari SeiZleba wignis teqstisgan gansxvavebuladac
aagos maswavlebelma. saxelmZRvanelo exmareba maswavlebels _ masSi dafiqsirebu-
lia SemecnebiTi saqmianoba, romelic maswavlebelma unda warmarTos. SevecadeT,
rom ar Seqmniliyo savarjiSoTa sxva krebulebis gamoyenebis saWiroeba. maswavle-
belma unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom im krebulebis umetesoba erovnuli saswavlo geg-
misa da standartis moTxovnis Sesabamisad ar aris organizebuli; maTi saSuale-
biT SeuZlebelia sakvanZo SekiTxvebze pasuxebis moZieba da mkvidri warmodgenebis
Camoyalibeba. Cvens saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili masala (teqstebi, SekiTxvebi)
xels uwyobs moswavlis etapobriv miyvanas axal codnamde, cnebaTa gaazrebamde,
mkvidri warmodgenebis Camoyalibebamde; Semajamebeli davalebebi, romlebic axlavs
yovel Tematur bloks, moiTxovs SeZenil codnaTa integrirebul gamoyenebas. did
yuradRebas vuTmobT saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili masalis sandoobas, obieq-
turobas. amocanebi isea SerCeuli, rom amoxsnis sxvadasxva xerxebis (algebruli,
geometriuli) gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli, rac xels uwyobs kritikuli azrovnebis gan-
viTarebas. struqturuli erTeulebi (Tema, paragrafi, `moisazre~ da `vip~-is amo-
canebi, jguferi muSaobisTvis gankuTvnili amocanebi, amocanebi klasSi Sesasrule-
blad, amocanebi Sin amosaxsnelad) gamoyofilia saTanado simboloebiT, romlebsac
moswavle wignis dasawyisSive gaecnoba.
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moswavlis wignSi gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva struqturuli
erTeulis mimaniSnebeli simboloebi da maTi ganmartebebi
waikiTxeT es rCevebi da gaecaniT specialuri simboloebis daniSnulebas.
saxelmZRvanelos TiToeuli Tavi masSi mocemuli ma-

salis mokle aRweriT iwyeba.
es simbolo klasSi amosaxsneli amocanebis ganxilvis

klasSi dawyebaze migviTiTebs. am amocanebis nomrebi wreebSia
Casmuli. magaliTad 5 .
es simbolo Sin muSaobisTvis gankuTvnil amocanebs

warmogvidgens. am amocanebis nomrebi samkuTxedebSia
saSinao
Casmuli _ 3 .
`sxvadasxva~ _ maTematikasTan dakavSirebul saint-
s ereso faqtebsa da istoriebs war
mo
gvidgens.
am simbolos mosdevs amocanebi, romelTa amosaxsnelad

moisazre xSirad sakmao gamWriaxobis gamovlenac mogiwevT. am amo
canebis nomrebi kvadratebSia Casmuli, magaliTad, 1 .
es simbolo axlavs davalebebs, romelTa Sesruleba

informaciuli an sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamo
yenebas moiTxovs.
SemogTavazebT jgufuri muSaobis proeqtebs, rom-

lebic TanaklaselebTan erToblivad muSaobis gamoc-
j dilebas SegmatebT. SeiZleba dagWirdeT informaciis
damoukideblad moZiebac da misi damuSavebac.
i
vin iqneba pirveli. am simboloTi warmodgenili amo-
canebis amoxsnisas ecadeT, gamWriaxobasTan erTad, sx-
arti azrovnebac gamoavlinoT.
teqstis ukeT gagebis mizniT saWirod CavTvaleT zo-

gierTi sityvis warmomavlobisa da misi sxvadasxva
Cveni mniSvnelobis miTiTeba. aseTi Canawerebi teqstSi mo-
leqsikoni niSnulia aq gamosaxuli simboloTi.
am simboloTi drodadro SegaxsenebT, rom yvela amo-
!
l
eu
rv
cana unda amoixsnas rveulSi. wignSi Canawerebi ar

Si
unda gakeTdes!
don’t copy 17
I Tavi
gameoreba. geometriuli figurebi
me-7 klasis saxelmZRvanelo Seqmnilia erovnuli saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebis

mixedviT. saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili Temebi Seesabameba saswavlo gegmaSi ga-
moyofil ZiriTad Temebs. TiToeul TemaSi warmodgenili masala: testebi, proeqte-
bi, Semajamebeli davalebebi da sxva aqtivobebi xels uwyobs sakvanZo SekiTxvebze
pasuxebis moZiebas. saxelmZRvanelos I Tavic, cxadia, yvela am aspeqtis gaTvalis-
winebiTaa Sedgenili, magram mas gansakuTrebuli datvirTva aqvs _ unda CaerTon
moswavleebi saswavlo ritmSi, axal Temebze gadasvlas win unda uswrebdes im Ziri-
Tadi sakiTxebis gameoreba, romlebzec axali masala unda daSendes. mTel ricxveb-
ze, racionalur ricxvebze gadasvlamde saWirod miviCnieT naturaluri ricxvebis
wakiTxvis, gamosaxvis, Sedarebisa da dalagebis unarebis gaaqtiureba. mkvidri war-
modgenebi, romlebic ganisazRvreba axali Temebis mixedviT, zogadi warmodgenebi,
romlebic Temis Seswavlisas unda Camoyalibdes moswavlis mexsierebaSi, cxadia, wi-
nare warmodgenebs unda eyrdnobodes.
maTematikis swavlebam Tavisi wvlili unda Seitanos mdgradi ganviTarebis miR-
wevis sxvadasxva aspeqtis mniSvnelobis gacnobierebaSi. I TavSi viwyebT iseTi pro-
eqtebis SeTavazebasac, romlebic Caafiqrebs moswavleebs adamianebis usafrTxo,
jansaRi da mdgradi momavalis uzrunvelyofaze.
I TavSi viwyebT simravluri cnebebisa da simravleebze im operaciebis ganxilvas,
romlebic sabazo safexuris standartiT aris gansazRvruli.
simravleTa Teoriis sawyisebis CarTva xels uwyobs Teoriul-simravluri kon-
cefciis gamoyenebas _ geometriuli figuris warmodgenas wertilTa simravlis
saxiT. geometriuli masalis gadmocema am etapze intuiciur doneze, aqsiomuri me-
Todis gamoyenebis gareSe mimdinareobs. Tumca, sawyis geometriul cnebebs Soris
mimarTebebi geometriis agebis saerTo kanonzomierebebis mixedviTaa warmodgenili
_ gamoyofilia winadadebebi, romlebic aqsiomuri meTodis gamoyenebisas WeSmari-
tad miiCneva _ yovel or wertilze erTaderTi wrfe gadis; wertilze, romelic
mocemul wrfes ar ekuTvnis, gadis am wrfis paraleluri erTaderTi wrfe.
saxelmZRvanelos am nawilSi brtyeli geometriuli figurebi da sivrculi figu-
rebi erTdroulad aris warmodgenili. moswavleTa sivrculi warmodgenebis ganvi-
Tarebas emsaxureba sivrcul figurebSi paraleluri wrfeebis `modelebis~ aRmoCe-
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na, aqve sibrtyeTa urTierTganlagebis SemTxvevebicaa warmodgenili. pirveli Tavis
sawyisi paragrafebi naturaluri ricxvebis mwkrivis ganxilviT iwyeba, naturaluri
ricxvebis Caweris xerxebisa da poziciuri sistemis gamoyenebis magaliTebis ganxil-
vas eZRvneba.
maswavleblebs SevaxsenebT, rom naturalur ricxvTa dafuZnebis Teoriis gacno-
bisas, maT, ZiriTadad, or midgomaze miuTiTebdnen _ aqsiomuri midgoma, romelic
peanos saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli da simravluri koncefcia (kantoris mier da-
fuZnebuli).
pirveli midgomisas naturalur ricxvTa mwkrivi esaa {N, 1, F} struqtura, ro-
melic
1. Sedgeba N simravlisgan (am simravlis elementebs naturaluri ricxvebi hqvia);
2. gamoyofilia elementi, romelsac erTi (1) hqvia;
3. gvaqvs mimarTeba F(x; y), y aris x-is momdevno.
garda amisa, mocemuli struqturis Tvisebebia (aqsiomebi):
1) 1 ar aris raime naturaluri ricxvis momdevno;
2) nebismieri naturaluri ricxvisTvis arsebobs erTi da mxolod erTi misi mom-
devno;
3) yoveli naturaluri ricxvi araumetes erTi naturaluri ricxvis momdevnoa;
4) (induqciis aqsioma) N-is yoveli qvesimravle, romelSic Sedis 1 da yovel x-Tan
erTad Sedis misi momdevno naturaluri ricxvi, N-s emTxveva.
aqsiomuri meTodis Tanmimdevruli gatarebisas asec amboben: elementebis bune-
ba, romlebisganac N Sedgeba, araa arsebiTi.
amis Semdeg SeiZleba SemoviRoT naturalur ricxvTa monakveTis cneba, Semdeg
masze dafuZnebiT sasruli simravlisa da sasrul simravleSi elementTa odenobis
(simZlavris) cnebebi.
naturaluri ricxvis cnebis dafuZnebis meore midgoma kantoris saxelTan aris
dakavSirebuli. aq elementebis ricxvi gaigeba, rogorc simravlis simZlavris ker-
Zo SemTxveva. safuZvlad erTi simravlis meore simravleze urTierTcalsaxa Ses-
abamisobis cneba aiReba. am mimarTebiT xdeba simravleTa faqtorizacia, klasebad
dayofa. am koncefciis Sesabamisad TiToeuli klasi xasiaTdeba misi simZlavriT.
aracarieli sasruli simravlis simZlavre, gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, naturaluri
ricxvia.
aseTi Semotanisas sasruli simravle ganusazRvrelia. kidev erTi daSveba am
dros aris usasrulo simravlis arseboba (magaliTad, mimdevrobis usasrulo gagr-
Zelebadobis daSveba).
cxadia, rom skolaSi ariTmetikis sawyisi Seswavla TvalsaCino unda iyos. igi
ar unda misdevdes arc aqsiomur meTods da arc sxva logikuri agebis sqemas. es
ar niSnavs imas, rom ricxvTa sistemis swavlebas ar unda hqondes Tavisi logikuri
agebuleba.
ricxvis cnebis gafarToebas meTodikur literaturaSi [21] xSirad sqematurad
ase warmoadgenen:
don’t copy 19
(1) arauaryofiTi mTeli ricxvebi
(2) mTeli ricxvebi (5) arauaryofiTi racionaluri

ricxvebi
(3) racionaluri ricxvebi (6) arauaryofiTi namdvili

ricxvebi
(4) algebruli ricxvebi (7) namdvili ricxvebi
(8) kompleqsuri ricxvebi
algebris TvalsazrisiT ganzogadebis bunebrivi gza aseTia:

(1) → (2) → (3) → (4)
skolaSi ki Tanmimdevroba aseTia:
(1) → (5) → (3) → (7)
axali erovnuli saswavlo gegmac ricxvis cnebis gafarToebis am Tanamimdevro-
bas gvTavazobs: Tumca, uaryofiTi ricxvebis Seswavla me-7 klasidan aris gaTva-
liswinebuli.
sayuradRebo rekomendaciebi gvaqvs jgufuri muSaobis warmarTvasa da Sefasebis
mimarTac. jgufuri muSaobis warmarTvas axlavs garkveuli sirTuleebi, magram am
formis didi aRmzrdelobiTi, ganmaviTarebeli, emociuri mxare migvaniSnebs, rom is
aucileblad da jerovnad unda tardebodes.
20
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1.1. naturaluri ricxvebis Caweris poziciuri da
arapoziciuri sistemebi. Zveli qarTuli numeracia.
Cveni rekomendaciiT am paragrafSi warmodgenili masalis damuSavebas, Teori-

uli da praqtikuli aspeqtebis swavla-swavlebas eTmoba pirveli xuTi gakveTili.
pedagogebs vurCevT Tavidanve erTianad gaecnon xuTive gakveTilis Sesaxeb Cvens
rekomendaciebs. aseTi midgomiT isini srul da mkafio warmodgenas Seiqmnian cal-
keuli gakveTilebis Catarebaze.
1-li da me-2 gakveTilebi
Tema: ricxvebi da maTi gamoyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da mecnierebis sxva

dargebSi.
sakiTxebi: naturaluri ricxvebis Caweris poziciuri da arapoziciuri sisteme-
bi. Zveli qarTuli numeracia.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos naturaluri ricxvebis wa-
kiTxva, Sedareba, dalageba poziciuri sistemis gamoyenebiT; hqondes warmodgenebi
arapoziciur sistemebsa da Zvel qarTul numeraciaze; SeZlos poziciuri sistemis
Sedareba arapoziciur sistemasTan, poziciuri sistemis gamoyeneba ricxvebis Tvi-
sebebis Sesaswavlad; naturalur ricxvTa mwkrivis gamoyenebiT, moswavleebs unda
SeeqmnaT pirveli warmodgenebi usasrulobis Sesaxeb (usasrulod gagrZelebadobis
Sesaxeb) (maTematikis standartis Sedegebi _ maT. sab. 1, 2).
winare codna: naturalur ricxvTa mwkrivis warmodgena, warmodgenebi natu-
raluri ricxvis Cawerasa da Sedarebaze, 10-is xarisxebis gamoyeneba naturaluri
ricxvis Cawerisas.
calkeuli gakveTilebis dagegmvisa da warmarTvisTvis konkretuli miTiTebebis
garda, mizanSewonilad vTvliT zogadi saxis zogierTi rekomendaciis Sesaxeb sau-
barsac, romlebic momavalSi SeiZleba ar gavimeoroT.
saswavlo masalis aTvisebisa da ganmtkicebisTvis saWiro muSaobis ZiriTadi na-
wili gakveTilze unda modiodes; gakveTili saswavlo procesis organizaciis Ziri-
Tadi formaa; gakveTilze xdeba saganmanaTleblo miznebis ganxorcieleba. xSirad
saukeTeso Sedegamde mivyavarT aseT zogad rekomendaciebs swavlebis meTodikidan:
1) maswavlebeli unda cdilobdes, rom yoveli axali SemecnebiTi amocana
TviT moswavleebma Camoayalibon,
2) maswavleblisa da moswavleebis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, dakvirvebis, kon-
kretuli SemTxvevebis analizis Sedegad iqmneba garkveuli warmodgena arsebul
maTematikur kanonzomierebebze,
3) maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT moswavleebi eZeben amocanis amoxsnis geg-
mas da xSirad TviT axdenen gegmis realizacias.
maswavleblebs kargad moexsenebaT, rom saswavlo procesisTvis mzadebis zoga-

di sqema gulisxmobs:
1) saswavlo wlis dawyebamde Catarebul muSaobas, 2) gakveTilebis sistemis gaa-

zrebas, 3) konkretuli gakveTilisTvis momzadebas.
don’t copy 21
axali saxelmZRvaneloebis SemoRebis procesSi saswavlo wlis dawyebamde muSao-
baSi igulisxmeba erovnuli saswavlo gegmisa da standartis moTxovnebis kargad
gaazreba. ZiriTadi masala, romelsac unda daeyrdnos maswavlebeli saswavlo
procesSi, erovnuli saswavlo gegmaa. saxelmZRvanelo mxolod damxmare saSua-
lebaa erovnuli saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad. saxelmZRvanelo
erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT iqmneba, Tumca misi Sinaarsi, sakiTxebis Tana-
mimdevroba xSirad avtoris SexedulebebiTaa Sedgenili da rekomendaciebis doneze
unda aRiqvan maswavleblebma. erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sesabamisad, maswavle-
bels SeuZlia damoukideblad SearCios sakiTxebi, maTi moculoba da gadace-
mis Tanamimdevroba. moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo, maswavleblis sarekomendacio
wigni exmareba maswavleblebs moswavlesa da Sedegze orientirebuli saswavlo
procesis dagegmvasa da warmarTvaSi.
saswavlo wlis pirveli gakveTilebis specifikidan gamomdinare mocemuli masala
moswavleTaTvis SeiZleba nacnobic iyos, amitom maswavlebels meti saSualeba aqvs
gakveTilebi moswavleTa aqtiuri monawileobiT, interaqtiuli meTodiT warmarTos.
aqcenti unda gakeTdes swavlebis iseT formebze, roca yvela moswavle aqtiurad
erTveba swavlis procesSi. gakveTilebi ise SeiZleba daigegmos, rom yovelma mos-
wavlem ipovos Tavisi adgili, ar darCes pasiuri an gariyuli. maswavlebeli da
moswavleebi aqtiurad urTierToben erTmaneTTan. moxerxebulad SerCeuli kiTx-
vebis dasmis saSualebiT moswavleebi Cabmuli arian saswavlo procesSi. Tumca, ar
igulisxmeba mxolod kiTxva-pasuxis reJimis damkvidreba _ moswavle TviTon monawi-
leobs saganmanaTleblo procesis mimdinareobaSi; monawileobs diskusiaSi _ icavs
sakuTar mosazrebebs da oponirebas uwevs sxvebs. erT-erTi sadiskusio Tema pirvel
paragrafSi SeiZleba iyos naturalur ricxvTa mwkrivis usasrulod gagrZelebado-
bis SesaZlebloba, potenciuri usasrulobis Sesaxeb diskusia; SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
hilbertis magaliTi rubrikidan `sxvadasxva~.
pirveli gakveTilis sawyisi monakveTi (15 wT) SeiZleba axali saswavlo wlis mi-
locvas da saTanado keTil survilebs, agreTve maTematikis sagnis Sesaxeb mokle
saubars davuTmoT, moswavleebisTvis gasageb enaze SeiZleba visaubroT maTematikis
swavla-swavlebis miznebze. gamoviyenoT axali erovnuli saswavlo gegmis maTema-
tikis sabazo safexuris standarti; Tumca, iq mocemuli debulebebi moswavleebs
ufro martivad da gasagebad unda gadavceT. gTavazobT gasaubrebis erT-erT va-
riants:
_ gilocavT axal saswavlo wels. imedi maqvs, erToblivi ZalisxmeviT Cven sak-
maod nayofier da sasargeblo Sedegebs mivaRwevT. maTematikis codna sxva sagne-
bis aTvisebaSic dagexmarebaT, daxvewT msjelobas, SeZlebT mocemuli pirobebidan
swori daskvnebis gamotanas. dainaxavT, rom maTematika realuri, praqtikuli prob-
lemebis gadaWraSic SeiZleba dagexmaroT. amasTanave, Tu zogierTi Tqvengani maTe-
matikis sakiTxebis Seswavlis dros siZneleebs awydeboda, nu SeSindebiT, Cven wina
wlebSi Seswavlil sakiTxebsac davubrundebiT xolme da mjera, rom erToblivad
SevZlebT codnaSi xarvezebis aRmofxvras; dRevandeli gakveTilis Temac TqvenTvis
nacnobi unda iyos: naturaluri ricxvebi, naturaluri ricxvebis Caweris wesebi.
saubari SeiZleba gavagrZeloT interaqtiuli formiT:
22
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_ ramden cifrs viyenebT naturaluri ricxvis Casawerad? CamoTvaleT cifrebi.
_ axla ganvixiloT naturaluri ricxvi: 3121. ramdeni cifriT CavwereT es ricx-
vi? ramdenniSnaa es ricxvi? daasaxeleT raime erTniSna ricxvi, daasaxeleT raime
orniSna ricxvi.
_ dasaxelebuli ricxvis CanawerSi cifri 1 or adgilas gvxvdeba. ra Tanrigeb-
Sia es cifrebi Cawerili? gansxvavdeba Tu ara maTi mniSvnelobebi?
saubari SeiZleba gavagrZeloT saxelmZRvanelos teqstis mixedviT. ganvixiloT
meore magaliTi da kvlav mivaqcioT yuradReba poziciuri sistemis Taviseburebebs,
gavaxsenoT moswavleebs Tanrigebis, klasebis saxelwodebebi, damrgvalebis wesi, e.w.
giganturi ricxvebis saxelwodebebi; gavaxsenebT moswavleebs xarisxis cnebas da
10-is xarisxebis gamoyenebiT CavwerT naturalur ricxvebs saTanrigo Sesakrebebis
jamis saxiT (es masala me-6 klasSi aris Seswavlili). aq erT-erTi sakvanZo SekiTxva
SeiZleba iyos _ riTaa mosaxerxebeli naturalmaCvenebliani xarisxis gamoyeneba?
es SekiTxva ukavSirdeba erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi mocemul sakvanZo SekiTxvas:
riTaa sasargeblo naturalurmaCvenebeliani xarisxis Tvisebebis codna maTemati-
kuri da realuri viTarebidan momdinare amocanebis amoxsnisas? es SekiTxva natu-
ralurmaCvenebeliani xarisxis Tvisebebs ukavSirdeba, romlebsac SemdgomSi calke
paragrafi eZRvneba saxelmZRvaneloSi.
pirvel gakveTilze Semdgomi aqtivobebi ukavSirdeba pirvel sam sakontrolo
kiTxvas da klasSi Sesasrulebeli testebidan pirvel 6 tests, romlebsac moswav-
leebi damoukideblad asruleben. am davalebis Sesruleba sxvadasxva formiT Sei-
Zleba. daxurulboloiani amocanebis Tavisebureba isaa, rom isini unda swrafad,
swori pasuxis èrTi Tvalis gadavlebiT~ mignebiT sruldebodes. es procesi avi-
Tarebs sxvadasxva unars _ Sedarebis, gadawyvetilebis swrafad miRebis, dakvirve-
bulobis da sxva.
Tumca, aranakleb mniSvnelovania sakuTari arCevanis argumentirebis unaris
ganviTarebac. am mxriv sasargebloa `testebis~ swrafad moZiebuli pasuxebis WeS-
maritebaSi dasarwmuneblad mcire diskusiebis mowyobac _ SeitaneT eWvi SemoTava-
zebul pasuxSi da mieciT saSualeba moswavleebs, daasabuTon arCevani. am aqtivobiT
testebze muSaoba ganmaviTarebel Sefasebad iqceva.
zeviT warmodgenili iyo gakveTilis ori fazis (`winaswar~, `ganmavlobaSi~) sce-
nari. daskvniT nawils SeiZleba davuTmoT I gakveTilis darCenili monakveTi da meo-
re gakveTilis sawyisi wuTebi. pirvel gakveTilze SeiZleba Sejamdes saubari pozi-
ciuri sistemis Sesaxeb, xolo meore gakveTili davuTmoT saubars arapoziciuri
sistemebis Sesaxeb. maswavlebelma SeiZleba `testebis~ amoxsnac meore gakveTilze
daiwyos.
meore gakveTils davuTmobT Tvlis arapoziciuri sistemebis Sesaxeb saubars.
moswavleebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, sxva sagnebis Seswavlisas xvdebaT xolme ro-
mauli sistemis gamoyenebis magaliTebi. saubari SeiZleba daviwyoT saukuneebis Caw-
erisas romauli sistemis gamoyenebaze:
_ axla romeli saukunea? vin SeZlebs daweros dafaze romauli cifrebiT 21-e
saukune? gasuli saukune?
don’t copy 23
SeiZleba moswavleebma icodnen Cveni saxelovani moRvaweebis, poetebis, mwer-
lebis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis TariRebi da SeZlon am TariRebis romauli ci-
frebiT Cawera.
moxerxebulad SerCeuli kiTxvebis saSualebiT moswavleebi Cabmulebi arian
saswavlo procesSi. Tumca, mxolod kiTxva-pasuxis reJimis damkvidreba ar aris
sakmarisi _ moswavle TviTon monawileobs saganmanaTleblo procesis mimdin-
areobaSi; monawileobs diskusiaSi _ icavs sakuTar mosazrebebs, oponirebas
uwevs sxvebs. erT-erTi sadiskusio Tema am gakveTilze SeiZleba iyos naturalur
ricxvTa usasrulod gagrZelebadobis SesaZlebloba, potenciuri usasrulobis Ses-
axeb diskusia; SeiZleba gamoviyenoT hilbertis magaliTi rubrikidan `sxvadasxva~.
SeiZleba gaimarTos diskusia poziciuri da arapoziciuri sistemebisa da maTi Ta-
viseburebebis Sesaxeb.
meore gakveTilze moswavle iwafeba arapoziciuri sistemiT, kerZod, romauli
sistemiT ricxvebis warmodgenaSi. maTSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Tu raime cifri
Cawerilia masze naklebi, an misi toli cifris win, maSin es cifrebi ikribeba.
magaliTad, MMDLI aris 1000 + 1000 + 500 + 50 + 1 = 2551. Tu vxvdebiT inversias, anu
raime cifri masze didi cifris winaa Cawerili, maSin mcire cifri akldeba dids.
magaliTad, MLD = 1000–50 + 500 = 1450. savaraudoa, rom moswavleebi Tavad gaaanalize-
ben Tvlis poziciuri da arapoziciuri sistemebis SedarebiT.
maswavlebeli warmarTavs gakveTils, SearCevs sadiskusio Temas, Tumca diskusia
SeiZleba daugegmavadac _ gakveTilze wamoWrili problemis irgvliv gaimarTos.
moswavleebi monawileoben diskusiaSi, avseben erTmaneTis pasuxebs; magaliTad, nat-
uraluri ricxvebis Tanrigebis saSualebiT Cawerisas, sxvadasxva Tvisebis CamoTv-
lis dros, damrgvalebis wesebis warmodgenisas. maTematikuri faqtebis codnis Ses-
amowmeblad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT amocanebi savaraudo pasuxebiT. maswavleblebi am
tipis davalebebis Sesrulebis sxvadasxva meTods mimarTaven xolme. rac mTavaria,
am davalebebis Sesrulebas SeiZleba drois mcire monakveTi davuTmoT da SeiZleba
garkveuli TanamimdevrobiT yvela moswavle CavrToT am procesSi. araswori pasux-
is miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaimarTos msjeloba Secdomis mizezebis Sesaxeb.
meore gakveTilze vamTavrebT `testebis~ pasuxebis SerCevas da gadavdivarT
amocanebis amoxsnaze. SeiZleba am gakveTilze yvela amocanis amoxsna ver mo-
vaswroT. magaliTad, `saklaso~ 26 - 30 amocanebis amoxsna SeiZleba Semdegi ga-
kveTilisTvis gadavdoT. pirvel gakveTilze davalebad micemuli iyo 1 - 9
amocanebi. meore gakveTilze saSinao davaleba 10 - 22 amocanebidan SeirCeva.
amocanebis dayofa `saSinao~ da `klasSi~ Sesasruleblad gamoyenebuli gvqonda daw-
yebiTi safexuris grifminiWebul saxelmZRvaneloebSi. am meTodma maswavlebelTa da
eqspertTa mowoneba daimsaxura, Tumca, zogierTi maswavlebeli SeiZleba am sakiTx-
ebsac SemoqmedebiTad miudges _ mizanSewonilad miiCnios koreqtivebis Setana am
dayofaSi.
klasSi `testebsa~ da sakontrolo kiTxvebze pasuxebis miRebisas uwyvet reJim-
Si mimdinareobs ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis gamoyeneba; ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis
ganxorcieleba pirvelive gakveTilebidan unda daviwyoT, rom ukeT gavigoT
Cveni moswavleebis SesaZleblobebi, xarvezebi codnaSi; es dagvexmareba ukeT
davgegmoT diferencirebuli midgoma moswavleebTan, meti dro davuTmoT gam-
24
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ovlenili xarvezebis gamosworebas. maswavleblebs SevaxsenebT, rom ganmaviTare-
beli Sefasebis formebi sxvadasxvaa _ zepiri, werilobiTi CaniSvnebis gakeTeba (op-
eratiulobis mizniT SeiZleba simboluri niSnebiTac CainiSnoT sakuTar rveulSi
moswavleebze dakvirvebebis Sedegebi), wamaxalisebeli miTiTebebi. ganmaviTarebeli
Sefaseba Serwymulia saswavlo procesTan da uwyvetad mimdinareobs; moswavlis
roli am dros aqtiuri unda iyos. ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis ganxorcielebaSi mas-
wavlebels exmareba saxelmZRvaneloSi warodgenili mravalferovani davalebebi _
sakontrolo kiTxvebi, amocanebi klasSi Sesasruleblad, `testebi~. Semajamebeli
werebis dros viyenebT ganmsazRvrel Sefasebas. es Sefaseba SeiZleba ganmaviTareb-
el Sefasebadac aqcioT, Tu moswavleTa naSromebis sajarod ganixilavT.
maSasadame, me-3 gakveTilisTvis SeiZleba klasSi amoxsnili iyos 1 - 25 amocane-
bi, Sin _ 1 - 22 amocanebi. 26 - 30 amocanebis me-3 gakveTilze amovxsnaT. es
gakveTili mieZRvneba moswavleebis mier proeqtebis Sesrulebas, romlebic saxelmZ-
RvaneloSi ori davalebis saxiT aris warmodgenili.
miTiTebebi amocanebis ganxilvis, amoxsnis Sesaxeb qvemoT iqneba warmodgenili.
me-3 gakveTili
Tema: ricxvebi da maTi gamoyeneba.

sakiTxebi: naturaluri ricxvebis Caweris sistemebi.
mizani: proeqtze muSaobiT moswavleTa specifikuri da gamWoli kompetenciebis
ganviTareba; moswavlem SeZlos wignierebis, mediawignierebis, cifruli wignierebis
dauflebaze orientirebuli davalebebis Sesruleba.
saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli mravalferovani davalebebidan proeqtze muSaoba

saswavlo procesis mniSvnelovani nawilia. moswavle miTiTebuli davalebis mixedviT
Caatarebs gamokvlevas, gamoiyenebs miTiTebul beWdur da eleqtronul resursebs,
moamzadebs moxsenebas, referats. sxvadasxva wyaros SeswavliT mopovebuli masala
werilobiT formdeba da waredgineba maswavlebels. proeqtis ganxilvis, prezent-
aciis procesi ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis ganxorcielebis saSualebaa. maswavleblis
miTiTebis Sesabamisad, zogierTma moswavlem SeiZleba sakuTari naSromi mxolod ze-
piri angariSis formiTac warmoadginos. gansakuTrebul Seqebas daimsaxureben isini,
vinc referats eleqtronuli formiT warmoadgenen. warmodgenili moxsenebis Sesax-
eb diskusiaSi Caebmebian sxva moswavleebi, romlebmac sakuTari naSromis mixedviT
SeiZleba axali mosazrebebi, Sesworebebi warmoadginon.
am dros ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis gamoyeneba ar aris mizanSewonili. amave ga-
kveTilze mimdinareobs pirveli paragrafis darCenili amocanebis amoxsnebis garCeva
da, SesaZlebelia, saWiro gaxdes pirveli paragrafis zogierT amocanas ganmeorebiT
daubrundeT. ajobebs Tu saSinaod am amocanebis analogiuri amocanebis Sedgenasa
da amoxsnas daavalebT moswavleebs. SeiZleba vTxovoT moswavleebs, scadon `mois-
azres~ rubrikis amocanebis amoxsna. Tumca, es davaleba ar unda iyos savaldebulo
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da sasurvelia, me-4 gakveTilze erToblivi ZalisxmeviT Sesruldes.
25
pasuxebi da miTiTebebi pirveli paragrafis amocanebis amosaxsnelad:
1 - 4 amocanebis swori pasuxebis miTiTeba SeiZleba, adre Seswavlili sakiTxe-
bis Sesaxeb codnis ganmtkicebisTvis gamoviyenoT.
1 2 3 4
3 2 1 3
amasTanave, 4 amocanaze pasuxis gacemis Semdeg SeiZleba saubari gavagrZe-

loT hilbertis magaliTis gamoyenebiT naturalur ricxvTa mwkrivis ùsasrulod~
gagrZelebadobis potenciur SesaZleblobaze.
zogierT `testze~ swori pasuxis miTiTebis Semdeg SeiZleba moviTxovoT dasa-
buTebac. aseTia, magaliTad, 5 `testi~. am amocanis amoxsnis Sesaxeb moswavlis
msjeloba ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva; 96-gverdi-
an wignSi 9 gverdi TiTo cifriT aris gadanomrili, danarCeni 87 gverdidan Ti-
Toeuli _ ori cifriT. sul gamoyenebuli iqneba 9⋅1+87⋅2=183 cifri; an, 96⋅2–9=183
_ 96 gverdidan 9 gverdi gadanomrilia 1 cifriT. swori pasuxia 4). maswavlebelma
SeiZleba SeTavazos moswavleebs sxva analogiuri magaliTebis ganxilva. magali-
Tad, roca wignis gverdebis odenoba sxva orniSna ricxviT warmoidgineba. SeiZleba
ganvazogadoT amocana _ samniSna da oTxniSna ricxvebis SemTxvevebi ganvixiloT
moswavleebTan erTad. sasurvelia, rom moswavleebma axali SemTxvevebi TviTon moi-
fiqron da amocanis saxiT warmoadginon. 6 - 9 amocanebi arapoziciuri sisteme-
bis ganxilvas eZRvneba _ romauli sistema, Zveli qarTuli numeracia. moswavleebs
saSualeba unda hqondeT, rom saxelmZRvanelo gamoiyenon. magaliTad, 8 amocanis
ganxilvisas qarTuli asoebiT Cawerili ricxvi `la~ gamosaxavs 31-s (`l~ gamosaxavs
3 aTeuls, a _ 1 erTeuls). moswavleebi teqstSi advilad miagneben Sesabamis Cana-
werebs. Semdegi `testebi~ xarisxis cnebis gamoyenebasTan aris dakavSirebuli da
swori pasuxebis miTiTeba ar unda gauWirdeT moswavleebs.
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
4 3 2 3 1 4 4 3 4 1 2 4 3 2
19 - 30 amocanebis ganxilva ramdenime gakveTilze mimdinareobs. amoxsnebis Zie-

bis procesSi moswavleebi aqtiurad unda iyvnen CarTulebi, maswavlebeli warmar-
Tavs gakveTils, e.w. `diriJoris~ rols asrulebs, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi koreqti-
vebi Seaqvs moswavleebis msjelobebSi. zogierTi amocanis amoxsna sinjvis meTodis
gamoyenebas moiTxovs, zogierTi _ poziciuri sistemis gaazrebul codnas. 29
amocaniT vixsenebT cvladebis gamoyenebas maTematikuri winadadebebis Casawerad, am
amocanis pirobidan kargad Cans, rom cvladiT SeiZleba sxvadasxva ricxvi moicemo-
des. am amocanaSi n SeiZleba iyos miliardi, trilioni, asi aTasi, milioni. Sesabami-
sad, sxvadasxva iqneba wina (momdevno) ricxvebi. axla Tanamimdevrulad ganvixiloT
Riaboloiani amocanebi:
19 sul am ricxvSi 81452 erTeulia, erTeulebis Tanrigis cifri ki aris 2; am

ricxvSi 81 aTaseulia, aTaseulis Tanrigis cifri ki aris 1.
20 ricxvi, romelic Seicavs 73 aTeuls da kidev 5 erTeuls, aris 735.
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aq SeiZleba davsvaT damatebiTi kiTxva:
26
_ gamoyaviT aseulebis, aTeulebisa da erTeulebis Tanrigebis cifrebi.
_ 7, 3 da 5. maSasadame, ricxvSi 7 aseuli, kidev 3 aTeuli da 5 erTeulia.
naturaluri ricxvi, romelic Seicavs 41 aseulsa da kidev 15 aTeuls, Seicavs
4 aTaseuls, kidev 2 (1+1=2) aseulsa da 5 aTeuls. maSasadame, es ricxvi ase Caiwe-
reba: 4250. am SemTxvevis ganxilva ufro maRali saazrovno unarebis (analizi, sin-
Tezi) gamoyenebas moiTxovs; saWiroa, daiSalos TiToeuli ricxvi _ aTaseulebad
da aseulebad, aseulebad da aTeulebad, Semdeg unda gamoviyenoT sinTezi (miiReba
4000+100+100+50=4250).
21 27148-is aTeulebamde damrgvalebiT miiReba 27 150, aseulebamde _ 27 100,

aTaseulebamde _ 27 000.
22 g) 97 542.
23 udidesi eqvsniSna ricxvia 999 999. umciresi SvidniSna ricxvia 1 000 000 (mil-
ioni). igi 1-iT aris meti udides eqvsniSna ricxvze.
24 Tu aTiaTaseulebis cifrs 3-iT gavzrdiT, ricxvi 3-jer aTi aTasiT, anu

30 000-iT gaizrdeba.
25 damrgvalebiT miRebuli ricxvebia:

846 840, 846 800, 847 000, 850 000, 800 000.
maTi dalagebiT miviRebT:
850 000, 847 000, 846 840,^ 846 800, 800 000.
26 a) cxadia, yoveli xuTniSna ricxvi metia nebismier oTxniSna ricxvze, b) yove-

li xuTniSna ricxvi metia nebismier oTxniSna ricxvze, g) yoveli xuTniSna ricxvi
naklebia nebismier eqvsniSna ricxvze, d) orive ricxvi xuTniSnaa. monacemebis mixed-
viT maTi Sedareba SeuZlebelia.
27 a) 9999; b) 2000; g) 1001.
28 5586<5590<5592.
saZiebeli ricxvis aTeulebis cifri aucileblad aris 9.
29 a) 999 999 999 da 1 000 000 001.
b) trilioni aris 1 000 miliardi. amitom, wina amocanis mixedviT, gveqneba:
999 999 999 999 da 1 000 000 000 001.
30 es ricxvi Sedgeba sami cxrianisa da erTi rvianisgan, sxva SesaZlebloba ar

gveqneba: 35=9+9+9+8.
maSasadame, gveqneba ricxvebi:
8 999, 9 899, 9 989, 9 998.
ricxvebi zrdis mixedviT aris dalagebuli.
SevajamoT: TiTqmis yvela amocanis amoxsna moiTxovs msjelobas.
am amocanebis sajarod da safuZvlianad garCevis Semdeg moswavleebi gaiaqtiure-

ben wina wlebSi SeZenil codnas naturaluri ricxvis sxvadasxva sistemaSi warmod-
genis, damrgvalebisa da Sedarebis Sesaxeb. warmoadgenen TavianTi asakis Sesabamis
deduqciur msjelobebs, rac gauadvilebT maT Sin analogiuri amocanebis amoxsnas.
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erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan saxelmZRvanelos Sesabamisoba gulisxmobs winare
codniT codnis etapobrivad konstruirebas; naturaluri ricxvebis Sesaxeb winare
codna dakavSirebuli iyo aTobiTi poziciuri sistemis ricxvebis Caweris, Sedare-
bisa da dalagebis gamoyenebebTan. me-7 klasSi am codnaze dayrdnobiT vecnobiT
naturaluri ricxvebis Caweris axal wesebs, vadarebT maT poziciur, aTobiT siste-
masTan. es saSualebas gvaZlevs kidev ufro Rrmad daveufloT poziciur siste-
mas, davinaxoT misi upiratesobebi da SegveZlos am TemasTan dakavSirebul sakvan-
Zo SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacema. mkvidri warmodgenebis CamoyalilebiT, winare
codnaze dayrdnobiT codnis samive kategoriaze muSaobis saSualeba gveZleva
_ mravalferovani davalebebi isea SerCeuli, rom orientirebuli iyos naswav-
lis gamoyenebaze (pirobiseul _ funqciur codnaze); swavla-swavleba masalis
siRrmiseul gaazrebasTan iyos dakavSirebuli.
me-4 gakveTili
Tema: ricxvebi da ricxvebis gamoyenebebi.

sakiTxebi: naturaluri ricxvis Cawera, naturaluri ricxvis xarisxi.
Sefasebis indikatori: moswavlem unda SeZlos kanonzomierebis aRmoCena da gan-
vrcoba, kritikuli azrovnebis, msjelobisa da dasabuTebis unaris gamomuSaveba, ms-
jelobis xazis ganviTareba (maT. sab. 2).
jgufuri muSaoba
jgufuri muSaoba aris saswavlo procesis organizebis iseTi forma, roca xdeba
moswavleTa jgufebad dayofa da jgufebs eZleva saziaro kompleqsuri davaleba.
davaleba miznad isaxavs moswavleebis CarTvas TanamSromlobaSi. jgufuri davaleba
moswavleebisgan amocanis erToblivad gadaWras, an saerTo produqtis Seqmnas unda
moiTxovdes. jgufSi moswavleTa odenoba davalebis specifikiT unda ganisazRvros.
moswavleebi SeiZleba daiyos sam jgufad. jgufebs erTnairi davaleba eZleva _
Seadginon ricxvebis xarisxebis `bolo cifris~ cxrili. TiToeul jgufSi davale-
bebis ganawileba jgufis wevrebzea damokidebuli. SeiZleba erTma moswavlem cxri-
lis romelime erTi striqonis Sedgenasa da Sesabamisi kanonzomierebis aRmoCenaze
ifiqros; Semdeg es striqonebi `gaerTiandes~ erT cxrilSi da Catardes kanonzom-
ierebebis erToblivi prezentacia. maswavlebeli afasebs mTlianad jgufis muSaobas.
Tumca, is valdebulia Tvali adevnos am muSaobis process da gamorCeviT aRniSnos
yvelaze produqtiuli monawileebi. prezentacias jgufis erT-erTi wevri warmoad-
gens. sxvadasxva jgufis Sedegebi Sedardeba erTmaneTs da imarTeba diskusia mTeli
klasis monawileobiT. mxedvelobaSi SeiZleba miviRoT warmodgenili magaliTebis
odenobac, romlebic kanonzomierebebis gamoyenebiT xarisxebis bolo cifrebis
povnas exeba. gamarTuli diskusiisas deduqciuri dasabuTebis elementebic iqneba
gamoyenebuli, romlebsac maswavlebelma unda yuradReba miaqcios da Sefasebisas
gaiTvaliswinos.
28
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Semdegi gakveTilisTvis moswavleebs SeiZleba davalebad mivceT `moisazres~ ru-
brikis amocanebi. Tumca, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT diferencirebuli midgoma. saswav-
lo procesSi SesaZlebelia iseTi elementebis diferencireba, rogoricaa: Sinaarsi,
procesi, davalebebi da garemo. amjerad SeiZleba diferencirebuli davalebebis mi-
cemiTa da Semdegi gakveTilis Catarebis formiT diferencirebuli midgomis ganx-
orcieleba. moswavlis interesebis, miznebis, saWiroebebis, SesaZleblobebis Seswav-
la saswavlo wlis dawyebisTanave unda daiwyos. Tu Tqven ukve gaqvT warmodgenebi
Tqveni moswavleebis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb, SegiZliaT SeitanoT diferencirebu-
li davalebebi da Semdegi gakveTilic diferencirebuli formiT CaataroT _ `mois-
azres~ amocanebis garda SearCieT SedarebiT martivi amocanebi gavlili masalidan
da mieciT isini moswavleebs saSinao davalebad. daavaleT agreTve zogierTi maT-
ganis analogiuris Sedgena da amoxsna. amasTanave `moisazres~, amocanebis amoxsna
arasavaldebulod gamovacxadoT.
me-5 gakveTili
Tema: ricxvebi da ricxvebze moqmedebebi.

sakiTxebi: naturaluri ricxvebis Cawera, poziciuri sistemis gamoyeneba. xarisxi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos hipoTezebis Camoyalibeba,
maTi marTebulobis dadgena, msjelobis xazis ganviTareba (maT. sab. 1, 2), ricxvis
Tvisebebis gamokvleva poziciuri sistemis gamoyenebiT.
diferencirebuli swavleba kompleqsuri procesia. igi gulisxmobs moswavleTa

dayofas jgufebad ama Tu im niSnis mixedviT (mzaoba, interesebi); romlis fargleb-
Sic isini nayofierad iTanamSromleben. amjerad, SeiZleba calke jgufi SevqmnaT
im moswavleebisgan, romlebic SeeWidnen `moisazres~ amocanebs. isini erTmaneTTan
TanamSromlobiT midian saerTo mosazrebamde amocanis gzebisa da swori pasuxebis
Sesaxeb, Semdeg warudgenen klass TavianT amoxsnebs. SeiZleba romelime amocanis
amoxsnaSi Cvenc davexmaroT (wardgenis procesSi). danarCenebi gaerTiandebian meo-
re jgufSi da amowmeben sxva amocanebis amoxsnebis siswores, Tavisufldebian sxva
amocanebis amoxsnebisgan.
pasuxebi da miTiTebebi `moisazres~ amocanebis amosaxsnelad
1 saZiebeli naturaluri ricxvi SeiZleba vipovoT sinjvis meTodiT: er-

Teulebis cifrze 5-jer meti ricxvi, cxadia, orniSna ricxvia, 2-dan rom daviwyoT
sinjva, swrafad mivagnebT saZiebeli ricxvis erTeulebis cifrs, 5-s 25=5⋅5. SeiZle-
ba, erTniSna ricxvis (erTeulebis cifris) 5-ze gamravlebiT miRebuli sxva orniS-
na ricxvebic ganvixiloT, iqneb kidev aris sxva orniSna ricxvi, romelic mocemul
pirobas akmayofilebs. aq SeiZleba gaxdes saWiro Tqveni Careva _ swori pasuxis
migneba niSnavs imas, rom yvela saZiebeli naturaluri ricxvia napovni.
moswavleebma SeiZleba aseTi amoxsnac SemogvTavazon.
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saZiebeli ricxvi erTniSna ricxvis 5-ze gamravlebiT miiReba. e. i. is SeiZleba
bolovdebodes mxolod 5-iT, an 0-iT. 0-iT daboloebuli ricxvis 5-ze gamravlebiT
kvlav 0 miiReba. 0 ar aris naturaluri ricxvi. 5-ze 5-jer meti ricxvi 25-ia. 25 ak-
mayofilebs amocanis pirobas.
maswavlebelma SeiZleba aseTi msjelobac gamoiyenos (TavisTvis): Tu saZiebeli
ricxvia xy, maSin pirobiT 10x + y = 5y, 10x = 4y, 5x = 2y, radgan 5y naturaluri ricxvia,
amitom y≠0 da viRebT y = 5, x = 2.
2 radgan udidesi naturaluri ricxvis povnaa saWiro, SevecadoT rac Sei-

Zleba meti cifrisgan Sedgenili ricxvi vipovoT (Semdeg unda vaCvenoT, rom sxva
SemTxvevaSi ufro naklebi ricxvebi miiReba). am amocanis amoxsnis warmodgenisas
SeiZleba Tqveni daxmarebac gaxdes saWiro, dasabuTebebis (deduqciuri msjelobis)
sisworisTvis. Tu daviwyebT 1 da 0-iT, miviRebT:
10112358. Tu pirveli cifrebia 1 da 1, gveqneba 112358,
rogorc vxedavT, amjerad procesi ufro swrafad wydeba da naklebi ricxvi mi-
iReba. iseve, rogorc, yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi.
3 es amocana pirveli amocanis msgavsia; Tu ganvixilavT 5-ze gamravlebiT mi-

Rebul orniSna ricxvebs, swrafad mivagnebT, rom mxolod 45=5⋅(4+5).
magaliTad, 25≠5⋅(2+5), 35≠5⋅(3+5).
4 aq ase unda vimsjeloT: radgan dasaxelebuli ori ricxvis Sekrebisas aTeu-

lebis cifri gaorkecdeba, amitom erTeulebis Sekrebisas unda miviRoT orniSna
ricxvi, romlis erTeulebis cifri aris kenti, magaliTad, 1. anu, mocemul samniSna
ricxvSi erTeulebisa da aseulebis cifrebidan erT-erTi unda iyos kenti, meore _
luwi, magaliTad, 2 da 9, 4 da 7. aTeulebis cifrTa jami ki 10-ze naklebia.
gvaqvs: 2 1 9 437
+ 912 + 734
1 131 1 171
aq ar moiTxoveba yvela aseTi samniSna ricxvis povna, amitom erTi magaliTis
agebac sakmarisia.
5 CamovwerT miTiTebuli Tvisebis mqone orniSna ricxvebs: 21, 42, 63, 84.
maTgan amocanis pirobas akmayofilebs mxolod 21.
30
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1.2. naturaluri ricxvebis gayofa. gayofadobis niSnebi.
am paragrafTan dakavSirebuli Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebis ganxilvas,

Cveni rekomendaciiT, 7 gakveTili eTmoba: me-6 _ me-12 gakveTilebi. calkea warmod-
genili me-6 _ me-8 gakveTilebis aqtivobebi, calke _ me-9 da me-10; me-11 da me-12
gakveTilebi.
me-6, me-7 da me-8 gakveTilebi
Tema: ricxvebi da maTi gamoyeneba yoveldRur cxovrebasa da mecnierebis sxva

dargebSi.
sakiTxebi: ariTmetikuli moqmedebebi naturalur ricxvebze, gayofadobis Tvise-
bebi, gayofadobis niSnebi.
winare codna: naturaluri ricxvis warmodgena poziciur sistemaSi, ariTmeti-
kuli moqmedebebi naturalur ricxvebze.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos naturaluri ricxvebis gay-
ofadobasTan dakavSirebuli Tvisebebis gamoyeneba (maT Soris _ praqtikuli amo-
canebis amoxsnisas), gayofadobis niSnebis gamokvleva poziciuri sistemis gamoy-
enebiT (maT. sab. 3, 4).
me-6 gakveTils viwyebT saSinao davalebis ganxilviTa da winare codnis gaaqti-

urebiT (faza _ `winaswar~).
am dros xdeba moswavleTa mobilizeba, interesis aRZvra Sesaswavli sakiTxisad-
mi. winare codnaSi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT ariTmetikuli moqmedebebi naturalur
ricxvebze, romelTagan yuradRebis centrSi gvaqvs gayofis operacia da praqti-
kuli amocanebi, romelTa amoxsnisas saWiroa naturaluri ricxvebis gayofis Ses-
ruleba. axal saswavlo sakiTxs ukavSirdeba saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli praqti-
kuli amocanac. sasurvelia 1) nawilSi analogiuri amocanebi TviT moswavleebmac
moifiqron. aseTi praqtikuli amocanebis dakavSireba gansaxilvel sakiTxTan zrdis
moswavleTa motivacias.
Semdegi etapi (`ganmavlobaSi~) ukavSirdeba gayofadobis TvisebebTan dakav-
Sirebuli amocanebis amoxsnas. aqac SeiZleba praqtikuli magaliTebis moSvelieba,
romlebic SeiZleba TviT moswavleebma moifiqron.
magaliTad, 1)-is me-2 magaliTi SeiZleba aseTi praqtikuli amocanis amoxsnas
davukavSiroT: Tu TiToeul Taroze 4 wigns davawyobT ramdeni Taro iqneba saWiro
44 wignisTvis? 72 wignisTvis?
SeiZleba Tu ara amis Semdeg swrafad gamovTvaloT, ramdeni aseTi Taro dagvWir-
deba 72+44=116 wignisTvis?
am amocanaSic gayofis operacia SeiZleba gamravlebis operacias davukavSiroT
da iseve vimsjeloT, rogorc es saxelmZRvaneloSia warmodenili.
2) nawilSi naSTiT gayofis operaciis ganxilvac praqtikuli amocanis amoxsniT
iwyeba _ amjerad, ganawilebis Semdeg kidev gvrCeba ramdenime wigni. am SemTxveva-
Sic, sasurvelia, axali magaliTebi TviT moswavleebma moifiqron.
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gayofadobis niSnebi SeiZleba ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT, vidre saxelmZR-
vaneloSia warmodgenili. es sakiTxi axali ar aris moswavleebisTvis, magram amjerad
sakiTxis ganxilvisas SeiZleba deduqciuri msjelobis ufro meti doziT gamoyene-
ba, vidre es me-6 klasSi xdeboda _ konkretul magaliTebze viyenebT ricxvebis
poziciur sistemaSi Caweras da ase gamogvyavs gayofadobis niSani. magaliTad, 486
ase Caiwereba: 4⋅100+8⋅10+6=4⋅(99+1)+8⋅(9+1)+6=(4⋅99+8⋅9)+(4+8+6). amis Semdeg, gayofado-
bis Tvisebebis gamoyenebiT, davaskvniT _ radgan 4+8+6 iyofa 9-ze da 4⋅99+8⋅9 iyofa
9-ze, 486-ic iyofa 9-ze.
moswavle eCveva msjelobis xazis ganviTarebas, miRebuli daskvnis dasabuTebas
da, Sesabamisad, gavdivarT maTematikis standartis Sedegebze (maT. sab. 2, 3).
aRsaniSnavia, rom kostruqciuli swavlebis II fazaze SeiZleba ganmaviTarebeli
Sefaseba gamoviyenoT. Cven mier SeTavazebuli praqtikuli amocanebi (magaliTad,
amocanebi, romlebic naSTian gayofas exeba) ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis ganxor-
cielebis saSualebas iZleva.
me-3 faza gadadis Semdeg or gakveTilze, roca mimdinareobs saxelmZRvanelo-
Si warmodgenil savarjiSoebze muSaoba da saSinao davalebis amocanebis amoxsnebis
Semowmebis procesi. amocanaTa sistemac, Sesabamisad, sami saxisaa: 1. Semamzadebeli,
winaswari, samotivacio, 2. gasaazrebeli, 3. ganmamtkicebeli, ganmaviTarebeli.
eqspertTa mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gayofis algoriTmi calke ar aris

warmodgenili. viziarebT maT mosazrebas, rom am algoriTmis warmodgena a=bq+r,
0≤r<b saxiT, gansazRvravs operacias (e.w. evklides operacias), romelic natural-
ur ricxvTa yovel (a; b) wyvils Seusabamebs (q; r) wyvils; sadac a aris gasayofi, b
aris gamyofi, q _ ganayofi, r _ naSTi. am warmodgenas, cxadia, Tan unda sdevdes
Sesabamisi Tvisebebis ganxilvac, rac me-7 klasSi ar aris mizanSewonili. amasTanave,
gadmocemis gamartivebis mizniT ganzogadeba (cvladebiT warmodgena) momavlisTvis
gadavdoT.
SemovifargleT mxolod a naturaluri ricxvis b naturalur ricxvze Cveu-
lebrivi, `grZeli~ (ix., mag. [8], gv. 75) gayofis proceduris gaxsenebiT. mos-
wavleebma ician, rom procedura manamde gagrZeldeba, vidre naSTi gamyofze
naklebi ar gaxdeba. magaliTad, Tu a=648 da b=7, viRebT ganayofs q=92 da
naSTs r=4; 648=7⋅92+4.

648 7
63 92

18
14

4
erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sesabamisad, warmodgenilia gayofadobis niSnebis

dasabuTebis elementebi _ konkretul ricxvebze (`specializaciis~ meTodi) Catare-
bis saSualebiT. momavalSi cvladebze gadasvliT (`ganzogadebis~ procesi) es Tvise-
bebi SeiZleba nebismier naturalur ricxvebze gadavitanoT.
32
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1.2. paragrafis amocanebis pasuxebi da miTiTebebi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
3 2 2 1 4 3 2 3 2 3 1 4 4 1
am `testebis~ pasuxebis Ziebis procesi klasSi SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad dai-

gegmos. amasTanave, SeiZleba zogierTi pasuxis warmodgenis Semdeg msjelobac wa-
rimarTos. magaliTad, me- 6 da me- 13 amocanebis amoxsnebis Semdeg SeiZleba movi-
TxovoT moswavleebisgan mcire ganmartebebic _ # 6 -Si: Tu x=7k+2, maSin x+3=7k+5;
13 -Si: (2n+1)+2=2n+3.
15 Tu davawyvilebT mzias yovel 20-TeTrians TiTo 5-TeTrianTan, maSin aRmova-

CenT, rom mzias Tanxa 25-is jeradia da mzias imdeni 20-TeTriani moneta aqvs, ram-
denjerac 200 TeTri metia 25 TeTrze: 200:25=8.
e. i. mzias aqvs 8 ocTeTriani moneta.
SeiZleba `standartuli~ gzac gamoiyenoT: vTqvaT, aqvs x cali 20-TeTriani. maSin
20x+5x=200, 25x=200, x=200:25, x=8.
16 amocanis amoxsnis procesi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebi-

saTvis. veZeboT moswavleebTan erTad amoxsnis arastandartuli gza:
_ ramdeniT metia umcires ricxvze danarCeni _ xuTi ricxvis jami
(`2+4+6+8+10=30~-iT)?
_ yvela ricxvi rom umciresis toli iyos, maSin risi toli iqneba jami (`1326-
30=1296~-is)?
_ risi tolia am ricxvebidan umciresi (`1296:6=216~-is)?
SeiZleba es amocana e.w. standartuli gziTac amovxsnaT:
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6) + (x + 8) + (x + 10) = 1326.
17 a) cxadia, es ricxvi aris 13⋅4=52.

b) wina amocanis amoxsnis Semdeg am SemTxvevis ganxilva ar gauWirdebaT moswav-
leebs. SeiZleba asec vimsjeloT: Tu saZiebel ricxvs 1-iT SevamcirebT, is gaiyofa
13-zec da 4-zec. saZiebeli ricxvi aris 53.
18 wina amocanis amoxsnis Semdeg SeiZleba moswavleebma Cveni daxmarebis gareSe

miagnon saZiebeli ricxvis povnis process.
SeiZleba Cvenc davexmaroT Semdegi kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT.
_ Tu saZiebel ricxvs 1-s gamovaklebT, maSin gaiyofa Tu ara es ricxvi 6-zec
da 7-zec?
_ risi tolia umciresi naturaluri ricxvi, romelic iyofa 6-zec da 7-zec?
_ risi toli yofila saZiebeli ricxvi?
_ ra naSTs iZleva es ricxvi 3-ze gayofisas (axseniT _ ratom)?
19 es amocanac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ricxvebis gamoyenebasTan aris dakav-

Sirebuli. aqac mTavar rols ara is ricxvebi asrulebs, romlebic mogvawodes (25 da
7), aramed naSTi, romelic maTi gayofisas miiReba: 25=7⋅3+4, e. i. nika meoTxe yofila.
don’t copy 33
20 amocanis pirobis mixedviT SeiZleba SevadginoT diagrama:
sul gvaqvs 12 ricxvi:
10, 11, 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33. Sebrunebuli mimdevrobiT
Cawerisas es ricxvebi klebis mixedviT dalagdeba.
21 wina amocanis analogiurad SeiZleba warmovadginoT dia-

grama:
pirveli cifri (aTaseulebis Tanrigis) SeiZleba iyos: 1, 2, 3
meore cifri: 0, 1, 2, 3
mesame cifri: 0, 1, 2, 3
meoTxe cifri: 0, 1, 2, 3.
pirveli cifrisTvis gvaqvs 3 SemTxveva, (1, 2 da 3) 3

toti. TiToeuli gvaZlevs _ 4 ganStoebas, sul 12 toti,
maTgan TiToeuli gvaZlevs 4 ganStoebas, sul _ 48 toti,
TiToeuli kidev gvaZlevs 4 ganStoebas, sul 48⋅4=192 toti.
diagrama `Sekvecili~ saxiT aris warmodgenili. sul, ase-
Ti oTxniSna ricxvebis raodenoba aris 192.
22 aq pirveli cifri SeiZleba iyos 2, 7, 5 an 3. meo-

re cifri SeiZleba iyos darCenili 3 cifridan aRebuli
erT-erTi. magaliTad, Tu pirveli cifri aris 2, meore
cifri SeiZleba iyos 7, 5 an 3. Tu meore cifri aris, mag-
aliTad, 3, maSin mesame cifri iqneba darCenili ori ci-
fridan erT-erTi (7 an 5). mesame cifridan 7-is aRebis
SemTxvevaSi gveqneba arCevis erTi SesaZlebloba _ e. i. pirveli cifrisTvis gvaqvs
4 `toti~ (4 SesaZlebloba). TiToeuli maTganisTvis 3 `toti~, sul _ 12. am 12-dan
TiToeulisTvis _ 2 `toti~, sul _ 24 (4⋅3⋅2=24). am 24-dan TiToeulisTvis gvaqvs 1
toti. sul, aseTi oTxniSna ricxvebis raodenoba aris 24. maT Soris luwi ricxvia
is ricxvi, romlis bolo cifri aris 2, e. i. pirveli sami cifri unda iyos 3, 5 an
7. sul maTi raodenobaa 3⋅2=6.
23 Tu saZiebel ricxvs 1-s gamovaklebT, miRebuli ricxvi unda iyofodes 3-ze,

5-sa da 7-ze. e. i. saZiebeli ricxvi aris 3⋅5⋅7+1=106.
klasSi muSaobisas SeiZleba moswavleebs vTxovoT Seadginon raime amocana, ro-
melic 23 amocanis praqtikuli gamoyeneba iqneba.
me-8 gakveTilze moswavleebs vavalebT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis proeqtis Ses-
rulebas: `SevadginoT xarjTaRricxva. gavakeToT arCevani”.
34
don’t copy
me-9 da me-10 gakveTilebi

dargebSi.
sakiTxebi: moswavleebis mier piradi xarjTaRricxvis SedgenasTan dakavSirebu-
li proeqtis Sesrulebis ganxilva.
winare codna: ariTmetikuli moqmedebebi naturalur ricxvebze, qarTuli fu-
lis gamoyeneba.
Sefasebis indikatori: moswavlem unda SeZlos naturalur ricxvebze moqmede-
bebis sxvadasxva xerxiT Sesruleba da gamoyeneba piradi xarjTaRricxvis warmoe-
basTan dakavSirebuli amocanebis amosaxsnelad (maT. sab. 2).
proeqtze muSaoba moswavles saSualebas aZlevs maTematikaSi SeZenili codna da

gamocdileba sxvadasxva Sinaarsobriv konteqstSi gadaitanos da gamoiyenos. proeq-
tze dafuZnebuli swavleba gansakuTrebiT kargi meTodia moswavlis specifiku-
ri da gamWoli kompetenciebis gasaviTareblad. proeqtze dafuZnebuli swavle-
ba axalisebs moswavleebs, rom iyvnen aqtiurebi da pasuxismgeblebi sakuTari
arCevanis dasabuTebaze.
SemoTavazebulia proeqti, romelic moiTxovs cnobarebis, internetis, sxva sa-
gnebis saxelmZRvanelobis saSualebiT saWiro masalis moZiebas; ricxvebze moqmede-
bebis gamoyenebas xarjTaRricxvis gasakeTeblad, msjelobis xazis ganviTarebas, or
SeTavazebul variants Soris arCevanis gakeTebas da am arCevanis dasabuTebas.
sasurvelia, rom proeqtis ganxilvaSi yvela moswavle iyos Cabmuli. amasTanave,
Tu gamoyofili ori gakveTilidan meore gakveTilze dagrCebaT dro, SeiZleba jgu-
furi muSaobis organizeba, romelic SeiZleba jgufebs Soris paeqrobiT warimarTos
_ warmodgenil tolobebze dayrdobiT 4-ze gayofadobis niSnis Sesaxeb hipoTezis
Camoyalileba da misi dasabuTebis mcdeloba.
jgufuris 1 amocanaze muSaobis procesSi moswavleebi daadgenen, rom 4-ze iy-

ofa II da III ricxviTi gamosaxulebebis mniSvnelobebi, radgan orive Sesakrebi iyo-
fa 4-ze. I gamosaxulebaSi pirveli Sesakrebi ar iyofa 4-ze da emateba 4-is jeradi
ricxvi. amitom, I gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba 4-ze ar gaiyofa.
2 amocanis amoxsnisas gamoiyeneben wina amocanis Sedegs: I ricxvi (32 546) ar

iyofa 4-ze, radgan 46 ar iyofa 4-ze. gavamaxviloT yuradReba, rom nebismier ricxvSi
sruli aseulebi iyofa 4-ze. kerZod, mocemul ricxvSi 325 aseulia, 32 500 ki aris
325⋅100 da is iyofa 4-ze. savaraudod, isini daaskvnian, rom ricxvis 4-ze gayofadoba
damokidebulia aTeulebisa da erTeulebis cifrebiT Cawerili ricxvis 4-ze gayo-
fadobaze. praqtikulad es ukve 4-ze gayofadobis niSnis dasabuTebaa. amas SeiZleba
mohyves 4-ze gayofadobis zogadi niSnis Camoyalileba: erTniSna naturaluri ricx-
vebidan 4-ze iyofa 4 da 8. 9-ze meti ricxvebidan ki _ mxolod is ricxvebi, romelTa
aTeulebisa da erTeulis cifrebi nulebia, an qmnian 4-is jerad ricxvs. am niSniT
3 davalebaSi 4-is jeradi ricxvebis SerCeva araa rTuli _ esenia: 32 116, 51 128 da
40 008, radgan 4-ze iyofa 16, 28 da 08.
don’t copy 35
4amocanaSi 4-ze gaiyofa mxolod is ricxvebi, romelTa aTeulebis da er-
Teulebis cifrebiT Sedgenili ricxvebia 12, 52 da 72. aseTia sami ricxvi.
moswavleTa mzaobisa da swavlebis Tqveni strategiis Sesabamisad moswavleebs

Sin Sesasruleblad saxelmZRvanelodan SeurCevT amocanebs, romlebic saSualebas
miscems maT, Seavson da daxvewon sakuTari codna Seswavlili sakiTxebis irgvliv.

dargebSi.
sakiTxebi: naturaluri ricxvebi, ariTmetikuli moqmedebi naturalur ricxveb-
ze, naSTiani gayofa da misi gamoyeneba.
mizani: sxvadasxva codnaTa integrirebulad gamoyenebis unarebis ganviTareba.
me-11 da me-12 gakveTilebze mimdinareobs codnis ganmtkicebisa da Sejamebis

procesi. amisTvis gamoiyeneba amocanebi TviTSemowmebisTvis, romlebiTac moswav-
leebi TviTon afaseben sakuTar codnas da Semajamebeli davalebebi, romelTa naw-
ili gakveTilze ganixileba, meore nawils moswavleebi Sin asruleben. Semajamebeli
davalebebi Seicavs kompleqsur amocanebs _ imgvar aqtivobebs, romelTa Sesruleba
moiTxovs sxvadasxva codnaTa integrirebulad gamoyenebas funqciur konteqstSi.
kompleqsuri davalebis kargi magaliTebia 1 da 2 davalebebi Semajamebe-
li amocanebidan. maTi amoxsnis procesSi mimdinareobs codnis samive kategori-
is (deklaraciulis, procedurulis, pirobiseulis) gamoyeneba da daxvewa. iwyeba
codnis demonstrirebiT, rogor Seasrulos davaleba da, rac mTavaria, mimdin-
areobs situaciaTa arsebiT aspeqtebSi CaRrmaveba, romelic codnis transferis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. mivdivarT poziciuri sistemis iseT gaazrebamde, romelic
saSualebas iZleva arsebul codnaze dayrdnobiT, sruliad axali sistemis aRmoCe-
namde _ orobiTi sistemis aRmoCenamde mivideT. es sistema ise bunebrivad warmoiS-
veba, rom maTematikuri TvalsazrisiT didad ar gansxvavdeba aTobiTi sistemisgan,
magram mas udidesi gamoyeneba aqvs Tanamedrove teqnologiebSi. aq SeiZleba gava-
grZeloT saubari moswavleebTan orobiTi sistemis upiratesobaze _ masSi mxolod
ori cifri gamoiyeneba (0 da 1), rac arsebiTad aiolebs am sistemaze kompiuteruli
teqnologiebis muSaobas, naklze _ ricxvebis Cawerisas meti raodenobis cifrebi
gamoiyeneba.
jgufuri amocanebi
1 mocemuli ricxvi cifrebiT ase Caiwereba: 32 049.

• 32 049=3⋅104+2⋅103+4⋅101+9.
• umaRlesi Tanrigi aris aTiaTaseulebis Tanrigi, ricxvi Seicavs am Tanrigis
3 erTeuls.
36
don’t copy
• 10-is 2-iT SecvliT, miiReba sxva ricxvi: 3⋅24+2⋅23+4⋅2+9=81.
• es ricxvi SeiZleba ase CavweroT:
3⋅24+24+23+23+1=4⋅24+2⋅23+1=26+24+1.
am ricxvis 2-ze gayofisas naSTi aris 1, maSasadame, 81=26+24+20.
SeiZleba asec CavweroT:
81=26+0⋅25+24+0⋅23+0⋅22+0⋅2+20.
2 am amocanis amoxsnisas mimdinareobs sxvadasxva codnaTa integrirebulad ga-

moyeneba (romauli sistema, aTobiTi poziciuri sistema, xarisxi, nulis Tvisebebi).
• CCXXV aTobiT sistemaSi ase Caiwereba: 225.
• 225=2⋅102+2⋅10+5.
• 225=27+97=27+26+33=27+26+25+1.
maSasadame,
225=27+26+25+20.
• miRebuli jami SeiZleba asec CavweroT:
225=1⋅27+1⋅26+1⋅25+0⋅24+0⋅23+0⋅22+0⋅2+1⋅20.
aTobiTis analogiurad, gvaqvs 225-is axlebuli Canaweri _ Canaweri orobiT
sistemaSi
11100001.
umjobesia ase CavweroT (fuZis miTiTebiT):
(11100001)2.
sanam gaiwafebian ase Cawerili ricxvebis aTobiT sistemaSi warmodgenaSi, SeiZle-
ba miuTiToT xolme 2-is saTanado xarisxis maCveneblebi:
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
(11100001)2
(11100001)2=1⋅27+1⋅26+1⋅25+1=128+64+32+1=225.
analogiurad miviRebT:
103=1⋅26+39=1⋅26+1⋅25+7=1⋅26+1⋅25+0⋅24+0⋅23+1⋅22+1⋅21+1⋅20=(1100111)2;
orobiTi sistemidan aTobiTSi gadayvanis nimuSebia:
(101101)2=1⋅25+1⋅23+1⋅22+1=32+8+4+1=45;
(1100110)2=1⋅26+1⋅25+1⋅22+1⋅21=64+32+4+2=102.
pasuxebi da miTiTebebi amocanebis amosaxsnelad
1 • umciresi naturaluri ricxvi, romelic iyofa 3-ze, 4-ze da 7-ze, aris

3⋅4⋅7=84.
• Tu saZiebel ricxvs, romelic 3-ze, 4-sa da 7-ze gayofisas naSTSi iZleva 1-s,
gamovaklebT 1-s, igi gaiyofa 3-ze, 4-ze, 7-ze. e. i. saZiebeli ricxvi aris 84+1=85.
• Tu saZiebel ricxvs, romelic 3-ze gayofisas naSTSi iZleva 2-s, 4-ze gayofisas
_ 3-s, 7-ze gayofisas 6-s, mivumatebT 1-s, maSin miRebuli ricxvi gaiyofa 3-ze, 4-ze,
7-ze, e. i. miiReba 84. saZiebeli ricxvia 84-1=83.
am davalebis Sesrulebisas mimdinareobs gayofadobis, naSTiani gayofis Sesaxeb
codnis integrirebuli gamoyeneba. analogiuria me-4 davalebiT gansazRvruli aq-
tivoba.
don’t copy 37
2 • yoveli ori yuTi, romlebSic 4-4 wignia, mogvcems erT 8-wignian yuTs. ma-
gram SeiZleba gaunawilebeli dagvrCes kidev 4 wigni (1 yuTi) da 1 wigni, an mxolod
1 wigni. e. i. SeiZleba gaunawilebeli dagvrCes 5 an 1 wigni.
• wignebis sami cali oTxeuli (3 yuTis wignebi) Seadgens 12 wigns.
Tu yuTebSi 12-12 wigns CavawyobT, maSin gaunawilebeli SeiZleba dagvrCes, 1 an
1+4 an 1+2⋅4 wigni, anu, 1, 5 an 9 wigni (1 wigni, 1 wigni da kidev erTi yuTis wignebis
oTxeuli, an 1 wigni da kidev ori yuTis wignebi _ 2 oTxeuli).
3 • Tu x iyofa 5-ze, maSin x+10 gaiyofa 5-ze, radgan 10 iyofa 5-ze.

• x+7 ar gaiyofa 5-ze, radgan x iyofa 5-ze, 7 ar iyofa 5-ze;
• x=5k, 5k+7=5k+5+2=5(k+1)+2. es ricxvi 5-ze gayofisas naSTSi iZleva 2-s.
• Tu a=5k+3, maSin a+6=5k+9=5k+5+4=5(k+1)+4 da is 5-ze gayofisas naSTSi iZleva
4-s.
4 • radgan 3+7+9+1=20. amitom mxolod x=7-Tvis mocemuli ricxvi gaiyofa 9-ze

_ misi cifrTa jami 27 iyofa 9-ze.
• 37x9y rom iyofodes 5-ze, y unda iyos 0 an 5.
Tu y=0,^ maSin 3+7+9+0=19.
maSasadame, am SemTxvevaSi x=8, 19+8=27.
Tu y=5, maSin 3+7+9+5=24.
am SemTxvevaSi, x=3, 24+3=27.
pasuxi: (3; 5), (8; 0).
Semajamebeli wera #1
me-13 gakveTili

dargebSi.
sakiTxebi: naturaluri ricxvebi, ariTmetikuli moqmedebebi naturalur ricx-
vebze, xarisxi naturaluri maCvenebliT.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavleTa codnis Sefaseba naturaluri ricxvebis
gamosaxvis, Sedarebis, dalagebis Sesaxeb poziciuri sistemis gamoyenebiT (maT. sab.
3, 4). ariTmetikuli moqmedebebis sxvadasxva xerxiT Sesruleba, naSTiT gayofa (maT.
sab. 1. 2).
Semajamebeli weris amocanebis nimuSebi:
amocanebSi 1-6 SearCieT swori pasuxi.
1. udidesi oTxniSna ricxvi, romlis aTobiT CanawerSi monawileobs cifrebi 0,

4, 7, 9 aris
don’t copy
a) 4079 b) 9704 g) 9740 d) 9074.
38
2. naturaluri ricxvi, romelic Seicavs 36^ aseulsa da kidev 23 aTeuls, aris
a) 3623 b) 3600230 g) 233600 d) 3830.
3. umciresi xuTniSna naturaluri ricxvi, romlis aTobiTi Canaweri gansxvavebu-

li cifrebiT warmoidgineba da romelic metia 34000-ze, aris
a) 34012 b) 34567 g) 35120 d) 35012.
4. Tu yvela eqvsniSna naturalur ricxvs, romelTagan TiToeulis cifrTa jami

53-ia, davalagebT zrdis mixedviT, rigiT meore iqneba
a) 999989 b) 999998 g) 989999 d) 899999.
5. Tu x+11 iyofa 6-ze, maSin x+20-is 6-ze gayofisas miiReba naSTi

a) 2 b) 3 g) 5 d) 1.
6. Tu n naturaluri ricxvia da 5n+8 iyofa 2-ze, maSin mocemuli ricxvebidan

romelia kenti?
a) 8n+5 b) 3n-2 g) 9n+6 d) 7(n+4).
amoxseniT amocanebi
7. kenti naturaluri ricxvebi dalagebulia zrdis mixedviT: 1, 3, 5, ...

• ipoveT ricxvi,^ romelic am mimdevrobaSi samasmeCvidmetea.
• daamrgvaleT es ricxvi aseulebamde.
8. • ramdeni oTxniSna ricxvi SeiZleba davweroT, romlis cifrebia 0, 6, 5, 9
(gameorebis gareSe)?
• ramdenia am ricxvebs Soris iseTi, romlis 5-ze gayofisas miiReba naSTi 1?
daasaxeleT es ricxvebi.
pasuxebi da miTiTebebi:
1 2 3 4 5 6
g d a g b a
7. • gavixsenoT, rom yoveli kenti naturaluri ricxvis momdevno ricxvi lu-

wia, amitom 317-e kenti ricxvi iqneba 316⋅2+1=633. SeiZleba asec vimsjeloT: kenti
naturaluri ricxvebi asec Caiwereba 2k-1, sadac k naturaluri ricxvia, k am kenti
ricxvis rigiTi nomeria. amrigad, 317-e iqneba 2⋅317–1=634–1=633.
• 633 ≈ 600.
8. • aTaseulebis TanrigSi SeiZleba davweroT 6, 5 an 9 (0-is garda, nebismieri),

aseulebis TanrigSi _ nebismieri darCenili sami cifridan, aTeulebis TanrigSi _
nebismieri darCenili oridan, erTeulebis TanrigSi _ ukanaskneli darCenili ci-
fri. sul miiReba 3⋅3⋅2⋅1=18 gansxvavebuli oTxniSna ricxvi.
• ricxvis 5-ze gayofisas naSTi 1-ia, Tu am ricxvis erTeulebis cifria 1 an 6
_ Cven SemTxvevaSi, 6-iT daboloebuli oTxniSna ricxvebi. maTi raodenobaa 2⋅2⋅1=4.
es ricxvebia:
5096, 5906, 9056, 9506.
don’t copy 39
Sefasebis rubrika
pirveli eqvsi amocana daxurulboloiania, anu `testuri~ tipisaa, Sesabamisad,

TiToeuli swori pasuxi Sefasdeba 1 quliT, araswori _ 0 quliT.
me-7 amocanaSi ori qvedavalebaa, TiToeulSi swori pasuxis miReba 1 quliT Sei-
Zleba Sefasdes _ sul 2 qula. SevniSnoT, rom Tu moswavlem ver ipova mimdevrobis
317-e wevri da pasuxad sxva ricxvi miuTiTa, magram es ricxvi sworad daamrgvala
aseulebamde, SeiZleba daiweros 1 qula.
me-8 amocanac ornawiliania da TiToeuli swori pasuxi Sefasdeba 1 quliT, sul
_ 2 qula. SeiZleba zogierTma moswavlem msjelobis, an sqemis nacvlad ubralod
Camoweros ricxvebi da am gziT ipovos maTi raodenobebi _ cxadia, es gzac misaRe-
bia. magram, Tu Camowerisas zogierTi ricxvi gamorCenilia, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
Sefasebis naxevarquliani bijebic. struqturirebuli saxiT Sefasebis rubrikas
(moswavleebsa da maswavleblebs) Semdegi saxiT warmovudgenT:
me-7 amocanisTvis
0 qula amocana gaugebari darCa, ar aris raime mcdeloba mis amoxsnasTan daka-
vSirebuli
0,5 qula aris mcdeloba miTiTebuli ricxvis Ziebisa, magram konkretuli Sede-
gebi araa miRweuli
1 qula warmodgenilia raime wesi ricxvis Ziebis da am wesis mixedviT moZebnili
ricxvi ar emTxveva misaRebs.
1,5 qula ricxvi sworadaa napovni, magram arasworadaa damrgvalebuli
2 qula amocana sruladaa gadawyvetili
me-8 amocanisTvis
0 qula amocana gaugebari darCa, ar aris raime mcdeloba mis amoxsnasTan daka-
vSirebuli
0,5 qula aris mcdeloba miTiTebuli ricxvebis odenobis dadgenis, magram kon-
kretuli Sedegebi araa miRweuli
1 qula aRwerilia wesi miTiTebuli ricxvebis odenobis dadgenis, an am aRweris
gareSe miTiTebulia maTi odenoba
1,5 qula sworad eZebs am ricxvebs Soris miTiTebuli naSTis mqone ricxvebs, miu-
TiTebs kidec am odenobas, oRond xarveziT.
2 qula dasaxelebulia sworad miTiTebuli naSTis mqone ricxvebis odenoba, an
Tavad es ricxvebi
40
don’t copy
weris analizi
Semajamebeli weris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani daniSnulebaa moswavleTa codnaSi

SeniSnuli miRwevebis xazgasma da xarvezebis gamovlena, raTa ukeT daigegmos Semd-
gomi swavlebis strategia. amitom namuSevrebi unda gaswordes maqsimalurad mokle
vadebSi _ idealuria, roca pedagogi am proceduras weris Catarebis dResve as-
rulebs. Semdegi etapi weris Sedegebis analizia. amisTvis pirvel rigSi amocanebi
Tematurad unda davajgufoT. magaliTad, SemoTavazebul variantSi 1-li, me-2 da
me-8 amocanis pirveli davaleba amowmebs poziciur sistemaSi ricxvis Caweris wese-
bis codnas, me-3 da me-4 amocanebi ricxvebis Sedarebas exeba, me-5, me-6 da me-8 amoca-
nis meore davaleba _ naSTiT gayofas, me-7 _ moqmedebebs. amocanebis dajgufebis
Semdeg vajamebT klasis Sedegebs yoveli jgufisTvis. am mizniT SegviZlia gamovi-
yenoT, magaliTad, aseTi tipis cxrili (TvalsaCinoebisTvis is Sevsebulia):
amocanebi I II III IV
jami
1 1q 2 1q 8 -1 1q 3 1q 4 1q 5 1q 6 1q 8 -2 1q 7 2q
moswavleebi
#1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 7
#2 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 4
#3 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 6
#4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 9
#5 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 6
jami 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 6
% 80% 60% 60% 60% 80% 80% 60% 40% 60%
Temis % ≈67% 70% 60% 60%
weris % 64%
am cxrilis saSualebiT SegviZlia mravali saxis informaciis miReba _ ra ti-

pis amocanebi uWirT/eadvilebaT moswavleebs, romeli Temebi/sakiTxebi aiTvises
ukeT da romeli naklebad, rogoria klasis saerTo moswreba da sxv. Tu am cxrils
aawyobT programa èqselSi~, maSin miRebul raodenobriv maxasiaTeblebs advilad
warmoadgenT sxvadasxva diagramis saxiT, rac Sedegebs met TvalsaCinoebas SesZens.
miRebuli monacemebis mixedviT maswavlebeli dawers `refleqsias~, anu sakuTar
damokidebulebas miRebuli Sedegebis mimarT _ riT aixsneba me-8 amocanis meore
davalebaSi naCvenebi dabali Sedegi, ramdenad misaRebia klasis mier gamovlenili
codna da praqtikuli unar-Cvevebi, ra SeiZleba movimoqmedoT arsebuli suraTis
gasaumjobeseblad da a. S. yovelives safuZvelze pedagogma SeiZleba Seitanos ko-
reqtivebi uaxloes samuSao gegmebSi, kerZod, moswavleTa individualuri Sedegebis
gasaumjobeseblad.
weris dasrulebis Semdeg darCenili dro da momdevno gakveTilis pirveli wuTe-

bi srulad daeTmoba weris Sedegebis ganxilvas. moswavleebTan erTad detalurad
unda gairCes yoveli amocana da misi amoxsnis gzebi. SeiZleba mimarToT msgavsi amo-
canebis Sedgena/amoxsnis meTodsac. magaliTad, 1 amocanis garCevis Semdeg, daava-
leT moswavleebs msgavsi amocanebis Sedgena, roca SerCeul cifrebs Soris iqneba
don’t copy 41
`0~ da roca `0~ ar iqneba _ ra msgavsebaa am amocanebs Soris? ra principuli gansx-
vaveba Seaqvs cifr `0~-s? msgavsi aqtivobiT xeli Seewyoba moswavleTa Semoqmedeb-
iTi unarebisa da kritikuli analizis Cvevebis gamomuSavebas.
aseTi gakveTilis logikuri gagrZeleba iqneboda saxlSi me-7 da me-8 davalebebis
msgavsi TiTo amocanis mofiqreba-amoxsna.
1.3. simravle. qvesimravle
am paragrafis aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba me-14 _ me-16 gakveTilebi
Tema: realuri procesebis maTematikuri modelebi.

sakiTxebi: elementis simravlisadmi kuTvnileba. qvesimravle.
cnebebi: simravle, simravlis elementi, carieli simravle, qvesimravle.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos realuri viTarebis aRweri-
sa da amocanebis amoxsnisas simravluri cnebebis gamoyeneba. simravleebs Soris
mimarTebebis gamosaxvisas venis diagramebis gamoyeneba. (maT. sab. 7, 8, 9).
winare codna: naturaluri ricxvebis udidesi saerTo gamyofi, umciresi saer-
To jeradi.
saxelmZRvaneloSi simravlis cneba konkretul magaliTebze dayrdnobiT, aRwer-

iT aris warmodgenili. amasTanave, miTiTebulia maTematikaSi am cnebis gamoyenebis
sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani aspeqti _ simravle SeiZleba iyos an erTelementiani,
an elementebis odenoba erTze meti iyos, an simravle SeiZleba ar Seicavdes el-
ements (carieli simravle). simravlis elementis cnebac aRweriT aris warmodgeni-
li. mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleTa yuradReba gavamaxviloT winadadebaze: `simrav-
lis dasaxelebisas zustad unda iyos garkveuli is obieqtebi, romlebic simravles
ekuTvnis. am obieqtebs simravlis elementebi ewodeba~.
saxelmZRvaneloSi realuri viTarebis mixedviT aRwerilia simravlis, simravlis
elementis, carieli simravlis, sasruli simravlis, usasrulo simravlis cnebebi.
SeiZleba davamatoT magaliTebi, romlebic adre Seswavlil sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba;
_ ipoveT 48-is martiv gamyofTa simravle.
_ ipoveT 36-is luw gamyofTa simravle.
_ vTqvaT, p da q martivi ricxvebia, daasaxeleT p2q ricxvis yvela gamyofTa
simravlis elementebi, CawereT es simravle yvela elementis CamoTvliT.
_ sasrulia Tu usasrulo mocemuli naturaluri ricxvis martivi gamyofebis
simravle?
_ sasrulia Tu usasrulo mocemuli naturaluri ricxvis jeradebis simravle?
es magaliTebi sasruli da usasrulo simravleebis gaazrebis kargi saSualebaa.
simravleTa toloba, qvesimravlis cnebac SeiZleba moswavleebTan interaqtiuli
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muSaobiT ganvixiloT.
42
simravleTa Teoriis sawyisi elementebis swavleba xels uwyobs maTematikis sx-
vadasxva nawilis erTianobis gaazrebas. zogierTi simravlisTvis specialuri aRniS-
vnebi Semogvaqvs. am aRniSvnebis gamoyeneba momavalSi moswavleebs xSirad mouwevT.
maswavlebelma ar unda ifiqros, rom aRniSnuli masaliT moswavleebs simravleTa
Teorias vaswavliT skolaSi _ am Teoriis sawyisi cnebebis gadmocema damxmare sa-
Sualebaa. simravleebTan dakavSirebiT asoebis gamoyeneba maTematikuri niSnebis ga-
moyenebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani magaliTia _ aso aRniSnavs, gansazRvravs `sagans~
_ konkretul simravles, an am simravlis elements. momavalSi ufro xSirad mogvi-
wevs im SemTxvevebis ganxilva, roca aso simravlis nebismieri elementebis aRsaniS-
navad gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, Canaweri `x nebismieri naturaluri ricxvia~, niSnavs,
rom x SeiZleba iyos 1, 2, 3, an romelime sxva naturaluri ricxvi. erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli Secdoma, rac simravleTa swavlebisas gvxvdeba es erTelementiani
simravlis Tavis elementTan gaigivebaa _ xSirad moswavle fiqrobs, rom {a} da a
erTsa da imave obieqts warmogvidgens. saTanado amocanebis ganxilviT mniSvnelova-
nia am sakiTxze moswavleTa yuradReba gansakuTrebiT gaamaxviloT _ a∈{a}. am mo-
mentis aTvisebis xarisxs me-6 testis amoxsniT SeamowmebT.
meore gavrcelebuli Secdomaa simravluri CarTvisa da mikuTvnebis niSnebis
araswori gamoyenebebi _ moswavleebs erTmaneTSi erevaT ⊂ da ∈ niSnebi. am Secdo-
mis prevencias movaxdenT 1-5 davalebebiT.
moswavleTa yuradReba gavamaxviloT imaze, rom yovel aracariel simravles
ori qvesimravle mainc aqvs _ carieli simravle da TviT es simravle. sasurvelia,
TviT moswavleebma, erToblivi ganxilvis kvalobaze, daasaxelon raime simravle,
romelsac mxolod 2 qvesimravle aqvs (erTelementiani simravle). zogierTma maswa-
vlebelma (klasis mzaobis gaTvaliswinebiT) SeiZleba 2-elementiani, 3-elementiani
simravleebis qvesimravleebis raodenobebic daaTvlevinos moswavleebs da miiyva-
nos isini zogad debulebamde sasruli simravlis qvesimravleebis raodenobis Sesa-
xeb. es faqti erTi kompleqsuri davalebis ganxilvis saboloo Sedegic SeiZleba
iyos; roca moswavleebi daadgenen erTelementiani, orelementiani, samelementiani
simravleebis qvesimravleebis raodenobas da Semdeg Seecdebian zogadi debulebis
Sesaxeb hopoTezis gamoTqmas.
teqstis dasrulebis Semdeg warmodgenili sakontrolo kiTxvebic, SeiZleba iT-
qvas, aRniSnul Temebs ukavSirdeba.
pirvel kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SeiZleba, magaliTad, {1; 2; 3} simravlis yvela
orelementiani qvesimravlis CamoTvlis gamoyenebiT: {1; 2}, {1; 3}, {2; 3}. sakont-
rolo kiTxvebze, saklaso testebze pasuxebis moZieba ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis
ganxorcielebis kargi saSualebaa _ maTematikuri cnebebis, terminebis, aRniSvne-
bisa da simboloebis koreqtulad gamoyenebis flobisa da gagebis donis Semowmeba;
winare codnasTan SedarebiT ganxorcielebuli winsvlis dadgena. es Sefaseba Ser-
wymulia swavlasTan da masTan erTad uwyvetad mimdinareobs, gansakuTrebiT, axali
masalis aTvisebis procesSi. Cveni roli ki aris koreqtivebis Setana, Sedegebis Se-
jameba, romelic SeiZleba yovel 15 wuTSi xdebodes.
aqve gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom axal sakiTxze gadasvlamde saWiroa, davadginoT
moswavleTa winare codna da warmodgenebi (magaliTad, jeradebze, gamyofebze, mar-
tiv ricxvebze).
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pirvel gakveTilze SeiZleba SemovifargloT aqtivobebiT, romlebic winare
codnis, Teoriuli masalis, sakontrolo kiTxvebisa da saklaso `testebis~ ganxil-
vasTan aris dakavSirebuli. analogiuria, saSinao `testebis~ specifika, romelTa
moswavleebi Sin ganixilaven.
meore gakveTilze SeiZleba amoixsnas 9 - 13 amocanebi: maTi nawili kompleqsur
davalebebs Seicavs, romelic moiTxovs moswavleebisgan sxvadasxva aqtivobebs, rom-
lebic dakavSirebulia carieli simravlis, sasruli simravlis, qvesimravlis, sim-
ravlis Caweris wesebTan, jeradis, gamyofis cnebebTan, maTematikuri simboloebis
swor gamoyenebasTan. moswavleebs evropis saxelmwifoebis saxelwodebebis moZiebac
SeiZleba dasWirdeT.
pasuxebi da miTiTebebi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 4 3 4 1 4 2
ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba, romelic xorcieldeba `testebis~ pasuxebis moZiebi-

sa da analizis dros, ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba terminebis, aRniSvnebis, simboloebis
koreqtulad gamoyenebas (standartis mimarTuleba: maTematikuri ena, komunikaciis
maTematikuri xerxebi).
9 - 13 amocanebis ganxilviT gavdivarT standartis Sedegebis mimarTulebebze:
komunikaciis maTematikuri xerxebi, maTematikuri ena, maTematikuri modelireba,
maTematikuri obieqtebis Tvisebebis, gansazRvrebebis Camoyalileba, yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi arsebul obieqtebsa da procesebSi maTematikuri modelebisa da mimar-
Tebebis aRmoCena.
13 b) simravle, romlis elementebia 19-is yvela gamyofi, SeiZleba ori sxvadasx-

va saxiT CavweroT:
{x | x aris 19-is gamyofi};
{1; 19}.
d) 18-is yvela gamyofis simravle ase Caiwereba: {x | x aris 18-is gamyofi};
{1; 2; 3; 6; 9; 18}.
maswavlebelma SeiZleba SesTavazos moswavleebs imis Semowmeba, napovnia Tu ara

mocemuli ricxvis yvela gamyofi. amisTvis sakmarisia gamyofebis raodenobis povna.
magaliTad, 18-is SemTxvevaSi, yoveli gamyofi SeiZleba iyos 2m⋅3n saxis, sadac m=0; 1
da n=0; 1; 2. (aq viTvaliswinebT Cvens SeTanxmebas: 20=30=1). xisebri diagramis agebiT
advilad davrwmundebiT, rom 18-is gamyofebis simravleSi unda iyos 2⋅3=6 elementi.
maSasadame, Cveni CamonaTvali sworad aris gakeTebuli. am kiTxvis damateba komple-
qsurobas Sematebs 13 amocanas.
pasuxebi da miTiTebebi saSinao davalebis amocanebisTvis.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 2 4 4 3 2 2 4
44
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es `testebi~ SeiZleba CaiTvalos davalebebad, romlebic moiTxovs axali cne-
bebis, aRniSvnebis gageba-gaazrebas.
gaazrebis gareSe moqmedebisas SeiZleba davuSvaT Secdomebi: magaliTad, samniS-
na ricxvad, romlis cifrTa jami aris 26, miviCnioT mxolod 899; A={0} CavTvaloT
cariel simravled da ara erTelementian simravled; martivi ricxvebi CavTvaloT
kenti naturaluri ricxvebis qvesimravled (ar gaviTvaliswinoT, rom 2 martivi
ricxvia).
codnis Sejamebisa da ganmtkicebis process emsaxureba 13 da 14 amocanebSi
miTiTebuli davalebebis Sesruleba; 11 - 12 amocanebis amoxsnebs sWirdeba kon-
tinentebis, qveynebis dasaxelebebis moZieba.
amave gakveTilze moswavleebs eZlevaT proeqtuli davaleba, romlis Sesruleba
moiTxovs sxvadasxva codnaTa integrirebulad gamoyenebas da dakavSirebulia md-
gradi ganviTarebisTvis mowodebul ganaTlebasTan.
me-16 gakveTili
mizani: mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis gaazreba da gaTvaliswineba; haeris

dabinZurebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis konteqstSi denze momuSave transpor-
tis saxeobebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelobis Seswavla, Sesabamisi kvleviTi naSromis
momzadeba da prezentacia.
mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis gaazrebasTan dakavSirebiT, moswavleebi ga-

moikvleven denze momuSave transportis mniSvnelobas. gamoiyeneben internetis sa-
Ziebo sistemas (magaliTad, Google) da Seiswavlian msoflio wamyvani qveynebis gamoc-
dilebas am mimarTulebiT. magaliTad, safrangeTis sakurorto qalaq grenoblSi,
romelic Tavisi adgilmdebareobiT Cvens borjoms hgavs, ganviTarebulia iseTi sa-
transporto saSualebebi, rogoricaa tramvai, troleibusi. SeiZleba sxva qalaqebis
moZiebac internetis gamoyenebiT. aqve SeiZleba im faqtis aRniSvnac, rom Cveni
saxelmwifoc zrunavs am mimarTulebiT arsebuli viTarebis gaumjobesebaze.
magaliTad, hibriduli, an denze momuSave taqsebis mflobelebi gaTavisuf-
ldebian satransporto gadasaxadebisgan; did qalaqebSi moZvelebuli, gaumar-
Tavi sazogadoebrivi transporti TandaTanobiT icvleba Tanamedrove, maRali
donis transportiT. waxalisebulia eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba qarisa da
mzis energiiT, radgan am mizniT navTobis, qvanaxSirisa da gazis gamoyeneba
mniSvnelovnad abinZurebs garemos. Cven momavalSi kidev gveqneba proeqtuli da-
valebebi, romlebic am mniSvnelovan Temas ukavSirdeba. zogierTi maswavlebelic
gamoiCens iniciativas da damatebiT SearCevs davalebebs am Temaze proeqtuli saq-
mianobisaTvis. mniSvnelovania proeqtebis SerCeva, romlebic mdgradi ganviTarebis
koncefcias ukavSirdeba. mdgradi ganviTareba yvela im saqmianobis erTobliobaa,
romelic mimarTulia ekonomikis efeqtianobis zrdisken, danaxarjebis ekonomi-
isa da Sedegebis gaumjobesebisken garemos dacvis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
ganaTleba mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis saskolo politikis nawilia da ukavSirde-
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ba TiTqmis yvela saskolo disciplinas; moswavleebis mier skolaSi miRebuli
codna da unarebi, rogorc awmyoze, aseve adamianTa momaval keTildReobaze
unda iyos orientirebuli.
maTematikaSi miRebuli codna exmareba moswavleebs gaakeTon raodenobri-
vi Sefasebebi mdgrad ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganxilvisas:
sagzao SemTxvevebi, sagzao niSnebi, gamoyofili naxSirorJangis odenobebis Cawera,
wylis danaxarjebis aRricxva, im adamianebis raodenobis Sefaseba, romlebisTvisac
dReisTvis xelmisawvdomia eleqtroenergia; qaris, mzis energiis gamoyenebis rao-
denobrivi Sefasebebi, mdgrad eleqtrosistemasTan dakavSirebuli raodenobrivi
maCveneblebi (tarifebi); narCenebiT garemos dabinZurebis masStabebi.
1.4. simravleTa gaerTianeba da TanakveTa. venis diagramebi
am paragrafis aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba me-17 _ me-19 gakveTilebi.

sakiTxebi: simravleTa gaerTianeba da TanakveTa. venis diagramebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos simravluri cnebebisa da sim-
ravleebze operaciebis gamoyeneba amocanebis amoxsnisas, simravleebs Soris mimar-
Tebebisa da simravleebze operaciebis TvalsaCino gamosaxva geometriuli obieqte-
bis gamoyenebiT (maT. sab. 7, 8, 9).
winare codna: simravlis, carieli simravlis, sasruli da usasrulo simravlee-
bis cnebebis aRwera; Tvisebebis Camoyalibeba; simravluri terminebis, aRniSvnebisa
da simboloebis gamoyeneba (elementis mikuTvneba simravlisadmi, qvesimravlis, ca-
rieli simravlis aRniSvnebi). gamyofisa da jeradis cnebebi, udidesi saerTo gamyo-
fi, umciresi saerTo jeradi.
gakveTils viwyebT saSinao davalebis SemowmebiTa da winare codnis gaaqtiure-

biT, masze dayrdnobiT xdeba axali masalis konstruireba.
winare codnis gaaqtiureba da axal sakiTxebze gadasvla mimdinareobs intera-
qtiuli meTodiT, moswavleebis aqtiuri CarTulobiT. amasTanave, Cveni SekiTxvebi
koreqtuli unda iyos, ar SeiZleba, magaliTad, davsvaT kiTxva: `ras ewodeba simra-
vle~. qarTuli sinonimebis dasaxeleba warmodgenas gviqmnis gansazRvrebis gareSe
Semotanil maTematikur obieqtze. Cveni kiTxvebi ise unda iyos SerCeuli, rom ga-
varkvioT _ SeuZliaT Tu ara moswavleebs simravleebis magaliTis moyvana, iseTi
situaciis aRwera, roca cariel simravles viRebT; SeuZliaT Tu ara moswavleebs
aRweron sasruli simravlis cneba, sasruli da usasrulo simravleebis magaliTebis
dasaxeleba. mniSvnelovania yvela im maTematikuri Canaweris Sesaxeb codnis Semow-
mebac, romlebic simravlur mimarTebebTan aris dakavSirebuli (elementis kuTvni-
leba simravlisadmi, qvesimravlis Sesaxeb Canaweri).
46
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aq SeiZleba aseTi kiTxvac daisvas:
_ rogor SeiZleba Semowmdes, aris Tu ara raime ori simravle toli?
aq sasurvelia aseTi pasuxis miReba (winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SevecadoT Caver-
ToT msjelobaSi).
_ A=B tolobis Sesamowmeblad vaCvenoT, rom A-s yoveli elementi ekuTvnis B-s
(A⊂B) da B-s yoveli elementi ekuTvnis A-s (B⊂A).
simravleebis, simravleebze operaciebis ganxilvis dros xSirad viyenebT amo-
canebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia naturaluri ricxvis gamyofis, jeradis, udidesi
saerTo gamyofisa da umciresi saerTo jeradis cnebebTan. es masala me-5 da me-6
klasebSi unda yofiliyo Seswavlili. amitom axla maT gameorebas SeiZleba garkveu-
li dro davuTmoT. moswavleebs am cnebebTan dakavSirebiT SevTavazoT amocanebi,
romlebic maTTvis axla ufro misawvdomi iqneba. gTavazobT masalas am sakiTxebis
gasameoreblad:
1) sworia Tu ara, rom:

a) yoveli kenti ricxvi 5-is jeradia
b) ar arsebobs luwi martivi ricxvi
g) 5-is jeradi yoveli kenti ricxvi martivia.
2) daSaleT martiv mamravlebad:

a) 900; 828; b) 432; 175; g) 1287; 4095; d) 112; 516.
3) erTi taqsi brundeba sadgomze yovel 60 wuTSi. meore _ yovel 36 wuTSi.

dRis 12 saaTze orive erTdroulad gavida sadgomidan. pirvelad romel saaTze Sex-
vdebian isini kvlav erTmaneTs sadgomze?
4) ra udidesi raodenobis nakrebi SeiZleba SevadginoT 105 erTnairi fanqriT

da 168 erTnairi rveuliT ise, rom nakrebebSi fanqrebis raodenobebi toli iyos da
rveulebic Tanabrad ganawildes?
5) cnobilia, rom ricxvi iyofa 7-ze da mas mxolod 3 gamyofi aqvs. ipoveT es
ricxvi.
6) cnobilia, rom ricxvi 35-ze iyofa, 25-ze ki _ ara. mas sul eqvsi gamyofi
aqvs. ipoveT es ricxvi.
am masaliT moswavleebi imeoreben da iRrmaveben codnas aRniSnuli sakiTxebis

Sesaxeb.
amis Semdeg gadavdivarT simravluri operaciebis ganxilvaze, am operaciebis
TvalsaCinod gamosaxvaze.
axal sakiTxebze gadasvlac interaqtiuli meTodiT, moswavleTa aqtiuri CarTu-
lobiT unda mimdinareobdes.
vecnobiT simravleebis TvalsaCino gamosaxvis xerxs _ venis diagramebs. venis di-

agramebiT TvalsaCinod warmovadgenT simravleTa gaerTianebasa da TanakveTas. venis
diagramebs didi gamoyeneba aqvs _ maTi saSualebiT mravali amocana martivad ixsneba.
simravleebze operaciebis venis diagramebiT warmodgenisas yuradReba miaqcieT,
rom yvela logikuri SesaZlebloba iyos ganxiluli. magaliTad, roca saubaria ori
don’t copy 47
simravlis saerTo elementebis arsebobaze, an erT simravleSi iseTi elementebis
arsebobaze, romlebic meore simravleSi ar Sedis.
simravleebis gaerTianebis SesaZlo SemTxvevebis ganxilvisas sayuradReboa saer-
To elementebis arseboba _ isini axal simravleSi, gaerTianebaSi, TiTojer moiaz-
reba. am SemTxvevaze yuradRebis miqceva momavalSi, logikuri amocanebis amoxsnisas,
swori daskvnebis gamotanis sawindaria.
paragrafis amocanebSi, garda ZiriTadi Temisa, mniSvnelovani yuradReba eqceva
gayofadobasa da naSTebs. Tematikis mravalferovneba saSualebas mogcemT gakveTili
ise warmarToT, rom is ar iyos erTferovani, mosawyeni. amasTanave, SeZlebT gaiTval-
iswinoT Tqveni klasis momzadebis specifika, ganamtkicoT gavlili masala da meti
yuradReba miaqcioT im masalas, romelic moswavleebs naklebad aqvT aTvisebuli. mos-
wavleebTan mudmivi kontaqtiT, sakiTxebis erToblivi ganxilvebiT, kidev ufro
daazustebT arsebul xarvezebs moswavleTa codnaSi, codnis gamovlenis unarSi.
es informacia Tqvens samomavlo muSaobas ufro mizanmimarTuls gaxdis.
saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili magaliTis ganxilva saSualebas gvaZlevs kargad
gaviazroT ori simravlis TanakveTiT axali simravlis miReba da venis diagramiT am
operaciis TvalsaCino warmodgena, SeiZleba kiTxvebic gamoviyenoT.
_ ra mimarTeba SeiZleba iyos A da B simravleebs Soris (teqstis pirveli mag-
aliTis SemTxveva)?
_ ra saxiT gamoisaxeba am SemTxvevaSi es simravleebi?
_ ra aris am SemTvevaSi am simravleebis TanakveTa?
simravleebis gaerTianebaze gadasvlac moswavleebis CarTulobiT mimdinareobs.
aq Cven gviwevs àn~ nawilakis gamoyeneba, romelsac maTematikaSi Tavisi, specifiku-
ri datvirTva aqvs: yvela im moswavlis gaerTianebaSi, romlebic oqtomberSi dai-
bada, an misi gvari `g~ asoTi iwyeba Sedis yvela moswavle, romelic oqtomberSi
daibada, an gvari iwyeba `g~ asoTi, an daibada oqtomberSi da gvari `g~ asoTi iwyeba.
venis diagramidanac kargad Cans _ A da B-s gaerTianeba Seicavs elementebs,
romlebic an Sedis A-Si, an Sedis B-Si, an Sedis A-sa da B-Si.
qarTul enaSi àn~ nawilaki macalkevebeli kavSiria. ukve es sityva miuTiTebs,
rom qarTulSi es nawilaki winadadebebis, an sityvebis ganmacalkeveblis rolSi
gvevlineba. amitom roca vityviT: gaerTianeba aris simravle, romlis elementebi
Sedis A-sa an B-Si, sasurvelia davamatoT: an Sedis A-sa da B-Sic, ufro zustad, Sei-
Zleba ase vTqvaT: `gaerTianeba aris simravle yvela im da mxolod im elementebisa,
romlebic ekuTvnis erT-erTs mainc A da B simravlebidan.
pirvel gakveTilze SeiZleba SemovifargloT zemoT aRniSnuli masalis ganxil-
viT. Tumca SesaZlebelia saklaso `testebis~ ganxilvac, saSinao davalebad _ sa-
Sinaos testebis micema.
Semamzadebel, winaswar, samotivacio aqtivobebs pirveli gakveTili eTmoba;
gasaazrebel, ganmamatkicebel-ganmaviTarebel aqtivobebs _ meore gakveTili. sa
xel mZRvaneloSi warmodgenili amocanebi (`testebi~, kompleqsuri davalebebi,
amocanebi) xels uwyobs Sefasebis indikatorebSi warmodgenili moTxovnebis da-
kmayofilebas. amocanebis dayofa saklaso da saSinao davalebebad exmareba mas-
wavlebels dagegmos da ganaxorcielos saklaso samuSaoebi, exmareba moswavles
sakvanZo kiTxvebze pasuxebis moZiebaSi.
48
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amasTanave, ar SeiZleba saSinaod mxolod saklaso davalebebis analogiure-
biT SemovifargloT. moswavles unda mieces SesaZlebloba, gamoavlinos saku-
Tari iniciativa da SemoqmedebiTad miudges saSinao davalebis zogierTi amoca-
nis amoxsnas. magaliTad, 12 amocanis msgavsi amocana klasSi ar iyo ganxiluli.
aq warmodgenil kiTxvebs moswavle sakuTari mosazrebis, gamocdilebis safuZvelze
pasuxobs: A∪B aris kenti orniSna ricxvebis simravle da aqve SeiZleba moswavleebma
isic aRmoaCinon, rom A∩B=∅, amasTanave, cxadia, C∩D=∅.
moswavlem unda gamoamJRavnos codna: kenti da luwi ricxvebis cnebebis, sim-
ravleTa gaerTianebis, carieli simravlis, TanakveTis, naSTiT gayofis, naSTiT gay-
ofisas naturalur ricxvTa klasifikaciis. codnaTa `kompleqsuri~ gamoyeneba sa-
Sualebas iZleva amoixsnas srulad es amocana. analogiuria davalebebi, romlebic
warmodgenilia 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 amocanebiT.
pasuxebi da miTiTebebi.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 3 1 2 2 4 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 4
e.w. daxurulboloian amocanebSi pasuxebis SerCevisas sxvadasxva xerxi SeiZleba

gamoviyenoT. saklaso davalebebis Sesrulebisas sasurvelia moswavleebTan visau-
broT am xerxebis Sesaxeb.
zogierTi `testis~ pasuxs SeiZleba `Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT~ mivagnoT; mag-
aliTad, 1 - 6 testebSi pasuxis SerCeva iolad SeiZleba. zogjer meti dafiqreba
gvmarTebs magaliTad, 7 - 9 amocanaSi pasuxis SerCevisas.
9
amocanis SemTxvevaSi, sasurvelia, amovweroT yvela naSTi, romelic SeiZleba
miviRoT 5-ze gayofisas da yvela naSTi, romelic miiReba 7-ze gayofisas.
analogiurad, 1 , , 4
5 ,^ 6 amocanebSi, sasurvelia amoviweroT mar-
tivi luwi ricxvi, 6-ze gayofisas miRebuli naSTebi, 8-ze gayofisas miRebuli naSTe-
bi, 5-ze gayofiT miRebuli naSTebi. 2 , 3 amocanebSi pasuxis SerCeva `Tvalis
erTi gadavlebiT~ SeiZleba.
7 amocanaSi B aris A-s qvesimravle, amitom A∪B=A.
8amocanaSi A∩B aris 15-is jeradi orniSna ricxvebis simravle. maTi raode-
noba aris 6.
9testis amosaxsnelad ki moswavleebs mouwevT venis diagramis gamoyeneba. sa-

survelia, es amocana klasSi gavarCioT safuZvlianad. amasTanave, am garCevaSi monaw-
ileoba unda miiRon moswavleebma, romlebmac SeZles Sin swori pasuxis migneba: maT
mouwevT sakuTari mosazrebebis sxvebisTvis mkafiod da damajereblad wardgena.
don’t copy 49
`3-is jeradi orniSna ricxvebi~ _ 3⋅4; 3⋅5; ...; 3⋅33, sul _ 30.
`5-is jeradi orniSna ricxvebi _ 5⋅2; 5⋅3; ...; 5⋅19, sul _ 18.
`3-is da 5-is jeradebi _ 15⋅1; ... ; 15⋅6, sul _ 6.
saZiebel odenobas ase vipoviT:
24 6 12
30+18-6=42.
an ase: 24+6+12=42.
aq sxvanairad msjelobac SeiZleba. zogierTi moswavle xSirad miagnebs xolme

variantebis daTvlis sakuTar originalur xerxs _ isini unda wavaxalisoT.
Riaboloiani amocanebidan zogierTi kompleqsur davalebas Seicavs.
10 am amocanis amoxsnisas moswavlem unda SeZlos simravleebis gaerTianebis,

TanakveTis, qvesimravlis cnebebis Sesaxeb codnis kompleqsuri gamoyeneba. damam-
Tavrebeli faza _ C∩(A∩B) simravleebis povnaa.
b) C simravleebia: ∅, {7}, {9}, {7, 9}, g) C simravleebi.
xSirad amocanebis amoxsna dakavSirebulia erT-erT sakvanZo SekiTxvasTan _ ra

damxmare xerxebis gamoyeneba amartivebs simravleebs Soris mimarTebebis gamosaxvas
da maTze moqmedebebis process. zogjer am xerxis gamoyenebis saWiroeba amocanis
pirobaSia miTiTebuli. zogjer moswavlem TviTon unda gansazRvros, rom venis di-
agramebis gamoyeneba amartivebs amocanis amoxsnas.
kompleqsuri davaleba, romelic 12 amocaniTaa warmodgenili venis diagramebis
aRweris saSualebiT sruldeba
A: 3-is jeradi orniSna ricxvebi _ 3⋅4, 3⋅5, ..., 3⋅33, sul _ 30
B: 7-is jeradi orniSna ricxvebi; 7⋅2, 7⋅3, ..., 7⋅14, sul _ 13.
A∩B TanakveTa aris 21-is jeradi orniSna ricxvebis simrav-

le: 21⋅1; 21⋅2, ...., 21⋅4, sul _ 4. 26 4 9
A∪B _ orniSna ricxvebi, romlebic iyofa 3-ze an 7-ze
(3 da 7-dan erT-erTze mainc).
A∪B Seicavs 30+13-4=39 elements.
13 210 2 231 3
105 3 77 7
35 5 11 11
7 7 1
1 TanakveTa: {3; 7}.
14 36-is gamyofebis simravle: {1; 2; 3; 4; 6; 9; 12; 18; 36}.

40-is gamyofebis simravle: {1; 2; 4; 5; 8; 10; 20; 40}.
maswavlebelma unda icodes naturaluri ricxvis gamyofebis odenobis formula

n
α1 α2 αn
τ(P 1 P 2 ...P n )= ∏ (αi +1) . aq P1, P2, ..., Pk _ gansxvavebuli martivi ricxvebia (kerZod,
i =1
τ(34⋅5⋅72)=(4+1)(1+1)(2+1)=30)).
50
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am formulis mixedviT, is daadgens: gamorCa Tu ara mas romelime gamyofis
dasaxeleba. saerTo gamyofebis simravlea: {1; 2; 4}. am simravlis udidesi elementi
aris 36-isa da 40-is udidesi saerTo gamyofi, romlis povna SeiZleba saerTo mar-
tivi mamravlebis gamravlebiT.
es faqti moswavleebma unda miuTiTon _ unda SeZlon upasuxon kiTxvebs:
_ ras ewodeba ori ricxvis udidesi saerTo gamyofi,
_ udidesi saerTo gamyofis mosaZebnad saWiroa Tu ara yvela saerTo gamyofis
povna?
15 A∪B aris im orniSna ricxvebis simravle, romlebic ar aris 3-is jeradi.

A∪B-s amosawerad, sakmarisia, amovweroT yvela orniSna ricxvi da amovSaloT 3-is
jeradebi: 12; 15; 18; ...; 99. cxadia, A∩B=∅.
es amocana ukavSirdeba orniSna ricxvebis sam nawilad (klasad) dayofas, rac Sei-
Zleba CaiTvalos klasifikaciis magaliTad. es miniSneba gamoadgebaT moswavleebs
jgufuri muSaobis Catarebis dros.
16 piroba mokled SeiZleba ase Caiweros: yvela A aris B. Sesabamisi venis dia-
gramebi iqneba:
A an A, B A⊂B, an A=B
B
orive SemTxvevaSi _ A⊂B; A∩B=A, A∪B=B.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saSinao davalebisTvis gankuTvnili zogierTi amocana

klasSi amoxsnili amocanebis analogiuria. Tumca, damatebiT gamokvlevasac moiTx-
ovs; zogierTi ki SedarebiT axalia da moswavlisgan codnis SemoqmedebiTad gamoy-
enebas, cnebebis, aRniSvnebis, mimarTebebis, karg gaazrebas moiTxovs.
10 da 11 amocanebi 10 da 13 -is analogiuria. 11 -Si sxva ricxvebia moce-
muli, unda davSaloT es ricxvebi martiv mamravlebad. 12 -is Sesaxeb Cven zemoT
visaubreT. 13 aris 16 -is analogiuri. 14 moiTxovs simravleebze operaciebis

kargad gaazrebas.
a) suraTze warmodgenilia simravle: (A∩B)∪(B∩C),
b) suraTze gvaqvs: C∪(A∩B).
15 -is amosaxsnelad saWiro unarebs moswavle unda daufleboda 9

`testis~
garCevisas, romlis Sesrulebac Cven maswavleblebs vurCieT, rom klasSi ganexor-
cielebinaT.
Semdegi gakveTilisTvis SeiZleba moswavleebs davavaloT `moisazres~ amocanebis
garCeva. maswavlebelma gadawyvitos _ arian misi moswavleebi mzad, rom gamoiyenon
simravluri cnebebi da operaciebi am amocanebis damoukideblad amoxsnisas (gavdi-
varT standartis maT. sab. 7, 8, 9 Sedegebze) da Semdeg klasSi Catardes am amoxsnaTa
ganxilva, Tu es aqtivobebi Tavidanve klasSi erToblivi ZalisxmeviT Catardes.
don’t copy 51
me-19 gakveTili

cnebebi da sakiTxebi: simravle, qvesimravle, ori simravlis TanakveTa da gaer-
Tianeba.
winare codna: naturaluri ricxvebis gayofadoba, jeradebi da gamyofebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos simravluri cnebebis da oper-
aciebis gamoyeneba amocanebis amoxsnisas (maT. sab. 7, 8, 9).
gakveTilze saSinao davalebis Semowmebis Semdeg erToblivad gavarCevT `moisa-

zres~ amocanebs. Semdeg ki vatarebT jgufur muSaobas, romlis mizania simravlis
klasebad dayofis _ klasifikaciis sworad gamoyenebis unaris ganviTareba, kom-
pleqsuri problemis safexurebad, martiv amocanebad dayofisa da gadaWris unaris
ganviTareba.
`moisazres~ amocanebi 1 - 5 SeiZleba erTi kompleqsuri davalebis etapobri-
vad gadawyvetis nimuSad miviCnioT; vadgenT 1-dan 100-mde 3-is jeradebis simravleSi
elementebis raodenobas. es elementebia: 1⋅3; 2⋅3; ...; 33⋅3. maTi raodenobaa 33. Semdeg
_ elementebis raodenobas 7-is jeradebis simravleSi. es elementebia: 1⋅7; 2⋅7; 3⋅7;
...; 14⋅7, sul _ 14-ia. SevarCevT elementebs, romlebic orive simravles ekuTvnis,
ricxvebs, romlebic iyofa 3-zec da 7-zec: 1⋅21; 2⋅21; ...; 4⋅21, sul _ 4 ricxvi.
4 kiTxva ukavSirdeba am ori simravlis gaerTianebaSi

elementebis raodenobas; 3-ze an 7-ze iyofa 33+14-4=43 ricxvi.
suraTis mixedviTac gvaqvs: 29+4+10=43. 29 4 10
arc 3-sa da arc 7-ze ar iyofa 100-43=57 ricxvi. suraTze
1-dan 100-is CaTvliT yvela ricxvis simravle marTkuTxedi 57
Taa gamosaxuli, wreebis gareT aris simravle im ricxvebisa,
romlebic arc 3-ze iyofa da arc 7-ze. aq SeiZleba Cven SevTavazoT daxmareba mos-
wavleebs da vuTxraT, rom simravle SeiZleba wris garda sxva geometriuli figu-
rebiTac iyos gamosaxuli.
6 amocanis Sesabamisi diagrama ase gamoiyureba:

8 12
pirobis mixedviT figurebSi ricxvebis Caweris Semdeg advi-
lad davadgenT: mxolod sportze 10 moswavle dadis. pirveli
sporti musika
5 amocanis kargad garCevis Semdeg am amocanis amoxsna yvela
moswavlem unda SeZlos.
jgufuri muSaobis proeqti
es proeqti naSTTa ariTmetikis mniSvnelovani propedevtikaa. amitom klasma mis

Sesrulebas jerovani yuradReba unda dauTmos!
1. • am simravleebs saerTo elementi ara aqvs _ raime naturaluri ricxvis 5-ze
gayofisas ori gansxvavebuli naSTi ar miiReba.
• arsebobs _ 5-is jeradi ricxvebi arc erT mocemul simravleSi ar Sedis.
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• magaliTad, ase: `simravle im naturaluri ricxvebisa, romlebic ar iyofa 5-ze~.
• magaliTad, ase: `5-is jeradi ricxvebi~. aRniSvnis SerCeva naSTis (0-is) mixedviT
SeiZleba _ A0.
• naturalur ricxvTa simravle gamovsaxoT marTkuTxediT:
N A0 A1 A2 A3 A4
es proeqti simravlis klasebad dayofis, klasifikaciis gaazrebis SesaniSnavi

magaliTia. amasTanave, ekvivalentobis mimarTebis, ekvivalentobis klasebis mniS-
vnelovani propedevtikacaa _ usasrulo simravle iyofa sasruli raodenobis
klasebad. aq gaigivebis abstraqciis gaazrebasTanac gvaqvs saqme _ erTi da imave
klasis ricxvebis gaigivdeba. es mniSvnelovania mravali amocanis amoxsnis dros,
roca raime Tvisebis dadgenis dros mxolod is aris gasaTvaliswinebeli, mocemu-
li ricxvi ra naSTs iZleva, roca mTavaria naSTi da es naSTi erTi da igivea klasis
yvela warmomadgenlisTvis.
magaliTad, vTqvaT, vipovoT yvela a ricxvi, romlisTvisac a, a+10 da a+14 mar-

tivi ricxvebia. sakmarisia SevamowmoT naSTTa klasebze moduliT 3.
es ricxvebi aRmoCndeba sxvadasxva klasSi, radgan maT sxvadasxva naSTi aqvs 3-ze
gayofisas. amitom maTgan romelime 3-is jeradia da erTaderTi martivi ricxvi, ro-
melic 3-is jeradia, aris 3. sxva SemTxvevaSi gveqneba 3-ze meti da, amavdroulad,
3-is jeradi ricxvi _ is ki Sedgenilia.
am proeqtis ganxilvis Semdeg SeiZleba moswavleebs davavaloT, ganixilon is
SemTxveva, roca 5-is nacvlad raime sxva naturaluri ricxvi gvaqvs: magaliTad, 4,
6 an 7.
1.5. geometriuli figurebi
am paragrafis aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba me-20 _ 23-e gakveTilebi
me-20, 21-e da 22-e gakveTilebi
Tema: garemomcveli samyaro da geometriuli obieqtebi.

cnebebi da sakiTxebi: geometriuli figura, wertili, wrfe, sibrtye, mimarTebe-
bi wertilebs, wrfeebsa da sibrtyes Soris; geometriuli figurebis klasifikacia
brtyel da sivrcul figurebad.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos geometriuli figurebis _
wertilis, wrfis, sibrtyis, brtyeli da sivrculi figurebis amocnoba, gamosaxva
(maT. sab. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7).
winare codna: simravle, elementis simravlisadmi kuTvnileba.
geometriuli masala isea SerCeuli da gadmocemuli, rom SevZloT standartis

Sedegebze `gasvla~, moswavlem SeZlos maTematikuri terminebis, aRniSvnebisa da
don’t copy 53
simboloebis koreqtulad gamoyeneba, maTematikuri obieqtebis, brtyeli da sirvcu-
li geometriuli figurebis naxazebiT warmodgena. geometriis gadmocemisas Teori-
ul-simravluri koncefciis gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs wertilebis, wrfeebisa
da sibrtyeebis urTierTganlagebis SemTxvevebi simravluri aRniSvnebiTa da ter-
minologiiT gadmovceT. geometriul figuras ganvsazRvravT, rogorc wertilTa
simravles. amitom winare codna ukavSirdeba simravluri cnebebisa da aRniSvnebis
gaxsenebas, maTze dayrdnobiT brtyeli da sivrculi geometriuli figurebis aR-
weras; monakveTi, wrfe, sxivi wertilTa simravleebia. Semodis mimarTeba `Soris~
(hilbertis aqsiomatikaSi erT-erTi sawyisi mimarTeba). wrfeebis saerTo wertili
(gadakveTis wertili) aris am ori simravlis TanakveTa, wrfisadmi mikuTvneba sim-
ravluri simboloebiT CavweroT.
geometriuli figurebis simravle or urTierTaragadamkveT simravled aris
dayofili _ sivrcul da brtyel geometriul figurebad. gamocdil maswavleblebs
kargad axsovT sabWoTa periodis saxelmZRvaneloebi, romliTac calke sagnad iswav-
leboda geometria da ukve me-7 klasSi warmodgenili iyo aqsiomaTa sistema. maTze
dayrdnobiT Sendeboda geometriuli masala; moswavlis SesaZleblobebs aRemate-
boda geometriuli debulebebis gaazreba, miT umetes, iseTi debulebebisa, rom-
lebic naxazis mixedviT moswavlisTvis isedac cxadi iyo. igi xSirad ver xedavda
dasabuTebis saWiroebas. rogor SeiZleba am dros SeZlos moswavlem `msjelobis
xazis ganviTareba~. (maT. sab. 2).
pricnipebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo Cven mier geometriuli masalis gad-
mocemas eyrdnoba gamoCenili frangi mecnieris Jan dalamberis Tvalsazriss:
masalis martivad da gasagebad gadmocema, gazomvebze, geometriul figuraTa
urTierTganlagebaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, amasTanave sivrculi da brtyeli
figurebis Tvisebebi erTdroulad ganixileba.
ZiriTadi aqcenti CvenTan keTdeba imaze, rom moswavlem damoukideblad Se-
Zlos masalis aTviseba. es rodi akninebs maswavleblis rols. mas evaleba ga-
kveTilebis dagegmvisa da warmarTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani misia, romlidanac
unda gamoiricxos gakveTilze Teoriuli masalis `mecnieruli~ damuSaveba.
1.5 paragrafis teqsti isea warmodgenili, rom exmareba maswavlebels gakveTi-

li interaqtiuli formiT Caataros. maswavlebels xSirad uwevs kiTxviT mimarTos
moswavleebs da maTgan miRebul pasuxebs isev moswavleebs utovebs gansasjelad,
daskvnis gamosatanad. cxadia, zogjer SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes maswavleblis Careva;
magaliTad, ramdenime palos gamoyenebiT adgilze `monakveTis~ gamosaxvis dros.
saxelmZRvaneloSi moswavleebi advilad miagneben sakvanZo SekiTxvebze pasuxebs.
isini teqstSi suraTebiT, an sityvebiTaa aRwerili:
_ daasaxeleT geometriuli figurebi, romelTac viyenebT garemomcveli obi-
eqtebis aRwerisas (magaliTad, saxlis saZirkvlis Cayrisas gvWirdeba monakveTis
gamosaxva).
_ ra xerxebs viyenebT figuraTa saxeobebs Soris mimarTebebis gamosaxvis mizniT
(geometriul figurebs asoebiT warmovadgenT da viyenebT simravlur aRniSvnebs).
wina kiTxvaze pasuxs ukavSirdeba Semdegi sakvanZo SekiTxva: ratom iyeneben geo-
metriuli amocanis Sesabamis naxazze asoiT aRniSvnebs?
54
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paragrafs mosdevs sakontrolo kiTxvebi, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs, gava-
grZeloT ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba.
1. or wrfes SeiZleba saerTod ar hqondes saerTo wertili _ paraleluri an

acdenili wrfeebi; SeiZleba hqondes erTaderTi saerTo wertili _ gadamkveTi wr-
feebi; an uamravi saerTo wertili _ Tu wrfeebi emTxveva.
2. ori wrfe gadamkveTia, Tu maT mxolod erTi saerTo wertili aqvs.
3. gadamkveTi wrfeebis saerTo nawili/TanakveTa wertilia.
4. moswavles ar moeTxoveba mkacrad Camoyalilebuli gansazRvrebebi, SeiZleba
monakveTica da sxivic man suraTze gviCvenos, aRweros: aRniSnos, rom isini wrfis
nawilebia; monakveTi orive mxridan SemosazRvrulia; sxivi _ mxolod erTi mxridan
da a. S. SemoiRos aRniSvnebi suraTze gamosaxuli monakveTisa da sxivisTvis, daas-
axelos isini, es suraTebi mas 5-8 kiTxvebze pasuxisas gamoadgeba.
5. sxivi cali mxridan saTaviTaa SemosazRvruli.
6. • sxivi wrfe ar aris, is wrfis nawilia.
• sxivi ar aris monakveTi, is ar aris orive mxridan SemosazRvruli.
• monakveTi ar aris wrfe, is wrfis nawilia.
• monakveTi wrfis nawilia.
7. aq moswavle monakveTis ornair dasaxelebaSi iwafeba.
8. monakveTis msgavsad sxivis ornairad dasaxeleba ar SeiZleba. AB sxivis saTave
A wertilia, BA sxivis saTave _ B wertili.
9. wrfis dasaxeleba misi raime ori wertilis mixedviT (monakveTis msgavsad) or-
nairad SeiZleba _ CD da DC erTi da igive wrfea.
10. marTkuTxa paralelepipeds 8 wvero aqvs.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 3 4 3 3 2
zogierTi `testi~ wertilebsa da wrfeebs Soris mimarTebebis swor gaazrebas

moiTxovs, zogierTi _ sivrculi warmodgenebis swor miTiTebebs.
9 - 17 amocanebis nawili kompleqsur davalebebs Seicavs, magaliTad, 10 amoca-
nis amoxsna, romlis finaluri nawili pasuxebis mixedviT cxrilis Sevsebas moiTx-
ovs.
moswavleebi rveulSi gadaitanen am cxrils. cxrilis SevsebaSi maT daexmareba
imis codna, Tu ras niSnavs: wertili ar ekuTvnis mocemul wrfes, wertili ar ekuT-
vnis arc erT da arc meore wrfes, wertili ekuTvnis erT-erT wrfes mainc, wertili
ekuTvnis mxolod erT wrfes.
11 a da b gansxvavebul wrfeebs ar SeiZleba ori an meti saerTo wertili

hqondes, radgan nebismier or wertilze erTaderTi wrfe gadis.
12 moswavleebma miaqcion yuradReba frazas: `moniSnul wertilebze gamavali
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wrfe~. suraTze aseTi wrfe SeiZleba arc iyos gamosaxuli. magaliTad, AC1, A1C, AB1
55
da sxva wrfeebi. AB1, AD1 da sxva wrfeebi kveTs BB1D1D sibrtyes, magram isini sura-
Tze ar aris gavlebuli. es savarjiSoebi moswavleTa warmosaxvis unars aviTarebs.
13 a) AA1 da CC1; BB1 da DD1, B1C1 da BC wrfeebi paralelur wrfeTa wyvilebia,

b) BD da A1C1; AC da B1D1 aris acdenil wrfeTa wyvilebi _ sxvadasxva sibrtyeSia
da saerTo wertilebi ara aqvs.
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 4 1 1 2 2
10 a) ABCD marTkuTxedis sibrtyes ekuTvnis A, B, C, D da O wertilebi,

b) A1, B1, C1, D1 da O1 ar ekuTvnis ABCD marTkuTxedis sibrtyes,
g) A1 da B1 wertilebi,
d) D1 da B1 wertilebi.
11 marTkuTxa paralelepipeds aqvs 8 wvero, 6 waxnagi da 12 wibo.
12mocemul piramidas aqvs: 5 wvero, 5 waxnagi da 8 wibo.

orive SemTxvevaSi ( 11 da 12 amocanebSi) wveroebis raodenoba+waxnagebis
raodenoba _ wiboebis raodenoba =2.
13 AB, AD, AC. pirveli aso aucileblad unda iyos A.
14DB sxivis da BC sxivis TanakveTa aris BD

monakveTi.
15
D wertili aris AB monakveTis Siga wertili, B wertili _ AC monakveTis Siga
wertili.
23-e gakveTili
Tema: realuri procesebis maTematikuri modelebi, garemomcveli garemo da

geometriuli obieqtebi.
cnebebi da sakiTxebi: simravle, operaciebi simravleebze. geometriuli figura,
wertilebi, wrfeebi, wrfis nawilebi, sibrtyeebi da mimarTebebi maT Soris.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: codnis Semowmeba da ganmtkiceba: simravluri cnebebi-
sa da operaciebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, figuraTa saxeobebs Soris mimarTebebis gamo-
saxvis Sesaxeb, geometriul figuraTa amocnobis, Sedarebis, klasificirebis Sesaxeb
(maT. sab. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
gakveTils vuTmobT moswavleTa TviTSefasebis Sedegebis ganxilvas. es amocane-

bi SeiZleba maswavlebelma davalebad misces moswavleebs; SeiZleba davaleba gak-
veTilze Sesruldes. mas mosdevs Sedegebis ganxilva da moswavleebis mier sakuTa-
ri xarvezebis Sesaxeb maswavlebelTan saubari. es miscems maswavlebels saSualebas,
damatebiT imuSaos maTTan aRmoCenili xarvezebis aRmosafxvrelad.
56
don’t copy
moswavleebi, cxadia, SeniSnaven wignSive miTiTebul pasuxebs. maT unda icodnen,
rom maT mouwevT sakuTari Sedegebis Sesaxeb msjeloba, amitom mxolod am pasuxe-
biT, am pasuxebis gadmoweriT isini mocemul davalebas ver Seasruleben.
standartis moTxovnaTa dasafarad, moswavleTa Sefasebisas rekomendebulia
maTematikur davalebaTa mravalgvari formebis gamoyeneba. erT-erTi forma aris
davalebebi TviTSefasebisTvis. am davalebis Sesruleba exmareba moswavles da-
moukideblad gamoavlinos sakuTari Zlieri da susti mxareebi. saxelmZRvanelo-
Si warmodgenili davaleba, romliTac moswavle afasebs sakuTar codnas, SeiZleba
or nawilad daiyos: pirveli xuTi amocana SeiZleba ganvixiloT erT kompleqsur
davalebad, romliTac moswavle afasebs sakuTar codnas amocanebis amoxsnisas sim-
ravluri cnebebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (qvesimravlis, sasruli simravlis, usasrulo
simravlis, simravluri operaciebis). Semdegi xuTi amocana (me-5-me-10 amocanebi) sim-
ravleebze operaciebis Tvisebebsa da simravleTa tolobebis dasabuTebas eZRvneba.
es amocanebi maRali akademiuri mzaobis moswavleebisTvis aris gamiznuli. ami-
tom saTanado donis moswavleebs SeiZleba saSinaod misceT amosaxsnelad (Tqven xom
diferencirebulad udgebiT moswavleTa CarTulobas swavlis procesSi!!). nebismier
SemTxvevaSi am amocanebis Sesaxeb komentarebi klasSic unda gakeTdes.
aq moswavles uwevs, imsjelos, rom daasabuTos ori simravlis toloba. gaiTva-
liswinos, rom A=B maSin da mxolod maSin, roca A⊂B da B⊂A. pirveli mimarTebis
dasabuTeba ase mimdinareobs: vTqvaT, raime x∈A, maSin unda dasabuTdes, rom x∈B.
meore _ Tu raime x∈B, maSin unda vaCvenoT, rom x∈A.
magaliTi. SevamowmoT toloba, romelic me-8 amocaniTaa warmodgenili.
A∪(B∩C)=(A∪B)∩(A∪C).
vTqvaT, x∈A∪(B∩C). maSin x∈A an x∈(B∩C); Tu x∈A, maSin x∈A∪B da x∈(A∪C). e. i.
x∈(A∪B)∩(A∪C).
Tu x∈B∩C, maSin x∈B da x∈C, amitom x∈A∪B da x∈A∪C. maSasadame, x∈(A∪B)∩(A∪C).
amis Semdeg unda dasabuTdes: Tu x∈(A∪B)∩(A∪C), maSin x∈A∪(B∩C). Tu x Sedis
mocemul TanakveTaSi, maSin x∈A∪B da x∈A∪C. amitom x∈A, an x∈B da x∈C. aqedan,
x∈A∪(B∩C).
zogierTi moswavle Seecdeba simravleebis tolobebi venis diagramebis gamoy-
enebiT warmoadginos. aq SeiZleba Cveni Careva gaxdes saWiro _ ganxiluli unda
iyos simravleebs Soris mimarTebebis yvela SemTxveva.
magaliTad, ganxilul amocanaSi miTiTebuli simravleebi ase-
Ti diagramiT warmoidgineba, maSin advili dasanaxia, rom daS-
trixuli nawili aris rogorc A∪(B∩C), aseve _ (A∪B)∩(B∪C).
sxva saxis diagramis arsebobisas saTanado suraTic cxadia,
Seicvleba.
amrigad, ZiriTadi aqcenti jobs, rom gakeTdes diagramebis
gareSe Catarebul zogad msjelobaze.
5 amocanis amoxsnisas moswavlem unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom yovel naturalur

ricxvs, Tu is 1-ze metia, aqvs martivi gamyofi. erTaderTi naturaluri ricxvi,
romlis martivi gamyofebis simravle carielia, aris 1; 1 arc martivi ricxvia da
arc _ Sedgenili ricxvi.
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me-11-me-14 amocanebis saSualebiT moswavle afasebs sakuTar codnas geometri-
uli masalis Sesaxeb.
12
TanakveTa B wertilia. aq moswavlem sworad unda gamoiyenos monakveTis, sxivis,

TanakveTis cnebebi.
13 aqac SeiZleba gamoviyenoT naxazi. a

Tu a||c, maSin ar SeiZleba, rom b||c, winaaRmdeg SemTxveva- M
Si miviRebT, rom M wertilze gavlebulia ori wrfe (a da b
c
wrfeebi), romlebic c wrfis paraleluria, rac SeuZlebelia. b
14 marTkuTxa paralelepipedis modelze kargad Cans para-

lelur da acdenil wrfeTa wyvilebi.
magaliTad, AD da CC1 wrfeebi acdenili wrfeebia, BC||AD,
amasTanave, BC da CC1 wrfeebi ikveTeba C wertilSi. amrigad,
SeiZleba, rom amocanaSi miTiTebuli b da c wrfeebi ikveTebodes.
1.6. kuTxe. kuTxeTa urTierTganlageba
am paragrafis aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 24-e da 25-e gakveTilebi.
24-e da 25-e gakveTilebi

cnebebi da sakiTxebi: geometriuli figura, kuTxe, mosazRvre kuTxeebi, verti-
kaluri kuTxeebi, gaSlili kuTxe.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem SeZlos geometriuli figuris _ kuTxis
amocnoba; mosazRvre kuTxeebis, vertikaluri kuTxeebis, gaSlili kuTxis daxasiaTe-
ba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7).
winare codna: geometriuli figura, wrfe, wrfis nawilebi _ monakveTi, sxivi.
am gakveTilis dasawyisSi unda dasruldes moswavleTa TviTSefasebis Sedegebis

Sejameba. amasTanave, SeiZleba es procesi axali sakiTxisTvis saWiro winare codnis
gaaqtiurebasac daeTmos. ganxiluli amocanebi Seicavda cnebebs, romelTa codna
aucilebelia axal masalaze gadasvlisas _ monakveTi, sxivi, gadamkveTi da paral-
eluri wrfeebi, wertilebi wrfeze. Semdeg SeiZleba moswavleebs mivmarToT:
_ SegiZliaT Tu ara aRweroT _ ra aris kuTxe, ra SemTxvevaSi viyenebT am si-
tyvas?
zogierTi moswavle daasaxelebs oTaxis kuTxes _ adgils, sadac ikveTeba oTa-
xis ori mezobeli kedeli. SeiZleba zogierTma moswavlem saxelmZRvanelos pirveli
winadadebebisTvis Tvalis gadavlebac ki moaswros. Tu isini Tavisi sityvebiT swo-
rad gamoTqvamen teqstSi warmodgenil winadadebebs, amisTvis SeiZleba Seqebac ki
don’t copy
daimsaxuron (ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis elementi).
58
Semdeg SeiZleba kuTxis dafaze daxazva da am cnebis aRwera. ramdenime moswavle
gamodis dafasTan da gamosaxavs sxvadasxva kuTxes.
Semdeg gamovsaxavT dafaze gaSlil kuTxes da mivmarTavT moswavleebs.
_ maTematikaSi aseT ucnaur kuTxesac ganvixilavT.
yuradRebas vamaxvileT imaze, rom ori urTierTdamatebiTi sxiviT `SemosazR-
vrulia~ ori gaSlili kuTxe. termini _ `mosazRvre kuTxeebi~ _ SeiZleba moswa-
vleebma TviTon aRmoaCinon, am kuTxeebis dafaze gamosaxvis Semdeg.
sabaziso safexuris standarti moiTxovs, rom moswavlem unda SeZlos geome-
triul figuraTa warmodgena, daxazva, naxazis ageba teqnologiebis, specialuri
grafikuli redaqtoris gamoyenebiT. Cven gTavazobT aqtiurad gamoiyenoT marti-
vad gamosayenebeli da amavdroulad resursebiT mdidari redaqtorebi: geogebra.
org/geometry, an desmos.com/geometry. SedixarT romelime maTganis vebgverdze. ekranis
marcxena mxares warmodgenilia e.w. instrumentebis nakrebi. masze sasurveli obieqtis
(wertilis, sxivis, wrfis da a.S.) moniSvnis Semdeg gadagvaqvs es obieqti ekranis marj-
vena nawilSi da TandaTanobiT vxazavT gakveTilze warmodgenil obieqtebs.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi ganmaviTarebeli SefasebisTvis gamoviyenoT _ vafasebT,
yuradRebiT gvismendnen Tu ara moswavleebi, SeuZliaT Tu ara asoiTi aRniSvnebis
gamoyeneba kuTxeebis miTiTebisa da Caweris dros.
pirvel sam `testSi~ swori pasuxebis SerCevac amave mizans emsaxureba _ mosaz-
Rvre kuTxeebis aRmoCena da miTiTeba, kuTxeebis Semadgeneli nawilebis dasaxeleba.
pirvel gakveTilzeve erToblivi ZalisxmeviT vxsniT 4 - 6 amocanebsac.
saSinao davalebad vaZlevT 1 - 5 amocanebs da Seswavlili geometriuli

figurebis eleqtronul formatSi warmodgenas.
meore gakveTilze vamowmebT saSinao davalebas, saSinao A

davalebis Semowmebis procesi SeiZleba teqnologiebis gamo-
yenebiT an moswavleebis dafasTan gamoZaxebiT SevasruloT _
moswavleebis pasuxebi unda iyos sruli. magaliTad, moswavle B
C
gamosaxavs dafaze kuTxes, Semdeg warmoadgens misi wakiTxvis
orive wess _ ∠ABC an ∠CBA.
pirvel testSi mxolod pirveli Canaweria miTiTebuli swor pasuxad (ra Tqma
unda, es pasuxi sworia); magram damatebiTi SekiTxviT Cven SegviZlia davazustoT _
SeuZlia Tu ara moswavles es kuTxe kidev sxva saxiT Caweros. 2 - 3 testebSi
pasuxebis SerCevac cnebebis swor gaazrebas ukavSirdeba. 4 amocanaSi, faqtob-
rivad simravleebis TanakveTasTan gvaqvs saqme. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom kuTxis
gansazRvrebis Cveneuli warmodgena kolmogoroviseul koncefcias ukavSirdeba
(geometriuli figura _ wertilTa simravle). magaliTad, pogorelovis saxelmZR-
vaneloSi, romelic sabWoTa periodSi da Semdgomac saqarTveloSic gamoiyeneboda,
kuTxe warmodgenilia rogorc saerTo saTavis mqone sxivebis erToblioba. Cveni
gansazRvreba ufro axlos aris yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, ganmartebiT leqsikonebSi
kuTxis warmodgenebTan.
gakveTilze erToblivi ZalisxmeviT vxsniT 7 - 10 amocanebs. isini SeiZleba kom-
pleqsuri tipis davalebebad miviCnioT. magaliTad, 7 amocanis amoxsna ukavSirde-
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ba mravalmxriv codnaTa urTierTkavSirSi gamoyenebas _ kuTxe, rogorc wertilTa
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simravle, simravleTa TanakveTa. 8 amocanis amoxsna dakavSirebulia paraleluri
wrfeebis, wertilze gamavali wrfis, wrfeebis TanakveTis, mosazRvre da vertikalu-
ri kuTxeebis cnebebTan, naxazis agebasTan, aRniSvnebis gamoyenebasTan.
9 amocaniT vixsenebT sivrculi figuris dasaxelebas, gamosaxvas, am figuris
elementebis dasaxelebebs da veZebT kuTxeebs, romlebic am figurasTan aris da-
kavSirebuli.
10 amocana ukavSirdeba naxazis mixedviT mosazRvre kuTxeebis, vertikaluri
kuTxeebis, damatebiTi sxivis amocnobasa da dasaxelebas. analogiuria kompleqsuri
davalebebi: 6 - 10 amocanebi, romlebic moswavleebma Sin unda amoxsnan.
1 2 3
3 1 2
4gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, kuTxis gverdebis wertile-

bic kuTxes ekuTvnis.
5 ∠BAD, ∠ABC, ∠BCD, ∠CDA.
6 TiToeuli waxnagisTvis 4 kuTxis dasaxeleba SeiZleba.
7a) ∠CBD, b) saerTo wertili ar aqvs,

g) BD sxivi, d) erTi _ B wertili, e) BE sxivi.
E
a
8 bevri kuTxe miiReba, SeiZleba gaSlili kuTxeebis C A F
dasaxelebac. mosazRvre kuTxeebia, magaliTad, ∠EAF da ∠CAE,
b M
∠CAE da ∠MAC, ∠KML da ∠DML; vertikaluri kuTxeebia, mag- K D
aliTad, ∠EAF da ∠CAM, ∠CAE da ∠MAF, ∠AMD da ∠KML. L
9 magaliTad, a) ∠AMB, ∠AMC

b) ∠MAC, ∠BAC
g) ∠ACB, ∠MCA.
10 a) ∠CBD, ∠ABE;
b) ∠EBD, g) BE sxivi
1 2 3 4
3 3 1 4
5 a) ∠AMD, ∠AMC (ori gaSlili kuTxe), ∠AMB, ∠DMC, ∠DMB (ori gaSlili
kuTxe), ∠CMB; b) ∠DAC, ∠CAB, ∠DAB; g) ∠MAD da ∠CAD erTi da imave kuTxis sxva-
dasxva aRniSvnaa. A
C
6 a) CD sxivi kveTs mxolod OB gverds.
D
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B
60
A
b) CD sxivi arc erT gverds ar kveTs, aq CD||OB; C D
A b O
c a B
7 b||OB
O B N
M
8 a) erTi _ P wvero;
P
b) NB sxivs. A
a B
M b
D
C
A
a) ∠MAD da ∠CAB
9
b)
B ∠DAB
g)
E F ∠ABF da ∠EBN.
N
M
A
10 B
∠MPA, ∠MPB, ∠MPN, ∠APB, ∠APN, ∠BPN.
P
N
kuTxeebis dasaxelebisas avirCieT dasaxelebis `strategia~: jer CamovwereT
yvela kuTxe, romelTa erT-erTi gverdi aris PM sxivi; Semdeg yvela kuTxe, ro-
melTa erTi gverdia PA, da bolos, kuTxe, romlis erT-erTi gverdia PB.
1.7. monakveTisa da kuTxis gazomva
am paragrafis aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 26-e-28-e gakveTilebi

cnebebi da sakiTxebi: kuTxe. kuTxis elementebi. kuTxis gradusuli zoma. mimar-
Tebebi wrfis wertilebs Soris.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos kuTxis, kuTxis gradusuli zo-
mis gansazRvrebebisa da Tvisebebis sworad Camoyalileba, monakveTis sigrZis, or
wertils Soris manZilis sworad gaazreba da monakveTebisa da kuTxeebis gazomva
(maT. sab. 3).
vertikaluri kuTxeebis, mosazRvre kuTxeebis Sesaxeb debulebebis formulireba
da maTi dasabuTebisas martivi msjelobebis Catareba, msjelobis xazis ganviTareba
(maT. sab. 1, maT. sab. 2).
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winare codna: sigrZis erTeulebi, kuTxe, mosazRvre da vertikaluri kuTxeebi.
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gakveTils viwyebT saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT, romelsac Tan sdevs axali
codnis konstruirebisTvis saWiro winare codnis gaaqtiureba. wina paragrafis
6 - 10 amocanebis amoxsnebis Semowmebisas moswavleebs vTxovoT, Camoayalibon
gaSlili kuTxis, mosazRvre kuTxeebis, vertikaluri kuTxeebis, kuTxis elemente-
bis gansazRvrebebi. magaliTad, 9 amocanis amoxsnis Semowmebisas gvixdeba MAC
kuTxis mosazRvre kuTxeebis sworad miTiTeba, aqve mivmarTavT moswavleebs:
_ ratom aris Tqven mier dasaxelebuli MAD kuTxe MAC kuTxis mosazRvre kuT-
xe? CamoayalibebT, ra SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom ori kuTxe mosazRvre kuTxeebia?
analogiurad ganixileba vertikaluri kuTxeebis, gaSlili kuTxis dasaxelebis
Semdeg maTi gansazRvrebebis formulirebis Semowmeba (maT. sab. 3). ZiriTadi sa-
kiTxi sidideebis (sigrZis, kuTxis) gazomvis sakiTxia _ SeirCeva erTeuli da
masTan Sedarebis procesi iZleva sididis zomis ricxviT gamosaxvas. es sakiTxi
monakveTebis Sesaxeb moswavleebisTvis SeiZleba nacnobic iyos. sigrZis gazomvis
SemTxvevaSi yuradReba gavamaxviloT e.w. samkuTxedis utolobaze. wertilebisTvis
`Soris~ mimarTeba Cven mier intuiciurad ganixileba, amas mosdevs Tviseba: Tu C
wertili aris A da B wertilebs Soris, maSin AC + CB = AB.
zogierT saxelmZRvaneloSi (magaliTad, kolmogorovis redaqciiT daweril geo-
metriis saxelmZRvaneloSi) aRniSnuli mimarTeba moyvanili tolobiT ganisazRvreba.
Cvens saxelmZRvaneloSi intuiciurad aris ganxiluli da TvalsaCinod ilustrire-
buli is SemTxveva, roca C wertili ar aris A da B wertilebs Soris, maSin AC + CB>AB.
Semdeg gadavdivarT kuTxis gazomvis procesis axsnaze, Semogvaqvs zomis erTeu-
li _ gaSlili kuTxis 1/180 nawili. SeiZleba dafaze gamovsaxoT gaSlili kuTxe da
miaxloebiT vuCvenoT 10-iani kuTxe.
sasurvelia, Tu gamoviyenebT transportirs da moswavleebs vTxovT _ aRweron
transportiris gamoyenebiT kuTxis gazomvis procesi. kuTxeebis zomebis tolobiT
Semogvaqvs am geometriuli obieqtebis tolobis, metisa da naklebis cnebebi.
saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia kiTxvebi, romlebzec pasuxebis gacemis saSua-
lebiT moswavleebi asabuTeben mosazRvre kuTxeebis, vertikaluri kuTxeebis to-
lobebs. am ori debulebis dasabuTebiT moswavleebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, pirvel
sayuradRebo nabijebs dgamen maTematikuri debulebebis Camoyalibebisa da da-
sabuTebis unarebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3).
sakontrolo kiTxvebi ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva.
kiTxvebi isea SerCeuli, rom moswavlem yuradReba miaqcios cnebebis gasazRv-
rebebis formulirebebs _ kuTxis biseqtrisa aris sxivi ...,^ erTi gradusis sididis
kuTxe ewodeba ... . M
C B
me-4 kiTxvaze pasuxis miRebis Semdeg SeiZleba moviTxovoT misi
dasabuTebac;
vertikaluri kuTxeebis naxevrebis zomaTa jami am vertikaluri O
kuTxeebidan erT-erTis zomis tolia.
maSasadame, ∠MOB + ∠NOD + ∠BOD = ∠COB + ∠BOD = 1800. maSasadame, A D
N
∠MON gaSlili kuTxea.
5. wertilTa yoveli sami A, B, C sameulisTvis AC + CB = AB A C B

toloba sruldeba, roca C wertili aris A da B wertilebs Soris.
62
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amave gakveTilze gavarCevT 1 - 11 amocanebs. saSinao davalebad SeiZleba
1 - 9 amocanebis micema. agreTve daavaleT moswavleebs, zemoT miTiTebuli
grafikuli redaqtorebis gamoyenebiT aagon vertikaluri kuTxeebi, kuTxis biseq-
trisa (jer mxolod TvalzomiT), rkalebiT moniSnon ganxiluli kuTxeebi, wrfis
raime or wertils Soris moniSnon raime wertili.
meore gakveTils viwyebT saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT, vaxorcielebT ganmavi-
Tarebel Sefasebas. Semdeg gadavdivarT 12 - 19 amocanebze. ramdenime maTgani kom-
pleqsur davalebad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
magaliTad, 12 amocanaSi dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacema moiTxovs wrfeze
sami wertilis ganlagebis yvela SemTxvevis ganxilvas (kombinatoruli unarebi), `So-
ris~ mimarTebis sworad gaazrebas. 14 amocanis mixedviT warmodgenili suraTis
garCeva, saSualebas iZleva 15 kompleqsuri davaleba amovxsnaT. suraTis mixedviT
_ ∠MNP + ∠PNK = ∠MNK.
15 davalebis amocanebi SeiZleba gantolebebis gamoyenebis gareSec amoixsnas;
a) ∠PNK rom yofiliyo ∠MNP-s toli, maTi jami 600-is toli iqneboda. maSasadame,
∠MNP = 600:2 = 300, ∠PNK = 400;
b) 700 unda davyoT 2 da 3-is proporciul nawilebad; 700 Sedgeba 5 nawilisgan, 1
nawilia 700:5=140, 2 nawilia _ 140⋅2=280, 3 nawili _ 140⋅3=420.
analogiurad, gantolebisa da `x-is~ SemoRebis gareSe SeiZleba amoixsnas 18
davalebis amocanebi. a) pirobis Tanaxmad, 1800 Sedgeba 5 nawilisgan; 1800:5=360. kuTxe,
romlis gradusuli zoma 4-jer metia, aris 4⋅360=1440.
b) 1800-20=1780, 1780:2=890; 890+20=910. pasuxi: 890 da 910.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 4 2 3 1 2
9 AC + CB = AB, AC = 7,2 m, AB = 20 m. maSasadame, CB = 20 m–7,2 m = 12,8 m.
10 12,6-2,4=10,2 (m)
19 ∠COB = 700, ∠DOB = 700:2 = 350.
saklasos sxva amocanebi zemoT iyo garCeuli.
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 4 2 4
7 30 – (2,5+4,2)=23,3 (m)
8 C
BM = MA = 2,3
N
A
AN = NC = 4,9
M
B
MN = 2,3 + 4,9 = 7,2 (m).
don’t copy 63
9 AC = 12, BC = 7,5
AC + CB = 19,5, AC + CB>AB
C wertili ar aris A da B wertilebs Soris.
29-e gakveTili

cnebebi da sakiTxebi: kuTxis biseqtrisa, mosazRvre da vertikaluri kuTxeebis
Tvisebebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: kuTxis, kuTxis gradusuli zomis, mosazRvre da ver-
tikaluri kuTxeebis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb moswavleTa codnis ganmtkiceba. moswavlem
unda SeZlos aRniSnuli Tvisebebis, gansazRvrebebis sworad formulireba, martivi
debulebebis dasabuTeba (maT. sab. 1, 2).
winare codna: mosazRvre da vertikaluri kuTxeebis Tvisebebi.
gakveTils viwyebT saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT. davaleba dakavSirebulia

kuTxeebis gazomvasTan, mosazRvre kuTxeebis, vertikaluri kuTxeebis, biseqtrisis
Tvisebebis gamoyenebasTan amocanebis amoxsnis dros. es mecadineoba SeiZleba gamo-
viyenoT ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis ganxorcielebisTvis.
10 a) am amocanis amoxsnis dros mowmdeba moswavleebis codna:

• mosazRvre kuTxeebis jamis Sesaxeb: ∠BOC = 1800–1200 = 600;
• kuTxis biseqtrisis Sesaxeb: ∠BOE = 300, ∠FOB = 600;
• kuTxis wveroze, gverdebs Soris gavlebuli sxivis Tvisebis Sesaxeb:
∠EOF = ∠BOE + ∠FOB = 900.
b) es amocana a) amocanis analogiuria, kvlav imave pasuxs miviRebT: ∠EOF = 900.
SeiZleba moswavleebma am Sedegebis mixedviT gamoTqvan hipoTeza nebismieri mo-
sazRvre kuTxeebisTvis aseTive Sedegebis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
(moswavles SeuZlia kerZo SemTxvevebis ganxilvis safuZvelze varaudis gamoTq-

ma, maTematikuri amocanis ganxilvisas hipoTezis Camoyalibeba da misi marTebulo-
bis dadgena, deduqciiT miRebuli daskvnis dasabuTeba (maT. sab. 1, 2)).
Tu moswavleebi Tavad ver mivlen hipoTezis Camoyalibebamde (mosazRvre kuTx-
eebis biseqtrisebs Soris kuTxis zoma aris 900), an dainteresdnen am Sedegis ganzo-
gadebiT, maSin SeecadeT, Tqven daexmaroT am hipoTezis CamoyalilebaSi da Semdeg
uxelmZRvaneloT dasabuTebis process.
SeiZleba kidev ramdenime kerZo SemTxvevis ganxilva SesTavazoT, radgan sa-
survelia, zogad daskvnamde moswavleebi Tavad mividnen.
11 TiToeuli kuTxis zoma 600-ia. ∠NOP = 600:2 = 300, ∠AOP = 600 + 600 + 300 = 1500.
64
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B
12 mosazRvre kuTxeebis jami 1800-ia. BOC kuTxe rom
iyos ∠AOB-s gaormagebulis toli, maSin maTi jami iqnebo-
da 1650, rac 3-jer metia AOB kuTxis zomaze. maSasadame,
∠AOB = 1650:3 = 550. ∠BOC = 2⋅550 + 150 = 1250. A O C
II xerxi: ∠AOB = x
∠BOC = 2x + 150
3x + 150 = 1800
3x = 1650
x = 550, 2x + 150 = 1250.
13 am amocanis amoxsnac codnaTa kompleqsur gamoy- N

enebas ukavSirdeba: teqstis mixedviT naxazis Sesruleba,
romelsac amoxsnis procesSi SeiZleba koreqtireba daWird-
es, mosazRvre kuTxeebis jamis Tviseba.
M O K
SeiZleba amoxsnis aseTi gza avirCioT:
vTqvaT, ∠MON = x. maSin ∠NOK = 3⋅ 12 x = 32 x.
mosazRvre kuTxeTa TvisebiT, x + 32 x = 1800, 52 x = 1800, x = 1800: 52 = 720, 32 ⋅720 = 1080.
SeiZleba vcadoT aseTi gziT amoxsnac: NOK kuTxe ∠MON-is naxevarze 3-jer me-
tia, MOK gaSlili kuTxe ki MON kuTxis naxevarze 5-jer metia. e. i. MON kuTxis
naxevari tolia 1800:5=360-is, ∠MON = 2⋅360 = 720, ∠NOK = 3⋅360 = 1080.
A
14 ∠AOB-s mosazRvre kuTxeebi vertikaluri kuTxee-

bia, TiToeulis zoma iqneba 3000:2=1500. maSasadame, ∠AOB = 1800– O B
1500 = 300.
15 aq wina amocanaSi gamoyenebuli msjelobis xazis Semd- A
gomi ganviTareba xdeba ( 15 da 14 amocanebi erTi kompleq-

suri davalebis or punqtad SeiZleba miviCnioT). O B
wina amocanis analogiurad, AOB kuTxis mosazRvre kuTx-
eebis jami 2-jer metia TiToeul maTganze da radgan es jami
4-jer metia ∠AOB-s zomaze da es mosazRvre kuTxeebi tolia, amitom TiToeuli
mosazRvre kuTxe 2-jer metia ∠AOB-ze. maSasadame, 3α = 1800, α = 600 (α-Ti aRvniSneT
∠AOB-s zoma).
rogorc vxedavT, saSinao davaleba analogiuria saklaso amocanebisa, magram am

davalebis zogierTi amocana moswavlisgan moiTxovs amoxsnis axali, gansxvavebuli
xerxebis mignebas.
gansxvavebuli strategiebis Zieba da ganxorcieleba aviTarebs moswavlis
SemoqmedebiTi, kritikuli azrovnebis unarebs. saSinao davalebis amocanebis
umetesoba, rogorc wesi, saklaso amocanebis amoxsnebis analogiurad advilad ix-
sneba.
don’t copy 65
amave gakveTilze vxsniT `vip~-is (vin iqneba pirveli) rubrikiT mocemul amo-
canebs. es aqtivoba SeiZleba Catardes jgufebs Soris Sejibrebis formiT _ jgufe-
bi paeqroben SekiTxvebze swori pasuxebis swrafad SerCevaSi. jgufebi furclebze
gadaitanen swor pasuxebs, maswavlebeli amowmebs da swrafad da sworad Sesrule-
buli samuSaos mixedviT gamoavlens gamarjvebul gunds.
`vip~-is amocanebSi pasuxebis swrafad migneba ar unda gauWirdeT moswavleebs.
1 α = 1200, a2 = 60 ,

0
2 d = 720, γ = 1800–720 = 1080,
a b
3 α+β = 1800, 4 = 160, α = 640, β = 1160, 2 = 580,
4 500, 500, 1300, 1300,
5 4α = 1800, α = 450, 1800–450 = 1350,

6 sami kuTxis jami unda iyos 1800-ze meti, radgan ori maTgani mosazRvre kuTx-
eebs warmoadgens. amasTanave, es jami unda iyos 3600-ze naklebi.
a) ar SeiZleba, b) SeiZleba.
7 α+100α = 1800, 101α = 1800, α = 1800:101. SeiZleba.
moswavleebs vaZlevT davalebas:

1. moiZion internetis gamoyenebiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi kuTxis cnebis
sxvadasxva ganmarteba.
2. `silkskolis~ saSinao skolis proeqtis saSualebiT (www.silkschool.ge). mois-
minon gakveTili: kuTxis gazomva. Seadginon referati Semdegi kiTxvebis mixed-
viT: ra sakiTxebia ganxiluli gakveTilze, ra debulebaa dasabuTebuli. gad-
mocemuli masala da gadmocema sandoa da SeiZleba gamoviyenoT saswavlo procesSi.
aRniSnul gakveTilze ganixileba: monakveTis gazomva, kuTxis gazomva, biseqtrisa,
mosazRvre kuTxeebis Tviseba, damtkicebulia vertikaluri kuTxeebis Tviseba, ganx-
ilulia urTierTgadamkveTi wrfeebiT Sedgenili kuTxeebis zomebis gamoTvlis mag-
aliTebi. es masala axali gakveTilisTvis (kuTxeebis klasifikacia) winare aucileb-
el codnas Seicavs.
1.8. kuTxeTa klasifikacia. or wrfes Soris kuTxe
am paragrafis aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 29-e _ 32-e gakveTilebi

cnebebi da sakiTxebi: kuTxe. kuTxeebis klasifikacia, marTi, maxvili, blagvi
kuTxeebi, kuTxe or wrfes Soris.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos kuTxeebis klasifikacia, maTi
Sedareba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7); amocanis konteqstis Sesabamisad geometriuli obie-
qtebis warmodgena (maT. sab. 4, 5, 6).
66
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winare codna: kuTxeebi, gaSlili kuTxe, mosazRvre da vertikaluri kuTxeebi
da maTi Tvisebebi.
winare codnis gaaqtiureba xdeba moswavleebis mier Sesrulebuli `referatebis~

ganxilvis saSualebiT. am `referatebs~ moswavleebi wina gakveTilze micemuli da-
valebis mixedviT amzadeben. amis Semdeg kuTxeTa klasifikaciaze gadasvla ar aris
Zneli da igi interaqtiuli meTodiT SeiZleba ganvaxorcieloT:
_ ori wrfis gadakveTisas miRebuli kuTxeebis tolobis SemTxvevebi, TiToeuli
kuTxe ra zomis iqneba?
_ ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom ori wrfe marTobulia?
_ ra kuTxiT SeiZleba gadaikveTos ori gadamkveTi quCa?
_ ori wrfis gadakveTisas miRebuli oTxi kuTxidan, romels vuwodebT or wr-
fes Soris kuTxes?
yuradReba gavamaxviloT terminebze: òri wrfis gadakveTisas miRebuli kuTxee-
bi~, òr wrfes Soris kuTxe~. ori wrfis gadakveTisas oTxi kuTxe miiReba, maTgan im
kuTxes, romlis zoma ar aRemateba 900-s, ewodeba or wrfes Soris kuTxe.
_ ras niSnavs, rom kuTxis zoma ar aRemateba 900-s; SeiZleba am kuTxis zoma iyos
900? 900-ze meti? 900-ze naklebi?
_ daxazeT marTkuTxedi da daasaxeleT marTkuTxedis kuTxeebi. marTkuTxedis
romelime kuTxe (kuTxe _ wertilTa simravlea) moicavs Tu ara am marTkuTxeds?
pasuxis gasacemad sasurvelia, rom ABCD marTkuTxedisa da
∠ABC-s miTiTebisas, aseTi naxazic warmovadginoT:
∠ABC aris BA da BC sxivebs Soris moTavsebuli 900-is zomis
kuTxe, mas marTkuTxedis B wverosTan mdebare kuTxe ewodeba
(mokled _ marTkuTxedis B kuTxe).
sakontrolo kiTxvebis dasmiT moswavleebi imeoreben max-
vili kuTxis, marTi kuTxis, blagvi kuTxis gansazRvrebebs, mohyavT or gadamkveT
wrfes Soris kuTxis gansazRvrebis swori formulireba, ayalilebeben debulebas,
romelic evklides V postulatis ekvivalenturia, mas Cven ar movixseniebT rogorc
aqsiomas, an rogorc sawyis winadadebas. me-4 da me-5 kiTxvebiT vixsenebT debule-
bebs, romlebic wina gakveTilze araerTxel davamtkiceT. am kiTxvebis saSualebiT
vaxorcielebT ganmaviTarebel Sefasebas.
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 1 2 1 3 3
7 SeiZleba ase SevafasoT:

a) maxvili b) blagvi g) marTi.
SeiZleba davavaloT, daasaxelon TiToeuli kuTxis gradusuli zoma miaxloebiT,
Semdeg gazomon transportiriT da Seadaron Sedegebi.
8 ninikom Secdoma dauSva, arasworad gamoiyena transportiri.
don’t copy 67
kompleqsuri davaleba, romelic 9 -s kiTxvebiT aris warmodgenili, moiTxovs
naxazis mixedviT:
1) vertikaluri kuTxeebis amocnobas;
2) monakveTebis amocnobas da Canaweris wakiTxvas;
3) marTi kuTxeebis amocnobas;
4) sxivebis amocnobas;
5) maxvili da blagvi kuTxeebis cnebebis codnas da maT amocnobas naxazze; ga-
vdivarT standartis Sedegebze: maT. sab. 3, 5, 7.
10 am amocanis amoxsna moiTxovs, rom moswavlem SeZlos marTkuTxa paralelepi-

pedis waxnagebis dasaxeleba, paraleluri wrfeebis amocnoba, marTobuli wrfeebis
amocnoba. paralelepipeds aqvs 6 waxnagi, TiToeuli maTgani marTkuTxedia. AA1, BB1,
CC1 da DD1 wrfeebidan yoveli ori wrfe paralelur wrfeTa wyvils qmnis. maTi ra-
odenoba aris 6. DD1 da DC; DD1 da AD; AA1 da AB; AA1 da AD marTobul wrfeTa wy-
vilebia.
11 moswavlem unda SeZlos pirobis mixedviT naxazis Sedge- M

na, Semdeg, pirobis mixedviT, 900-iani kuTxis miTiTeba, ∠KAB = 300 da K
∠MAK = 900–300 = 600, radgan MA-s da AB-s marTobuloba niSnavs, rom
A B
∠MAB = 900. geometriuli amocanebis amoxsnis dros moswavleebi xSirad
amocanaSi mocemul yvela pirobas ar iTvaliswineben xolme. saklaso muSaobisas zo-
gjer SeiZleba Tqven mogiwioT romelime mocemulobis Sexseneba.
12 es amocanac erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, klasSi ixsneba.

a _ ras niSnavs Canaweri A∈a; B∈b?
B _ maSasadame, suraTze sad Zevs A da B wertilebi?
A _ M wertili A da B-s Sorisaa, ra moqmedebis Catareba mogviwevs
a P naxazze M wertilis mosaniSnad? (A da B wertilebze gavavloT AB
wrfe da A da B-s Soris aviRoT M wertili).
_ nebismierad aris aRebuli M wertili A da B-s Soris? (M B
M
wertili isea aRebuli, rom PM biseqtrisaa, anu, ∠APM = ∠BPM = 450.
naxazi teqstis wakiTxvisas, mocemulobis gaTvaliswinebiT
A P
zustdeba.
13 am amocanis amoxsnisas sasurvelia, isrebiani saaTi dafaze gamovsaxoT da

SekiTxvebis saSualebiT moswavleebi miviyvanoT winadadebebamde, romlebic maT am
amocanis da SemdgomSi analogiuri amocanebis amoxsnis dros gamoadgebaT:
a) 6 saaTze saaTis isrebs Soris kuTxe aris gaSlili kuTxe, anu 1800.
ricxvebiT moniSnul yovel or mezobel danayofs Soris kuTxe aris 1800-is me-
eqvsedi, anu _ 300.
b) 11 saaTze saaTis isrebs Soris kuTxe aris 300
g) 4 saaTze _ 4⋅300=1200
d) 5 saaTze _ 5⋅300=1500.
68
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roca wuTebis isari 1800-ian kuTxes `Semowers~ (naxevar saaTSi), maSin saaTebis
maCvenebeli isari Semowers 150-ian kuTxes. 180
15 =12, amrigad, wuTebis isari 12-jer
swrafad moZraobs.
pirvel gakveTilze 1 - 6 testebi ganixileba. saSinao davalebad vaZlevT
1 - 8 amocanebs. meore gakveTilze, klasSi _ 7 - 13 amocanebi, davalebad _
9 - 14 amocanebi.
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 2 2 1 2 4
7
am amocanis amoxsnisas moswavleebma ujriani rveuli unda gamoiyenon _
yoveli ujris oTxive kuTxis zoma 900-ia. ujris mopirdapire wveroebis SeerTebiT
SeiZleba 450-iani, 1350-iani kuTxis daxazva.
P C
8
moswavlem unda gaixsenos sxivis, biseqtrisis, mosaz-
Rvre kuTxis cnebebi, aagos naxazi; naxazis mixedviT ipovis
CAB kuTxis zomas _ 450. misi mosazRvre kuTxe 1350-is tolia. A B
BD da BM sxivebi ABC kuTxes 3 tol nawilad yofs.

9 C
maSasadame, ∠ABM, ∠DBM, da ∠DBC _ samive kuTxe _ ABC D
kuTxis mesamedia, maSasadame CBM kuTxe aris ABC kuTxis 23 ; M
Tu ∠ABC = 600, maSin ∠CBM = 400 (mesamedi 200-ia, 23 _ 400).

B A
B
10 ∠AOM = 700.
O
C D ∠BOM = 1800–700 = 1100.
M
A
am amocanis amoxsnisas naxazis sworad gaazrebaa mTavari _ marTobuli wrfeebis
daxazva, ∠AOD-s Siga wertilis _ M wertilis _ aReba, OM sxivis gavleba, AOM
kuTxis migneba; BOM kuTxe aris AOM kuTxis mosazRvre kuTxe. amocanis safexure-
bad, martiv problemebad dayofa da etapobrivad gadaWra maTematikis standartis
_ maT. sab. 8-is mixedviT unda SeZlos moswavlem.
E
B C
aq moswavlem unda warmoidginos, rom ∠BAD aris AB
11
da AD sxivebs Soris kuTxe, misi zoma 900-ia, BAE kuTxe am
kuTxis naxevaria. ∠BAE = 450. A D
12 analogiuri amocana kerZo SemTxvevebSi wina gakveTilebze iyo ganxiluli.

amjerad moswavleebs mouwevT debulebis dasabuTeba: mosazRvre kuTxeebis biseq-
trisebs Soris kuTxis zoma 900-ia.
davalebis Semowmebis dros miaqcieT yuradReba _ damtkicebulia Tu ara
debuleba. arc is iqneba miuRebeli, Tu moswavleebi raime konkretuli SemTxvevis
ganxilviT Semoifarglebian. klasSi SeiZleba moviTxovoT damatebiT sxva konkret-
don’t copy 69
uli SemTxvevis ganxilva, Semdeg ki gadavideT zogad
SemTxvevaze.
dasabuTeba SeiZleba ase warimarTos: suraTze toli
kuTxeebi erTnairi berZnuli (α da β) asoebiT aris mo-
niSnuli. 2α+2β=1800, saidanac 2(α+β)=1800, α+β=900.
13 aq saWiroa wrfeebs Soris kuTxis gansazRvrebis codna _ wrfeebs Soris

kuTxe aris am wrfeebis mier Sedgenili kuTxeebidan im kuTxis zoma, romelic ar
aris blagvi. maSasadame, AB da OE wrfeebs Soris kuTxe aris ∠EOB, romelic marTi
kuTxis naxevari.
14 Cven SevTavazeT maswavleblebs klasSi analogiuri amocanebis amoxsnisas

isrebian saaTTan dakavSirebuli kuTxeebis Sesaxeb damatebiTi msjelobis Catare-
ba _ 12 saaTis Semdeg saaTis wuTebis isari 30 wuTSi 1800-ian kuTxes `Semowers~,
saaTebis isari 12-jer nakleb kuTxes _ 180
0
0
12 = 15 -ian kuTxes Semowers. maSasadame,
saZiebeli kuTxe iqneba 1800–150=1650.
31-e gakveTili

cnebebi da sakiTxebi: wrfe. wertili. wrfe _ wertilebis simravle.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos geometriuli obieqtebis gamo-
yenebiT amocanis amoxsna. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi arsebul obieqtebs Soris mimar-
Tebebis gamosaxva maTematikuri resursebiT, maTematikuri modelirebis gamoyeneba,
maTematikur obieqtebs Soris mimarTebebis diagramebiT gamosaxva (maT. sab. 5, maT.
sab. 6).
winare codna: wrfe. wertilebi. mimarTebebi simravleebs Soris.
gakveTils viwyebT saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT. saSinao davalebis amocanebisa
da maTi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb wina punqtSi visaubreT.
jgufuri muSaobisTvis gankuTvnili davaleba gakveTilis miznebSi Camoyalibe-
bul punqtebs iTvaliswinebs.
logikuri Sinaarsis amocanebis amoxsnisas geometriuli TvalsaCinoebis ga-
moyeneba maTematikis sxvadasxva nawilis erTianobis gaazrebas emsaxureba da
arsebiTad amartivebs da TvalsaCinoebas matebs xolme ganxilvebs. jgufebis Se-
fasebebi damokidebulia amocanis amoxsnis sxva xerxis povnaze da msjelobis Cat-
arebis sisworeze.
wrfeze modelirebis gamoyenebiT SemoTavazebuli amocanis amoxsnis etapebi
SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT.
• mariami paataze adre mivida M P
• nika yvelaze gvian mivida M P N
• mariami yvelaze adre ar misula, amasTanave marto mivida, e. i. mariamamde mi-

vida kote: K M P N
70
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SeiZleba asoebisa da wrfis wertilebis gamoyenebis gareSec isaubros moswavlem:^
mariami paataze adre mivida; mariami, paata
nika yvelaze gvian mivida; mariami, paata, nika
mariami yvela danarCenze adre ar misula; kote, mariami, paata, nika.
bolo winadadebis ufro adre gaTvaliswineba aadvilebs amoxsnas.
amave gakveTilze moswavleebis akademiuri mzaobis dadgenis mizniT maT SesTa-

vazeT amosaxsnelad saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili amocanebidan iseTi amocanebi,
romelTa ganxilvas Tqven aqtualurad miiCnevT swavlebis am etapze. amiT isinic
ukeT Seamowmeben sakuTar codnas gavlili masalis Sesaxeb.
32-e gakveTili
Tema: geometriuli figurebi, realuri procesebis maTematikuri modelebi.

sakiTxebi: simravle, operaciebi simravleebze, geometriuli figurebi, kuTxee-
bi, kuTxis gazomva, kuTxeTa klasifikacia.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavleTa codnis ganmtkiceba simravluri cnebebisa
da simravleebze moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, kuTxis gazomvisa da kuTxeTa klasifikaciis
Sesaxeb. moswavles unda SeeZlos simravluri cnebebisa da operaciebis gamoyeneba.
amocanebis amoxsnisas (maT. sab. 7, 8, 9), geometriuli figurebis (wertili, wrfe,
kuTxe, sxivi, monakveTi) amocnoba, aRniSvna, maTi gamosaxva, klasificireba (maT. sab.
1, 2, 5, 6, 7). geometriuli obieqtis warmodgena amocanis konteqstis Sesabamisad
(maT. sab. 4, 5, 6).
codnis ganmtkicebisa da Seswavlilis gameorebis process viwyebT wina gak-

veTilze mocemuli davalebis ganxilviT. es davaleba, ZiriTadad, geometriul ma-
salas exeba _ rubrika `SeamowmeT Tqveni codna~.
1. Sua wertilebs Soris manZili monakveTis sigrZis naxevaria _ 80 sm.
2. cxadia, CD aris AB monakveTis sigrZis meoTxedi, amitom AB = 48 sm
A C D B A
3. Tu moswavle winaswar ar dafiqrda, maSin aseTi naxa-
B
zis gakeTebis Semdeg darwmundeba, rom am SemTxvevaSi ori- C
ve mosazRvre kuTxe blagvia da maTi jami 500 ver iqneba.
A
amitom Seecdeba, Secvalos kuTxe. ABC kuTxis mosazRvre
kuTxeebi tolia, TiToeuli 250-is toli yofila. amitom C B
∠ABC = 1800–250 = 1550 (moswavlem unda SeZlos, geometriu-
li obieqtebis warmodgena amocanis konteqstis Sesaba-
misad (maT. sab. 4, 5, 6).
4. wina amocanis analogiurad, moswavlem unda SeZlos amocanis konteqstis Sesaba-

misad warmoadginos geometriuli figura _ im wertilebis simravle, romelTa CamoT-
vla SesaZlebelia (sasruli simravle) da ori kuTxis TanakveTaa. gasaTvaliswinebelia
_ monakveTi, wrfe, sxivi, mravalkuTxedi ar aris wertilTa sasruli simravleebi,
don’t copy 71
SeuZlebelia maTze yvela wertilis miTiTeba, CamoTvla (mos- B
wavles unda SeeZlos simravluri cnebebisa da operaciebis
gamoyeneba amocanis amoxsnisas (maT. sab. 7, 8, 9). A C
BAC da DAK simravleebis TanakveTa erTaderTi A werti-
lia _ sasruli simravle, romlis elementi erTi wertilia.
pasuxebSi sxva SemTxvevaa miTiTebuli. D K
5. SeiZleba vTxovoT moswavleebs, daasabuTon _ verti-

kaluri kuTxeebis biseqtrisebiT Sedgenili kuTxe 1800-ia.
dasabuTeba moyvanilia 26-e da 27-e gakveTilebis teqstSi
(moswavles unda SeeZlos amocanis ganxilvisas hipoTezis
Camoyalileba, misi marTebulobis dadgena, an uaryofa, ms-
jelobis xazis ganviTareba (maT. sab. 1, 2)).
6. moswavlem unda SeZlos maTematikuri obieqtebis naxazis saxiT warmodge-

na, grafikulad warmodgenili maTematikuri informaciis
wakiTxva (maT. sab. 4). amocanis Sinaarsis aRqma, problemis sa-
fexurebad, martiv amocanebad dayofa da etapobrivi gadaWra
2
1 3 (maT. sab. 5, 6, 7, 8).
6 4
5 pirveli etapi SeiZleba iyos kuTxeebis gadanomvra. Semdeg
SeiZleba CamovTvaloT vertikalur kuTxeTa wyvilebi: ∠1 da
∠4, ∠2 da ∠5, ∠3 da ∠6.
7. am amocanis amoxsnisas sxva strategia unda avirCioT,

vidre wina amocanis SemTxvevaSi (moswavlem SeZlos geo-
metriuli obieqtebis warmodgena amocanis konteqstis
Sesabamisad (maT. sab. 4, 5, 6)). eqvsi maxvili kuTxidan Ti-
ToeulisTvis SeiZleba ori mosazRvre kuTxis dasaxeleba.
magaliTad, ∠AOB-Tvis ∠BOD da ∠AOE. ase SeiZleba yvela
wyvilis dasaxeleba. sul 12 wyvili gveqneba.
C 8 da 9. aq moswavlem unda gaixsenos sxivis gansazRvreba.

B
moswavles unda SeeZlos maTematikuri obieqtebis gansazRv-
K rebebisa da Tvisebebis sworad Camoyalileba. maTematikuri
A
Sinaarsis informaciis naxaziT warmodgena (maT. sab. 3, 4, 5).
kuTxis gansazRvrebaSi miTiTebulia, rom igi Sedgeba ori sxi-
D
visgan da am sxivebiT SemosazRvruli wertilebisagan.
suraTze Tqven ver aRmoaCenT verc mosaz-
Rvre da verc vertikalur kuTxeTa wyvils (magaliTad, BKD kuTxis
vertikaluri kuTxe aris ∠AKC, magram, pirobis Tanaxmad, suraT-
ze warmodgenili figuris sazRvari KA da KC monakveTebia, da ara
sxivebi).
miTiTebuli pasuxi daafiqrebs moswavles. man unda SeZlos am pasuxis axsna
kuTxis gansazRvrebaze dayrdnobiT. moswavles saSualeba eqneba, kidev erTxel kar-
don’t copy
gad gaiazros kuTxis cnebis gansazRvreba.
72
10. aq moswavles mouwevs or wrfes Soris kuTxis cnebis gaxseneba da sworad
gamoyeneba. damxmare kiTxva: SeiZleba es ori kuTxe iyos mosazRvre kuTxeebi? (ara,
mosazRvre kuTxeebis jami 1800-ia). e. i. es ori kuTxe vertikaluri kuTxeebia da
TiToeulis zoma 1250-ia. wrfeebs Soris kuTxe _ 1800–1250=550.
11. moswavlem SeiZleba gaavlos yvela monakveTi, Semdeg A3

A2
_ daTvalos maTi raodenoba. SeiZleba aseTi msjelobac: A1
A1
wertili ori monakveTiT ukavSirdeba B1 da B2 wertilebs. A2
da A3 wertilebic _ or-ori monakveTiT. sul dagvWirdeba 6 a
B2
monakveTis gavleba. b B1
12. SeiZleba ase davTvaloT: A wertili danarCenebs ukavSirdeba 4 monakveTiT,

B wertili A-s garda danarCenebs _ 3 monakveTiT, .....
sul gveqneba 4+3+2+1=10 monakveTi.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moswavlem ver SeZlo swori pasuxis migneba, unda sajarod
vizrunoT dasabuTebaze.
SeiZleba daTvlis aseTi wesic gamoviyenoT: yoveli wertili, am xuTidan, mon-
akveTiT ukavSirdeba danarCen 4-s, magram aseTi daTvlisas yoveli monakveTi orjer
dasaxeldeba. amrigad, monakveTebis odenobaa 5⋅4:2=10.
13. AB = 2⋅5 = 10 (sm)

C
BC = 4⋅4 = 16 (sm)
AC = 46–(10 + 16)
AC = 20 (sm)
A B
14. ∠BOC = 2⋅480 = 960.
wrfeebs Soris kuTxe maTi gadakveTisas miRebuli kuTxee-
bidan im kuTxis tolia, romelic maxvilia, e. i. wrfeebs So-
ris kuTxe aris 1800–960=840.
15. aRniSvnebis SemoReba gagviadvilebs msjelobas (maT.

sab. 4, 5, 6).
∠BOD = 1800–540 = 1260.
b da c wrfeebs Soris kuTxe aris ∠DOC.
∠DOC = 1260:2 = 630.
simravluri cnebebisa da simravleebze operaciebis Sesaxeb
codnis ganmtkiceba SeiZleba damatebiTi amocanebis saSuale-
biT ganvaxorcieloT (amocanebi _ 22 , 23 , 24 ).
22. es kompleqsuri davalebaa. misi Sesruleba moiTxovs simravlis, qvesimravlis,

naSTis, orniSna ricxvebis cnebebis Sesaxeb conis kompleqsur gamoyenebas.
• A simravle SeiZleba ase CavweroT:
A = {10, 11, 12, ..., 99}.
• 3-ze gayofisas SeiZleba miviRoT naSTi 0, 1 an 2.
don’t copy 73
• sul gveqneba 3 qvesimravle: A0, A1, A2.
A0 Sedgeba yvela im ricxvisgan, romelic iyofa 3-ze (naSTi aris 0). A1 Sedgeba
yvela im ricxvisgan, romelic 3-ze gayofisas naSTSi 1-s gvaZlevs, A2 Sedgeba yvela
im ricxvisgan, romelic 3-ze gayofisas gvaZlevs naSTSi 2-s.
• TiToeuli am qvesimravlis yoveli ori ricxvis sxvaoba iyofa 3-ze. marTlac,
magaliTad, A1-dan SerCeuli ricxvebi iqneba 3k + 1 da 3m + 1 saxis. maTi sxvaoba 3k–3m
iyofa 3-ze.
analogiuri amocana erT-erTi jgufuri muSaobisas iyo ganxiluli.
sasurvelia, es amocana interaqtiul reJimSi, klasSi erToblivi ZalisxmeviT
amoixsnas.
23. am amocanis amoxsnisas gavdivarT Sedegebze _ simravluri cnebebisa da op-

eraciebis gamoyeneba amocanebis amoxsnisas (maT. sab. 7, 8, 9); sakvanZo SekiTxva: ra
damxmare xerxebis gamoyeneba amartivebs simravleebs Soris mimarTebebis gamosaxvas
da maTze moqmedebebis Sesrulebis process?
a) A∪B = A. b) A∩B = B. g) A∩C d) B∩C
e) A∪(B∪C) v) (A∩B)∩C = B∩C z) A∪(B∩C) = A T) B∪(A∩C)
24. sul arsebobs cxra orniSna ricxvi, romlis erTeulebis Tanrigis cifri aris
6. es simravle iyos B. xolo sul aTi orniSna ricxvia, romlebSic aTeulebis Tanri-
gis cifria 6, simravle C. davTvaloT B∪C simravleSi orniSna ricxvebis raodenoba
_ gveqneba 9+10-1=18. (erTi ricxvis, 66-is orive cifri aris 6). yvela danarCeni
orniSna ricxvis Canaweri ar Seicavs 6-s.
90–18=72.
pasuxi: 72.
SeiZleba sxvanairad davTvaloT. ganvixiloT pirvel aTeulSi, meore aTeulSi
da a. S. me-9 aTeulSi im orniSna ricxvebis raodenoba, romlebic ar Seicavs 6-s da
SevkriboT; gveqneba:
10+9+9+9+8+10+9+8=72.
saZiebeli odenoba SeiZleba aseTi daTvliTac davadginoT:
aTeulebis TanrigSi SeiZleba 8 cifris gamoyeneba (0-isa da 6-is garda), am Tan-
rigSi Cawerili nebismieri SesaZlo cifrisTvis erTeulebis TanrigSi SeiZleba
SeirCes 9 cifri (6-is garda nebismieri cifri), sul _ 8⋅9=72.
74
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Tema: garemomcveli samyaro da geometriuli figurebi.

sakiTxebi: simravle, operaciebi simravleebze. geometriuli figurebi, kuTxe,
kuTxis gazomva, kuTxeTa klasifikacia.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavleTa codnis Sefaseba simravluri cnebebisa da
simravleebze moqmedebebis Sesaxeb; kuTxis, kuTxis gazomvisa da kuTxeTa klasifi-
kaciis Sesaxeb; moswavlem SeZlos simravluri cnebebisa da operaciebis gamoyeneba
amocanis amoxsnisas (maT. sab. 7, 8, 9), geometriuli figurebis (wertili, wrfe, kuT-
xe) amocnoba, maTi gamosaxva da klasificireba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7). geometriuli
obieqtebis warmodgena amocanis konteqstis Sesabamisad.
SearCieT swori pasuxi (1-6):

1. Tu B aris 6-is jeradi ricxvebis simravle da A⊂B, maSin A SeiZleba iyos yvela
SesaZlo
a) luwi ricxvebis simravle
b) naturalur ricxvTa simravle
g) 3-is jeradi ricxvebis simravle
d) 12-is jeradi ricxvebis simravle.
2. vTqvaT, M wertili ABCD piramidis erT-erTi wibos wer-

tilia. amasTanave, M wertili ar ekuTvnis DCB sibrtyes da ar
ekuTvnis ABC sibrtyes, maSin SesaZlebelia
a) M∈AC wibos b) M∈CD wibos
g) M∈AD wibos
]
d) M∈CB wibos.
P 3. vTqvaT, MK||AC. daasaxeleT geometriuli figura, rome-

M N K lic aris PNK da ABN kuTxeTa TanakveTa.
a) kuTxe b) sxivi
g) wertili d) monakveTi.
A B C
4. mosazRvre kuTxeebidan erT-erTis zoma aris meoris zomis 27 . ipoveT am kuTx-

eebidan umciresis zoma.
a) 400 b) 200 g) 1400 d) 1000.
5. M wertili mdebareobs P da K wertilebs Soris. cnobilia, rom PK = 205 sm da

PM metia MK-ze 19,6 sm-iT. ipoveT PM monakveTis sigrZe
a) 92,7 sm b) 112,3 sm g) 73,1 sm d) 185,4 sm.
6. ∠ABC = 980; BM sxivi ABC kuTxis biseqtrisaa. ipoveT kuTxe BM sxivsa da BA

sxivis damatebiT sxivs Soris.
a) 820 b) 490 g) 1310 d) 1470.
don’t copy 75
amoxseniT amocanebi:
7 vTqvaT, A aris 4-is jeradi orniSna ricxvebis simravle, B _ 8-is jeradi
orniSna ricxvebis simravle, C _ 16-is jeradi ricxvebis simravle.
a) daasaxeleT raime ricxvi, romelic ekuTvnis A-s da ar ekuTvnis B-s,
b) daasaxeleT raime ricxvi, romelic ekuTvnis B-s da ar ekuTvnis C-s,
g) daasaxeleT raime ricxvi, romelic ekuTvnis C-s da ar ekuTvnis A -s,
d) warmoadgineT A, B da C simravleebi venis diagramis saSualebiT.
AOB da BOC mosazRvre kuTxeebia, OM sxivi BOC kuTxis biseqtrisaa, ON sxivi

8
ki _ AOM kuTxis biseqrisaa. NOM kuTxis zoma MOC kuTxis zomis 47 -ia. warmoadg-
ineT sqematuri suraTi da ipoveT AOB kuTxis gradusuli zoma.
1 2 3 4 5 6
d g b a b g
7. a) magaliTad, 12 _ 12∈A, 12∉B;

b) magaliTad, 24 _ 24∈B, 24∉C;
g) magaliTad, 160 _ 160∈C, 160∉A; C
d) diagrama, cxadia, sxva moxazulobisa SeiZleba iyos, magram au- B

cilebelia Sesruldes Semdegi: B⊂A, C∩A = C∩B, C⊄B. A
8. pirobiT, ∠BOM = ∠MOC da ∠AON = ∠NOM.

amrigad, ∠AON + ∠NOM + ∠MOC = 1800.
vTqvaT, ∠MOC = x, maSin ∠NOM = 47 x.
47 x + 47 x + x = 1800
( 47 + 47 + 1)x = 1800
O
15 x = 1800, x = 1800: 15 ; x = 840
7 7
∠AOB = 1800–∠BOC = 1800–2⋅∠MOC = 1800–2⋅840 = 1800–1680 = 120.
Sefasebis rubrika
pirveli eqvsi amocanidan TiToeulSi swori pasuxi Sefasdes 1 quliT, araswori

_ 0 quliT.
me-7 amocanis TiToeuli punqtis Sesruleba 0,5 quliT Sefasdes; am amocanis
amoxsna maqsimum 2 quliT fasdeba.
naSromSi 0,5 qula SeiZleba daiweros im SemTxvevaSic, Tu dasaxelebuli simrav-
leebi sworadaa gaazrebuli da aris garkveuli cdebi venis diagramis warmodgenisa.
me-8 amocanis pirobis Sesabamisi sqematuri suraTis (toli kuTxeebis moniSvniT)
warmodgena _ 0,5 qula; cvladis SemoReba da kuTxeebis zomebis am cvladiT gamo-
saxva, an uSualod erTi romelime kuTxis gamosaxva _ kidev 0,5 qula;
76
don’t copy
gantolebis Sedgena da amoxsna _ kidev 0,5 qula;
AOB kuTxis zomis povna _ kidev 0,5 qula.
am amocanis amoxsnac maqsimum 2 quliT fasdeba
Semajamebeli weris analizi

pedagogebs kidev erTxel SevaxsenebT, rom moswavleTa namuSevrebi gavasworoT
da Sedegebi gavaaanalizoT rac SeiZleba male.
34-e gakveTili
weris momdevno gakveTili srulad unda daeTmos Sedegebis ganxilvas da xSi-

rad daSvebuli Secdomebis detalur analizs. mniSvnelovania, rom es procesi
mTeli klasis aqtiuri CarTulobiT mimdinareobdes; miuxedavad imisa, dauSva
Tu ara romelime moswavlem esa Tu is Secdoma, misi CarTva Secdomis savaraudo
mizezebis Zebnasa da misi axsnis procesSi savaldebuloa. am ganxilvis efeqtia-
nobas gazrdida dasaxelebuli amocanebis Temebis momijnave sakiTxebis gaxsen-
eba, codnis gaaqtiureba. ganxilvis dasasruls sasurvelia Tavad moswavleebma
aRweron amoxsnis gza: ra gaakeTes ris Semdeg? ra xerxebi gamoiyenes? ra gauWir-
daT, an ra gauadvildaT. es aqtivoba maT daexmareba gacnobierebulad Seuwyon
xeli sakuTar winsvlasa da warmatebas.
damatebiTi amocanebi. amocanebi TviTSefasebisTvis
35-e, 36-e da 37-e gakveTilebi
sakiTxebi: naturaluri ricxvebi, moqmedebebi naturalur ricxvebze, natu-

ralurmaCvenebliani xarisxi, naSTiani gayofa, simravleTa Teoriis cnebebi, opera-
ciebi simravleebze, kuTxe, kuTxeTa klasifikacia, kuTxe or wrfes Soris, mosazR-
vre da vertikaluri kuTxeebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos naturaluri ricxvebis Tvise-
bebis gamokvleva poziciuri sistemis gamoyenebiT (maT. sab. 3, 4). simravluri cne-
bebisa da operaciebis gamoyeneba amocanis amoxsnisas (maT. sab. 7, 8, 9).
geometriuli figurebis amocnoba, Sedareba da klasificireba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 5,
6, 7).
geometriuli obieqtebis warmodgena amocanis konteqstis Sesabamisad (maT. sab.
4, 5, 6).
Sefasebis indikatorebSi miTiTebulia, ra unda SeZlos moswavlem I Tavis Seswa-

vlis Semdeg miTiTebuli sakiTxebis farglebSi.
am miznebze gasvlas, SeZenili codnis gamyarebas emsaxureba damatebiT masalaze
muSaoba, romlebic I Tavis damatebiTi amocanebis saxiT aris warmodgenili da moicavs
amocanebs, romlebic Seesabameba am TavSi Seswavlil sakiTxebs. am amocanebze muSaoba
don’t copy 77
SeiZleba or, an sam gakveTilze gavanawiloT. aRniSnuli muSaoba mTavrdeba davalebiT,
romelic warmodgenilia rubrikiT: amocanebi TviTSefasebisTvis (moswavle Tavadve
afasebs sakuTar codnas miTiTebuli rubrikis mixedviT). es samuSao SeiZleba Sesrul-
des damatebiTi amocanebis Sesrulebamde, an pirveli gakveTilis Semdeg. TviTSefase-
bisTvis gankuTvnili amocanebis pasuxebi wignSivea miTiTebuli. amitom unda ga-
viTvaliswinoT, moswavleTa codnis realuri donis Sefaseba obieqturi rom iyos,
Tqven mogiwevT weris dros maqsimaluri yuradRebis gamoCena. weris dasrulebisa
da naSromebis TviTSefasebis Semdeg, moswavleebs unda daavaloT sajaro komen-
tarebis gakeTeba amocanebis amoxsnis Sesaxeb. unda arsebobdes iseTi jansaRi sas-
wavlo garemo, rom moswavle Tavad iyos dainteresebuli Tavisi codnis xarisxis
dadgenasa da Semdgom gaumjobesebaSi. damatebiT amocanebze muSaobis moculobas
da Catarebis formas maswavlebeli Tavad arCevs.
miTiTebebi damatebiTi amocanebis amosaxsnelad.
1 mocemuli ricxvi Semcirdeba 100-iT da gaizrdeba 10-iT, maSasadame, Semcir-

deba 90-iT. am amocanis amoxsna moiTxovs ricxvebis Tvisebebis gamokvlevisas pozi-
ciuri sistemis gamoyenebis unars (maT. sab. 3, 4).
2 Tu oTxniSna ricxvi iwyeba 1-iT da iyofa 10-ze, maSin misi aTaseulebis cifri
aris 1, erTeulebis _ 0. aTeulebis cifri SeiZleba iyos nebismieri cifri: 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 an 9, analogiurad, aseulebis cifri SeiZleba iyos nebismieri am aTi
cifridan. sul gveqneba aseTi oTxniSna ricxvis agebis 100 SesaZlebloba.
3 212 aris namravli 12 Tanamamravlis, romelTagan TiToeuli 2-is tolia. igi

SeiZleba Caiweros 46, 84 an 642-is saxiT, radgan 4 aris ori orianis namravli, 8 aris
sami orianis namravli, 64 aris eqvsi orianis namravli. moswavlem SeiZleba jufTe-
badobis Tviseba gamoiyenos; magaliTad,
212=(2⋅2⋅2)⋅(2⋅2⋅2)⋅(2⋅2⋅2)⋅(2⋅2⋅2)=8⋅8⋅8⋅8=84.
aq moswavlem unda gamoamJRavnos maTematikuri aRniSvnebis sworad gamoyenebis,
dasabuTebis Catarebis unari (maT. sab. 2, 3).
4pirveli cifri SeiZleba iyos 1, 2 an 3. pirveli cifris arCevis Semdeg meore

cifris SerCevaTa raodenoba iqneba ori, mesame cifris _ erTi.
meore
cifri
SeiZleba xisebri diagrama gamoviyenoT: pirveli
cifri
• miviReT eqvsi ricxvi

• eqvsive ricxvSi cifrTa jami aris 6, Ti-
Toeuli iyofa 3-ze;
6-ze iyofa aq eqvsidan luwi ricxvebi _
ricxvebi, romelTa bolo cifri aris 2. aseTi
aris ori ricxvi (132 da 312); 9-ze arc erTi
ricxvi ar iyofa (yoveli maTganis cifrTa jami, rogorc ukve iTqva, aris 6).
78
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5 SeiZleba daviwyoT udidesi eqvsniSna ricxviT _ 999 999. es ricxvi iyofa
3-sa da 9-ze.
a) 999 999–1=999 998 iyofa 2-ze g) 999 999–4=999 995 iyofa 5-ze
e) 999 990 iyofa 10-ze.
6 , 7 1-dan 13-mde ricxvebidan 2-ze iyofa 6 ricxvi, 5-ze iyofa ori ricxvi,
maSasadame, 10-ze iyofa ori ricxvi. amitom 1-dan 13-mde ricxvebis namravlis bolo
ori cifri iqneba nulebi.
analogiuri msjelobiT, 1-dan 15-mde ricxvebis namravli bolovdeba 3 nuliT. am
ricxvebs Soris 5-ze iyofa sami ricxvi; 1-dan 30-mde _ 7 nuliT (am ricxvebs Soris
5-ze iyofa 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 ricxvebi, maT Soris 25 aris 52. amrigad, bolovdeba 7
nuliT). am amocanis amoxsnisas moswavlem unda gamoamJRavnos msjelobis xazis gan-
viTarebis, analogiebis kritikulad aRqmis unari (erT-erTma Tanamamravlma _ 25-ma
ori nuliT uzrunvelyo namravli), ganzogadebis, ganzogadebiT miRebuli daskvnis
dasabuTebis unari (maT. sab. 2).
8 aq unda gamoviyenoT 9-sa da 5-ze gayofadobis niSnebi; saZiebeli ricxvi aris

123 345 an 123 840.
9 poziciuri sistemis kargad gaazreba migviTiTebs cifrebs, romlebiTac Cai-

wereba mocemuli ricxvebi. Semdeg advilia amaTgan im ricxvebis CamoTvla, romle-
bic iyofa 3-ze. magaliTad, 1⋅105+1 aTobiT CanawerSi Seicavs or 1-ians da nulebs,
cifrebis jami aris 2 _ ar iyofa 3-ze.
10 cxadia, a + 1 iyofa 2-ze, 3-ze, 4-ze, 5-sa da 6-ze. umciresi naturaluri ricxvi,
romelic am pirobebs akmayofilebs aris 60 (60=3⋅4⋅5), xolo umciresi aseTi samniSna
ricxvia 120. saZiebeli ricxvebi _ ki Sesabamisad, aris 59 da 119.
11 sakmarisia vipovoT aRniSnuli ricxvebis erTeulebis cifri _ bolo cifri.

a) 3 b) 0 g) 2 d) 7.
12 - 14 sakmarisia, gamoviyenoT naSTiani gayofis Canaweri

a = 8x + 3, b = 9x + 5 c = 6x + 3
12 – 3 13 – 5 14 – 2c + 7 = 12x + 6 + 7 = 12x + 12 + 1,
miiReba naSTi 1.
15 a = 3x + 2.
x-is 5-ze gayofisas SeiZleba gvqondes naSTi 0, 1, 2, 3 an 4; anu,
x = 5k, 5k + 1, 5k + 2, 5k + 3 an 5k + 4
maSasadame, a = 15k + 2, 15k + 5, 15k + 8, 15k + 11 an 15k + 14. anu 15-ze gayofisas miRe-
buli naSTi SeiZleba iyos 2, 5, 8, 11 an 14.
16 usg(p, q)=1, usg(p2, pq)=p,

usg(p–q, 2)=2, usg(q + 1, 2p)=2.
17 unda vipovoT usj (60, 28)=60⋅7=420.

420:60=7
420:28=15.
don’t copy 79
didi diskos 7-jer da patara diskos 15-jer mobrunebis Semdeg orive disko
daubrundeba sawyis mdgomareobas.
18 x = 4k + 3,
x = 5m + 3,
x = 7n + 3,
cxadia, x–3 iyofa 4-ze, 5-sa da 7-ze, x–3 = 140, x = 143.
19es ricxvi unda iyofodes 4-zec da 5-zec. 20 aris umciresi naturaluri

4 da 5 -ze gayofisas naturalur ricxvebs gvaZlevs (wiladebis
ricxvi, romelic 37 41
gayofa me-6 klasSia naswavli).
20 nebismieri a naturaluri ricxvisa da p martivi ricxvis udidesi saerTo

gamyofi SeiZleba iyos 1 an p, umciresi saerTo jeradi _ a, an ap.
aq damatebiT SeiZleba moviTxovoT msjeloba _ ra SemTxvevebi gveqneba: roca a
da p Tanamartivi ricxvebia, maSin usg(a; p)=1; usj(a; p)=ap.
roca a da p araa Tanamartivi, anu a aris p-s jeradi, maSin usg(a; p) = p,
usj(a; p) = a.
21 amoxsnis erT-erTi gza aseTia:

martiv mamravlebad daSliT miviRebT:
3645=36⋅5.
radgan mocemuli ori ricxvis udidesi saerTo gamyofi aris 32, amitom aq miTi-
Tebuli eqvsi 3-ianidan molod 32 Sedis TiToeuli ricxvis daSlaSi, xolo danarCeni
oTxi mxolod erT-erTi ricxvis daSlaSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi 32 ver iqneboda
usg. Tanamamravli 5 SeiZleba monawileobdes saZiebeli ori ricxvidan nebismieris
(erT-erTis) daSlaSi. e. i. es ricxvebi SeiZleba iyos 32=9 da 34⋅5=405, an 32⋅5=45 da
34=81.
moswavleebma SeiZleba amoxsnis sxva gzac SemogTavazon.
22 - 24 -is amoxsnebi adre iyo ganxiluli.
25 kompleqsuri davaleba, romlis Sesruleba moiTxovs sivrculi figuris war-

modgenas, wrfeebis, wrfisa da sibrtyis urTierTganlagebis SemTxvevebis gaazrebas
a) A1B1, B1C1, A1D1; b) AA1; g) BC da A1D1; d) A1B1C1D1, B1C1CB;
e) ABB1A1; v) AA1B1B; z) ADC1B1.
26 - 27 wrfeze moniSnuli wertilebiT AB wrfe SeiZleba Semdegnairad davasaxe-
loT: AB, AC, AD, BA, BC, BD, CD, CA, CB, DA, DB, DC. sul _ 12 sxvadasxva dasaxeleba.
4 wertilis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs 12 sxvadasxva dasaxeleba _ pirveli
aso SeiZleba iyos nebismieri aso 4-dan, meore asosTvis gvaqvs ar-
Cevis sami SesaZlebloba;
aq warmodgenilia Sesabamisi xisebri diagrama.
analogiurad SeiZleba ganvixiloT, 10 wertilis SemTxveva; gveq-

neba 10⋅9 sxvadasxva dasaxeleba.
80
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28 • unda Semowmdes toloba:
AM + MB = AB.
• pirobis mixedviT, M wertili arc A da arc B-s ar emTxveva, amitom M wertili
rom AB wrfeze mdebareobdes, A, B da M wertilebidan erT-erTi unda iyos danarCen
ors Soris, e. i. unda gvqondes erT-erTi Semdegi tolobebidan:
AM + MB = AB,
BA + AM = BM,
AB + BM = AM.
29 BC = 8–6 = 2 (sm)
DB = 7–2 = 5 (sm). A D B C
30 1800-240=1560
∠ABC = 1560:2 = 780.
an ase: ∠ABC = x, misi mosazRvris zomaa 1800–x, 1800–x–x = 240, 2x = 1560, x = 780.
31 ∠ABC aris gaSlili kuTxis meoTxedi. 32 ∠AOC = 900 + 450 = 1350.

A ∠ABC = 180 :4,
0
∠ABC = 450,

3a a ∠ABD = 1350.
D B C
33 ∠ABC = 800
∠KBC = ∠ABK = 400
ABK da KBC kuTxeebis naxevrebis
jamis zoma 400-ia.
34 ∠BOC = 500
∠AOB = 1300
∠DOB = 650.
36 ∠BAD = 900
∠BAC = 900–340 = 560.
25 - 35
amocanebis amoxsnisas moswavles moeTxoveba maTematikuri obieqtebis
gansazRvrebebis, Tvisebebis codna, maTematikuri terminebis, aRniSvnebisa da simbo-
loebis koreqtulad gamoyeneba, maTematikuri obieqtebis naxazis saxiT warmodgena
(maT. sab. 1, 2, 3).
don’t copy 81
II Tavi
racionaluri ricxvebi. monacemTa analizi da
statistika. zogierTi geometriuli figura.
saxelmZRvanelos II Tavic erovnuli saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebis Sesabamisadaa

organizebuli _ sxvadasxva Temis mixedviT SerCeuli cnebebi da sakiTxebi integ-
rirebuli formiT, maTematikis erTianobis xazgasmiT aris gadmocemuli; ricxvis
cnebis gafarToeba ukavSirdeba geometriul warmodgenebs, praqtikul gamoyenebebs,
sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT ricxvebis, geometriuli figurebis klasifikacias.
meore TavSi racionalur ricxvTa simravlis agebas davasrulebT. sakiTxebi
imave TanamimdevrobiTaa gadmocemuli, ra TanamimdevrobiTac naturaluri ricxvebi
iyo Seswavlili _ ricxvebis wakiTxva, gamosaxva, dalageba, ricxvebze moqmedebebi
da moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis sxvadasxva xerxis ilustrireba, moqmedebaTa Tvisebebis
gamoyeneba, sxvadasxva praqtikuli amocanis amoxsna. Cveni saxelmZRvanelos meTo-
dikuri Tavisebureba mTel ricxvTa simravlis winaswari gacnoba, mTel ricxvebze
moqmedebebis, Sedarebisa da mTeli ricxvis modulis geometriuli warmodgenis wi-
naswari gamoyofaa. mravalkuTxedebis simravleebidan oTxkuTxedebis gamoyofa da
maTi klasifikacia erovnuli saswavlo gegmis axali variantis mixedviTaa gaTval-
iswinebuli. gadmocemis meTodika induqciuria, TvalsaCinoebisa da sxvadasxva mod-
elis gamoyenebas eyrdnoba.
amave TavSi aRweriTi statistikis elementebis Seswavlac iwyeba.
dasaxelebul Temebs Cven SemdgomSic davubrundebiT (magaliTad, zogierTi oTx-
kuTxedis Tvisebebs mogvianebiT ganvixilavT).
2.1. mTeli ricxvebi
am paragrafis aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 38-e da 39-e gakveTilebi
Tema: ricxvebi da maTi gamoyeneba cxovrebis da mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi.

sakiTxebi: mTeli ricxvebi, mopirdapire mTeli ricxvebi, mTeli ricxvebis gamo-
saxva ricxviT wrfeze.
82
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winare codna: naturaluri ricxvebi, naturaluri ricxvebis wakiTxva, Sedareba
da dalageba, ricxviT sxivze gamosaxva.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos mTeli ricxvis wakiTxva, gamo-
saxva, gamoyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (maT. sab. 3, 4).
winare codnis gaaqtiureba mimdinareobs moswavleTa aqtiuri CarTulobiT. unda

gvaxsovdes, rom moswavles unda SeeZlos naturaluri ricxvis dasaxeleba, pozici-
ur sistemaSi Cawera da ricxviT sxivze gamosaxva. SekiTxvebic Sesabamisi unda iyos.
magaliTad, ar SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: ras ewodebs naturaluri ricxvi.
SeiZleba davsvaT kiTxvebi: daasaxeleT naturaluri ricxvebi, naturaluri ricx-
vebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi, rogor gamovsaxavT naturalur ricxvebs ricxviT sxi-
vze? erT-erTi sakvanZo SekiTxva SeiZleba aseTi iyos: ra wesiT aris ganlagebuli
ori naturaluri ricxvis Sesabamisi wertilebi ricxviT sxivze? romlis Sesabamisi
wertilia ufro marjvniv (is wertili, romelic met naturalur ricxvs gamosaxavs,
ricxviT wrfeze ufro marjvniv aris, vidre wertili, romelic nakleb ricxvs ga-
mosaxavs)?
pirvel gakveTilze mTel ricxvTa rgolis ar aigeba _ mTel ricxvTa simravle
aris struqtura, romlis elementebs ewodeba mTeli ricxvebi, romlebzec gansaz-
Rvrulia ariTmetikuli operaciebi da metoba-naklebobis mimarTebebi. axali cod-
nis konstruireba xdeba saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili teqstis, TvalsaCinoebe-
bis, sakontrolo kiTxvebis saSualebiT. mowodebuli masala (teqsti, sakontrolo
kiTxvebi, `testebi~, amocanebi) xels uwyobs moswavlis etapobriv miyvanas axal war-
modgenebamde _ mTeli ricxvis Sesaxeb mkvidri warmodgenebis Camoyalibebamde. es
aris is zogadi warmodgenebi, romlebic unda Camoyalibdes moswavlis mexsierebaSi,
zogadi warmodgenebi mTeli ricxvebis Sesaxeb, romlebic ricxviT wrfeze gamoisa-
xeba saTavis mimarT simetriuli _ urTierTmopirdapired mdebare wertilebiT da
gamoiyeneba urTierTmopirdapire situaciebis aRwerisas. saxelmZRvanelos teqstSi
dasaxelebulia ramdenime urTierTmopirdapire situacia, romlebic exmareba moswa-
vles saTanado mkvidri warmodgenebis CamoyalilebaSi.
erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT paragrafSi mocemuli masala axali unda
iyos moswavleTaTvis, Tumca, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi maT aucileblad SexvedriaT
situaciebi, roca uaryofiTi mTeli ricxvebis gamoyeneba xdeboda. am gamoyenebeb-
ze saubriT iwyeba paragrafis Teoriuli nawili da igi moswavleebTan saubrisTvis
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. saubaric moswavleTa monawileobiT SeiZleba warimarTos. ma-
galiTad, visaubroT moswavleebTan zamTarSi haeris temperaturis Sesaxeb, xom ar
icnoben isini Termometrs, romliTac haeris temperaturas vzomavT? ra SemTxveva-
Si vityviT, rom haeris temperatura –50-ia _ Termometri am dros 0-s qvemoT 50-s
uCvenebs. gadacemis meTodika konkretul-induqciuri unda iyos; maSasadame, axlis
gagebis safuZveli moswavleTa cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba da sakoordinato wr-
feze TvalsaCino warmodgenebi unda iyos. sidideTa cvlilebis dasaxasiaTeblad
axali ricxvebis SemoRebis aucilebloba moswavleTa azrovnebaSi ganzogadebas, say-
ofacxovrebo enaSi (zogjer, lakoniurobis mizniT) `moqnili~ maTematikuri termi-
nologiis damkvidrebas ukavSirdeba.
don’t copy 83
magaliTad, Cveulebriv enaze _ temperatura: nuls qvemoT 30, maTematikurad _
temperatura: -30.
Zalze mniSvnelovania ricxviTi wrfis adekvaturi gaazreba, geometriuli war-
modgena. moswavlem unda gaigos, rom wrfeze aTvlis saTavis, mimarTulebisa da
masStabis (erTeulovani monakveTis) arCeva nebismierad SeiZleba. saswavlo masalis
ganxilvisas amas gansakuTrebiT unda gaesvas xazi da kidev erTxel aRiniSnos amo-
canebis amoxsnisas.
axali ricxvebis Semotanis motivaciis procesi ar mTavrdeba am paragrafSi. igi
Semdeg paragrafebSi moqmedebebis (mag. gamoklevis operaciis) warmodgenisas grZel-
deba.
cxadia, maswavlebelma gakveTili ar unda gadaaqcios leqciad mTeli ricxve-
bis Sesaxeb, moyves Teoriuli nawilis Sinaarsi; saWiroa dialogi moswavleebTan
_ Sesabamisi kiTxvebis dasma, pasuxebis mosmena. mniSvnelovania Semajamebeli
sja-baasi mTel ricxvTa zogierTi Tvisebis Sesaxeb.
mniSvnelovania mopirdapire ricxvebis gaazreba da saTanado geometriuli
warmodgenebi.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 4 2 4 2 3 4 3 3
zogierT `testze~ pasuxis SerCevisas, sasurvelia, rom moswavlem dafasTan

Seasrulos davaleba da Semdeg klasma Seafasos misi pasuxi.
magaliTad, davaleba 7 -Si gamosaxon dafaze ricxviTi wrfe, miuTiTon A(4) wer-
tili, gadaTvalon marcxniv da marjvniv 9 erTeuli da moniSnon wrfeze A(4) wert-
ilidan 9 erTeuliT daSorebuli wertilebi.
6 0-dan 6 erTeuliT daSorebuli wertilebisa da Sesabamisi ricxvebis povnis

procesic analogiurad mimdinareobs.
11 , 14 da 15 amocanebs moswavleebi rveulSi damoukideblad asruleben, pasux-
ebs klasi sajarod ganixilavs, dafazec TvalsaCinod warmoadgenen, rac gvaZlevs
saSualebas, ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba gamoviyenoT.
12 amocana aRwers situaciebs, romlebSic uaryofiTi ricxvebi gamoiyeneba.

a) –28 b) 1000 g) –3 d) –10 e) 12.
5
13
SemTxvevebis ganxilva, msjelobis Catareba dakavSirebulia standartis maT. sab.

2, 3 SedegebTan.
suraTze mxolod erTi SemTxvevaa ganxiluli; am SemTxvevaSi _ AB = 13 erT.
moswavles ar unda gamorCes romelime SemTxveva _ SeiZleba winaswar SemTxveve-
bis dasaxeleba, Semdeg _ manZilebis povna.
84
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SemTxvevebi:
a) A da B wertilebi saTavidan marjvniv aris ganlagebuli;
b) orive wertili saTavidan marcxniv aris
g) erTi marjvnivaa, meore _ marcxniv.
aq ori qveSemTxveva gveqneba. am SemTxvevebis ganxilva erTi kompleqsuri dava-
lebis sxvadasxva amocanebad SeiZleba miviCnioT. Tumca, umjobesia, rom moswavleebi
TviTon mividnen SemTxvevebis ganxilvis aucileblobamde.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 3 2 3 4 2 4 2 1
11 am amocanis amoxsnisas moswavlem unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom sami ujris

sigrZe 15 erTeulis Sesabamisia, maSasadame, ujris sigrZe 5 erTeuls Seesabameba.
13 es amocana klasSi amoxsnili 13 davalebis analogiuria. Cven zemoT am kom-

pleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebis sxvadasxva varianti SemogTavazeT.
14 b mTeli ricxvi SeiZleba iyos: 0; 1; –1; 2; –2; 3; –3; 4; –4; 5; –5; 6; –6.
15 AB monakveTis Sua wertilia C(–1).
2.2. mTeli ricxvis moduli. mTeli ricxvebis Sedareba
am paragrafSi warmodgenili aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba me-40 da 41-e gakveTi-

lebi
me-40 da 41-e gakveTilebi
sakiTxebi: mTeli ricxvis moduli. mTeli ricxvebis Sedareba.

winare codna: mTeli ricxvi, mTeli ricxvis gamosaxva sakoordinato wrfeze.
mopirdapire mTeli ricxvebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos geometriuli gamosaxvis gamoy-
enebiT mTeli ricxvis modulis gansazRvrebisa da mTeli ricxvebis Sedarebis wesis
swori Camoyalibeba, saTanado aRniSvnebisa da simboloebis koreqtulad gamoyeneba,
maTematikur debulebaTa formulirebis xerxebis koreqtulad gamoyeneba, grafiku-
lad gadmocemuli maTematikuri Sinaarsis wakiTxva (maT. sab. 3, 4, 5).
sakvanZo SekiTxvebi: ras ewodeba mTeli ricxvis moduli. ori mTeli ricxvidan
romelia meti?
dadebiTi mTeli ricxvi ufro metia, Tu nuli?
uaryofiTi mTeli ricxvi ufro metia, Tu nuli?
don’t copy 85
gakveTils viwyebT saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT, romelic dakavSirebulia axali
sakiTxebisTvis aqtualuri winare codnis gaaqtiurebasTan: mTeli ricxvebis klasi-
fikacia, uaryofiTi mTeli ricxvebi, nuli, dadebiTi mTeli ricxvebi, mTeli ricx-
vebis gamosaxva ricxviT wrfeze (2.1 paragrafis amocanebi: 1 - 12 ), mTeli ricxvis
Sesabamisi wertilis SesaZlo mdebareoba ricxviT wrfeze _ saTavemde manZilisa da
mTeli ricxvis niSnis gaTvaliswineba (amocanebi 14 - 15 ). am process SeiZleba 15-20
wuTi davuTmoT. gadavdivarT axal sakiTxze, romlis ganxilva dafasTan gamoZaxebuli
moswavlisa da masTan erTad mTeli klasis aqtiuri monawileobiT mimdinareobs. Cveni
CarTva, ZiriTadad unda emsaxurebodes sajaro ganxilvis koordinacias.
moswavles vTxovT, gamosaxos dafaze ricxviTi wrfe, masze moniSnos raime ur-
TierTmopirdapire mTel ricxvTa wyvili, magaliTad, 5 da –5.
_ ramdeni erTeuliT aris daSorebuli 5-is gamomsaxveli wertili saTavidan?
_ ramdeni erTeuliT aris daSorebuli (–5)-is gamomsaxveli wertili saTavidan?
_ maSasadame, mopirdapire ricxvebi saTavidan erTi da imave manZiliT aris
daSorebuli.
am manZils vuwodoT am mopirdapire ricxvebidan TiToeulis moduli.
_ maSasadame, risi toli yofila mTeli ricxvis moduli? dadebiTia, Tu uary-
ofiTi es moduli? SeiZleba ricxvis moduli nulis toli iyos? ra SemTxvevaSia
mTeli ricxvis moduli nulis toli?
_ SeiZleba, rom mTeli ricxvi iyos uaryofiTi? SeiZleba, rom uaryofiTi mTeli
ricxvis moduli iyos nulis toli?
rogorc xedavT SekiTxvebis nawili erTsa da imave sakiTxs exeba.
aseTi SekiTxvebis sxvadasxva konteqstSi gamoyeneba xels uwyobs codnis gaaqti-
urebis process.
amave gakveTilze gadavdivarT Sedarebis procesze, romelic kvlav geometri-
uli warmodgenebis, terminebisa da simboloebis koreqtulad gamoyenebiT unda mim-
dinareobdes.
moswavleTa motivaciis gazrdis mizniT mogvyavs mTeli ricxvebis Sedarebis
analogiebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan. aqve SeiZleba davamatoT: `yinvis mateba~
dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom temperaturam, romelic uaryofiTi ricxviT gamoisa
xeba, iklo, magram axali ricxvis moduli ufro metia. temperaturis gamomsaxveli
ricxvis modulma imata; iyo –20C, gaxda –50C, iyo 20 yinva da gaxda 50 yinva. aq kidev
erTxel xazs vusvamT ricxvis modulis Sinaars.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi Seicavs sakvanZo kiTxvebs, maTi saSualebiT vafasebT mos-
wavleebis mier axali cnebebis aTvisebas.
es procesi sruldeba 1 - 10 `testebis amoxsniT~; 10 testis garCevisas, kidev
erTxel gavamaxviloT yuradReba imaze, rom `yinva matulobs~ niSnavs _ tempera-
tura mcirdeba, magram temperaturis gamomsaxveli uaryofiTi ricxvis moduli iz-
rdeba.
pasuxebi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 4 3 4 3 1 3 2 1 2
86
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12 unda davalagoT ricxvebi zrdis mixedviT.
_ miTiTebuli uaryofiTi ricxvebidan romelia umciresi? (umciresia –5, radgan
ricxviT wrfeze misi gamomsaxveli wertili yvela sxva ricxvis gamomsaxveli wer-
tilebis marcxnivaa.
_ romeli uaryofiTi ricxvis modulia yvelaze meti (–5-is: |–5|=5).
13 a)-d) kiTxvebze pasuxebi sxvadasxva moswavlisgan moviTxovoT; maTi pasuxebi
sxvebsac gadavamowmebinoT. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, CaverToT msjelobis procesSi,
vTxovoT, gamoiyenon ricxviTi wrfe, gamosaxon mocemuli mTeli ricxvebi ricxviT
wrfeze da ipovon saZiebeli ricxvebi.
14 a) 12 da –12, b) –37 da 37, g) 0; d) –1 da 1; e) aseTi ricxvi ar arsebobs.
15 –7; –6; –5; –4; –3; –2; –1.
17 am amocanis amoxsnisas SeiZleba ricxviTi wrfis gamoyeneba; –4; –3; –2; –1; 0;
1; 2; 3; 4.
18 ricxviTi wrfis gamoyenebiT advilad vpoulobT AB monakveTis D Sua wer-
tils _ D(–3) da BC monakveTis E Sua wertils – E(1). SeiZleba zogierTma moswavlem
SemogvTavazos aseTi msjeloba: -8-sa da 10-s Soris 18 erTeulia. saZiebeli wertili
9 erTeuliT unda iyos daSorebuli TiToeuli wertilidan.
SevTavazoT moswavleebs ramdenime analogiuri amocana sxva mocemulobebiT.
saSinao davalebad moswavleebs 1 - 11 amocanebs vaZlevT.

meore gakveTilze vamowmebT saSinao davalebas, sakvanZo SekiTxvebis gamoyenebiT
vafasebT moswavleebis mier mTeli ricxvis modulis, mTeli ricxvebis Sedarebis we-
sis gamoyenebis unars. ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis ganxorcielebaSi gvexmareba axali
amocanebis ganxilvac ( 11 - 18 ).
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 3 4 4 4 3
7 Sedarebas viwyebT Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: uaryofiTi ricxvebi, nuli,

dadebiTi ricxvebi. uaryofiTi ricxvebidan dasaxelebas viwyebT modulis klebis
mixedviT _ umciresi uaryofiTi ricxvis moduli yvela sxva ricxvis modulze me-
tia. miviRebT: –35; –5. Semdegi ricxvi, romelic maTze metia, aris 0. Semdeg valagebT
dadebiT mTel ricxvebs (naturalur ricxvebs) zrdis mixedviT: 18; 23.
miaxloebiT aseTi unda iyos moswavleebis mier warmodgenili referati, romel-
ic 7 amocanis amoxsnis mixedviT unda daiweros.
9 –3; –2. –1; 0; 1; 2; 3.
10 ricxviT wrfeze gamosaxvis Semdeg advilad vipoviT AB-s Sua C wertils,

es wertilia C(–1). O(0) wertili aris C(–1) da B(3) wertilebs Soris.
11 saZiebeli mTeli ricxvebis moduli 8-is tolia. aseTi ricxvebia 8 da –8.
don’t copy 87
2.3. mTeli ricxvebis Sekreba da gamokleba
am paragrafSi warmodgenili aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 42-e _ 44-e gakveTilebi
Tema: ricxvebi. ricxvebi da maTi gamoyeneba cxovrebasa da mecnierebis sxva dar-

gebSi.
sakiTxebi: mTeli ricxvebi. mTeli ricxvebis Sekreba da gamokleba.
winare codna: mTeli ricxvebi, mTeli ricxvebis gamosaxva ricxviT wrfeze. mTe-
li ricxvis moduli.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos mTel ricxvebze moqmedebebis
Sesruleba sxvadasxva xerxiT (maT. sab. 3, 4); maTematikuri terminebis, aRniSvnebisa
da simboloebis koreqtulad gamoyeneba (maT. sab. 3); yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi arse-
bul procesebSi maTematikuri obieqtebis modelebis SemCneva da maTi Tvisebebis
gamoyeneba praqtikuli amocanebis gadaWrisas (maT. sab. 6).
gakveTils viwyebT davalebis SemowmebiT. micemuli davalebis Sesruleba dakav-

Sirebuli iyo mTeli ricxvebis modulis, Sedarebisa da gamosaxvis Sesaxeb codnis
gamoyenebasTan. Semowmebis es procesi winare codnis gaaqtiurebasac emsaxureba da
igi SeiZleba davamTavroT mTeli ricxvebis praqtikuli interpretaciebiT, mTe-
li ricxvebiT urTierTmopirdapire situaciebis aRweriT: 7 qulis momateba: +7; 7
qulis dakleba: –7. 10 safexuriT maRla: +10; 10 safexuriT dabla: –10; Tu adamians
vali aqvs 100 lari: –100 da is apirebs 90 laris dabrunebas, mas darCeba vali _ 10
lari: –10.
es ukanaskneli magaliTi SeiZleba iyos mTel ricxvebze moqmedebis ilustraciis
magaliTi: (–100)+(+90)=–10. Sekrebisa da gamoklebis operaciaTa aTviseba TvalsaCi-
nod warmodgenisa da praqtikuli interpretaciebiT mimdinareobs.
SesavalSi aRvniSneT, rom ricxvis cnebis gafarToebis algebruli gza ar emTxve-
va skolaSi ricxviTi sistemebis swavlebis Tanamimdevrobas. es sakiTxi kargad aris
axsnili kolmogorovisa [21] da froidentalis [38] wignebSi.
mTel ricxvebze moqmedebebis wesebis `receptulobisa~ da praqtikasTan naklebi
kavSirebis Sesaxeb kolmogorovTan ([21], gv. 21) vkiTxulobT: `dabal klasSi kiTxva
_ SeiZleba Tu ara ricxvs gamovakloT masze meti ricxvi? SeiZleba Tu ara, mag-
aliTad, 3-s gamovakloT 5? _ iwvevs gamococxlebas moswavleebSi da maswavleblis
kargi xelmZRvanelobiT SeiZleba gaxdes uaryofiT ricxvebze moqmedebebis swav-
lebis dasawyisi. magram konkretul gamoyenebebTan kavSiris gareSe es yvelaferi
gasarTob TamaSad aRiqmeba~.
sakiTxi _ SeiZleba Tu ara 3 gavyoT 2-ze, ufro bunebrivad moeCveneba moswav-
leebs. maswavleblis daxmarebis gareSec am sakiTxis aRqma ufro advilia dawyebiT
klasebSi; 3 vaSls 2 tol nawilad davyofT, Tu erT-erTs Suaze gavWriT, miviRebT
èrTnaxevar vaSls~. amitom kolmogorovs ufro bunebrivad miaCnia ricxvebis swav-
lebis is Tanamimdevroba, romelic istoriulad Camoyalibda (swavlebis Tanamimdev-
roba emTxveva istoriuli ganviTarebis Tanamimdevrobas).
88
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SevecadeT e.w. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis, valisa da qonebis, ricxvi-
Ti wrfis gamoyenebiT, TvalsaCinod warmogvedgina mTeli ricxvebis Sekrebisa da
gamoklebis operaciebi.
nu movTxovT moswavleebs Sekrebisa da gamoklebis wesebis zepirad gameore-
bas _ mTavaria moswavles hqondes wesebis swori gamoyenebis unari, romelic
TvalsaCino warmodgenebiT uyalibdebaT.
SeiZleba maswavlebelma sxva praqtikuli interpretaciebic moiSvelios. magaliT-
ad, dRis ganmavlobaSi temperaturis cvlileba zamTris romelime dRes _ diliT
SeiZleba temperatura nuls qvemoT iyos, Semdeg gaizardos, saRamos isev Semcirdes.
es procesi SeiZleba mTeli ricxvebis SekrebiTa da gamoklebiT warmoadginos mas-
wavlebelma. SeiZleba Sesabamisi plakatic ki moitanos skolaSi (sadac miTiTebuli
iqneba dRis ganmavlobaSi temperaturis cvlileba) da moswavleebTan erTad imsje-
los am cvlilebis Sesaxeb, es cvlilebebi mTel ricxvebze moqmedebebiT aRweros.
Teoriuli masalac, sasurvelia, or gakveTilze gadavanawiloT.

sakvanZo kiTxvebad SeiZleba miviCnioT:
axseniT praqtikuli gamoyenebebis saSualebiT, rom ori mTeli ricxvis jami Sei-
Zleba iyos: an dadebiTi ricxvi, an uaryofiTi ricxvi, an nuli.
ra ricxvebis Sekrebasa da gamoklebaze daiyvaneba mTeli ricxvebis Sekreba da
gamokleba?
am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas unda mohyvebodes konkretuli magaliTebis dasa-
xeleba, es unda xdebodes mTeli Teoriuli masalis mixedviT msjelobis (muxtebiTa
da interpretaciebiT) dasrulebis Semdeg. magaliTebi: –10+5=–5; jer gviwevs natu-
raluri ricxvebis gamokleba: 10–5. radgan 10>5, amitom saboloo Sedegi uaryofiTi
mTeli ricxvia.
–10–17=–27; jer gviwevs naturaluri ricxvebis Sekreba: 10+17=27. radgan moce-
muli orive ricxvi uaryofiTia, amitom saboloo Sedegi uaryofiTi mTeli ricxvia.
mTeli ricxvebis Sekrebisa da gamoklebis praqtikuli ilustraciebiT, sak-
vanZo SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemiT, Sesabamisi magaliTebis ganxilviT safuZve-
li eyreba mkvidri warmodgenebis Camoyalilebas mTeli ricxvebis Sekrebisa da
gamoklebis wesebis Sesaxeb, romlebic moswavles unda Camouyalibdes xangrZliv
mexsierebaSi.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
3 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 1 2 1
`testebi~ Seicavs Semdeg sakvanZo kiTxvebze pasuxebs: dadebiTia, Tu uaryofiTi

ori uaryofiTi ricxvis jami? ra ricxvis tolia mopirdapire ricxvebis jami? ro-
gor SeiZleba vipovoT ricxviT wrfeze mocemuli ricxvisa da uaryofiTi ricxvis
jami?
moswavleebs vavalebT 1 - 12 `testebze~ pasuxebis gacemas da klasSi pa-
suxebis sajaro ganxilvas. amasTanave, gavlili masalis gameorebis, ganmtkicebis
mizniT, SeiZleba davavaloT referatis momzadeba Temaze: `mTeli ricxvebi, mTeli
don’t copy
ricxvebis SemoRebis istoria~. moswavleebs vurCioT, rom referati eleqtronuli
89
formiT warmoadginon. SeiZleba mivuTiToT saitze: silkschool.ge, saSinao gakveTilebi:
me-7 klasis erT-erTi gakveTili exeba mTel ricxvebs. maswavlebeli saubrobs mTel
ricxvebze, ricxvis modulze, mTeli ricxvebis gamosaxvaze, Sedarebaze.
masala Seicavs sando, maTematikurad swor msjelobebs. mTeli ricxvisa da mas-
Tan dakavSirebuli cnebebis koncefciebi emTxveva Cvens axal saxelmZRvaneloSi ga-
moyenebul midgomebs. leqciis procesSi saubaria mTeli ricxvebis warmoSobis is-
toriazec. Tumca, am mimarTulebiT SeiZleba sxva masalis moZiebac da referatis
warmodgena.
referatebze saubari, maTi ganxilva, mimdinareobs meore gakveTilze. moswavlee-
bi msjeloben uaryofiTi ricxvebis àRiarebis~ (damkvidrebis) dagvianebis (wilad
ricxvebTan SedarebiT) mizezebze. Semdeg gadavdivarT 18 - 22 davalebebis Sesru-
lebaze, maswavlebeli SeiZleba Semoifarglos TiToeuli davalebidan ramdenime
magaliTis micemiT. moswavleebi damoukideblad asruleben davalebas da Sedegebs
acnoben Tanaklaselebs. am davalebis SesrulebiT SeiZleba SevafasoT moswavleebis
mier mTeli ricxvebis Sekrebisa da gamoklebis wesebis aTvisebis done. davalebe-
bis Semowmebis procesi ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis gansaxorcielebladac unda
gamoviyenoT. amas mivaRwevT Cveni komentarebiT, moswavleTa mier Sedegebis sa-
jaro ganxilviT, xarvezebis acilebis gzebis erToblivi ZiebiT.
saSinao davalebad moswavleebs vavalebT 13 - 20 savarjiSoebis Sesrulebas.
44-e gakveTili
Tema: ricxvebi. ricxvebis gamoyeneba cxovrebasa da mecnierebis sxva dargebSi.

sakiTxebi: mTeli ricxvebis gamosaxva ricxviT wrfeze. mTeli ricxvebis Sekreba
da gamokleba.
winare codna: mTeli ricxvebi, mTeli ricxvis moduli, mopirdapire mTeli
ricxvebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos mTeli ricxvebis Semcveli
ricxviTi gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobis povna sxvadasxva xerxiT (maT. sab. 1, 2); gan-
zogadebiT an deduqciiT miRebuli daskvnebis dasabuTeba msjelobis gamoyenebiT
(maT. sab. 2); maTematikur debulebaTa formulirebis xerxebis koreqtulad gamoy-
eneba (maT. sab. 4).
13 - 20 davalebis SemowmebiT xorcieldeba moswavleTa mier standartis maT.

sab. 1, 2, 3, 4 Sedegebis miRwevis done. imave miznebisTvis aris gankuTvnili TviT-
Semowmebis `testis~ Sesruleba. mimdinareobs codnis ganmtkicebis procesi, mkvidri
warmodgenebis Camoyalileba mTeli ricxvebis Sekrebisa da gamoklebis Catarebis
Sesaxeb.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TviTSemowmebis `testis~ Sesrulebis furceli mxolod pasux-
ebiTaa warmodgenili, unda vTxovoT, moswavleebs, daasabuTon yoveli pasuxi. mag-
aliTad, pasuxi àra~-s dasabuTeba SeiZleba kontrmagaliTis miTiTebiT. magaliTad,
me-6 debuleba _ `mTeli ricxvi yovelTvis naklebia amave ricxvis modulze~, ar
90
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aris swori. kontrmagaliTi: dadebiTi _ mTeli ricxvis moduli tolia amave ricx-
vis, nulis modulic tolia nulis. me-12 debuleba _ `Tu a<b, maSin SesaZlebelia,
rom gvqondes: |a|>|b|~, sworia, magaliTad, roca a = –11, b = –7.
Tu raime uaryofiTi ricxvis moduli naklebia meore uaryofiTi ricxvis modul-
ze, maSin pirveli rcxvi metia meore ricxvze: |–7|<|–11|, xolo –7>–11. me-12 amocanaSi
am pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moviTxovoT iseTi magaliTis dasaxelebac,
roca erTi ricxvi uaryofiTia, xolo meore _ dadebiTi. magaliTad, a = –11, b = 7.
TviTSemowmebis amocanebi Seicavs ganxilul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul sakvanZo
SekiTxvebs: risi tolia mopirdapire ricxvebis jami? ricxvTa ra simravleebisgan
Sedgeba mTel ricxvTa simravle? (dadebiT mTel ricxvTa simravle, uaryofiT mTel
ricxvTa simravle da erTelementiani simravle _ nulis Semcveli simravle). ra
ricxvebis Sekrebasa da gamoklebaze daiyvaneba mTeli ricxvebis Sekreba da gamok-
leba? (naturaluri ricxvebis da nulis). ra moqmedebas vasrulebT ricxviT wrfeze
mocemuli mTeli ricxvisa da uaryofiTi mTeli ricxvis Sekrebisas?
imisTvis rom momaval gakveTils momzadebulebi Sexvdnen, moswavleebs vTxovT,
gaixsenon naturalur ricxvebze moqmedebaTa Tvisebebi _ gamravlebis gamosaxva
jeradi mimatebiT, gayofis gamosaxva jeradi gamoklebiT, gamravlebis gadanacvle-
badobis Tviseba, gamravlebis ganrigebadobis Tviseba Sekrebis mimarT, nulis Tvise-
bebi. moiyvanon Sesabamisi magaliTebi; magaliTad, 12⋅5=5⋅12, 5(7+3)=5⋅7+5⋅3, 5⋅0=0⋅5=0,
0:5=0, nulze gayofa ar SeiZleba.
4⋅3=3+3+3+3=12
4⋅3=3⋅4=4+4+4=12.
gayofa da gamravleba urTierTSebrunebuli moqmedebebia:
4⋅5=20, 20:4=5, 20:5=4.
es magaliTebi SeiZleba Cven davasaxeloT gakveTilze. moswavleebs vTxovoT,
Semdegi gakveTilisTvis analogiuri magaliTebi warmoadginon rveulSi.
2.4. mTeli ricxvebis gamravleba da gayofa
am paragrafSi warmodgenili aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 45-e-47-e gakveTilebi
Tema: ricxvebi. ricxvebis gamoyeneba cxovrebasa da mecnierebis sxva dargebSi.

sakiTxebi: mTeli ricxvebi. mTeli ricxvebis gamravleba da gayofa.
winare codna: mTeli ricxvebis Sedareba, naturaluri ricxvebis gamravleba da
gayofa.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem SeZlos mTeli ricxvebis gamravlebisa da
gayofis Sesruleba sxvadasxva xerxiT _ ricxviTi wrfis, moqmedebaTa Tvisebebis,
jeradi Sekrebisa da gamoklebis gamoyenebiT (maT. sab. 1, 2).
don’t copy 91
gakveTils viwyebT winare codnis gaaqtiurebiT _ mTeli ricxvebis Sekrebis,
gamoklebisa da am moqmedebaTa Tvisebebis Sesaxeb saubari SeiZleba konkretuli
magaliTebis ganxilviT CavataroT. moswavleebi gamoiTvlian ricxviTi gamosaxule-
bebis mniSvnelobebs, adareben mTel ricxvebs. SeiZleba gamoviyenoT wina paragrafis
22 davalebis amocanebi. vixsenebT naturaluri ricxvebis gamravlebasa da gayofas
_ maTi urTierTSebrunebadobis sakiTxs. saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili pirveli
amocanis ganxilvamde (am amocanaSi 4⋅(–3) moqmedeba dakavSirebulia jerad Sekrebas-
Tan) visaubroT 4⋅3-is povnaze jeradi SekrebiTa da geometriuli interpretaciiT:
4⋅3=3+3+3+3. ricxviT wrfeze gadavzomavT marjvniv 3 erTeuls 4-jer. miviRebT wer-
tils, romelic 12-s Seesabameba. analogiurad ganvixilavT 4⋅(–3)-is povnis sakiTxs.
Semdeg vixsenebT naturaluri ricxvebis gamravlebis gadanacvlebadobis wess da am
wesis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas mTeli ricxvebisTvisac vacxadebT.
naturaluri ricxvebis gayofis ganxilva _ am moqmedebisa da gamravlebis Se-
brunebadobis Tvisebis gamoyenebiT mimdinareobs; Tumca, SesaZlebelia jerad ga-
moklebasTan dakavSireba.
wina paragrafSi naxseneb `receptulobaze~ ufro metad `receptuli~ xasiaTisaa

mTeli ricxvebis gamravlebisa da gayofis wesebi. am operaciebis SemoReba Sekrebisa
da gamoklebis (magaliTad, jeradi Sekreba _ gamravleba) operaciebze dayrdnobiT,
naturalur ricxvebze moqmedebaTa Tvisebebis (magaliTad, gadanacvlebadobis, gan-
rigebadobis) gavrcobis saSualebiT mimdinareobs.
gamravlebisas `niSnebis wesis~ aTviseba gacilebiT swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre,
magaliTad, mTeli ricxvebis gamoklebis operaciis Catareba. nu movTxovT moswa-
vleebs am wesebis raime saxiT dasabuTebis warmodgenas.
amocanebis amoxsnisas ecadeT zogierTi moqmedeba moswavleebs zepirad Seas-
rulebinoT _ amiT gaaxsenebT moqmedebaTa Tvisebebsac da cota gaaxalisebT ga-
moTvlebTan dakavSirebul mosawyen procedurebs, SesaZlebloba mogecemaT mTeli
klasi CarToT ganxilvebSi, SeajibroT moswavleebi swraf gamoTvlebSi.
erT-erT sakvanZo SekiTxvad SeiZleba miviCnioT kiTxva: rogor avxsniT, rom
erTi mTeli ricxvis meoreze gayofis Sedegad SesaZlebelia, miiRoT gasayofze
didi ricxvi? am kiTxvaze pasuxi kompleqsuri codnis gamomJRavnebas moiTxovs:
mTeli ricxvebis gayofa (`niSnebis wesi~), mTeli ricxvebis Sedareba. axsna-ganmarte-
bas Tan unda axldes magaliTebi da magaliTebze dayrdnobiT msjelobis Catareba.
moswavles unda Camouyalibdes zogadi warmodgenebi gayofisasa da gamravlebisas
niSnebis gansazRvris wesebis Sesaxeb, es warmodgenebi unda Camouyalibdes moswa-
vles xangrZliv mexsierebaSi (mkvidri warmodgenebi). am process xels uwyobs Cven
mier SemoTavazebuli savarjiSoebis sistema, gamravlebisa da gayofis operaciebis
dayvana jerad Sekrebasa da gamoklebaze, mTeli ricxvebis gamravlebisa da gayofis
Sedegebis Sefaseba.
mniSvnelovania davalebebi, roca ricxvebze moqmedebebis Catarebis gareSe unda
ganisazRvros Sedegis niSani _ dadebiTia, Tu uaryofiTi gamravlebis (gayofis)
Sedegi. aseTi tipis davalebebSi xSirad kiTxva ase daismis _ moqmedebis Sedegi
SeadareT 0-s (0-ze meti ricxvi miiReba, Tu 0-ze naklebi?). moswavleebTan sakiTxe-
bis ganxilvisas TandaTanobiT vamkvidrebT asoebis gamoyenebas _ cvladebis aso-
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ebiT warmodgenas. magaliTad, a da b mTeli ricxvebia, a<0, b<0, maSin ab>0. aq a da
b asoebiT nebismieri uaryofiTi ricxvi SeiZleba iyos aRniSnuli, ab aRniSnavs maT
namravls.
am tipis davalebebis ganxilvisas SeiZleba davexmaroT moswavleebs, SevTavazoT
maT ramdenime konkretuli SemTxvevis dasaxeleba. maswavleblebs SevaxsenebT: `...
simbolos, romliTac SeiZleba aRiniSnos mocemuli simravlis nebismieri elementi,
cvladi ewodeba~ ([11], gv. 3). es cneba sabazo safexuris standartSic aris miTiTe-
buli, iseve, rogorc: gantolebis ùcnobi~, èrTucnobiani gantoleba~, òrucno-
biani gantoleba~.
yuradReba gvaqvs gamaxvilebuli gamravlebisa da gayofis SemTxvevaSi nulis
Tvisebebze. es Tvisebebi Cven mier SeTavazebuli sxvadasxva amocanisa da msjelo-
bebis safuZvelze moswavles unda Camouyalibdes xangrZliv mexsierebaSi, Seeqmnas
mkvidri warmodgenebi mTeli ricxvebis gayofisa da gamravlebis Sesaxeb, nulze gam-
ravlebis, nulis ricxvze (nulis aratolze) gayofis Sesaxeb, nulze gayofis SeuZ-
leblobis Sesaxeb.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 1
pirveli sami testi gayofisa da gamravlebisas niSnebis gansazRvras exeba.

5 da 7 _ gayofisa da gamravlebis Sebrunebadobis sakiTxs; 4 da 8 _
nulis Tvisebebs; 9 _ ricxviTi gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobis povnisas xelsayreli
xerxis gamoyenebas.
pirvel gakveTilze SeiZleba Teoriuli masalisa da am `testebis~ ganxilviT Se-
movifargloT. saSinao davalebad moswavleebs 1 - 12 amocanebs vaZlevT, isini
klasSi ganxiluli `testebis~ analogiuria, exeba nulis Tvisebebs, mTeli ricxvebis
gayofasa da gamravlebas.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3 3 2 4 2 1 3 3 2
davalebis micemamde sasurvelia, rom klasSi 17 davalebis amocanebic ganvi-

xiloT. yoveli amocanis amoxsnisas xazi gavusvaT, rom ariTmetikul moqmedebaTa
Tvisebebi, romlebsac naturaluri ricxvebis Semcveli ricxviTi gamosaxulebebis
mniSvnelobebis povnisas viyenebdiT, sworia mTel ricxvTa SemTxvevaSic. magaliTad,
jer vasrulebT frCxilebSi moTavsebul ricxvebze moqmedebebs.
–3⋅7+8:(–2). aq sami moqmedebaa, maTgan pirvelad gamravleba da gayofa sruldeba,
Semdeg – Sekreba.
Mmeore gakveTilze vamowmebT saSinao davalebas. vagrZelebT mTeli ricxvebis
gamravlebasa da gayofaze amocanebis amoxsnas _ 10 - 17 . am amocanebidan nawili
SeiZleba wina gakveTilze iyo ganxiluli. Zalian sainteresoa 10 davaleba _ aq
ar arsebobs SekiTxvaze calsaxa pasuxi, radgan ar aris miTiTebuli Sefasebis raime
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SezRudva, amitom ramdenime sxvadasxva `Sefaseba~ SeiZleba misaReb pasuxad CaiT-
valos. magaliTad, SeiZleba mxolod erTi Tanamamravli warmovadginoT `mrgvali~
mTeli ricxviT, an _ orive Tanamamravli. SeiZleba visargebloT ricxviTi wrfiT
da `mrgvali~ ricxvebi ricxviTi wrfis saSualebiT SevarCioT.
–24⋅35≈-20⋅40=–800
–24⋅35≈-24⋅40=–960
–24⋅35≈-20⋅35=–700.
aq uaryofiTi ricxvebis Sedarebis wesebsac viyenebT ricxviTi wrfis gamoyene-
biT.
26 amocana dafasTan sruldeba.
12 - 14 amocanebs moswavleebi rveulebSi asruleben. 15 , 16 davalebebis amoca-

nebs moswavleebi zepirad asruleben.
_ ra niSani aqvs namravls?
15 a) minusi; b) plusi da a. S.
(ratomRac, arsebobs gaumarTlebeli tendencia _ termini `plusi~ Seicva-

los aranormatiuli `pliusiT~. Tqven Tqveni magaliTiT daamkvidrebT swori
terminis gamoyenebas).
namravlis nulTan Sedarebisas moswavleebs mxolod uaryofiTi mamravlebis ga-
daTvla uwevT.
16 a) nulis tolia.
saSinao davalebad vaZlevT 12 - 17 da Semajamebel amocanebs, romlebic kom-

pleqsur davalebebs Seicavs.
Semajamebel amocanaTa analizi
47-e gakveTili

dargebSi.
sakiTxebi: mTeli ricxvebi. ariTmetikuli moqmedebebi mTel ricxvebze. mTeli
ricxvis moduli. ricxvis modulis geometriuli azri.
winare codna: mTeli ricxvebi. mTeli ricxvebis gamosaxva ricxviT wrfeze.
Sefasebis indikatori da aqtivobis mizani: moswavlem unda SeZlos mTel ricx-
vebze moqmedebebis xvadasxva xerxiT Sesruleba, ricxviTi wrfis gamoyeneba (maT.
sab. 2). mTel ricxvebze ariTmetikuli moqmedebebis Sesaxeb codnis ganmtkiceba-Se-
jameba.
moswavleebs micemuli hqondaT davalebad Semajamebeli amocanebi, romlebic
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT codnis ganmtkicebisa da Sejamebis mizniT. mTeli ricxve-
bis gamoklebis aTvisebas vamowmebT 1 amocanebiT; 2 amocanebi emsaxureba gam-
ravlebisa da gayofis moqmedebebis gamoyenebis aTvisebis Semowmebas. amasTanave,
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mimdinareobs ariTmetikuli moqmedebebis Catarebis Sesaxeb codnis ganmtkiceba.
94
davalebebi isea SeCeuli, rom maT Sesasruleblad moswavles kargad unda esmodes
ariTmetikuli moqmedebebis Catarebis procesi. faqtobrivad, ariTmetikuli mo-
qmedebebis ucnobi wevris povnasTan gvaqvs saqme, aq moqmedebaTa Sebrunebadobis
sakiTxisa da TviT moqmedebis Catarebis codna Semowmdeba da ganmtkicdeba. sxva-
dasxva codnaTa integrirebul gamoyenebas moiTxovs 3 - 5 davalebebi. magaliTad,
3 davalebebSi ariTmetikul moqmedebaTa Tvisebebisa da ariTmetikuli moqmedebis
Catarebis codnaa saWiro. 4 davalebebSi moiTxoveba ricxviTi wrfis, ricxviT wr-
feze mTeli ricxvebis gamosaxvis, ricxvis modulis, wertilis koordinatis, wrfis
or wertils Soris manZilis ricxviT gamosaxvis Sesaxeb codnaTa integrirebuli
gamoyeneba.
miTiTebebi:
3 g) –80⋅21+80⋅4=80⋅(–21)+80⋅4=80⋅(–21+4)=80⋅(–17)=–1360.
4 • Tu mTeli ricxvis Sesabamisi wertili saTavidan 18 erTeuliTaa daSore-

buli, maSin es ricxvi aris –18 an 18.
pirobis Tanaxmad, saZiebeli ricxvi uaryofiTi ricxvia, maSasadame, pirobas ak-
mayofilebs –18.
• imisaTvis, rom vipovoT yvela is wertili, romelic A(2) wertilidan 4 erTeu-
liTaa daSorebuli, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT ricxviTi wrfe _ miviRebT or wertils,
romelTa koordinatebia: –2 da 6.
zogierTma moswavlem SeiZleba amocana ricxviTi
wrfis gamoyenebis gareSec amoxsnas; A(2) wertilidan
marjvniv 4 erTeuliT daSorebuli wertilis koordi-
nati, cxadia, aris 6. A(2) wertilidan saTavemde manZili 2 erTeulia, Tu kidev 2
erTeuliT marcxniv `gadavalT~, miviRebT –2-s.
Tu dadebiT ricxvs –3-ze gavamravlebT, miviRebT uaryofiT ricxvs, romlis
modulic 3-jer metia mocemul ricxvze. miRebuli ricxvis Sesabamisi wertili sa-
Tavis marcxnivaa da saTavemde 3-jer meti manZiliTaa daSorebuli, vidre mocemuli
ricxvis Sesabamisi wertili, romelic saTavis marjvnivaa. maSasadame, ricxvebis Se-
sabamis wertilebs Soris manZili 4-jer metia mocemul ricxvze.
zogierTma moswavlem SeiZleba induqciuri msjeloba gamoiyenos (ix. suraTebi).
8:2=4 12:3=4 4:1=4.

zogierTma moswavlem SeiZleba ricxviTi wrfe gamoiyenos.

am amocanis swori amoxsna SedarebiT maRali saazrovno unarebis gamoyenebas

moiTxovs (analizi, sinTezi). moswavleebs unda avuxsnaT, rom induqciuri msjelo-
biT miRebuli daskvna SeiZleba yovelTvis swori ar iyos da damatebiT msjelobas
moiTxovs (magaliTad, cvladze gadasvlas).
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5miaqcieT yuradReba _ gamorCenili ar iyos ricxvTa romelime sameuli.
davalebis amocanebis klasSi sajaro garCevis Semdeg moswavleebs SeiZleba
SevTavazoT `vip~-is rubrikiT mocemuli amocanebis swrafad da sworad amoxsna. es
davaleba ajamebs codnis ganmtkicebis process. es gakveTili SeiZleba CaiTvalos
klasSi Sesasrulebeli Semajamebeli werisTvis momzadebis procesad. Semdeg ga-
kveTilze moswavleebs utardebaT Semajamebeli wera, rac saSualebas mogvcems gan-
vaxorcieloT ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba.
Semajamebeli wera #3 da misi Sedegebis ganxilva
Tema: mTeli ricxvebi (Sekreba, gamokleba, gamravleba, gayofa, gamosaxva ricxviT

wrfeze, Sedareba, moduli) da maTi gamoyeneba.
mizani: moswavleTa mier gavlili masalis aTvisebis donis Semowmeba-Sefaseba,
klasSi sajaro ganxilva, miRebuli Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze saswavlo gegmis
koreqcia. am aqtivobis gadaqceva ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis mniSvnelovan instru-
mentad.
amocanebis nimuSebi
SearCieT swori pasuxi:
1. vTqvaT, a mTeli ricxvi araa dadebiTi. maSin misi mopirdapire ricxvi

a) araa dadebiTi b) uaryofiTia g) araa uaryofiTi d) dadebiTia.
2. ricxviT wrfeze mocemulia M(–6) da N(2) wertilebi. MN monakveTis Sua wer-

tilis koordinatia
a) –4 b) –2 g) 8 d) 4.
3. Tu |x–2| = 7, maSin x aris

a) 5 an 9 b) –5 an 9 g) –9 an 5 d) –9 an –5.
4. |–7+12|–|–12–7|=
a) –14 b) 0 g) 24 d) 10.
5. vTqvaT, a = –3 + 8 + (–2), b = –8 + 3 + (–2), c = 3 + (–8) + 2, d = –8 + (–3) + 2. am ricxvebs Soris

umciresia
a) a b) b g) c d) d.
6. cnobilia, rom M(1) wertili A(a) da B(b) wertilebidan Tanabradaa daSorebu-

li. SeadareT |a| da |b|.
a) |a|<|b| b) |a|>|b| g) |a| = |b|
d) |a|-sa da |b|-s Sedareba SeuZlebelia.
96
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7. SeavseT cxrili:
a -55 –48 –85

b 5 –12
a⋅b 96
a:b –3 17
8. ricxviT wrfeze moniSnulia A(–5) da B(3) wertilebi.

a) ipoveT a, Tu A aris MB monakveTis Sua wertili da a aris M wertilis koor-
dinati;
b) ipoveT b, Tu b = |a–(–5)| + |a–3|;
g) ipoveT c, Tu c = –3⋅a–(–5)⋅b;
d) daalageT a, b da c zrdis mixedviT.
1 2 3 4 5 6
g b b a d d
7. a -55 36 –48 –85

b 5 –12 –2 –5
a⋅b -275 –432 96 425
a:b –11 –3 24 17
8. a) –5–a = 3–(–5), a = –13;
b) b = |–13–(–5)| + |–13–3| = 8 + 16 = 24;
g) c = –3⋅(–13)–(–5)⋅24 = 39–(–120) = 159.
d) –13<24<159, anu a<b<c.
Sefasebis rubrika
pirveli eqvsi amocanis TiToeuli swori pasuxis Sefaseba _ 1 qula, arasworis

_ 0. pirvel amocanaSi a SeiZleba uaryofiTi iyos an nuli. amitom misi mopirdapire
ricxvi iqneba dadebiTi an nuli, anu ar iqneba uaryofiTi.
7. TiToeuli sworad Sevsebuli ujrisTvis 0,25 qula, anu, maqsimaluri Sefaseba
2 qula.
8. mocemuli oTxi davalebidan TiToeulis sworad Sesruleba fasdeba 0,5 quliT,
anu, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 2 qula. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom am amocanis amoxsnis
Sefasebisas SesaZlebelia aseTi SeTanxmeba _ Tu, magaliTad, davaleba a)-Si araa
miRebuli swori pasuxi, magram miRebuli a-sTvis davaleba b) Sesrulebulia sworad,
davaleba b)-s Sedegi Sefasdes 0,5 quliT. analogiurad, yoveli momdevno davalebis
amoxsnis Sefasebisas ar gaviTvaliswinoT wina etapebze miRebuli pasuxebis siswore.
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weris Sedegebis analizi
namuSevrebis gasworebis Semdeg aucileblad CaatareT Sedegebis analizi _

daadgineT, rogor aiTvisa klasma axali masala, ramdenad sworad aris gagebuli
axali cnebebi, ramdenad kargad gaiwafnen moswavleebi mTel ricxvebze moqmedebebis
CatarebaSi. Tu raime kuTxiT moswavleTa codniT ukmayofilo iqnebiT, maSin Seita-
neT koreqtivebi saswavlo gegmaSi, gamoiyeneT sarezervo gakveTilebi da dauTmeT
damatebuli dro xarvezebis aRmofxvras.
weris momdevno gakveTili, tradiciulad, amocanebis garCevas eTmoba. gaiT-
valiswineT, rom dauSvebelia ama Tu im moswavlis individualuri problemebis
sajarod ganxilva _ raime Secdomis garCevisas moerideT personalizacias da
moswavleTa yuradReba mxolod TviT Secdomis savaraudo mizezebsa da prevenci-
is gzebze gadaitaneT. am procesSi Zalze efeqtiania analogiuri amocanebis mo-
fiqreba-amoxsnis meTodikac _ ecadeT, am procesSi mTeli klasi iyos CarTuli.
es aqtivoba ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis mniSvnelovan instruments warmoadgens.
2.5. dadebiTi racionaluri ricxvebi
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 50-e _ 52-e gakveTilebi

dargebSi.
sakiTxebi: dadebiTi racionaluri ricxvebi, maTi warmodgena wiladebisa da aT-
wiladebis saxiT (maT Soris usasrulo perioduli aTwiladebis saxiT).
winare codna: naturaluri ricxvebi. naturaluri ricxvis Cawera, dalageba, Se-
dareba poziciuri sistemis gamoyenebiT.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem SeZlos dadebiTi racionaluri ricxvebis
wakiTxva, Cawera da Sedareba poziciuri sistemis gamoyenebiT (maT. sab. 3, 4), zomis
sxvadasxva erTeulis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba (maT. sab. 7).
gakveTils viwyebT winare codnis gaaqtiurebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom sakiTxebs

moswavleebi wina wlebidan icnoben, saWiroa maTTan interaqtiuli muSaobiT dade-
biT racionalur ricxvebze warmodgenebze axali aqcentebis win wamoweva _ pozi-
ciuri sistemis gamoyeneba, aTwiladebis Cawera poziciur sistemaSi, am Canawerebis
gamoyenebiT ricxvebis Sedareba, usasrulo perioduli aTwiladebis gamoyeneba. au-
cilebelia aqcenti gakeTdes yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi wiladebisa da aTwiladebis
gamoyenebaze. magaliTad, sidideebis gamosaxva sxvadasxva erTeulSi (saxelmZRvane-
lodan Sesabamisi amocanebis ganxilva).
SeiZleba Tavdapirvelad moveridoT terminis _ `racionaluri ricxvebi~ _
gamoyenebas. cxadia, viwyebT naturaluri ricxvebiT da naturaluri ricxvebis Ca-
weriT poziciur sistemaSi. mivmarTavT moswavleebs da mTeli klasis CarTulobiT
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vmsjelobT dasmul kiTxvebze miRebuli pasuxebis Sesaxeb.
98
_ daasaxeleT naturaluri ricxvebi da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi maTi gamoyene-
bis magaliTebi.
_ ramdeni cifri gamoiyeneba naturaluri ricxvebis Cawerisas? ras niSnavs, rom
naturalur ricxvTa Caweris aTobiTi sistema aris poziciuri? moiyvaneT saTanrigo
Sesakrebebis jamis saxiT naturaluri ricxvis gaSlis magaliTebi.
_ SeiZleba Tu ara yoveli gazomvis Sedegi gamoisaxos naturaluri ricxviT?
_ ra ricxvebs viyenebT xSirad gazomvis Sedegis gamosasaxavad? moiyvaneT ma-
galiTebi.
_ gaixseneT wiladebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi. SeiZleba Tu ara wiladi ganvixi-
loT, rogorc ori naturaluri ricxvis Sefardeba? moiyvaneT magaliTebi.
_ ra saxiT SeiZleba Caiweros is wiladi, romlis mniSvneli 10-is raime natu-
ralurmaCvenebliani xarisxia?
aq SeiZleba moswavleebs rigrigobiT SevTavazoT sxvadasxva ricxvis aTwiladad
3 , 7 , 23 , 123 .
Cawera: 10 100 1000 10
SeiZleba ganvixiloT is magaliTic, romelic saxelmZRvaneloSia mocemuli (aT
wiladis saxiT Cawera da warmodgena saTanrigo Sesakrebebis jamis saxiT).
sasurvelia, Tu sxva magaliTebsac ganvixilavT _ roca aTwilads warmovadgenT
saTanrigo Sesakrebebis jamis saxiT. amis Semdeg SeiZleba gadavideT im SemTxvevis
ganxilvaze, roca wiladi ar Caiwereba sasruli aTwiladis saxiT. maswavlebelma
unda icodes, rom: a) Tu ukveci wiladis mniSvnels 2-isa da 5-isagan gansxvave-
buli martivi gamyofi aqvs, maSin es wiladi ar Caiwereba sasruli aTwiladis
saxiT; b) amasTanave, Tu mniSvneli Tanamartivia 10-Tan, miiReba wminda perioduli
aTwiladi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi _ Sereuli perioduli aTwiladi. am debule-
bebidan moswavleebs mxolod a)-s codna moeTxovebaT.
aq SeiZleba magaliTis moyvana da imis axsna, ratom iqneba xsenebuli usasrulo
aTwiladi perioduli. (naSTis Tviseba _ gayofis procesSi miRebuli yoveli naSTi
gamyofze naklebia, amitom gayofis procesis gagrZelebisas naSTi gameordeba. es ki
periodulobas iwvevs).
Zalian mniSvnelovania aTwiladebis damrgvalebis sakiTxi, radgan yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi, rogorc wesi, aTwiladebi gamoiyeneba da isini SeiZleba miaxloebiTi
mniSvnelobebiT iyos warmodgenili.
mniSvnelovania imis gacnobierebac, rom procentic ricxvis Caweris erT-erTi
formaa, procentis povna ricxvis nawilis (wiladis) povnaa. moswavleebi ixseneben
procentis saxiT ricxvis Caweris wess da asruleben davalebebs am wesis gamoyenebaze.
axali erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT arauaryofiTi racionaluri ricxve-
bis Seswavla swavlebis dawyebiT safexurze iwyeba. axla ki mimdinareobs am codnis
sistematizacia da gaRrmaveba.
istoriuli aspeqtebis win wamowevis mizniT, SesaZlebelia gakveTilis msvlelo-
bisas CavrToT Semdegi saubari:
SevadaroT erTi da imave ricxvis ori Canaweri:
2 43
100 da 2,43.
pirveli Seicavs 7 niSans, meore _ 4-s. meore Canaweri ufro ekonomiuria. XV
saukuneSi aTwiladebis warmoSoba maTematikaSi aRmoCenad aris miCneuli. zomis aTo-
biTi sistemebis SemoRebis Semdeg aTwiladebma didi gamoyeneba hpova.
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moswavleebs SeiZleba SevTavazoT referatis dawera Temaze: àTwiladebisa da
aTwiladebze moqmedebebis warmoSobis istoria~. moswavleebi internetSi advilad
moiZieben masalas aTwiladebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. im maTematikosis Sesaxeb, rom-
lis SromebSi gaCnda pirvelad ricxvis aTwiladad Caweris magaliTebi. SeiZleba imis
Sesaxebac saubari _ ratom aris mosaxerxebeli aTwiladebis gamoyeneba, aTwilade-
bis Caweris ra gansxvavebuli xerxebi gvxvdeba da a. S.
pirvel gakveTilze SeiZleba SemovifargloT mxolod 1 - 8 `testebisa~ da 9
- 11 amocanebis ganxilviT. `testebidan~ mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia 4 da 5 _ aT-
wiladebis gamoyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
erT-erTi sakvanZo SekiTxva SeiZleba iyos: wiladze gayofisas ratom vamravlebT
wiladis Sebrunebulze? pasuxis axsna moswavlem SeiZleba daukavSiros gamravlebi-
sa da gayofis Sebrunebadobis sakiTxs. veZebT ricxvs, romlis namravli gamyofze
mogvcems gasayofs.
es kiTxva ukavSirdeba wiladebze moqmedebebis gaazrebulad codnas.
sakvanZo SekiTxva SeiZleba iyos sasrul aTwiladad warmodgenis SemTxvevis axs-
nac _ ratom gadaiqceva sasrul aTwiladad ukveci wiladi, romlis mniSvneli ar
Seicavs 2-isa da 5-sgan gansxvavebul raime martiv gamyofs.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 2 3 1 2 1 3 3
9
sasurvelia, rom wiladis saxiT warmodgenis Semdeg miRebuli wiladi ukveci
75 = 3 .
wiladis saxiT Caiweros. magaliTad, 0,75= 100 4
10 yoveli wiladi Caiwereba aTwiladis saxiT, romelic SeiZleba gayofis algo-
riTmiT vipovoT, SeiZleba asec moviqceT:
67 = 67 = 67⋅5 = 335 =3,35,
20 4⋅5 2⋅2⋅5⋅5 100
an
67 7 7⋅5
20 = 3 20 = 3 100 = 3,35 .
5 8
11 vadarebT 13 da 21 wiladebs.
5 = 5⋅21 = 105 ;

13 8 = 8⋅13 = 104
21
13⋅21 273 21⋅13 273
5 8
13 > 21
5 13 8 21
50 0,384... 80 0,380...
39 63
110 170
104 168
60 20
52 ...
8 5 > 8 .
aqedanac Cans, rom 13
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... 21
100
1 - 11 amocanebi I gakveTilze ixneba. `testebsa~ da miTiTebul amocanebze mu-
Saobis sxvadasxva forma SeiZleba gamoviyenoT; magaliTad, moswavleebi rigrigobiT
kiTxuloben `testebs~ da acxadeben swor pasuxs. SeiZleba yvela SemTxvevaSi ar mo-
viTxovoT pasuxis dasabuTeba, magram sxva moswavleebis mier dadastureba pasuxisa,
sasurvelia. amocanebs moswavleebi damoukideblad xsnian rveulebSi da acxadeben
swor pasuxs. SeiZleba maswavlebelma amocanebis mxolod nawili gaarCevinos gak-
veTilze ( 9 - 11 davalebebidan) moswavleebs.
saSinao davalebad SeiZleba 1 - 11 amocanebis micema.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 3
10
5 = 5⋅4 = 20 .
viyenebT wiladis ZiriTad Tvisebas: 12 4⋅12 48
11 SeiZleba vipovoT mricxvelisa da mniSvnelis udidesi saerTo gamyofi; Sem-

deg vyofT miRebul ricxvze mocemuli wiladis mricxvelsa da mniSvnels. SeiZleba
asec moviqceT (`TandaTanobiT~ SevkvecoT):
360 = 60 = 6 = 3 .
6000 1000 100 50
aq zogjer saWiro iqneba gayofadobis Tvisebebis gamoyenebac.
meore gakveTils viwyebT aTwiladebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb moswavleebis mier

mopovebuli masalebis mixedviT warmodgenili referatebis ganxilviT. ganxilvis
procesSi Cven `diriJoris~ da òponentis~ funqciebic SeiZleba SeviTavsoT _
ganxilvis warmarTva, damatebiTi kiTxvebiT aTwiladebis Sesaxeb masalis gafar-
Toeba (magaliTad, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi aTwiladebis Caweris wesi, aTwiladebad
Caweris gamoyenebebis upiratesobebi da a. S.). gamorCeuli yuradReba unda mia-
qcevinoT moswavleebs aTwiladebis Canawerebze kalkulatorebSi, kompiutereb-
Si. iq mZimis nacvlad wertili gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, iq amokiTxuli Canaweri 5.7
warmogvidgens 5 mTelsa da 7 meaTeds, anu Cveni aRniSvnebiT, 5,7-s.
saSinao davalebis Sesasruleblad moswavleebs mouwevT gavlili masalis gax-
seneba _ sidideebs Soris kavSirebis warmosadgenad aTwiladebis gamoyeneba, gay-
ofadobis niSnebi, wiladebis Sekveca, procentis warmodgena wiladad, wiladis Zi-
riTadi Tviseba, wesieri wiladis cneba, aTwiladis Cawera saTanrigo Sesakrebebis
jamis saxiT.
am Temebis Sesaxeb codnaSi xarvezebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gavzar-
doT paragrafSi warmodgenili masalis dasamuSaveblad gamoyofili gakveTilebis
raodenoba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, meore gakveTilze SeiZleba davamTavroT dade-
biTi racionaluri ricxvebis Sesaxeb masalis gaxsenebisa da gaRrmavebis procesi.
gakveTilze vmuSaobT 12 - 20 amocanebze. saSinao davalebad moswavleebs mivceT
12 - 17 amocanebi.
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12 davalebis Sesrulebisas SeiZleba moswavleebs vTxovoT, daasabuTon sakuTa-
ri mosazrebebi, mivaRwioT imas, rom moswavlem SeZlos `msjelobis xazis ganviTa-
reba; ganzogadebiT an deduqciiT miRebuli daskvnebis dasabuTeba~ (maT. sab. 2). aq
ganzogadeba xdeba konkretuli magaliTebidan gamomdinare _ Tu Sekvecis Semdeg
wiladis mniSvneli Seicavs mxolod 2-is an 5-is xarisxebs, SesaZlebelia 2-is, an 5-is
raime xarisxze gamravlebiT (mricxvelisa da mniSvnelis), mivaRwioT imas, rom mniSv-
nelSi 10-is xarisxi miviRoT. aseTi wiladi Caiwereba sasruli aTwiladis saxiT. sxva
saxis wiladebi ar Caiwereba sasruli aTwiladis saxiT.
13 wiladebi saerTo mniSvnelze unda miviyvanoT.
150 15 1 15 3 5 1
14 b) 150%= 100 = 10 =1 2 , 15%= 100 = 20 , 5%= 100 = 20 , 15%=0,15, 150%=1,5; 5%=0,05.
15 TandaTan vaCvevT moswavleebs cvladebis gamoyenebas.

pirobis Tanaxmad, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, maSin
a) n5 <1 b) 1< 6n g) n–5<0
d) n2 + 4>n e) n⋅100<500 v) n5 –1<0.
moswavleebi msjeloben: Tu n = 1, maSin n2 + 4 = 5, 5>1; Tu n = 2, n2 = 4, n2 + 4 = 8, 8>2.
16 sakmarisia davTvaloT TiToeul striqonsa da svetSi kvadratebis odenoba

15 nawili, 15% (wiladi
a) gvaqvs 100 kvadrati, gaferadebulia 15 kvadrati, anu 100
_ erTobliobis nawili).
b) gaferadebulia 1325 nawili, anu 52%; g) 14 =25%.
12 4
17 gamuqebulia 30 = 10 =40%.
20amocanebis ganxilviT moswavleebi ixseneben moqmedebaTa Tanamimdevrobis

wess, ricxviTi gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobis povnas. moswavles unda SeeZlos racio-
nalur ricxvebze moqmedebebis sxvadasxva xerxiT Sesruleba (maT. sab. 1, 2).
saSinao davalebis amocanebi
11 - 14amocanebis amoxsna moiTxovs wiladebis saerTo mniSvnelze miyvanis,

wiladebis Sedarebis, wiladebis Sekrebisa da gamoklebis codnas. 15 amocanis
analogiuri klasSi iyo amoxsnili. kidev erTxel mowmdeba _ miRweulia, Tu ara
sakvanZo SekiTxvaze pasuxis dasabuTebuli codna; ra SemTxvevaSi ar Caiwereba sas-
ruli aTwiladis saxiT (Caiwereba perioduli aTwiladis saxiT) wiladi? mniSvnelo-
vania aTwiladebis damrgvalebis codna _ yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xSirad gviwevs
aTwiladebis damrgvaleba (magaliTad, usasrulo aTwiladis sasruli aTwiladis sax-
iT warmodgenis dros). ricxviTi gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobis povna ( 17 ) ajamebs
dadebiT racionalur ricxvebze ariTmetikuli moqmedebebis Catarebis unars.
102
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52-e gakveTili

dargebSi.
sakiTxebi: dadebiTi racionaluri ricxvebi da maTi gamoyeneba. martivi xar-
jTaRricxva. mTeli ricxvebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos dadebiT racionalur ricxveb-
ze moqmedebebis sxvadasxva xerxiT Sesruleba (maT. sab. 1, 2); racionalur ricxvebze
moqmedebaTa Sedegis Sefaseba.
winare codna: wiladebi da aTwiladebi, Sedareba, Cawera, ariTmetikuli moq-
medebebi, moqmedebebi mTel ricxvebze.
gakveTils viwyebT saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT. zemoT visaubreT davalebis

amocanebsa da maTi amoxsnebis miznebze. gakveTilis darCenili nawili eTmoba jgu-
furi muSaobis Catarebas, romelic mniSvnelovania Seswavlili cnebebis gamoyenebis
unarebis ganviTarebisa da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi maTi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.
moswavleebs moeTxovebaT optimaluri variantis SerCeva, martivi xarjTaRricxve-
bis Sedgena, msjelobis xazis ganviTareba. teqstSi moxsenebulia avtobusis `saSu-
alo siCqare~.
moswavleebs avuxsnaT, rom Tu, vTqvaT, sxeulma S manZili t droSi gaiara, ma-
Sin am moZraobisas sxeulis saSualo siCqare is siCqarea, romliTac ucvlelad rom
emoZrava am sxeuls amave S manZils amave t droSi gaivlida. saSualo siCqare gavli-
li manZilis daxarjul droze ganayofia. Sesabamisad, am dros manZili gamoiTvleba
ase: saSualo siCqare saaTebze (daxarjul droze) unda gamravldes. meore amocanaSi
mTeli ricxvebis praqtikuli gamoyenebaa warmodgenili.
1 sanimuSod warmogidgenT dagegmvis erT-erT variants: vTqvaT, avtobusis

saSualo siCqarea 50 km/sT, maSin gzaSi yofnis droa 2⋅37:50=1,48 (sT), Sesabamisi ga-
dasaxdeli Tanxa _ 1,48⋅25=37 (lari), darCenili Tanxa _ 123,2–37=85,2 lari rom
gavyoT 25-ze, miviRebT Segrovili TanxiT iyalToSi yofnisTvis gankuTvnil udides
dasaSveb dros (saaTebSi).
am SemTxvevaSi gamoTvlebs gaamartivebda gzaSi yofnis drois wiladis saxiT
warmodgena 2⋅37
50 ; Sesabamis Tanxasac iolad gamovTvlidiT Sekvecis gamoyenebiT
2⋅37 ⋅25.
50
jgufuri muSaobis Sedegebis ganxilvisas gamoTvlebis am aspeqtsac miaqcieT
yuradReba. wiladebis warmodgenis am orive formis gamoyenebis unaris ganviTare-
bas SeuZlia Sromatevadi gamoTvlebis Tavidan acileba.
2 • 850-iT.
• 500-iT.
• niniko _ 350:4=87,5;
mariami _ –300:4=-75;
kote _ –500:4=-125;
giorgi _ 200:4=50.
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103
• magaliTad, niniko _ 1000+250–750–150;
mariami _ 1000–400–750–150;
kote _ 250-250+250–750;
giorgi _ 250-150+250–150.
• 700-quliani an 1000-quliani. ajobes 700-qulianis SekveTa, radgan mosalod-
nelia, rom is ufro martivi iqneba, vidre 1000-quliani. Tumca, Tavad ninikoc,
SesaZloa kidev moipovebs qulebs, amitom 1000-quliani SekiTxvis SekveTis riskic
gamarTlebulia.
jgufuri muSaoba SeiZleba Sejibrebis saxiT Catardes da misi dasrulebisas

unda Sedges jgufebis mier miRebuli Sedegebis prezentacia.
gakveTilis dasasruls amave jgufebs daavaleT saproeqto davalebaze muSaoba.
es saproeqto davaleba jgufuri muSaobisas miRebuli gamocdilebis gaRrmavebas
emsaxureba. mis Sedegebs sajarod ganixilavT erTi kviris Semdeg.
2.6. racionaluri ricxvebi
Tema: ricxvebi da maTi gamoyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da sxva mecnierebebSi.

sakiTxebi: dadebiTi da uaryofiTi racionaluri ricxvebi da maTi gamoyeneba.
winare codna: dadebiTi racionaluri ricxvebi, Cawera, Sedareba, ariTmetikuli
moqmedebebi dadebiT racionalur ricxvebze.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem SeZlos racionaluri ricxvebis Sedareba,
ariTmetikuli moqmedebebis Catareba, Sedegis Sefaseba (maT. sab. 1, 2).
winare codnis gaaqtiureba SeiZleba cnobili maTematikuri TamaSiT _ ìpove

Secdoma~ _ daviwyoT. dafaze vwerT ricxviTi gamosaxulebis Semcvel ramdenime
tolobas. maTgan zogierTi ar aris swori. 7-8 wuTis ganmavlobaSi moswavleebma
unda SeamCnion Secdoma da Secvalon swori tolobiT.
magaliTebi:
13 =1,9013
1) 19 1000 6) –50:(–10)–50⋅(–1)=–45
2) 3,7+2,251=5,951 7) (–3)⋅(–6):(–2)=9
3) 7%=0,7 8) 0⋅(–5)–(–6)(–1)=–11
4) 0,046:10=0,46 9) 40⋅(–50+45⋅1)=–200
5) 0,006⋅100=0,6 10) (–5)⋅3+(–5)⋅7=50.
104
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aRmoCenili Secdomebis gasworebis Semdeg mivmarToT klass kiTxvebiT:
_ daasaxeleT ramdenime naturaluri ricxvi. daasaxeleT umciresi naturaluri
ricxvi. ra asoTi aRvniSnavT naturalur ricxvTa simravles? (ajobebs, Tu am asos
specifikurad CavwerT, ase _ N#).
_ kidev ra ricxvebs icnobT naturaluri ricxvebis garda? daasaxeleT am ricx-
vebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis magaliTebi.
temperaturis cvlilebis gamosasaxavad mTeli ricxvebis gamoyenebas SeiZleba
davukavSiroT uaryofiTi racionaluri ricxvebis analogiuri gamoyenebebis ganxil-
vac. saxelmZRvaneloSi ricxvis cnebis gafarToebis sqema: N → Z → Q – algebruli
TanamimdevrobiTaa warmodgenili. am Tanamimdevrobis venis diagramiT warmodgenis
Semdeg ufro advilia Semdeg kiTxvebze swori pasuxebis gacema:
sworia Tu ara:
a) yoveli naturaluri ricxvi aris mTeli ricxvi;
b) yoveli mTeli ricxvi aris racionaluri ricxvi;
g) yoveli naturaluri ricxvi aris racionaluri ricxvi.
SeiZleba vTxovoT moswavleebs, daasaxelon:

a) mTeli ricxvi, romelic ar aris naturaluri ricxvi;
b) dadebiTi racionaluri ricxvi, romelic ar aris naturaluri ricxvi;
g) uaryofiTi racionaluri ricxvi, romelic ar aris mTeli ricxvi;
d) racionaluri ricxvi, romelic ar aris mTeli ricxvi;
e) mTeli ricxvi, romelic ar aris uaryofiTi da arc naturaluri ricxvia.
Cven mier SemoTavazebuli sami gakveTilis nacvlad maswavlebelma racionalur

ricxvebze sakiTxebis Seswavlas SeiZleba 4 gakveTilic dauTmos. magaliTad, meti
dro dauTmos racionalur ricxvebze moqmedebebsa da racionaluri ricxvebis Sem-
cveli ricxviTi gamosaxulebebis mniSvnelobebis povnis amocanebs. mniSvnelovania,
im amocanebze gavamaxviloT yuradReba, romlebSic racionalur ricxvebze moqmede-
bebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva xerxiT Sesruldes. saSualeba gveqneba `gavideT~ standar-
tis maT. sab. 1, 2 indikatorebze. aRniSnuli tipis amocanebi aris rogorc Ria, aseve
daxurulboloian davalebebSi ( 22 - 24 ; 14 - 17 ).
racionaluri ricxvebis Sekreba da gamravleba mTel ricxvebze am moqmedebebis

analogiuria. racionaluri ricxvebis gamravlebisas namravlis modulisa da niSnis
dadgena mTel ricxvebze imave moqmedebis msgavsad ganisazRvreba. gamravlebis Se-
brunebuli moqmedeba _ gayofa _ erTi gamonaklisis garda Q simravleSi yovelT-
vis sruldeba (nulze gayofa ar SeiZleba) _ ganayofi kvlav racionaluri ricxvia.
klasSi, moswavleebTan erTad, SeadareT am Tvisebis mixedviT Q da Z simravleebi.
mTeli uaryofiTi ricxvebis Seswavlis analogiurad mimdinareobs uaryofiTi
racionaluri ricxvebis praqtikuli interpretaciebis warmodgena.
moswavleebi ukve icnoben mTel uaryofiT ricxvebs, amitom ar gauWirdebaT
uaryofiTi racionaluri ricxvis, misi modulis gaazreba. Sedareba isev geometri-
uli TvalsaCinoebis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba. cxadia, axali masalis axsna kvlav
moswavleTa aqtiuri monawileobiT unda mimdinareobdes. SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
don’t copy 105

garemos temperaturis mzomi Termometri, romelic uCvenebs temperaturas nuls
zemoT da nuls qvemoT, magaliTad, nuls qvemoT 2,50 temperatura aris –2,50.
teqstSi uxvad aris sanimuSo magaliTebi, rac mniSvnelovnad dagexmarebaT
sailustracio masalis moZiebasa da axsnaSi. scadeT, Tavad moswavleebs miandoT ga-
kveTilzeve maTi operatiuli gacnoba da prezentacia. gamocxadebuli ndoba, swra-
fad miRwevadi warmatebis molodini, moswavleebs ubiZgebs aqtiurobisken, matebs
sakuTari Zalebis rwmenas.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
3 1 2 4 1 3 3 1 1 2 3 3 4
komentarebi. am `testebis amoxsna~ klasSi, yvela moswavlis CarTulobiT xdeba.

yovel testze swori pasuxis povnis Semdeg, SeiZleba zogjer moviTxovoT pasux-
is dasabuTeba, msjelobis Catareba. `testebSi~ xSirad viyenebT cvladebs, veCveviT
asoebis gamoyenebiT maTematikuri faqtebis Caweras. amasTanave, cvladiT SeiZleba
warmodgenili iyos miTiTebuli simravlis nebismieri elementi. magaliTad, a asoTi
SeiZleba aRniSnuli iyos uaryofiTi ricxvi, maSin –a aRniSnavs mis mopirdapires _
dadebiT ricxvs; |a| nebismeri a ricxvisTvis ar aris uaryofiTi _ dadebiTia an nu-
lia; –a SeiZleba dadebiTi ricxvi iyos, radgan Tu a aris uaryofiTi ricxvi, maSin
misi mopirdapire ricxvi –a aris dadebiTi ricxvi. magaliTad, Tu a = –7,3, maSin –a = 7,3.
4 testi migvaniSnebs, rom ricxvi sxvaa, Canaweri ki _ sxva, anu erTi da igive ricx-
vi SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad Caiweros. magaliTad, 25 , 10

4 , 0,4 erTi da imave ricxvis
sxvadasxva Canaweria. am Temaze Cven araerTxel gvisaubria maswavleblebTan sakon-
sultacio Sexvedrebis dros; racionaluri ricxvis dafuZneba SeiZleba wiladebis
saSualebiT, Tu wiladebis simravleze ganvsazRvravT ekvivalentobis mimarTebas,
ekvivalentobis klasi warmogvidgens racionalur ricxvs, xolo Sesabamisi klasis
TiToeuli warmomadgeneli (wiladi) am racionaluri ricxvis Canaweria.
saSinao davalebisTvis gankuTvnili `testebi~ amave principebiTaa Sedgenili
_ moswavlem SeZlos ricxvis Canaweris Tavad ricxvisgan gansxvaveba. icodes
nulis Tvisebebi, sworad iyenebdes asoebs racionaluri ricxvebis warmosad-
genad, SeeZlos ricxviTi wrfis gamoyeneba da ricxvis modulis geometriuli
Sinaarsis gaazreba, icodes, rom Sebrunebuli ricxvebis namravli 1-is tolia.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 4 2 3 4 1 1
meore gakveTilis nawili da mesame gakveTili unda mivuZRvnaT miRebuli cod-

nis ganmtkicebas, sakiTxis yvela kuTxiT da siRrmiseulad ganxilvas. SerCeuli amo-
canebi aris ganmamtkicebel-ganmaviTarebeli, gamoyenebiTi. am dros unda moxdes
mopovebuli codnis ganzogadeba, konkretul situaciebSi maTi gamoyeneba (saswavlo
Sinaarsi Teoriuli teqstebidan gadanawilebulia amocanebze).
Cven mier SeTavazebuli davalebebi (`saSinao~ da `klasSi~ Sesasruleblad) moiTx-
ovs racionalur ricxvebze moqmedebebis sxvadasxva xerxiT Sesrulebas ( 21 - 24 ;
106
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14 - 17 ); ricxviT sistemebs Soris mimarTebebis swor gaazrebas ( 13 ), raciona-
lur ricxvebze codnis praqtikul gamoyenebas ( 25 ), msjelobisa da axsna-ganmarte-
bebis Catarebas, mkafio, zusti da myari mtkicebulebebis warmodgenas sakuTari ms-
jelobis dasasabuTeblad da sxvebis mosazrebebis oponirebisas. ( 20 , 12 , 13 ).
gansakuTrebiT, es ukanaskneli unarebi moiTxoveba moisazres 1 da 2 amocanebis
amosaxsnelad. SeiZleba diferencirebuli swavlebac CavataroT _ SedarebiT maRa-
li mzaobis moswavleebi msjeloben 1 da 2 amocanebze. moswavleebis nawili (Se-
darebiT dabali mzaobis moswavleebi) varjiSoben racionalur ricxvebze moqmede-
bebis SesrulebaSi. sabolood yvela Sedegi moxsendeba sajarod.
14 7,2-isa da misi mopirdapire ricxvis Sesabamis wertilebs Soris manZili aris

14,4.
15
0 1
saTavidan marjniv miiReba wertilebi, romelTa koordinatebia: 15 , 25 , 35 , 45 ,

1, 65 , 75 , 85 , 95 , 10 11 12
5 =2, 5 , 5 . marcxniv miRebuli wertilebis koordinatebi iqneba
dasaxelebuli ricxvebis mopirdapire ricxvebi.
16 yoveli dadebiTi ricxvi nulze metia, yoveli uaryofiTi ricxvi nulze na-
klebia.
1 2
17 b) 8; 1,7; 0; – 3 ; – 3 ; –1,7.
18 Tu a uaryofiTia, maSin –a dadebiTia. magaliTad, Tu a = –21, maSin –a = 21, ro-

melic dadebiTi ricxvia.
19 maswavleblisTvis cnobilia, rom |a + b|≤|a| + |b|, magaliTad, |–1 + 10|<|–1| + |10|,

|–5 + (–8)| = |–5| + |–8|.
2 2
20 cxadia, B = {1,5; 0; 3 ; 0,5; 4; 9 3 }.
miaqcieT yuradReba: |–0,5| = 0,5; 0,5 erTxel unda davasaxeloT, rogorc B-s ele-
menti.
a) C = {1,5; 0; 0,5; 9 23 }; cxadia, C = A∩B, C⊂A.
b) D = A∪B.
D = {1,5; 0; – 23 ; 23 ; –0,5; 0,5; –1,5; 1,5; –4; 4; 9 23 }. D ar aris A-s qvesimravle.
g) E = {– 23 ; –0,5; –1,5; –4}.
es davaleba SeiZleba CaiTvalos kompleqsur davalebad, romlis Sesruleba

moiTxovs sxvadasxva codnaTa gamoyenebas _ racionaluri ricxvis moduli, moq-
medebebi simravleebze, gamosaxva venis diagramebiT.
am codnaTa Semowmeba SeiZleba damatebiTi kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT:
_ gamosaxeT venis diagramebiT A da B simravleebi.
_ A da B-ze ra moqmedebis Catarebis Sedegia C simravle?
_ aris Tu ara C simravle A-s qvesimravle?
_ A da B simravleebze ra moqmedebis Sedegia D simravle? rogor gamoisaxeba
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es simravleebi venis diagramiT?
107
21 Sekrebis operaciis ucnobi komponenti SeiZleba gamoklebiT vipovoT. maga
liTad, –0,2+...=–0,4.
–0,4–(–0,2)=–0,4+0,2=–0,2
–0,2+(–0,2)=–0,4.
25temperaturaTa saSualo xSirad gamoiyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. mi-

TiTebul aT dReSi SuadRis saSualo temperaturis sapovnelad unda SevadginoT
ricxviTi gamosaxuleba da vipovoT misi mniSvneloba. kompleqsuri davaleba, rome-
lic moiTxovs saSualos codnas, teqstis mixedviT ricxviTi gamosaxulebis Sedge-
nasa da misi mniSvnelobis povnas (sasurvelia _ sxvadasxva xerxiT).
(2⋅2,60+3(–1,50)+3(–5,60)+0,40+1,70):10=(5,20–4,50–16,80+2,10):10=(–140):10=–1,40.
1a) radgan ab>0, amitom an orive ricxvi dadebiTia, an orive ricxvi uaryofi-
Tia. radgan a>b-dan gamomdinareobs, |a|<|b|, amitom orive uaryofiTi ricxvia.
b a 0
b) a b 0
g) ab<0, amitom erT-erTi ricxvi dadebiTia, meore _ uaryofiTi. radgan a>b, a
dadebiTia, b _ uaryofiTi.
b 0 a
d) b 0 a .
2a) radgan a>c da |a|<|c|, amitom c<0, maSin bc>0 pirobidan viRebT, b<0.
radgan bc>0 da abc>0, amitom a>0. amasTanave, a>b>c pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT, mi-
viRebT (suraTze |a|<|c| pirobac gaTvaliswinebulia).
c b 0 a
am msjelobis Catareba ar aris advili. sasurvelia, 1 -is a) da 2 -is a) amo-

canebi klasSi amoixsnas maRali mzaobis moswavleebis mier.
sxva amocanebis amoxsnisas analogiuri msjelobebis gamoyenebaa saWiro.
b) ac<0, a da c ricxvebidan erT-erTi dadebiTia, meore uaryofiTi; abc>0, maSin b

uaryofiTi ricxvia; b>c, maSasadame, c-c uaryofiTi ricxvia, a _ dadebiTi. amasTa-
nave |a|>|c|, miviRebT:
c b 0 a
g) bc>0 da abc<0, maSasadame a<0 da radgan a>b>c, maSasadame,

c b a 0
d) a>b>c pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT ganvalagoT es ricxvebi RerZze:

c b a
radgan abc<0 da ab>0, amitom c<0 da a da b ricxvebi an orive dadebiTia, an orive
uaryofiTi. meore SemTxvevaSi |b|>|c| piroba ver Sesruldeba, e. i. orive dadebiTia.
amasTanave, b ufro Sorsaa saTavidan, vidre c. miviRebT

c 0 b a
108
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am amocanebis amoxsnas sWirdeba sxvadasxva codnaTa kompleqsuri gamoyeneba _
racionaluri ricxvis moduli, modulis geometriuli azri, racionaluri ricxve-
bis gamravlebis wesi (`niSnebis wesi~). am amocanebidan 1 da 2 -is d) amocanebi
sasurvelia erToblivad _ yvela moswavlis monawileobiT ganvixiloT.
`moisazres~ amocanebis garCevam unda Seajamos Cveni muSaoba racionalur ricx-
vebze. saSinao davalebis amocanebis amoxsna ar unda gauWirdeT moswavleebs.
8 moviTxovoT ricxviT wrfeze ricxvebis miaxloebiTi gamosaxva. saWiro

iqneba ricxvebs Soris metobisa da naklebobis mimarTebebis dadgena, e.w. mrgval
ricxvebTan maTi miaxloebiT mdebareobis gansazRvra da niSnebis gaTvaliswineba.
9 am amocanaSi zogierTi davaleba swrafad sruldeba: yoveli dadebiTi

ricxvi metia uaryofiTze. erTnairniSniani ricxvebis Sedarebis dros ki SeiZleba
ricxviTi wrfec gamoviyenoT.
10 - 11 ricxvis modulis codnas moiTxovs.
12 uaryofiTi ricxvis uaxloesi mTeli ricxvebis dasaxelebas momavalSi mos-

wavleebi ricxvis mTeli nawilis gansazRvris dros gamoiyeneben.
13 Seicavs kompleqsur davalebas, romelic moiTxovs ricxviT simravleebs

Soris mimarTebebis, simravleebze moqmedebebisa da maTi gamosaxvis codnas.
14 - 17 davalebebis Sesrulebis dros moswavle unda Seecados racionaluri

ricxvebis Semcveli gamosaxulebebis mniSvnelobebi moqmedebaTa Tvisebebis gamoy-
enebiT rac SeiZleba xelsayreli xerxiT ipovos.
Semdegi gakveTilisTvis SeiZleba saSinao davalebis amocanebis nawilis Sesrule-

basTan erTad vTxovoT moswavleebs, saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili amocanebis
saSualebiT Seamowmon sakuTari codna racionaluri ricxvebisa da racionalur
ricxvebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
56-e gakveTili
sakiTxebi: racionaluri ricxvebi. moqmedebebi racionalur ricxvebze.

winare codna: naturalur da mTel ricxvTa simravleebi. dadebiTi racional-
uri ricxvebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos racionalur ricxvebTan daka-
vSirebuli cnebebis axsna da gamoyeneba amocanebis amoxsnisas. racionaluri ricx-
vebis Semcveli gamosaxulebebis mniSvnelobebis povna sxvadasxva xerxiT (maT. sab.
1, 2), simravluri cnebebisa da operaciebis gamoyeneba amocanebis amoxsnisas (maT.
sab. 7, 8, 9).
dasaxuli miznebis miRweva mimdinareobs mocemuli saSinao davalebis amocanebis

amoxsnebis Semowmebis procesSi ( 13 - 17 ). am amocanebis Sesaxeb Cven wina nawilSi
don’t copy 109

visaubreT. TviTSemowmebisaTvis mocemuli davalebac codnis ganmtkicebis, sakiTxe
bis yvela kuTxiT da siRrmiseulad ganxilvisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli. TviTSemow-
mebisa da TviTSefasebisas moswavle aRmoaCens codnaSi arsebul xarvezebsa da
maTze yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs. amocanebi isea SerCeuli, rom moswavleebma
mopovebuli codna ganazogadon, gamoiyenon sxvadasxva situaciaSi, daakavSiron
erTmaneTTan codnis calkeuli nawilebi. axali codnis CarTva winare codnis
struqturebSi aZlierebs gagebis siRrmesa da sicxades, exmareba moswavleebs
masalis damaxsovrebaSi, sxvadasxva inteleqtualuri unaris (magaliTad, msje-
lobis, axsna-ganmartebis) ganviTarebaSi.
1. am amocanas moswavlem SeiZleba mokledac upasuxos _ yoveli naturaluri
ricxvi racionaluri ricxvic aris, naturaluri ricxvebis jami naturaluri ricx-
via. maSasadame, miviReT: am kerZo SemTxvevaSi, racionaluri ricxvebis jami natu-
raluri ricxvia. Tumca, im racionaluri ricxvebis jamic SeiZleba iyos naturalu-
ri ricxvi, romlebic ar aris naturaluri ricxvebi: 0,4+0,6=1; –0,4+5,4=5. SevecadoT,
rom moswavleebma rac SeiZleba meti sxvadasxva SemTxveva daasaxelon. wiladebis
jami, mTeli ricxvebis jami, uaryofiTi da dadebiTi racionaluri ricxvebis jami.
2. a SeiZleba iyos mxolod 19-is gamyofi, a = 1, an a = 19. SeiZleba ganvazogadoT

kiTxva: 19
a ∈Z, a∈Z. ipoveT a. am SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs: a = 1, a = –1, a = 19, a = –19.
3. ricxviTi wrfe gamoviyenoT: Tu |m|>3 da m mTelia, maSin Sesabamisi `mTeli~
wertili aris 3-is marjvniv, an –3-is marcxniv.
Tu |m + 1|<5, maSin m + 1-is Sesabamisi mTeli wertili aris -5-sa da 5-s Soris, anu
m-is Sesabamisi `mTeli~ wertili unda iyos -6-sa da 4-s Soris;
`mTeli~ wertilebi, romlebic orive pirobas akmayofilebs, aris m = –5, m = –4.
4. erTnairmniSvneliani wiladebis Sekrebisas mricxvelebi ikribeba; maSasadame,

yoveli m naturaluri ricxvisTvis gvaqvs:
4m+1 = 4m + 1
2m 2m 2m
maSasadame, 4m+1 1
2m = 2 + 2m
pasuxi: 2-sa da 3-s Soris.
moswavleebi nel-nela eCvevian asoebis gamoyenebas mocemuli simravlis nebi-
smieri elementis aRsaniSnavad.
1 +6⋅ 1 anu 3,06=3+6⋅ 1 .

5. 3,06=3+0⋅ 10 100 100
6. 3–2,x1<0,333....
sinjvis meTodiT mivagnebT, rom x = 7, x = 8 an x = 9.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, sxvaoba aris 0,19 meore da mesame SemTxvevaSi sxvaoba kidev
ufro mcirea.
110
don’t copy
Tu x = 6, maSin 3–2,61=0,39.
Tu x aris 6-ze naklebi, sxvaoba kidev ufro metia.
7. 78 =0,875≈0,9. 7 8 8. 53 – 0,1= 53 – 10

1 = 50 – 3 = 47 .
70 0,875 30 30 30
64
60
56
40
40
0
9. sul 18 kvadratia. gamuqebulia kvadratebis naxevrebi _ 12 cali naxevari (rac
7 nawili.
6 kvadrats Seadgens) da kidev erTi kvadrati, 18
2n = n+n wesieri wiladia, amitom n SeiZleba iyos 1, 2, 3 an 4. n–is

10. radgan n+5 n+5
am mniSvnelobebisTvis 2n–18 wesieri wiladia.
11. viyenebT ricxviT wrfes. m mTeli ricxvi aris –4-sa da 4-s Soris. es mniSvne-
lobebia: –3; –2; –1; 0; 1, 2 an 3. udidesi mniSvneloba unda veZeboT dadebiT wiladebs
Soris, roca mricxveli udidesia, e. i. aris 3, xolo mniSvneli umciresia, e. i. aris
4. pasuxi: 34 .
12. viyenebT ricxviT wrfes; m SeiZleba iyos: –4; –3; –2; –1; 0; 1; 2; 3; 4. ganayofis
umcires mniSvnelobas veZebT uaryofiT wiladebSi; roca mricxveli umciresi mTeli
ricxvia, mniSvneli _ umciresi naturaluri ricxvi; –4 1 = –4.
3 |=| –150+21 |=| –129 |= 129 .

13. |– 37 + 0,006|=|– 37 + 50 350 350 350
14. ar arsebobs, radgan im SemTxvevaSi, roca n naturaluria n⋅3 15 dadebiTia,

–n⋅3 15 _ uaryofiTi.
15. m SeiZleba iyos nebismieri uaryofiTi ricxvi, an nuli; radgan, roca m = 0,
maSin
|m⋅(–2,3)| = 0, –m⋅2,3 = 0,
xolo Tu m uaryofiTia, maSin m⋅(–2,3) dadebiTi ricxvia da misi moduli TviT
m⋅(–2,3) -is tolia.
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2.7. racionaluri ricxvis naturalurmaCvenebeliani xarisxi
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 57-e gakveTili
57-e gakveTili

dargebSi.
sakiTxebi: racionaluri ricxvebi. racionaluri ricxvis naturalurmaCvenebe-
liani xarisxi da misi gamoyeneba.
winare codna: naturaluri ricxvis naturalurmaCvenebliani xarisxi. raciona-
luri ricxvi. naturaluri ricxvis Cawera saTanrigo Sesakrebebis jamis saxiT.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos racionaluri ricxvis xarisxis
gamoyeneba maTematikaSi, yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da sxva mecnierebebSi; racional-
ur ricxvebze moqmedebebis sxvadasxva xerxiT Sesruleba (maT. sab. 1, 2).
gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebeli, moswavleTa aqtiuri CarTviT, ganixilavs

TviTSefasebisTvis gankuTvnili weris Sedegebs. Semdeg ki acnobs moswavleebs ga-
kveTilze asaxsnel sakiTxsa da mizans. winare codnis gaaqtiureba da motivaciis
amaRleba mimdinareobs naturaluri ricxvis xarisxis gaxsenebiT da sxvadasxva gamo
yenebis ilustraciiT.
maswavlebeli SemTxveviTi SerCevis gziT iZaxebs moswavleebs dafasTan da sTx-
ovs maT dasaxelebuli naturaluri ricxvebi Caweron saTanrigo Sesakrebebis jamis
saxiT; amasTanave, moswavleebma CanawerSi 10-is xarisxebi unda gamoiyenon. sakvanZo
SekiTxvebi SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos 1-ianiTa da nulebiT Cawerili ricxvebis
10-is xarisxebad warmodgenis upiratesobebTan. am ganxilvaSi, cxadia, mTeli klasi
unda CavrToT.
gavixsenoT e.w. `giganturi~ ricxvebi, maTi saxelwodebebi da 10-is xarisxebad
warmodgena (milioni, miliardi, trilioni, kvadrilioni, kvintilioni).
moswavleTa motivaciis amaRlebas emsaxureba xarisxis praqtikuli gamoyenebe-

bi. saxelmZRvaneloSi sami aseTi magaliTia dasaxelebuli. 9 da 10 amocanebic
xarisxis praqtikul gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 3 4 3 2 4 2 4
9 1 km = 1000 m = 103 m = 105 sm = 106 mm.
10 cxrili SeiZleba dafaze SevavsoT. erT-erTi moswavle gadaitans dafaze pir-

vel sam striqons (danarCenebi rveulebSi muSaoben). Semdeg avsebs kidev or stri-
qons. amis Semdeg, induqciuri msjelobis gamoyenebiT, gamoTqvams varauds: me-12
Tvis Sesabamisi striqoni iqneba:
112
don’t copy
I wesi II wesi
12 100+12⋅100=1300 100⋅1,312=2330
II wesis Sesabamisi ricxvi davamrgvaleT 1 laramde sizustiT. rogorc vxedavT,

12 Tvis SemTxvevaSi meore wesis mixedviT meti Tanxa dagvigrovda.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
4 2 3 1 4 2 4 2 2 3 3 1 2
14 a) 2,35⋅102. 15 26=64, 62=36.
17 1012-is aTobiT CanawerSi 12 nulia.
18 0,17-is aTobiT CanawerSi 7 nulia. 20 300 000=3⋅105 (km/wm) = 3⋅108 (m/wm).
saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenil `testebsa~ da savarjiSoebze muSaoba dakavSire-

bulia standartis maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 SedegebTan _ moswavlem unda SeZlos:
amocanebis ganxilvisas hipoTezebis Camoyalibeba, maTi marTebulobis dadgena, gan-
zogadebiT, an deduqciiT miRebuli daskvnebis dasabuTeba ( 10 , 17 , 18 , 10 ,
11 ); maTematikuri terminebis, aRniSvnebisa da simboloebis koreqtulad gamoye-
neba ( 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 ); amocanis amoxsnis Semdeg miRebuli Sedegis kritikuli
Sefaseba ( 9 , 10 - 13 , 16 - 18 ).
2.8. monacemTa analizi da statistika
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 58-e _ me-60 gakveTilebi
58-e, 59-e da me-60 gakveTilebi
Tema: monacemTa interpretacia da analizi.

sakiTxebi: monacemTa Segrovebis saSualebebi: gazomva da dakvirveba, gamokiTxva,
monacemTa warmodgena; cxrili, svetovani diagrama, wertilovani da xazovani dia-
gramebi, piqtograma.
winapirobebi: sixSireTa cxrili, monacemTa Segroveba da moxerxebuli warmod-
gena, svetovani da wriuli diagramebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos dasmuli amocanis amosaxsne-
lad saWiro Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis mopoveba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7,
8); Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis mowesrigeba da warmodgena dasmuli
amocanis amosaxsnelad xelsayreli formiT (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6); monacemTa inter-
pretacia da analizi amocanis konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9).
gakveTils viwyebT saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT. moswavleebi amowmeben Ses-

rulebuli samuSaos xarisxs maswavleblisa da sxva moswavleebis daxmarebiT. mos-
don’t copy 113

wavleebi monacvleobiT weren dafaze amoxsnebs, danarCeni moswavleebi adareben
TavianT pasuxebs; `diax-ara~ baraTebis gamoyenebiT afiqsireben TavianT pozicias
(swori pasuxi _ `diax~, Secdoma _ àra~). maswavlebeli im moswavleebs, romlebsac
uSecdomod hqondaT Sesrulebuli davaleba, aZlevs savarjiSoebs damoukideblad
samuSaod, xolo is moswavleebi, romlebsac Secdomebi hqondaT jgufdebian er-
Tad. maswavlebeli skafoldingis gamoyenebiT asworebinebs Secdomebs. skafol-
dingi inglisuri terminia da xaraCos agebas niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi saubaria
saswavlo xaraCoze. maswavlebeli qmnis swavlebis strategias, xolo Semdgom
pasuxismgeblobas amocanis gadawyvetaze gadaitans moswavleze. maswavleblis
mier mxardaWera SeiZleba iyos wabiZgeba, maswavlebeli saswavlo xaraCoebs
SeaSvelebs moswavleebs. Semdeg mimdinareobs im moswavleebis samuSaos Semowmeba,
romlebic damoukideblad muSaobdnen.
winare codnis gaaqtiureba axal masalaze gadasasvlelad SeiZleba sxvadasx-

vanairad davgegmoT _ SevTavazoT moswavleebs im gakveTilis erToblivi
ganxilva, romelic `saSinao skolis~ programiT SeiZleba moviZioT internetSi
(www.silkschool.ge). gakveTili, romlis saTauria `monacemTa Segroveba da moxer-
xebuli warmodgena~, VI klasis gakveTilebis CamonaTvalSia. aq, ZiriTadad, im sa-
kiTxebzea saubari, romlebic VI klasis programiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli, Tumca
maT VII klasis standartic iTvaliswinebs. gakveTilis msvlelobisas maswavlebe-
li asaxelebs monacemTa Segrovebis xerxebs, maT warmodgenas sixSireTa cxriliT,
svetovani da wriuli diagramebiT. gamoyenebulia procentis cneba. erToblivi
mosmenis Semdeg kiTxvebis dasmiT da maTze pasuxebis mixedviT SegviZlia ganvaxor-
cieloT ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba, SevafasoT moswavleTa CarTuloba gakveTilze,
Zveli masalis codna (magaliTad, wriuli diagramebisa da procentebis gamoyenebis).
aseTi ganxilvis Semdeg saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilul sakiTxebze gadasvla ufro ad-
vilad mimdinareobs.
kvlevis statistikuri meTodebis mniSvneloba maswavlebelTaTvis kargad aris
cnobili. skolaSi am mimarTulebiT sawyisi codnis miRebas sxva mniSvnelobac aqvs.
statistikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaze zrunva bevri iseTi Tvisebis (Cvevis) Ca-
moyalilebebas uwyobs xels, romelic aucilebelia yoveli ganaTlebuli adamia-
nisTvis. saskolo asakidanve unda yalibdebodes statistikuri kanonzomierebebis
aRmoCenisa da gaazrebis unari.
maswavleblebs SevaxsenebT, rom termini statistika Tavdapirvelad marTvis
mecnierebasa da xelovnebas aRniSnavda.
saxelmwifos marTva moiTxovda mosaxleobis, mrewvelobisa da soflis meur-
neobis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segrovebas. TandaTan statistikamac SeiZina saxelmwifos
Sesaxeb sxvadasxva monacemis Segrovebis Sinaarsi.
monacemTa Segrovebas azri ara aqvs, Tu ar arsebobs interesi maT mimarT. ami-
tom statistikis sagani TandaTan, monacemebis Segrovebis garda, maTi dajgufeba da
damuSaveba, damuSavebis Semdeg ki maTi gamoyeneba da sasargeblo rekomendaciebis
SemuSaveba xdeba.
zemoT naxsenebi monacemebi ki ara marto adamianTa sazogadoebas SeiZleba exe-
bodes, aramed yvelafers, rac dakvirvebis sagani SeiZleba iyos.
114
don’t copy
statistika (laTinurad status _ mdgomareoba) aris mecniereba cxovrebis
sxvadasxva movlenis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segrovebis, damuSavebisa da anali-
zis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, ekonomikuri statistika Seiswavlis sxvadasxva saqonelze
moTxovnis sakiTxebs, fasebis cvlilebebs, produqciis warmoebis zrdisa da Sem-
cirebis tendenciebs. samedicino statistika Seiswavlis daavadebaTa gavrcelebis,
wamlebis moqmedebisa da mkurnalobis meTodebis efeqturobis sakiTxebs...
arsebobs kidev demografiuli statistika, finansuri statistika, biologiuri
statistika...
maswavleblisTvis SeiZleba sayuradRebo iyos isic, rom monacemebi oTxi mimar-
Tulebisaa: geografiuli, qronologiuri, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi.
paragrafSi moyvanilia monacemTa Segrovebis magaliTebi. maTi ganxilviT ilus-
trirebulia miznobrivi informaciis Segrovebis procesi.
gakveTilze moswavleebTan erTad ganixileT paragrafis teqstis meore da mesame
magaliTebi, xolo pirveli magaliTi saSinao davalebad mieciT.
statistikuri monacemebis odenoba, rogorc wesi, didia. amitom maTi damuSa-
vebisa da analizis gasaadvileblad gamoiyeneba TvalsaCinod warmodgenis xerxebi.
moyvanilia monacemTa warmodgenis ramdenime nimuSi, maT Soris _ cxrilis sa-
SualebiT, svetovani, xazovani diagramebiT.
ganvixilavT piqtogramasac _ sixSireTa cxriliT warmodgenil monacemebs pi-
qtogramis saSualebiTac warmovadgenT.
zogierT xerxs moswavleebi ukve icnoben. amitom axal masalaze gadasvlas win
uZRvis Semzadeba: monacemTa Segroveba da TvalsaCinod warmodgenili cnobili sqe-
mebis gaxseneba; gameoreba moswavleTa aqtiuri monawileobiT mimdinareobs.
internetteqnologiebis gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad gaamdidrebda saswavlo
resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobas. gTavazobT statistikuri monacemebis
diagramebiT warmodgenis martiv da saintereso resurss: www. onlinecharttool.com.
airCevT masSi diagramis saxeobas da SeiyvanT TqvenTvis sasurvel monacemebs.
moswavleebi xalisiT erTvebian xolme aseT aqtivobebSi. davalebaTa nawilic sa-
survelia eleqtronuli formiT Seasrulon moswavleebma.
1) monacemTa Segroveba
1 moswavlem SeiZleba moiZios SejibrebaSi monawileobis msurvelebi sportis

TiToeuli saxeobis mixedviT, an klasSi yovel Tanaklasels daasaxelebinos erTi,
an ramdenime saxeoba.
2 SesaZlebelia filmis SerCeva Janris mixedviT _ istoriuli, mZafrsiuJeti-

ani, melodrama, komedia da sxva.
3 mizanSewonilia gasuli saswavlo wlis an mimdinare semestris ganmavlobaSi

maTematikaSi miRebuli Sefasebebis saSualoebis moZieba.
1 SesaZlebelia moswavleebma aseTi kiTxvari Seavson Tanaklaselebis gamo-

kiTxvis Semdeg:
don’t copy 115

ra moculobis bunebrivi airi daxarja ramdens daxarjavda (miaxloebiT)
Tqvenma ojaxma oqtomberSi (m3) airis gaZvirebis SemTxvevaSi? (m3)
1
2
3
4
3
da 4 amocanebi ukavSirdeba moswavleTa ganaTlebas mdgradi ganvi-
TarebisaTvis. moswavleebs evalebaT TiToeul sakiTxze, miTiTebuli kiTxvebi-
sa da internetis gamoyenebiT Seadginon referatebi da warmoadginon Semdeg
gakveTilze gansaxilvelad. maTi ganxilva maswavlebels saSualebas aZlevs
ganaxorcielos ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba _ gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba sakiTxebis
Seswavlis sisrule, moswavlis sakuTari mosazrebebi. SeiZleba im sakiTxebis da-
matebac, romlebic dakavSirebulia saxelmwifos mier maT waxalisebasTan, vinc
garemos dabinZurebis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebs; dakavSirebulia im saqmianoba-
Ta SezRudvasTan, romlebic garemos abinZureben.
pasuxebis moZieba da analizi ukavSirdeba zrunvas moswavleTa ganaTleba-

ze mdgradi ganviTarebis sakiTxebSi _ jansaRi cxovrebisa da keTildReobis
uzunvelyofa yvela adamianisTvis, mdgradi, usafrTxo, jansaRi garemos Seqmna,
stabiluri da Tanamedrove energiis sayovelTao xelmisawvdomoba _ mdgradi
ganviTarebis miznebis mokle CamonaTvalia.
2) monacemTa warmodgena xelsayreli formiT.
1 a) 500 gramze meti masis 4 puria, naklebi - 6

b) saSualo masa (miaxloebiT):
(590+570+550+510+490+490+470+450+430+410):10=496
g) 4 gramiT.
2 a) yvelaze meti Semosavali lomiZeebis ojaxs aqvs _ 1200 lari.
b) kvebaze lomiZeebma da razmaZeebma yvelaze meti daxarjes _ 600-600 lari,
g) qarCava _ 100, lomiZe _ 200, razmaZe _ 200, SaraSeniZe _ 100, maWaraZe _ 300.
saSualod: (100+200+200+100+300):5=180 lari.
d) qarCava _ 700–100–400–200=0
lomiZe _ 1200–200–600–200=200
razmaZe _ 1000–200–600–100=100
SaraSeniZe _ 800–100–400–200=100
maWaraZe _ 900–300–500–100=0.
yvelaze meti bileTi kviras gaiyida _ 300; orSabaTs 50 bileTi gaiyida,
3
2-jer meti _ 100 bileTi samSabaTs gaiyida;
xuTSabaTs 125 bileTi gaiyida;
100 bileTi samSabaTs gaiyida;
100 bileTze meti xuTSabaTs, paraskevs, SabaTsa da kviras gaiyida, 100 bileTze
naklebi _ orSabaTsa da oTxSabaTs;
Svidive dRes 1050 bileTi gaiyida;
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dReSi saSualod 1050:7=150 bileTi iyideboda.
116
4 a) da b) kiTxvebze pasuxebi agebuli svetovani diagramis mixedviT Tvalsa-
Cinod Cans.
adeiSvilis mier miRebuli umaRles SefasebaTa sixSire 18-is tolia. Tu Sesa-
bamisi svetis simaRle 3,6 sm-ia, maSin, SeiZleba vTqvaT: erT Sefasebas 3,6:18=0,2 sm
simaRlis sveti unda Seesabamebodes. 30 Sefasebas _ 30⋅0,2=6 sm simaRlis sveti.
4 da 5 amocanebis amoxsna, romlebic saklaso muSaobisTvisaa gankuTvnili,

sxvadasxva codnis kompleqsur gamoyenebas moiTxovs.
1 gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT, TiToeuli moswavle Seadgens svetovan di-

agramas. klasSi mimdinareobs monacemTa interpretacia da analizi amocanis konte-
qstis mixedviT (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9).
analogiurad ganixileba klasSi moswavleebis mier Sedgenili svetovani dia-
gramebi da dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxebi 2 - 5 amocanebSi. 3 davaleba komple-
qsuria, moswavleebs klasSi amoxsnili 4 amocanis analogiuri msjeloba mouwevT:
Tu lobios 5 sm simaRlis svets SevusabamebT, maSin 1 t marcvleuli 53 sm simaR-
lis svetiT unda gamoisaxos; 4,8 t _ 4,8⋅ 53 =8 sm simaRlis svetiT.
4 3 erTeulis simaRlis svetiT aris gamosaxuli gogonebis sixSire (9), 8 er-

Teulis simaRlis sveti Seesabameba 24 moswavles.
3) piqtograma.
1 svetovani diagramiT gamosaxvisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT: aris 100 xma,

aris 50 xma, aris 25 xma.
yvelaze popularuli konkursanti dimitria, man 750 xma miiRo, yvelaze naklebad
popularulia lazare _ 425 xma, man dimitrisTan SedarebiT 325 xmiT naklebi miiRo.
2 yvelaze meti bileTi baTumis mimarTulebiT gaiyida (475 bileTi). yvelaze

naklebi bileTi axalcixis mimarTulebiT gayidula (300 bileTi).
1 moswavleebTan erTad ukve gavimeoreT, rom simbolo 5 erTeuls aRniS-

navs.
am kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebisas moswavles mouwevs sxvadasxva codnis
kompleqsuri gamoyeneba _ sixSireTa cxrili da Sesabamisi simbolika, svetovani di-
agramis Sedgena, piqtogramis Sedgena (naxatisa da TiTo naxatis Sesabamisi sixSiris
SerCeva); cxrilis gamotovebuli adgilebis Sevseba.
2 - 3 amocanebis amoxsnisas, wina amocanis amoxsnis analogiurad, moswav-

leebs mouwevT sxvadasxva codnaTa integrirebuli gamoyeneba.
4 Tu 1 suraTi 50 turists warmoadgens, saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa raodeno-

ba, romlebic sastumroSi dabinavdnen, aris 375, ucxoelebis _ 100. SeiZleba mo-
visminoT moswavleTa mosazrebebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia raodenobebs Soris
arsebul gansxvavebasTan.
don’t copy 117

2.9. oTxkuTxedebi.
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 61-e da 62-e gakveTilebi

sakiTxebi: geometriuli figurebis klasifikacia: amozneqili da araamozneqili
oTxkuTxedebi.
winare codna: geometriuli figura; samkuTxedi, oTxkuTxedi, samkuTxedebis
klasifikacia.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem SeZlos geometriuli figurebis (kuTxe, mo-
nakveTi, samkuTxedi, oTxkuTxedi) amocnoba, maTi saxeobebis Sedareba da klasifi-
cireba (maT. sab., 1, 2, 5, 6, 7).
winare codnis gaaqtiureba SeiZleba saSinao davalebis (svetovani diagramebi)

Semowmebis procesSi daviwyoT;
_ ra geometril figurebs viyenebT svetovani diagramebis agebisas? daaxasia-
TeT gamoyenebuli geometriuli figura; ramdeni gverdi aqvs yovel marTkuTxeds?
ikveTeba Tu ara wrfeebi, romlebic marTkuTxedis mopirdapire gverdebs Seicavs?
ra ewodeba aseT wrfeebs? ra kuTxiT ikveTeba wrfeebi, romlebic marTkuTxedis
mezobel (saerTo wertilis mqone) gverdebs Seicavs. gamosaxeT dafaze raime marT-
kuTxedi, miuTiTeT gverdebi, wveroebi, kuTxeebi, kuTxeebis gradusuli zomebi.
am kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacema moswavleebs ar unda gauWirdeT. yuradReba gaamax-
vileT imaze, rom marTkuTxedi, romelsac moswavleebi ukve icnoben oTxkuTxedis
kerZo saxea _ kerZo saxis oTxkuTxedia.
vavalebT erT-erT moswavles dafaze gamosaxos oTxkuTxedebi, romlebic saxelm-
ZRvanelos pirvel or suraTzea gamosaxuli: mimdinareobs am figuraTa daxasiaTeba
_ oTxkuTxedi sibrtyis nawilia, SemosazRvruli oTxi monakveTiT, romlebic mim-
devrobiT erTmaneTTanaa SeerTebuli. amasTanave, cxadia, arsebobs oTxkuTxedebi
romlebic ar aris marTkuTxedi. paragrafis dasawyisSi suraTze gamosaxuli pirveli
sami oTxkuTxedi ar aris marTkuTxedebi. am winadadebis axsna moswavleebs ar unda
gauWirdeT. standartiT gansazRvrulia figuraTa klasifikacia amozneqilobisa da
araamozneqilobis mixedviT. am klasifikacias Cven oTxkuTxedebis simravleSi vake-
TebT da vacxadebT, rom, rogorc wesi, momavalSi mxolod amozneqil oTxkuTxedebs
ganvixilavT. yuradRebas vamaxvilebT oTxkuTxedis kuTxis cnebaze _ kuTxe usasru-
lo geometriuli figuraa. amozneqili oTxkuTxedis kuTxe aris
figura, romelic moicavs oTxkuTxeds. magaliTad, ABC kuTxes
(romelsac iseTi wertilebic ekuTvnis, romelic oTxkuTxedis
arc Siga, arc sazRvris wertilebia), ewodeba ABCD oTxkuTxedis
kuTxe (B wverosTan mdebare kuTxe).
didi mniSvneloba aqvs moswavleTa garkvevas oTxkuTxedebis klasifikaciis sa-

kiTxebSi. saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia oTxkuTxedebis sxvadasxva tipi Sesaba-
misi saxelwodebiT, gansazRvrebiTa da suraTiT. Tumca, am gansazRvrebaTa mxolod
118
don’t copy
codna sakmarisi ar aris. aucilebelia oTxkuTxedebis tipebs Soris kavSiris gage-
bac. magaliTad,
,
tolia
i g v erdi rombi
vel
Tu yo
paralelogrami
Tu or
i raim ar aris rombi
e gver
di to
ar ari li
s,
mniSvnelovania im amocanebis moswavleebTan erTad amoxsna, romlebic erTi da

imave figuris sxvadasxva dasaxelebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. erToblivi msjelo-
bis Semdeg moswavleebi TviTon askvnian _ mocemuli figuris dasaxeleba umjobe-
sia yvela misi Tvisebis gaviTvaliswinoT. magaliTad, Tu oTxkuTxeds mopirdapire
gverdebi paraleluli aqvs, is paralelogramia, magram, Tu mas oTxive kuTxec mar-
Ti aqvs, is marTkuTxedicaa _ yvela Tvisebis gaTvaliswinebiT, umjobesia, vTqvaT,
mocemuli figura marTkuTxedia (cxadia, igi paralelogramicaa). aq mniSvnelovania
sityvebis _ yoveli (yvela) da zogierTis sworad gamoyenebis unaris ganviTareba.
paralelogramebis sxva Tvisebebs (magaliTad, simetriulobas) SemdgomSi SevexebiT.
pirvel gakveTilze gavarCevT `testebs~ da 6 - 15 amocanebs. saSinao davalebad

1 - 12 amocanebis garda, moswavleebs vavalebT, moiZion informacia sagzao niS-
nebis Sesaxeb, moamzadon referati, romelic dakavSirebuli iqneba sagzao niSnebis
mniSvnelobasTan (ganaTleba mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis _ zrunva usafrTxo gare-
moze, qalaqebisa da dasaxlebebis usafrTxo da mdgradi ganviTareba, mSvidobiani
sazogadoebis CamoyalilebebisTvis). amasTanave garCeuli iqneba geometriuli fig-
urebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi sagzao niSnebis gamosasaxavad.
1 2 3 4 5
4 4 2 1 2
6 yoveli paralelogrami oTxkuTxedia.
7 yoveli paralelogrami ar aris marTkuTxedi.
8 yoveli rombi ar aris kvadrati.
9 yoveli kvadrati marTkuTxedia.
10 yoveli oTxkuTxedi ar aris paralelogrami.
11 yoveli marTkuTxedi aris paralelogrami.
12 yoveli kvadrati aris rombi.
13 yoveli marTkuTxedi ar aris rombi.
don’t copy 119

14 yoveli marTkuTxedi ar aris kvadrati.
15 arc erTi trapecia ar aris paralelogrami.
16 TiToeuli gverdis sigrZe 13 sm-ia.
17 rombis sami gverdis jami 24 sm yofila, maSasadame, Ti-

Toeuli gverdi aris 8 sm.
SeiZleba asec vimsjeloT: 4x = x + 24, 3x = 24, x = 8 (sm).
18 kvadratis gverdi 3 sm-ia. miRebuli marTkuTxedis perimetri Sedgeba kvadra-

tis 8 gverdisgan. maSasadame, marTkuTxedis perimetri aris 24 sm.
19 amoxsna suraTze TvalsaCinod aris warmodgenili;

pasuxi: 52 sm.
20 axali `kvadratis~ perimetria 4⋅12,5–4=4⋅11,5=46 (m). axali `kvadratis~ gver-

dia: 46:4=11,5 (m).
komentarebi: 6 - 15 amocanebis amoxsnisas ar unda davkmayofildeT kiTxveb-

ze swori pasuxebis miTiTebiT. moviTxovoT msjelobis Catareba, `msjelobis xa-
zis ganviTareba, ganzogadebiT an deduqciiT miRebuli daskvnebis dasabuTeba~,
`maTematikuri obieqtebis gansazRvrebebisa da Tvisebebis sworad Camoyalileba,
maTematikuri terminebis koreqtulad gamoyeneba~ (maT. sab. 2, 3).
standartSi miTiTebul am Sedegebze gasvla unda moxdes dasabuTebis war-
modgeniT, winadadebis mcdarobis dasabuTeba kontrmagaliTis moyvaniTacaa
SesaZlebeli.
msjelobebis Catarebasa da dasabuTebas moiTxovs yoveli nabiji, romelic 16 -
20 amocanebis amoxsnisas unda ganxorcieldes.
magaliTad, Tu rombis perimetri 24 sm-iT metia mis erT gverdze, maSin 24 sm
aris sami gverdis jami, radgan rombis perimetri 4 gverdis jamia, 4 gverdis jami
erT gverdze 3 gverdis jamiT aris meti (amocana 17 ).
zemoT miTiTebuli iyo am amocanis amoxsnis gza gantolebis SedgeniTac.
18 - 20 amocanebis amoxsnisas viyenebT amocanis pirobebis TvalsaCinod warmod-

genas da vmsjelobT suraTis mixedviT
1 2 3 4
3 2 2 3
5- 12 amocanebiT ganvamtkicebT codnas, romelic 6 - 15 amocanebis amoxs-

nisTvis iyo saWiro. sakiTxi ganixileba yvela kuTxiT da siRrmiseulad. SerCeuli
amocanebi aris ganmamtkicebel-ganmaviTarebeli, gamoyenebiTi. maTi ganxilva meore
gakveTilze mimdinareobs. swori Sevsebis Semdeg miiReba winadadebebi:
5 zogierTi oTxkuTxedi ar aris paralelogrami.
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arc erTi trapecia ar aris paralelogrami.
120
7 yoveli paralelogrami aris oTxkuTxedi.
8 yoveli kvadrati aris marTkuTxedi.
9 zogierTi rombi aris marTkuTxedi.
10 yoveli kvadrati aris rombi.
11 zogierTi rombi ar aris kvadrati.
12 zogierTi rombi aris kvadrati.
mimarTebebi cnebebs Soris, romlebic 6 - 15 da 5 - 12 amocanebiTaa war-

modgenili SeiZleba diagramebiT warmovadginoT. cnebebs Soris mimarTebebis wree-
bis saSualebiT gamosaxvas xSirad iyenebda didi germaneli maTematikosi leonard
eileri; amitom am diagramebs eileris diagramebsac uwodeben, zogierTebi eiler-ve-
nis diagramebs, metwilad ki venis diagramebad moixsenieben.
moswavleebs daavaleT kvlav mimarTon internetresurss: geogebra.org/geometry,
SearCion ekranis marcxena mxares gamosaxuli figurebi, an iqve miTiTebuli
damatebiTi (more) figurebi da ekranis marjvena mxares aagon: paralelogrami,
kvadrati, rombi, marTkuTxedi, trapecia.
meore gakveTilze vamowmebT 13 - 16 amocanebis amoxsnebsac. danarCeni amoca-

nebi _ 17 - 20 moswavleebs Semdegi gakveTilisTvis miecemaT saSinao davalebad.
miTiTebebi:
13 - 19davalebebSi moswavlem unda gamoiyenos perimetris cnebis mniSvnelo-

ba, kvadratisa da rombis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi (yvela gverdis toloba).
15 analogiuri amocana klasSi iyo amoxsnili _ perimetri erTi gverdis si-

grZeze, sami gverdis jamiT aris meti, maSasadame, kvadratis sami gverdis jami aris
42 sm, erTi gverdi _ 14 sm, perimetri _ 56 sm.
17 , 18 amocanebis analogiurebic iyo amoxsnili klasSi.

a a
17 a + b = 11,2, b = 4, a = 7,2 b b

P = 4a + 2b = 4⋅7,2 + 2⋅4 = 28,8 + 8 = 36,8 (sm).
a a
mavTulis badis sigrZe aris 4⋅17=68 (m), meore moednis perimetri _ 68–6=62 (m).
18
meore moednis gverdis sigrZe aris 62:4=15,5 (m).
19mesame nakveTis perimetri ase gamoiTvleba: 4⋅21+4⋅30=4⋅51=204 (m).

mesame nakveTis gverdis sigrZe aris 51 m.
amocanis aseTi gziT amoxsnisas moswavlem, amocanis pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Seadgina ricxviTi gamosaxuleba, ipova misi mniSvneloba. es ricxviTi mniSvneloba
axali nakveTis `perimetria~, gverdi ki perimetrze 4-jer naklebi iqneba (amocanis
Sinaarsis aRqma, amocanis monacemebisa da saZiebeli sidideebis gaazreba-gamijvna,
kompleqsuri problemis safexurebad, martiv amocanebad dayofa da amoxsna, maTem-
atikis standartis Sedegebi, maT. sab. 7, 8).
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20 kvadratis erTi gverdi 2 sm-ia. marTkuTxedis Sedgenis erT-erTi varianti
aseTia:
2
am SemTxvevaSi, perimetri aris 2(2+40)=84 (sm).
meore varianti:

perimetri = 2(4+20)=48 (sm),
mesame varianti:
perimetri = 2(8+10)=36 (sm).
am amocanis amoxsnisas gavdivarT standartis Sedegebze: maT. sab. 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9.

Sedegis kritikuli Sefasebac mniSvnelovania _ msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, xom ar
gvaqvs kidev sxva SemTxvevebi. am amocanis SerCevisas Cven gaviTvaliswineT Semde-
gi: saSinao davalebad mxolod analogiuri amocanebis micemiT ar unda Semov-
ifargloT, mivceT saSualeba moswavleebs, TviTon SeZlon amocanis amoxsnisas
`msjelobis xazis ganviTareba~, àmocanis Sinaarsis aRqma, monacemebisa da sa-
Ziebeli sidideebis gaazreba, gamijvna~, `rTuli problemis safexurebad, martiv
amocanebad dayofa da etapobrivad gadaWra~.
II Tavis Semajamebeli aqtivobebi
maT eTmoba 63-e _ 66-e gakveTilebi
Temebi: ricxvebi, geometriuli obieqtebi, monacemTa analizi da statistika.

Sefasebis indikatorebi: codnis gameoreba da ganmtkiceba; mzadeba Semajamebe-
li werisTvis, ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebisa da TviTSefasebis ganxorcieleba, raTa:
moswavlem SeZlos maTematikuri obieqtebis gansazRvrebebisa da Tvisebebis sworad
Camoyalileba, debulebaTa formulirebis xerxebis koreqtulad gamoyeneba, maTe-
matikuri obieqtebis diagramebiT, naxazebiT warmodgena, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
maTematikuri obieqtebis modelebis SemCneva, amocanis Sinaarsis aRqma, problemis
gamokveTa da Camoyalibeba, rTuli (kompleqsuri) problemis safexurebad gadaWra,
Sedegis kritikuli Sefaseba (maT. sab. VII; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
damatebiTi amocanebis gamoyenebiT saSualeba gveZleva `gavideT~ miTiTebul Se-

degebze. es amocanebi ukavSirdeba II TavSi ganxilul yvela sakiTxs da maTze muSaoba
SeiZleba ganvixiloT Semajamebeli werisTvis mzadebis saSualebadac.
imave mizans emsaxureba saSinao davalebis 16 - 20 amocanebis amoxsnebis gar-
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Cevac (mimdinareobs I gakveTilze) da TviTSefasebis testis Sedegebis ganxilva
122
(mimdinareobs II gakveTilze). klasis akademiuri donisa da diferencirebuli swa-
vlebis principis gaTvaliswinebiT maswavlebeli TviTon SearCevs amocanebs, rom-
lebic klasSi unda amoixsnas da amocanebs, romlebic saSinao davalebad eZlevaT
moswavleebs.
miTiTebebi da komentarebi.
1 a) +10 b) +3 g) –3 d) –7 e) –8 v) +5.
a) 6 b) 22 g) 8 d) 2n.
2
am amocanis amoxsnisas kargad xorcieldeba: `msjelobis xazis ganviTareba: gan-
zogadebiT an deduqciiT miRebuli daskvnebis dasabuTeba~ (maT. sab. 2).
3
emsaxureba ricxviTi wrfis gamoyenebis unaris ganviTarebas:
a) 12 b) 6 g) 18 d) 0.
4
aq SeiZleba msjeloba: ramdeni ricxvis gamoTvla mogviwevs? SeiZleba winas-
war am raodenobis dadgenaze vifiqroT; veZebT MN, MK, MS, NK, NS da KS monakve
Tebis sigrZeebs.
pasuxi: 15, 1, 10, 14, 5, 9.
A
5 0 A(2), B(–3).
6 a), g) _ uaryofiTia d), e) _ dadebiTia

b) arc dadebiTia da arc uaryofiTi _ nulia.
7 magaliTi: Tu a = –4, |a| = 4, –a = 4. 8 2a = 12, a = 6.
9SeiZleba ricxviTi wrfe gamoviyenoT. –3-sa da 7-s Soris aris mTeli ricxve-
bi: –2; –1; 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6. maT Soris 6 dadebiTi ricxvia, 2 _ uaryofiTi.
10 moswavleebi eCvevian asoebis gamoyenebas;

a) Tu a = 5, b = –3, maSin a>b, |a|>|b|, radgan |b| = 3.
b) aq |a|<|b|, radgan |b| = 11.
moswavleebma cnebebi, terminebi, aRniSvnebi sworad unda gamoiyenon.
11 am davalebis Sesruleba moiTxovs msjelobis xazis ganviTarebas, induqci-

urad miRebuli daskvnebis ganzogadebis unaris gamoyenebas.
am kompleqsuri davalebis Sesruleba iwyeba konkretuli magaliTebis àR-
moCeniT~.
magaliTi 1. Tu a = 5, b = –6, maSin a>b, magram |a|<|b|.

maSasadame, aq msjeloba ase SeiZleba: yoveli dadebiTi ricxvi metia uaryofiT
ricxvze, magram zogierTi uaryofiTi ricxvis moduli, cxadia, meti SeiZleba iyos
dadebiTi ricxvis modulze.
SeiZleba ricxviTi wrfis gamoyenebiT vimsjeloT: yoveli uaryofiTi ricxvis
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moduli, romelic saTavidan ufro meti manZiliTaa daSorebuli, vidre raime dadeb-
123
iTi ricxvi, metia am dadebiTi ricxvis modulze (moduli aris manZili ricxvis ga-
momsaxveli wertilidan saTavemde). sasurvelia es amocana skafoldingis meTodiT
klasSi amovxsnaT.
aqve SeiZleba gavaxsenoT moswavleebs Cveni adrindeli SeTanxmeba, rom ase-
Ti amocanebis ganxilvisas, zogjer ricxviT wrfeze wertilebs Soris manZilis
magier vasaxelebT maT koordinatebs Soris manZils.
12 0; 3; 3,2; 7,1; 12; SeiZleba vTxovoT moswavleebs zrdis mixedviT daalagon

TviT a, b, c, d da e ricxvebic.
13 analogiuri amocanebi amoxsnili gvqonda. viwyebT, n>0 da m>n pirobebiT.

0 n m
am naxazis warmodgenis Semdeg saWiroa CavataroT msjeloba: radgan p<n, |p|>m,

anu |p|>n, amitom p uaryofiTi ricxvia, misi Sesabamisi wertili saTavidan ufro meti
manZiliT aris daSorebuli, vidre m.

p 0 n m
zogierTma maswavlebelma SeiZleba yvelasaTvis savaldebulod ar CaTvalos 14 ,

15 amocanebis amoxsna. maTi amoxsna daavalos maRali akademiuri mzaobis moswav-
leebs, sxva moswavleebs ki daavaloT 16 da 20 davalebebis Sesruleba.
15 a) b)
a 0 b a b 0

g) pirobidan viRebT, rom b<0 da |b|>|a|.
b 0 a
d)
b 0 a
radgan a>b, |a|<|b|, a>0, amitom b<0 da b saTavidan ufro meti manZiliT aris daS-
orebuli, vidre a.
a 4 4t
17 b = 11 . vTqvaT, SevkveceT t ricxvze, maSin Sekvecamde wilads hqonda saxe 11t .
4t + 11t = 375, 15t = 375, t = 25; a = 100, b = 275.
1 1 1
18 3 . aviRoT 3 -ze naklebi raime wiladi, magaliTad, 7 , meore Sesakrebi iqneba
wiladi: 13 – 17 = 21 4 ; 1 = 1 + 4

3 7 21
SeiZleba vimsjeloT ase:
1 = 7 = 3 + 4 , an 1 = 7 = 1 + 6 .
3 21 21 21 3 21 21 21
19 a) I yuTSi arsebuli `Warbi~ 7,2 kg-is naxevari _ 3,6 kg II yuTs davamatoT.
b) I-Si rom 10 kg-iT meti aRmoCndes, Warbi 7,2 kg kidev unda gaizardos 2,8 kg-iT.
amas mivaRwevT, Tu II-dan I-Si gadavdebT 1,4 kg-s.
g) I yuTSi rom darCes Warbi 4,8 kg, arsebuli Warbi 7,2 kg-is nacvlad, sxvaoba
7,2-4,8, anu 2,4 kg Tanabrad gavanawiloT yuTebSi. e. i. II-s daemateba 1,2 kg kanfeti
I yuTidan.
SeiZleba amoxsna geometriuli modelirebiT CavataroT:P
124
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a) I-dan II-Si unda gadavitanoT 7,2:2=3,6.
b) II-dan I-Si unda gadavitanoT (10-7,2):2=1,4 kg.
g) I-dan II-Si unda gadavitanoT 1,2 kg

(7,2-4,8):2=1,2.
cxadia, es amocanebi SeiZleba sxva xerxiTac amoixsnas. mivaqcioT yuradReba

imas, Tu ra xerxiT daiwyebs moswavle amocanis amoxsnas. Tu es dawyeba SeiZleba
bolomde sworad miviyvanoT, maSin SeiZleba mivyveT moswavlis msjelobas. nu aviCe-
mebT raime erT xerxs da nu vaiZulebT moswavleebs Cven arCeul gzas gamoyves.
raime xerxiT amocanis amoxsnis Semdeg SeiZleba SevTavazoT moswavleebs Cven
mier warmodgenili sqemebi.
20 - 21 ricxviTi gamosaxulebebis mniSvnelobebis povnisas viyenebT racionalur

ricxvebze moqmedebaTa Tvisebebs, veZebT amoxsnis yvelaze `xelsayrel~ variants.
22 avuxsnaT moswavleebs, rom temperaturebis cvlilebebSi igulisxmeba: +2,10

niSnavs temperaturis 2,10-iT matebas, –2,50 niSnavs klebas 2,50-iT. miviRebT mimdev-
robas:
–5,20; –3,10; –5,60; –7,60; –7,10; –4,30; –3,80; –3,80.
23 monacemebi SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT (aq `zRvis done~ sawyis (nulovan)

simaRled miviCnioT):
wiTeli zRva _ –400 m
kaspiis zRva _ –27,9 m
niu orleani _ –1,5 m
everesti _ +8,848 km.
SeiZleba ricxviTi wrfe gamoviyenoT da wertilebs Soris manZilebi vipovoT.
a) 8 848+400=9248 (m)
b) 400—1,5=398,5 (m)
g) 400—27,9=372,1 (m).
24 pirobis Tanaxmad, p SeiZleba iyos naturaluri ricxvi 1-dan 7-is CaTvliT.

p + 5 _ naturaluri ricxvi, romelic metia 9-ze, anu p _ naturaluri ricxvi, ro-
melic metia 4-ze. am ori pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT:
p = 5; 6; 7.
25 202,5 tona _ 7,5 erTeuli, anu

27 t _ 1 erTeuli
4 erTeuli _ 108 t
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6 erTeuli _ 162 t.
125
26 7,5–2,25=5,25 (suraTi)
5,25 (suraTi) _ 525 moswavle
1 (suraTi) _ 525:5,25=100 moswavle.
12 12
27 6⋅12 sm = 72 sm = 7,2 dm.
12 12
12 12
28 4x = 60
x = 15 (dm)
p = 6⋅15 = 90 dm = 9 m.
29 6a = 8,4
a = 1,4 (m)
p = 4a = 5,6 (m).
30 a + c = 24
a + b = 36
a = PQ = 21,5
c = 2,5
b = 14,5
AB = 17
P = 2(17 + 21,5) = 2⋅38,5 = 77 (m).
gamorCeulad SeaqeT is moswavleebi, romlebic amoxsnis aseT mokle gzas Semog-
Tavazeben:
PABCD = PAPQD + PPBCQ–2⋅PQ = 48 + 72–43 = 77 (m).
31 MB + BC + CN + x = 61,
AM + x + ND + AD = 95, saidanac
AB + BC + CD + 2x + AD = 156
AB + BC + CD + AD = 136
2x = 20
x = 10.
gaviTvaliswineT, rom AM + MB = AB da CN + ND = CD. amrigad, MN monakveTi moiZebna
aseTi tolobidan: PAMND + PMBCN–2MN = PABCD.
am amocanis amoxsnisas moswavlem unda SeZlos, gamoavlinos amocanis Sinaarsis
aRqmis, monacemebisa da saZiebeli sidideebis gaazreba-gamijvnis, rTuli davalebis
martiv amocanebad dayofis, aRniSvnebisa da simboloebis koreqtulad gamoyenebis
unarebi (maT. sab. 3, 7, 8).
32 a) 1005=1,005⋅103 b) 37,03=3,703⋅10.
33 a = 22, a3 = 10 648 = 1,0648⋅104.
126
don’t copy
n n–5+5 5
34 n–5 = n–5 = 1+ n–5
5 unda iyos mTeli, amitom n–5 = 1, n = 6; n–5 = –1, n = 4; n–5 = 5, n = 10; n–5 = –5, n = 0.
n–5
amocanebi TviTSefasebisTvis:
1 2 3 4
2 3 3 2
B wertili 10 erTeuliT marcxniv aris C wertilidan, maSasadame, gvaqvs: B(–13).

M
B C
72:4=18
6 7 4,6+3,5=8,1
MC = 9 (sm). 8,1:3,6=81:36=9:4=2,25.
18 18
pasuxi: –2,25.
A D
18
8 naxazis mixedviT vmsjelobT da vawerT ricx-

vebs: EF = 3 sm, AB = 7 sm.
P1 = 4⋅3 = 12 (sm)
P2 = 4⋅7 = 28 (sm).
65-e gakveTili
Tema: racionaluri ricxvebi (moqmedebebi, naturalurmaCvenebliani xarisxi); mo-
nacemTa Segroveba da warmodgena; oTxkuTxedebi da maTi klasifikacia.
Sefasebis indikatorebi da miznebi: moswavleTa mier gavlili masalis aTvi-
sebis donis Semowmeba-Sefaseba; miRebuli Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze saswavlo
gegmis koreqcia. moswavlem unda SeZlos maTematikuri obieqtebis gansazRvrebebi-
sa da Tvisebebis sworad aRqma, debulebaTa koreqtulad gamoyeneba, maTematikuri
obieqtebis diagramiT, naxazebiT warmodgena, amocanis Sinaarsis aRqma, rTuli (kom-
pleqsuri) problemis safexurebad gadaWra, Sedegis kritikuli Sefaseba (maT. sab.
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
amocanebis nimuSebi
1. vTqvaT, a∈Q, maSin aucileblad

a) |a|>0 b) |a|<0 g) |a|≥0 d) |a|≤0.
2. Tu a∈Z, maSin aucileblad

a) a∈N b) a∈N∩Z g) a⊂Q d) a∈Q.
don’t copy 127

3. Tu a∈Q da |a| = –|–a|, maSin
a) a∈N b) -a∈N g) a = 0 d) a<0.
4. Tu marTkuTxedis erTi gverdi meore gverdze orjer grZelia, maSin am marT-

kuTxedis umciresi gverdi perimetris
a) meeqvsedia b) mesamedia g) meoTxedia d) naxevaria.
5. ipoveT im kvardartis perimetri, romlis gverdi 2 35 sm-ia.

a) 8 35 5 sm b) 10 25 sm g) 8 25 sm d) 10 35 sm.
6. Tu rombis perimetri (sm-ebSi) 3⋅104+4⋅103+1⋅102+2⋅101 gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobis

tolia, maSin am rombis gverdis sigrZea
a) 8530 sm b) 3412 sm g) 1706 sm d) 753 sm.
7. erT-erTi musikaluri konkursis finalisTvis SeirCa 12 nawarmoebi, romelTa

xangrZlivoba wamebSi iyo: 183, 112, 210, 160, 175, 205, 232, 155, 195, 160, 245, 212. Jiurim
es nawarmoebebi gaanawila sam jgufad: A _ 2 wT-ze naklebi xangrZlivobis, B _ 2
wT-dan ara umetes 3 wT xangrZlivobis, C _ 3 wT-ze meti xangrZlivobis.
a) ramdeni elementia A jgufSi, B-Si, C-Si?
b) warmoadgineT A, B da C jgufebSi elementebis raodenobebis Sesaxeb informa-
cia svetovani an wertilovani diagramis saxiT.
B C
8. Tormeti toli rombiT Sedgenilia ABCD paralel-

ogrami (ix. suraTi). gamuqebuli figuris perimetria
2,88 dm. ipoveT ABCD paralelogramis perimetri.
A D
9. ipoveT gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba:
–2⋅4 13 + (– 43 ) .
2
1 2 3 4 5 6
g d g a b Aa
7. a) A-Si 1 elementia, B-Si _ 4, C-Si _ 7.

b)
8. 3,36 dm. 9. –6 89 .
128
don’t copy
Sefasebis rubrika.
pirveli eqvsi amocanidan TiToeulis swori pasuxi Sefasdes 1 quliT.

7 amocanaSi mxolod erT, an mxolod or jgufSi elementebis raodenobis dadgena
Sefasdes 0,5 quliT, samiveSi _ 1 quliT; Tu diagrama sworadaa agebuli a-davale-
baSi miRebuli raodenobebis (Tundac mcdaris) mimarT, moswavle Sefasdes kidev 1
quliT, xolo Tu erT-erTi sveti arasworadaa agebuli, danarCeni _ sworad, Sefas-
des 0,5 quliT. me-7 amocanis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 2 qula.
8. rombis gverdis povnaSi Sefasebaa 0,5 qula, paralelogramis perimetris pov-
naSi _ kidev 0,5 qula; sul, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 1 qula.
9. davalebis Sesasruleblad moswavlem unda Seasrulos oTxi qmedeba _ Caweros
Sereuli ricxvi arawesier wiladad (4 13 = 13 1 26
3 ), gaamravlos (–2⋅ 3 =– 3 ), ipovos xarisxi
((– 43 ) = 16 26 16 –62
2
9 ), Sekribos (– 3 + 9 = 9 ) _ TiToeulis swori Sesruleba (miuxedavad imi-

sa, swori iyo Tu ara wina moqmedebis Sedegi) SeiZleba Sefasdes 0,25 quliT.
SevniSnoT, rom, Tu moswavlem gamoiyena ganrigebadoba da miiRo: –2⋅4 13 = –8– 23 =
=–8 23 , maSin es biji Sefasdes 0,5 quliT.
amocanebSi miRebuli qulebis jami mrgvaldeba mTelamde da es iqneba mos-
wavlis Sefaseba. Sefasebis es rubrika gaacaniT moswavleebsac. amiT Tqven gaa-
ZlierebT moswavleTa TviTSefsebis unars da xazgasmiT warmoaCenT gamWvir-
valobas SefasebebSi.
weris Sedegebis analizi:
SevniSnoT, rom weris Sedegebis Sejamebisas ajobebs, Tu gaiTvaliswinebT nedl

(daumrgvalebel) Sefasebebs _ am SemTxvevaSi analizi ufro zustad aCvenebs arse-
bul mdgomareobas.
amave gakveTilze daaanonseT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis erT-erT aqtivobad 52-e
gakveTilze mocemuli saproeqto davalebis ganxilva.
66-e gakveTili
weris momdevno gakveTili tradiciulad daeTmoba Sedegebis analizs, daSve-

buli Secdomebis garCevas, msgavsi amocanebis Sedgena-amoxsnas. amasTanave, ga-
kveTilis nawili SeiZleba CaataroT jgufuri muSaobis meTodiTac _ klasi Sei-
Zleba davyoT mcire jgufebad da TiToeuls davavaloT romelime ori amocanis
analogiuri amocanebis mofiqreba da amoxsna. Tu jgufebs erTi da imave mzaobis
moswavleebiT daakompleqtebT, SeiZleba davalebebis sirTulis varirebiT difer-
encirebuli swavlebis formatic miiRoT. gakveTilis dasasruls ki moawyveT 52-e
gakveTilze SeTavazebuli saproeqto davalebis ganxilva.
don’t copy 129

III Tavi
cvladiani gamosaxuleba
3.1. cvladiani gamosaxuleba. cvladiani gamosaxulebis

mniSvnelobis povna

sakiTxebi: cvladi, cvladiani gamosaxuleba, cvladiani gamosaxulebis mniSvne-
lobis povna.
winare codna: racionaluri ricxvebi. ricxviTi gamosaxuleba.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos aRwerili situaciis cvladiani
gamosaxulebiT aRwera da Cawera (maT. sab. 4, 5, 7, 8). pirveli xarisxis cvladiani ga-
mosaxulebis ricxviTi mniSvnelobis gamoTvla cvladis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobisTvis
(maT. sab. 4).
winare codnis gaaqtiureba da motivaciis amaRleba SeiZleba daviwyoT racio-

naluri ricxvebis Semcveli ricxviTi gamosaxulebebis mniSvnelobebis povniT. Sei-
Zleba SevTavazoT moswavleebs ricxviTi gamosaxulebebis is magaliTebi, romlebic
moiTxovs ricxviTi gamosaxulelebis mniSvnelobis povnis gaadvilebis mizniT ricx-
vebze moqmedebebis Tvisebebis gamoyenebas (SeiZleba gamoviyenoT II Tavis damatebi-
Ti amocanebi). am Tvisebebis asoebiT Cawera cvladiani gamosaxulebebis Semcveli
tolobebis pirveli magaliTebia. maT xSirad viyenebT cvladiani gamosaxulebebis
gamartivebisas. winare codnis gaaqtiureba SeiZleba jgufuri muSaobis formiTac
Catardes. Semdeg gadavdivarT cvladis Semcveli gamosaxulebebis Sedgenis mag-
aliTebis ganxilvaze, romlebic praqtikuli sakiTxebis ganxilviT iwyeba.
moviyvaneT cvladiani gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobis gamoTvlis nimuSebi. naCven-

ebia, rom sazogadod, gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba cvladis mniSvnelobazea damok-
idebuli, cvladis mniSvnelobis Sesabamisia. zogierTi cvladiani gamosaxulebisTvis
SesaZloa arsebobdes cvladis iseTi mniSvneloba (iqneb, araerTic), romlis Casmis
Sedegad miRebul gamosaxulebas azri ara aqvs.
130
don’t copy
maswavlebelma unda gaamaxvilos moswavleTa yuradReba, rom meore suraTze ga-
mosaxuli marTkuTxedi 7 sm-is gverdis mqone marTkuTxedebidan nebismierad aRebu-
li marTkuTxedia. misi meore gverdi dadebiT ricxvTa simravlis nebismieri ricx-
viT warmoidgineba. mas x-iT aRvniSnavT, aseT x-s cvladi vuwodoT.
Semdeg gadavdivarT nebismieri gverdebis mqone marTkuTxedebze da viRebT ori
cvladis Semcvel gamosaxulebas.
sayuradReboa cvladis mniSvnelobisa da SesaZlo mniSvnelobis cnebebis garCevac.

gakveTili moswavleTa aqtiuri monawileobiT unda Catardes. magaliTad, pirve-
li ricxviTi gamosaxulebis (marTkuTxedis perimetri) Sedgenis Semdeg, cvladian
gamosaxulebebs moswavleebi TviTon Seadgenen. amisTvis sakmarisia dafaze Sesabam-
isi suraTebis gamosaxva da kiTxvebis dasma:
_ mocemuli marTkuTxedis perimetris gamosaTvlelad ra ricxviTi gamosaxule-
ba SeiZleba SevadginoT?
_ am marTkuTxedis perimetris gamosaTvlelad ra gamosaxuleba SeiZleba
SevadginoT? (cvladiani gamosaxuleba).
_ ras Seicavs es gamosaxuleba?
_ ra ricxvs SeiZleba aRniSnavdes x?
_ am marTkuTxedis perimetris sapovnelad ra gamosaxuleba SeiZleba Sevadgi-
noT?
_ ramden cvlads Seicavs es gamosaxuleba?
am ukanasknel kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema gacilebiT advilia, vidre kiTxvaze _ ra
aris cvladebi?
cxrilis saxiT warmovadgineT zogierTi sityvieri Canaweris cvladiani gamosax-
ulebiT warmodgenis nimuSebi.
ra aris cvladi? am kiTxvas Cven ar vsvamT, gakveTilze am cnebas magaliTebis

saSualebiT aRvwerT.
unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba winadadebaze: `... x calis sayidlad? _ 0,2x lari.
aq x nebismieri naturalri ricxvi SeiZleba iyos _ is cvlads gamosaxavs~.
maswavleblebs vurCevT, gaecnon Salva fxakaZis cnobil saxelmZRvanelos ([11]. aq
vkiTxulobT: `maTematikuri Teoriis simbolos, romliTac SeiZleba aRiniSnos moce-
muli E simravlis nebismieri elementi, cvladi ewodeba. amasTanave, E-s ewodeba am
cvladis mniSvnelobaTa are (cvladis mniSvnelobaTa simravle)~.
pirvel gakveTilze SeiZleba ganvixiloT 1 - 12`testebi~, xolo 1 - 9
testebi saSinao davalebisTvisaa gankuTvnili. meore gakveTilze grZeldeba cod-
nis konstruirebis procesi da mimdinareobs codnis ganmtkiceba. aRniSnuli aq-
tivobebis CatarebaSi gvexmareba sxvadasxva situaciis aRmweri cvladiani gamosax-
ulebebis Sedgenisa da maTi mniSvnelobebis gamoTvlis mravalricxovani magaliTebi,
romlebic saxelmZRvaneloSi amocanaTa mravalferovani sistemiTaa warmodgenili.
isini saSualebas gvaZlevs moswavleTa xangrZliv mexsierebaSi Camoyalibdes mkvidri
warmodgenebi cvladis Sesaxeb, cvladian da ricxviT gamosaxulebebs Soris gansx-
vavebebis Sesaxeb.
don’t copy 131

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3 2 1 1 2 2 2 4 3 4 2 3
komentarebi:
11 da 12 `testebi~ SeiZleba gamoviyenoT axsnis procesSi. 11 _ winare cod-

nis gaaqtiurebis procesSi (faza `winaswar~) _ moswavlem unda SeZlos verbalurad
aRwerili situaciis Sesabamisi ricxviTi gamosaxulebis Sedgena da Cawera. 12 _
codnis konstruirebis procesSi (faza `Semdgom~) moswavlem unda SeZlos verbalu-
rad aRwerili situaciis, Sesabamisi cvladiani gamosaxulebis Sedgena da formulis
saxiT Cawera (maT. sab. 4, 5, 7, 8).
13 moswavleebma unda SeZlon, rom ganasxvavon erTmaneTisgan ricxviTi da cvla-

diani gamosaxulebebi.
14 cxrili moswavleebs gadaaqvT rveulebSi. avseben cxrils da adareben gamo-

Zaxebuli moswavlis Sedegebs, romelic dafasTan muSaobs.
15 es amocana SeiZleba jgufuri muSaobis formiT amoixsnas. jgufebi ejibre-

bian erTmaneTs Sesabamisi ricxviTi gamosaxulebebis raodenobisa da komponentebis
mixedviT.
16 es amocana 11 `testis~ analogiuria. amjerad moswavleebi damoukideb-

lad muSaoben, mimdinareobs sxvadasxva codnaTa kompleqsuri gamoyeneba (kavSiri
fizikur sidideebs Soris, verbalurad aRwerili situaciis gamosaxulebiT Cawera).
3⋅5+4⋅60.
17 es amocana 12 -is analogiuria.
4⋅x + 60⋅y.
18 es amocana
5
4 -is analogiuria _ nulze gayofa ar SeiZleba. magaliTi: x–9 .
2
19 wina amocanis odnavi garTulebaa. magaliTad, x–9 , azri ara aqvs, roca x = 9,
2 = 2.
roca x = 10, x–9
18 da 19 amocanebi SeiZleba jgufuri muSaobis formiT amoixsnas.
5 7 5
20 magaliTad, x–2 + x–3 an (x–2)(x–3) .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 3 3 1 4 2 4 3 1
komentarebi:
klasSi ukve ganvixileT `testi~, romelSic moiTxoveba samuSaos 1 saaTSi Ses-
rulebuli nawilis gamosaxva x-iT, roca x aris mTeli samuSaos Sesrulebis dro.
muSa 1 saaTSi Seasrulebs samuSaos 1x nawils, anu 1:x (testi, 8). sityvieri Canawe-
ris Sesabamisi cvladiani gamosaxulebis kidev erTxel SedgeniT, kvlav gavdivarT
132
don’t copy
standartis Sedegze: verbalurad aRwerili situaciis formulis saxiT Cawera (maT.
sab. 4, 5, 7, 8) (`testi~ 5 ).
10 cvladebis mniSvnelobis Casmis Semdeg, moswavleebs mouwevT ricxviTi ga-

mosaxulebis mniSvnelobis povna.
11 - 12 amocanebis analogiuri amocanebi klasSi iyo ganxiluli, aqac cod-
naTa kompleqsuri gamoyeneba da verbalurad aRwerili situaciis formuliT war-
modgenaa.
11 4⋅4+3⋅80. 12 4x + 80y.
13 kalkulatoris gamoyenebac mniSvnelovani unar-Cvevaa. aq SeiZleba moswa-
vleebs SevaxsenoT, an gavacnoT mexsierebis Rilakis gamoyeneba; yoveli Sesakrebis
mniSvneloba SevinaxoT mexsierebaSi da Semdeg SevkriboT, an jer SevinaxoT 10x3-is
mniSvneloba da is mivumatoT 4x2-is mniSvnelobas, Semdeg es jami SevinaxoT da mas
gamovakloT 5x-is mniSvneloba da a. S.
14 roca mniSvneli nulis tol mniSvnelobas iRebs, maSin gamosaxulebas ara
aqvs azri.
15 wina amocanis odnavi garTulebaa.

a) n = 1,5, m = –7; b) m = –2,5, n = 2.
16 ar arsebobs (k2 + 4 da |k| + 0,2 gamosaxulebebis mniSvnelobebi dadebiTia k-s

nebismieri mniSvnelobisTvis).
17 x, 2x, 2x–20.
18 Semosavalia x, xarjia 3x + 1200, rCeba _ x – ( 3x + 1200) lari TveSi, weliwadSi

_ 12( 2x
3 –1200) lari.
19 b) 3,8–0,25=3,55; 3,8–0,3=3,5 (lari).
3.2. naturalurmaCvenebeliani xarisxis Tvisebebi
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 69-e _ 71-e gakveTilebi.
sakiTxebi: naturalurmaCvenebliani xarisxi. naturalurmaCvenebliani xarisxis

Tvisebebi.
winare codna: racionaluri ricxvis naturalurmaCvenebliani xarisxi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos, upasuxos sakvanZo kiTxvas
_ ratom aris mniSvnelovani naturalurmaCvenebliani xarisxis Tvisebebis codna
maTematikuri da realuri viTarebidan momdinare, amocanebis amoxsnisas; moswavlem
unda SeZlos msjelobis xazis ganviTareba; miRebuli daskvnebis, dasabuTeba (maT.
sab. 2); maTematikuri terminebis, aRniSvnebisa da simboloebis koreqtulad gamoy-
eneba (maT. sab. 3); maTematikur debulebaTa formulirebis xerxebis koreqtulad
don’t copy
gamoyeneba (maT. sab. 4).
133
winare codnis gaaqtiureba da motivaciis amaRleba SeiZleba daviwyoT natu-
ralurmaCvenebliani xarisxis ganmartebis gaxsenebiT, `giganturi~ ricxvebis Cawer-
isas xarisxis gamoyenebisa da naturaluri ricxvebis saTanrigo Sesakrebebis jamad
warmodgenebis gaxsenebiT. Semdeg SeiZleba gavagrZeloT saubari imis Sesaxeb, rom
ricxvebisa da gamosaxulebebis Cawerisas xarisxis gamoyeneba ufro kompaqturs xdis
am Canawerebs, aadvilebs maTze moqmedebebis Catarebas. mogvyavs saxelmZRvaneloSi
ganxiluli magaliTic mzidan dedamiwamde manZilisa da dedamiwis `radiusis~ Se-
darebis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba sxva fizikuri sidideebic ganvixiloT: dedamiwis masa mi-
axloebiT 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 tonaa, es ricxvi xarisxis gamoyenebiT ase SeiZle-
ba CavweroT: 6⋅1021, wylis molekulis diametri _ miaxloebiT 0,0000003 milimetria,
rasac wiladis saxiT ase CavwerT: 10 3 milimetri. SeiZleba fizikuri sidideebis sxva
7
erTeulebSi gadayvanis magaliTebic moviyvanoT. maTi warmodgenisas viyenebT 10-is

xarisxebs:
1 km = 103 m = 105 sm = 106 mm.
xarisxis Tvisebebis ganxilva mimdinareobs konkretulidan zogadze gadasvlis,
debulebis ganzogadebiT miRebuli daskvnebis dasabuTebis gamoyenebiT (maT. sab. 2).
SemCneuli kanonzomierebis ganzogadebiT viRebT formulas: an⋅am = an + m. xarisxebis
gamravlebisas xarisxis maCveneblebi ikribeba; gayofisas _ fuZe ucvleli rCeba,
gasayofis xarisxis maCvenebels akldeba gamyofis xarisxis maCvenebeli (jer ganvix-
ilavT im SemTxvevas, roca gasayofis xarisxis maCvenebeli ar aris naklebi gamyofis
xarisxis maCvenebelze).
xarisxis Tvisebebis ganxilva 3 nawilad aris ganawilebuli. Sesabamisad, pirvel
gakveTilze ganvixilavT tolfuZiani xarisxebis gamravlebasa da gayofas, meore ga-
kveTilze _ xarixis, namravlisa da Sefardebis xarisxs.
am gakveTilze SeiZleba davamTavroT im praqtikuli amocanis ganxilva, rome-
lic paragrafis SesavalSi, samotivacio nawilSi iyo mocemuli. mesame gakveTilze
mimdinareobs codnis ganmtkicebisa da gaRrmavebis procesi, romelic mTavrdeba
jgufuri muSaobis proeqtis ganxorcielebiT _ sxvadasxva kombinaciis daTvlisa
da warmodgenis procesi xarisxis gamoyenebiT mimdinareobs.
xarisxis yvela Tvisebis aRwera konkretuli magaliTebis ganxilviT iwyeba da
maTi ganzogadebiT miRebuli formulebis warmodgeniT mTavrdeba. es procesi
induqciis, specializaciisa da ganzogadebis elementebs Seicavs, maT gamoyene-
bas saswavlo procesSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
1) tolfuZiani xarisxebis gamravleba da gayofa
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 2 3 2 2 3
9 b) a⋅a = a2 g) a12:a6 = a6 e) a7:a7 = 1.

am amocnaSi moiTxoveba gamravlebisa da gayofis ucnobi komponentis povna.
10 b) x5:(–x)2⋅x = x5:x2⋅x = x3⋅x = x4.
d) x10:x6⋅x4 = x4⋅x4 = x8.
134
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11 g)
(–3)5⋅(–3)3 = (–3)8 =–3.
(–3)7 (–3)7
12 e) (x16:x8):x4⋅x2 = x8:x4⋅x2 = x4⋅x2 = x6.
13 (–8)12⋅89 = 821, 821>0. SeiZleba asec SevadaroT mocemuli namravli 0-s: (–8)12>0 da

89>0, amitom maTi namravli metia 0-ze.
10 - 13 amocanebSi xarisxis Tvisebebs viyenebT gamosaxulebis gamartivebis dros.
14 magaliTad, a) an + 6 = an⋅a6 b) x3n = xn⋅x2n g) xn + 1 = xn⋅x.
e) TiToeul SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia mocemuli xarisxis xarisxebis namravlad

warmodgenis erT-erTi varianti. Tumca, SeiZleba sxva variantebis warmodgenac.
SeiZleba gakveTilze mini-turniric movawyoT: vin warmoadgens yvelaze met

variants.
magaliTi: an + 6 = an⋅a6; an + 6 = an + 1⋅a5; an + 6 = an + 2⋅a4, ... SeiZleba moswavleebma, asec ims-
jelon: Tu n naturaluri ricxvia da a≠0, SeiZleba aseTi variantis ganxilvac:
an + 6 = an–1⋅a7; aq n–1≥0.
analgiuria 16 davalebac:
16 g) xn = x2n:xn d) an + 7 = an + 8:a.
17 a) 3xz⋅4xyz2 = 12x2yz3
b) –0,6x2yz2⋅4xyz3 = –2,4x3y2z5.
aq sxvadasxva codnaTa kompleqsur gamoyenebasTan gvaqvs saqme: sxvadasxvaniSni-
ani racionaluri ricxvebis gamravleba da gayofa, xarisxebis gamravleba da gayofa.
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 3 2 1 3 3
7 d) 36+36+36=3⋅36=37 e) 3n + 3n + 3n = 3⋅3n = 3n + 1 v) 3n⋅3n = 3n + n = 32n.

moswavleebs SevaxsenoT, rom 3 = 31.
8 a) 10n–1 = 10, n = 2 b) 10n–3 = 104, n = 7

g) n luwi naturaluri ricxvia d) n kenti naturaluri ricxvia.
9magaliTad, a) xn + m = xn⋅xm,
xn + m = xn–1⋅xm–1⋅x2;
g) an + 1 = an⋅a, an xn + 1 = xn–1⋅a2; e) an + 2 = an⋅a2, an an + 2 = an⋅a⋅a.
a) (–11)9⋅(–11)8<0, radgan (–11)9<0, (–11)8>0;

10
g) (–14)25:(–14)8<0, radgan (–14)25<0, (–14)8>0.
11 v) cn:c = cn–1 z) (–x)n(–x)3n = (–x)4n = x4n T) a10:a10 = 100 = 1.
12 magaliTad, a) am–n = am:an g) yl–1 = yl:y.

a8n a8n an+13 an+13
13 b) an⋅a4n = a5n = a3n g) an⋅a11 = an+11 = a2.
14 b) 25+25+25+25=4⋅25; d) 3⋅34=34+34+34.
5⋅5n 5
15
4⋅5n = 4 =1,25.
don’t copy 135

16 g) x20:(x18:x6) = x20:x12 = x8 d) (a7⋅a3):(a⋅a9) = a10:a10 = 1.
17 a) 2x2y⋅16xyz = 32x3y2z, b) (–xz)⋅(–3xy) = 3x2yz,
g) (–1,2z2)⋅(2x3yz) = –2,4x3yz3, d) (–3,6ab3c)⋅(–3b2c) = 10,8ab5c2.
2) xarisxis, namravlisa da Sefardebis xarisxi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
2 3 2 1 4 1 4 2 2 2 2 4 2
(t3⋅t4)6 t42 2
(t5)8 = t40 = t . 15 b) 7 = 7 , k = 25.
25
14 d) k
16 g) (0,5⋅60)3=303=27 000. 17 g) (–x3)2 = x6 , d) (–(–x2))3 = x6.

–32⋅43 –25⋅26
18 b) (162)3=((24)2)3=224. 19 g) (–2)4 = 7 7
24 =–2 =(–2) .
16
1 25 (2) (5) (2) (5) (2)
6 2
20 g) 0,46⋅6 4 =0,46⋅ 4 = 5 ⋅ 2 = 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 = 625 .
2 2 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 4 2 1 3 1 2 2 4
(y9)2 y18
10 g) (y6)3 = y18 = 1. 11 b) (5k⋅5k + 1)2 = 510
d) (a2⋅a6)3⋅(a4⋅a)2 = a24⋅a10 = a34. 52(2k + 1) = 510, 2k + 1 = 5, k = 2.
12 g) (1,6)3⋅(2,5)3 = (1,6⋅2,5)3 = 43 = 64 13 g) (–x3)4 = x12
d) ( 15 ) ⋅ 105=( 15 ⋅10) =32. d) (–(–x5)2)3 = (–x10)3 = –x30.

5 5

14 g) (92)3=(34)3=312 15 g) –(–8)⋅25=23⋅25=28=(–2)8
–16⋅83 –24⋅29
d) (813)5=(312)5=360. d) (–2)6 = 26 =–27=(–2)7.
254⋅5 59
g) 2 14 a2= 94 a2=( 32 a)
2
16 17 b)
1253 = 59 = 1
25 1285 (27)5 235
d) 16 x2y4=( 54 xy2) . g) 324⋅642 = (25)4⋅(26)2 = 232 = 23=8.
2

18 g) (an)3 = a3n, d) (a2)n = a2n.
xy4 52⋅540 542
19 g) z3 , x = 25, y = (–5)10, z = 257, ((52)7)3 = 542 =1.
4 2 6 34 22
d) ( 49 ) ⋅ 1,54=( 49 ) ⋅ ( 32 ) = 6 ⋅ 4 = 2 = 49 .
3 3
20
3 2 3
273⋅255 39⋅510
21 g) 2
158 = 38⋅58 =3⋅5 =75.
3 1
g) 2100⋅ ( 12 ) =2100⋅ ( 12 ) ⋅ ( 12 ) = 3 = 1
103 100
22 ,
2 8
d) ( 3
4 ) ⋅ ( 3 ) = ( 4 )⋅ ( 4 ) ⋅ ( 3 ) = 4 =0,75.
50 4 49 3 3 49 4 49 3

136
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xarisxis TvisebebTan dakavSirebuli mravalferovan amocanaTa sistema iZleva
saSualebas, rom moswavleebs SeeqmnaT mkvidri warmodgenebi am Tvisebebis gamoyene-
baze. amasTanave, xSirad saWiroa formulebis `wakiTxva marjvnidan marcxniv~, rom
mivaRwioT sasurvel Sedegs. magaliTad, xarisxis Tvisebebi SeiZleba asec CavweroT:
1) an + m = an⋅am 2) Tu n≥m, maSin an–m = an:am;
an
5) bn = ( ab ) , Tu b≠0.
n
3) amn = (am)n 4) an⋅bn = (ab)n
amasTanave, xSiria amocanebi, romlebSic xarisxis maCveneblebic cvladebia.

saxelmZRvaneloSi sakmaod didi moculobis savarjiSoTa sistemaa warmodge-
nili, rac nebismier maswavlebels saSualebas miscems am savarjiSoTa srulad
an maTi garkveuli nawilis ganxilviT gavides standartSi miTiTebul yvela Se-
degamde. isini gakveTilebis Sefasebis indikatorebsa da miznebSic aris miTi-
Tebuli.
jgufuri muSaobis proeqti
• kombinaciebis daTvlis procesSi diagramebis gamoyenebis unaris ganviTareba.

• kombinatoruli azrovnebis ganviTareba.
SemoTavazebuli davaleba SeiZleba kiTxvebis analizisa da swori pasuxebis

SerCevis gamoyenebiT Sesruldes. igi prezentaciisTvis momzadebis I etapia. moswa-
vleebi inawileben samuSaos jgufSi, SesaZlebelia yovel sakiTxze jgufma erTob-
livi ganxilva isurvos. jgufis warmateba damokidebulia axali magaliTebis mra-
valferovnebasa da warmodgenis sisworeze.
naSromTa ganxilvisas yuradReba miaqcieT moswavleTa komentarebsac (ro-
gorc sakuTar, aseve sxvaTa naSromebze); dasmul kiTxvebze adekvaturi pasuxebis
gacemis unarsac. daafiqsireT da xazgasmiT aRniSneT moswavleTa sayuradRebo
mignebebi (arasrulyofil pasuxebSic ki).
SemoTavazebuli amocanis ganxilviT moswavle ecnoba mocemuli cifrebiT ricx-
vebis Sedgenis kanonzomierebebs. riTac swavlobs ase Sedgenili ricxvebis odenobe-
bis povnis gzebs.
• 100-dan 999-mde (CaTvliT) im ricxvebis odenoba, romlebic Cawerilia cifre-

biT: 1, 3, 5, 7 (cifrebis gameoreba dasaSvebia) aris 43, anu 64.
biT: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 (cifrebis gameoreba dasaSvebia) aris 53, anu 125.
biT 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 (cifrebis gameoreba dasaSvebia) aris 54.
don’t copy 137

damoukidebeli wera
1. gaorkecebuli a ricxvisa da gasamkecebuli b ricxvis sxvaoba ase Caiwereba:

a) 2(a–3b) b) (2a–3)b g) 2a–3b d) 2(a–3)b.
2. vTqvaT, n nebismieri naturaluri ricxvia. maSin 2n + 1 gamosaxavs
a) nebismier naturalur ricxvs b) nebismier luw ricxvs
g) nebismier mTel ricxvs d) 1-ze met kent naturalur ricxvs.
3. (5–0,1x2)2 gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba, roca x = 7, aris
a) 0,1 b) 0,01 g) 4,32 d) 4,9.
4. soflidan 280 km-T daSorebuli avtomobili am soflisken 60 km/sT siCqariT
gamoemarTa. SevadginoT avtomobilis soflidan daSorebis Sesabamisi gamosaxuleba
moZraobis dawyebidan x sT-is Semdeg (sofelSi Casvlamde).
a) 280–60x b) (280–60)⋅x g) 280x–60 d) (280–60):x.
5. gaamartiveT gamosaxuleba:
a) a2⋅a4⋅a3 b) y⋅y2⋅y3 g) x10:(x7⋅x3) d) (x16:x3)⋅x5.
6. SecvaleT namravlSi * iseTi gamosaxulebiT, rom miiRoT WeSmariti toloba:
a) *⋅4a3b = 3,2a12b9 b) –2,4⋅x3⋅y2:* = 0,6x2 g) (*⋅x2ab3)⋅3x = 2,7x3a4b5.
Sefasebis sqema:
pirveli oTxi amocanidan TiToeulSi pasuxis sworad SerCeva fasdeba 1 quliT.
me-5 amocnis a) da b) punqtebidan TiToeuli 0,5 quliT Sefasdeba, g) da d) pun-
qtebidan TiToeuli ki _ 1 quliT.
me-6 amocanis TiToeuli punqti Sefasdes 1 quliT.
1. g); 2. d); 3. (5–0,1⋅72)2=(5–0,1⋅49)2=(5–4,9)2=0,12=0,01; 4. a); 5. a) a9; b) y8; g) 1; d) x18;
6. a) 0,8a9b8; b) –4xy2; g) 0,9a3b2.
3.3. erTwevri. mravalwevri. moqmedebebi mravalwevrebze.
sakiTxebi: erTwevri. mravalwevri. moqmedebebi mravalwevrebze.

winare codna: cvladi, cvladiani gamosaxuleba, ricxvebze moqmedebebis Tvise-
bebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos maTematikuri obieqtebis gan-
sazRvrebebis (erTwevri, mravalwevri, igivurad toli gamosaxulebebis) sworad Cam-
oyalileba, maTematiuri aRniSvnebisa da simboloebis sworad gamoyeneba (maT. sab.
3).
138
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moswavlem unda SeZlos, upasuxos sakvanZo SekiTxvebs: rogor SemiZlia gavarkvio,
aris Tu ara ori gamosaxuleba igivurad toli? ra gardaqmnas ewodeba igivi gar-
daqmna? moswavlem unda SeZlos, amoicnos erTwevri da mravalwevri.
vecnobiT igivurad tol gamosaxuleebs, anu gamosaxulebebs, romelTa mniSvne-
lobebi cvladebis nebismieri mniSvnelobebisTvis tolia.
moqmedebaTa ZiriTad Tvisebebze dayrdnobiT miviReT igivurad toli ramdenime
gamosaxuleba. ganvixileT igiveobis cnebac.
gamosaxulebis Secvlas sxva _ igivurad toli gamosaxulebiT igivi gardaqm-
na ewodeba. mocemulia gamosaxulebaTa igivi gardaqmnis (mokled, gardaqmnis)
magaliTebi Sesabamisi komentarebiT, romelTa ganxilva moswavleebs daexmareba
analogiuri gardaqmnebis CatarebaSi.
gamosaxulebaTa Sedgenisa da gamartivebis Cvevebis daufleba mniSvnelovania
ara marto maTematikisTvis, aramed sxva disciplinebisTvisac (magaliTad, qimia,
fizika). mimdinareobs Semzadeba gantolebebis saSualebiT amocanebis amoxs-
nebis, erTwevrebisa da mravalwevrebis Sesaswavlad.
gakveTils viwyebT ricxvebze moqmedebebis ZiriTadi Tvisebebisa da igivurad
toli gamosaxulebebis cnebebis gaxsenebiT (cxadia, moswavleTa aqtiuri monawil-
eobiT).
yoveli magaliTi SeiZleba moswavleebma gakveTilze damoukideblad gaarCion.
cxadia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebeli unda Caerios da daasabuTebinos mos-
wavleebs gardaqmnisas Sesrulebuli nabijebi. amisTvis sasurvelia zogierTi ZiriT-
adi Tviseba xelmeored ise amovweroT, rom tolobis marcxena da marjvena mxareebs
adgilebi SevucvaloT. magaliTad, ganrigebadobis Tvisebebi, sasurvelia, asec war-
movadginoT:
ac + bc = (a + b)c, ac–bc = (a–b)c.
moswavleebi unda mivaCvioT, rom yoveli igiveoba orive mxridan `waikiTxon~.
igiveobisa da igivurad toli gamosaxulebebis cnebebi meTodikur literatur-
aSi sxvadasxvanairadaa warmodgenili (viTvaliswinebT maswavleblis wignis fun-
qciebs _ samecniero da zogadi informacia, kvalifikaciis amaRleba) da gTavazobT
im gansazRvrebebs, romlebic Salva fxakaZis wignSia mocemuli (terminologiasa da
winadadebebis dalagebas odnav vcvliT).
`vTqvaT mocemulia ori gamosaxulebis toloba. x1, x2, ..., xn am gamosaxulebebSi
myofi cvladebia, E ki aris am cvladebis mniSvnelobaTa sistemebis raime simravle.
vityviT, rom mocemuli toloba aris igiveoba E simravleze, Tu E-dan aRebul x1,
x2, ..., xn cvladebis mniSvnelobaTa yoveli sistemisTvis igi an WeSmaritia, an mis
rogorc marjvena mxares, ise marcxena mxares azri ara aqvs~.
igivuri toloba da igivi gardaqmna iseve ukavSirdeba igiveobas, rogorc Cvenc
gavakeTeT (ixileT [11], gv. 5. Teorema 1).
saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul gansazRvrebaSi E-s rolSi cvladebis nebismieri
mniSvnelobebia. amitom vxmarobT termins ìgiveoba~. es tolobaa, romelic WeS-
maritia cvladebis mniSvnelobaTa yoveli sistemisTvis. konkretuli magaliTebis
aRweris saSualebiT, SemoRebulia erTwevrisa da mravalwevris cnebebi. yuradReba
miaqcieT imas, rom erTwevri mravalwevris kerZo saxed aris miCneuli, ricxvi ki _
erTwevris kerZo saxed.
don’t copy 139

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
3 2 4 3 1 1 2 2 3 4 2 1 1 2
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
4 4 1 3 4 3 4
am `testebis~ saSualebiT SeiZleba igiveobis, igivuri gardaqmnis, igivurad

toli gamosaxulebebis cnebebis gaazreba, magaliTad,^ 2 testSi mocemuli gamo-
saxulebebi tolia, roca c = 5, x = 7, y = 0, magram ar aris toli cvladebis zogierTi
mniSvnelobebisTvis, magaliTad, toloba araa swori, roca c = 1, x = 2, y = 1 (miviRebT:
2–1=2+1); mocemuli gamosaxulebis igivurad toli gamosaxulebebi miiReba mocemul
gamosaxulebaSi ariTmetikul moqmedebaTa Tvisebebis sworad gamoyenebis Sedegad.
magaliTad, 2b–2a igivurad tolia 2(b–a) gamosaxulebis (`testi~ 6 ).
`testebi~ umetesi nawili SeiZleba moswavleebma damoukideblad gaarCion. Tum-
ca, zogierTi SeiZleba erToblivad, skafoldingis meTodiT àmoixsnas~ (magaliTad,
9 , 11 , 16 da 21 ).
22 db da cd + (b–c)d. 23 magaliTad, Tu a = 3, a2 = 9, 2a = 6, 9≠6.
24 a2 + ab + ac, (a + b + c)a. 25 d) 3x3–2y–5x3–2 + 2y–7 = –2x3–9.
26 d) cab = 100c + 10a + b, e) mnpq = 103⋅m + 102n + 10p + q, v) qpan = 103q + 102p + 10a + n.

27 b) (2a2 + 5a) + (–a2 + a) + (a2–3a–5) = 2a2 + 3a–5.
28 b) (–3a3–2)–(3a3–2) = –6a3. 29 d) (m–n) + (n–c)–(m–c) = m–n + n–c–m + c = 0.
30 g) m + n. 31 b) –(–c–b) = c + b d) –(5z–x + y) = –5z + x–y.

32 d) –4st2(3s2t–s + 2t–1) = –12s3t3 + 4s2t2–8st3 + 4st2.
33 b) 2c(5a–3c2)–c(a–6c2) + 3a(a–c) = 10ac–6c3–ac + 6c3 + 3a2–3ac = 6ac + 3a2.
34 d) (7z–2)(z–3) = 7z2–21z–2z + 6 = 7z2–23z + 6.
35 d) (1–k)2 = (1–k)(1–k) = 1–k–k + k2 = 1–2k + k2.
36 g) 2k(k–4) + (k + 5)(k + 3) = 2k2–8k + k2 + 3k + 5k + 15 = 3k2 + 15.
msgavsi wevrebis SeerTeba, `frCxilebis gaxsnis~ wesi, erTwevris mravalwev-

rze gamravleba, mravalwevrebis gamravleba _ yvela es SemTxveva gvxvdeba 22 - 36
davalebebSi. es amocanebi klasSi meore gakveTilze ganixileba da gamosaxulebebis
gardaqmnaze codnis ganmtkicebas emsaxureba.
klasis mzaobis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba ramdenime SemTxvevis (magaliTad, meo-
re xarisxze maRali xarisxis gamosaxulebebis gamartiveba) ganxilva gamovtovoT,
magaliTad, 32 da 33 amocanebi.
klasSi Sesrulebuli amocanebis analogiuria saSinao davalebis savarjiSoebi.

`testebi~ ZiriTadad, igiveobis, igivurad toli gamosaxulebebis cnebebis codnas
moiTxovs, danarCeni amocanebi ( 12 - 24 ) algebruli gamosaxulebebis gardaqmnebs
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exeba. kvlav gvxvdeba amocanebi ( 12 - 14 ), romelTa amoxsniTac miiRweva stand-
140
artiT dasaxuli mizani _ moswavlem unda SeZlos, gasces pasuxi sakvanZo kiTxvebs:
aris Tu ara mocemuli toloba igiveoba? igivurad tolia Tu ara mocemuli ori
gamosaxuleba?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
3 3 1 3 1 2 3 1 1 3 2
12mocemuloba unda gadavitanoT rveulSi da wirebiT SevaerToT igivurad

toli gamosaxulebebi; magaliTad, x–(y–5) da x–y + 5.
13 a3 = 3a ar aris igiveoba; magaliTad, Tu a = 2, a3 = 8, 3a = 6.
14 ac + bc + 2c2 = (a + b + c)c + c2.
15 g) abc +cab = 100a + 10b + c + 100c + 10a + b = 110a + 11b + 101c.
16 d) (3a2–7b2) + (6b2–2a2) = a2–b2. 17 d) (b–3)–(2b + 2) = b–3–2b–2 = –b–5.
18 d) (b2–5) + (2b–3) = b2 + 2b–8. 19 g) (3a3–2a2 + 1) + (–3a3–a2–1) = –3a2.
20 g) (b + 5)(b + 2) = b2 + 2b + 5b + 10 = b2 + 7b + 10.
21 b) (a + b)(2a + 3b) = 2a2 + 3ab + 2ab + 3b2 = 2a2 + 5ab + 3b2.
22 (a–b)(a–c) + (b–c)(b–a) + (c–a)(c–b) = a2–ac–ab + bc + b2–ab–bc + ac + c2–bc–ac + ab = a2 + b2 + c2–
ab–bc–ac = a2 + b2 + c2–(ab + bc + ac) = a2 + b2 + c2, radgan ab + bc + ac = 0.
saSinao davalebisTvis gankuTvnili savarjiSoebis garda moswavleebs vTxovT,

Seafason TavianTi codna saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili testis mixedviT.
74-e gakveTili
sakiTxebi: erTwevri, mravalwevri, algebrul gamosaxulebaTa gamartiveba da

mniSvnelobebis gamoTvla.
winare codna: erTwevri, mravalwevri, moqmedebebi mravalwevrebze.
Sefasebis indikatori: moswavlem unda SeZlos algebruli gamosaxulebis gamar-
tiveba da misi ricxviTi mniSvnelobis gamoTvla cvladTa sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebi-
sTvis (maT. sab. 4).
algebruli gamosaxulebebis gamartivebis codnis ganmtkiceba da gaRrmaveba.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis ganxorcieleba.
gakveTils viwyebT saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT. yuradRebas vamaxvilebT 6 ,

7 , 11 , 13 , 18 davalebebze da moswavleTa mier TviTSefasebis `testis~
Sesrulebaze. magaliTad, 7 testi dakavSirebulia Sefasebis indikatorTan: mos-
wavlem unda SeZlos verbalurad aRwerili situaciis algebruli gamosaxulebiT
(formuliT) Cawera (maT. sab. 4, 5, 7, 8); TviTSefasebis `testSi~ 1-3 amocanebi nulis
don’t copy 141

Tvisebebis codnas ukavSirdeba _ nulze gayofa ar SeiZleba; Tu erT-erTi Tana-
mamravli nulia, maSin namravlic nulia. gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobis povnaa saWiro
me-4 amocanaSi; magram moswavlem mTeli ricxvis cnebac unda icodes. Tu jer dadeb-
iT mTel ricxvebs ganvixilavT, mxolod arauaryofiT ricxvebs miviRebT: roca x = 1,
x2–1 = 0; roca x = 2, x2–1 = 3, da a. S.
Tu x = 0, maSin x2–1 = –1<0,
Tu x = –1, maSin x2–1 = 0,
Tu x = –2, maSin x2–1 = 3>0.
aq ukve amCnevs moswavle, rom x = 0-is garda sxva mTeli ricxvebisTvis arauary-
ofiTi mniSvnelobebi miiReba.
pasuxi: x = 0. am amocanis amoxsna ukavSirdeba standartis Sedegebs: maT. sab. 2, 3,
4, 7, 8.
5. aqac sinjvisa da amowurvis meTodi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. Tumca, msjeloba
amcirebs SemTxvevebis raodenobas _ a) x unda iyos naturaluri, b) x unda iyofodes
5-ze. umciresi aris 5.
7. 43=64=6,4⋅10. 8. (214:28)⋅4=26⋅22=28.
15. 2((3x + 2) + (2x–1)) = 2(3x + 2 + 2x–1) = 2(5x + 1) = 10x + 2.
amave gakveTilze SeiZleba damatebiT vimuSaoT SedarebiT dabali akademiu-
ri mzaobis moswavleebTan, sxvebma ki imuSaon jgufurad. amitom maT SeiZleba
SevTavazoT SedarebiT rTuli amocanebi:
CawereT mravalwevris saxiT:
a) (x–1)(x–2)(x–3)(x–4); b) (x–1)(x–2)(x–3)(4–x);
g) (1–x)(x–2)(x–3)(x–4); d) –(x–1)(x–2)(x–3)(x–4).
3.4. Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebi
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebisa da davalebis ganxilvas eTmoba 75-e _ 77-e

gakveTilebi
sakiTxebi: Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebi da maTi gamoyeneba

winare codna: mravalwevri. mravalwevrebze moqmedebebi:^ Sekreba, gamokleba,
gamravleba.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos: verbalurad aRwerili situa-
ciis algebruli gamosaxulebis (formulis) saxiT Cawera (maT. sab. 4, 5, 7, 8); alge-
bruli gamosaxulebis gamartiveba da misi ricxviTi mniSvnelobis povna (maT. sab. 4);
msjelobis xazis ganviTareba, ganzogadebiT miRebuli daskvnebis dasabuTeba (maT.
sab. 2); maTematikur debulebaTa formulirebis xerxebis koruqtulad gamoyeneba
(maT. sab. 4).
142
don’t copy
winare codnis gaaqtiureba mimdinareobs moswavleebis aqtiuri CarTulobiT.
moswavleebi ixseneben mravalwevrisa da erTwevris cnebebs, mohyavT mravalwevri-
sa da erTwevris magaliTebi _ erTwevri SeiZleba iyos ricxvi, cvladi, cvladis
xarisxi, an maTgan Sedgenili namravli; mravalwevri aris erTwevri, an erTwevrebis
jami. maSasadame, erTwevri mravalwevris kerZo SemTxvevaa.
viZaxebT dafasTan moswavles da vTxovT, gaamravlos a + b mravalwevri amave mra-
valwevrze. danarCeni moswavleebi amravleben am mravalwevrebs rveulebSi da ada-
reben Sedegebs.
_ ra saxiT CavweroT (a + b)-is namravli (a + b)-ze?
_ msgavsi erTwevrebis Sekrebis Semdeg ra mravalwevri miviReT?
_ miRebul tolobas SeiZleba vuwodoT ori gamosaxulebis jamis kvadratis
formula; a da b-s nacvlad SeiZleba nebismieri ori gamosaxuleba vigulisxmoT.
_ vin SeZlebs, `waikiTxos~ miRebuli formula?
Cveni daxmarebiT moswavleebi Camoayalilebeben ori gamosaxulebis jamis kvad-
ratSi ayvanis wess;
analogiurad ganvixilavT ori gamosaxulebis sxvaobis kvadratis formulas. mi-
vmarTavT moswavleebs:
_ vin SeZlebs, ori gamosaxulebis jamis kvadratis formulidan miiRos sxvao-
bis kvadratis formula. SeiZleba zogierTma moswavlem miagnos axali formulis
miRebis xerxs: sakmarisia, pirvel formulaSi b-s nacvlad aviRoT –b, maSin miviRebT:
(a + (–b))2 = a2 + 2a(–b) + (–b)2, anu, (a–b)2 = a2–2ab + b2.
Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebis sityvieri Camoyalilebac mizanSewonilad
migvaCnia. TviT terminis Sesaxebac SeiZleba gamoTqvan mosazrebebi moswavleebma.
ucxour literaturaSi sxva terminebic gamoiyeneba magaliTad, `gansakuTrebuli
namravlebi~.
moswavleebi SeiZleba dainteresdnen am formulebis evklideseuli damtkicebiT.
geometriuli faqtebis gamoyenebiT formulis gamoyvana kidev ufro zrdis moswav-
leTa motivacias. amave mizans emsaxureba jamisa da sxvaobis kvadratebis gamoyene-
ba ricxvis kvadratis miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobis povnis dros (`s~, meore nawili).
ganxiluli magaliTis mixedviT moswavleebi aRmoaCenen, rom rac ufro `mcirediT~
gansxvavdeba ricxvi erTisgan, miT ufro ukeTesi miaxloeba miiReba. moswavleebi am
faqts intuiciurad aRiqvamen; maswavleblebs ki àramkacri~ formulirebiT Sevax-
senebT, rom roca |a| aris 1-Tan SedarebiT `mcire sidide~, maSin a2 ufro `maRali
rigis mcire sididea~, vidre 2a.
Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebis mniSvneloba dakavSirebulia maT Semdgom

gamoyenebasTan:
a) gamoTvlaTa gamartivebisas;
b) mTeli gamosaxulebis igivi gardaqmnisas;
g) algebruli wiladebis gamartivebisas;
d) gantolebaTa amoxsnisas.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs am igiveobebis Segnebul aTvisebasa da maT damoukideblad
damtkicebas.
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Semoklebuli gamravlebis igiveobebis, magaliTad, (a + b)(a–b) = a2–b2 igiveobis ganx-
ilvis dros xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom a da b cvladebia, romelTa nacvlad
nebismieri gamosaxulebis Casma SeiZleba.
masalis Sesaswavlad ori gakveTili gamoiyofa. pirvel gakveTilze
(a + b) = a + 2ab + b da (a–b) = a –2ab + b formulebi gamogvyavs da am codnis gansamt-
2 2 2 2 2 2
kiceblad savarjiSoebs ganvixilavT ( 1 - 4 , 9 - 12 ). meore gakveTilze gamogvyavs

(a + b)(a–b) = a2–b2 igiveoba. yuradReba miaqcieT am igiveobis gamoyenebas zepir gamoT-
vlebSi. meore gakveTilis garkveuli nawili gameorebas eTmoba.
pasuxebi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 2 2 4 3 2 2
`testebi~ isea SerCeuli, rom zogjer moswavleebisgan moiTxovs Semoklebu-

li gamravlebis formulebis wakiTxvas marjvnidan marcxniv. amitom sasargeblod
migvaCnia, rom dafaze Sesabamisi formulebi aseTi saxiTac amovweroT; magaliTad,
a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2, a2–2ab + b2 = (a–b)2, a2–b2 = (a + b)(a–b).
8
am amocanis amoxsnisas moswavles mouwevs `verbalurad aRwerili situaciis
formulis saxiT Cawera~ (maT. sab. 4, 5, 7, 8).
d) (a + b + c)2 e) a2 + b2 + c2.
9 d) (3a–2b)2 = (3a)2–2⋅3a⋅2b + (2b)2 = 9a2–12ab + 4b2.
10 am amocanebis amoxsnisas gaiTvaliswineT 1 amocanis amoxsnis gamocdileba.

g) k–6m + m , 2
vmsjelobT: k–2⋅3⋅m + m2, maSasadame, k = 32, 9–2⋅3⋅m + m2 = (3–m)2.
11es amocanebi sxvadasxva xerxiT SeiZleba amoixsnas. klasSi SeiZleba vims-

jeloT am xerxebis Sesaxeb.
b) I xerxi: (2b + a)c–2ab = 2bc + ac–2ab.
II xerxi: 2bc + (c–2b)⋅a = 2bc + ac–2ab.
12 i) (0,2x3–0,5xy)2 = (0,2x3)2–2⋅(0,2x3)(0,5xy) + (0,5xy)2 = 0,04x6–0,2x4y + 0,25x2y2.
a
13 (a–b)2 = a2–2b(a–b)–b2
a
(a–b)2 = a2–2ab + 2b2–b2
(a–b)2 = a2–2ab + b2. b2
b
14 (a + b)2–(a–b)2 = 4ab,
(a + b)2–(a–b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2–(a2–2ab + b2) =
=a2 + 2ab + b2–a2 + 2ab–b2 = 4ab b a
suraTis mixedviT, (a–b) aris gamuqebuli kvadratis farTobi,

2 b b
a
romelic tolia mTliani figuris (kvadratis) farTobisa ((a + b)2)
a
da oTxi toli marTkuTxedis farTobTa jamis (4ab) sxvaobis. b
(a–b)2 = (a + b)2–4ab, saidanac (a + b)2–(a–b)2 = 4ab.
don’t copy
a b
144
15 (a–b)2 = (b–a)2.
–(a–b)2 = –(b–a)2.
16 d) 6(a–2)(a–3)–4(a–3)2 = 6(a2–5a + 6)–4(a2–6a + 9) = 6a2–30a + 36–4a2 + 24a–36 = 2a2–6a.
17 I xerxi: Tu a + b = x,
(a + b + c)2 = (x + c)2 = x2 + 2xc + c2 = (a + b)2 + 2(a + b)c + c2 = a b c
c ac bc c2
=a2 + 2ab + b2 + 2ac + 2bc + c2.
b ab b2 bc b
II xerxi: suraTidan kargad Cans:
c
(a + b + c)2 = 2ac + 2ab + a2 + b2 + c2 + 2bc.
a a2 ab ac
SeiZleba III xerxic gamoviyenoT, gavamravloT mravalwev- a a a
rebi: a b c
(a + b + c)2 = (a + b + c)(a + b + c).
18 a) I xerxi:
(a–b + c)2 = (a + (–b) + c)2 = a2 + (–b)2 + c2 + 2a(–b) + 2(–b)c + 2ac = a2 + b2 + c2–2ab + 2ac–2bc.
II xerxi:
Tu a–b = x, maSin (a–b + c)2 = (x + c)2 = x2 + 2xc + c2 = (a–b)2 + 2(a–b)c + c2 = a2–2ab + b2 + 2ac–2bc + c2.
SeiZleba mravalwevrebis gamravlebis wesic gamoviyenoT.
19 (a + b)3 = (a + b)⋅(a + b)2 = (a + b)(a2 + 2ab + b2) = a3 + 2a2b + ab2 + a2b + 2ab2 + b3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3.
(a–b)3 = (a + (–b))3 = a3 + 3a2(–b) + 3a(–b)2 + (–b)3 = a3–3a2b + 3ab2–b3.
20 b) 922 + 2⋅92⋅8 + 82 = (92 + 8)2 = 1002 = 10000.
21 a) (3–5x)2–(3x–2)(5x + 1) = 9–30x + 25x2–(15x2 + 3x–10x–2) = 9–30x + 25x2–15x2 + 7x + 2 =
=10x2–23x + 11.
1
22 x + x = 2,5. maSin
x2 + 2⋅x⋅ 1x + ( 1x )2 = 6,25

x2 + 2 + x12 = 6,25
x2 + x12 = 4,25.
sasurvelia, moswavleebma Tavad moifiqron, rom x + 1/x gamosaxulebis kvadratis
povna migviyvans sasurveli jamis povnamde.
es amocanebi klasSi ori gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi ganixileba. klasSi muSaoba
SeiZleba sxvadasxva formiT Catardes: jgufebad dayofis, wyvilebis gamoyofiT,
an erToblivi msjelobiT. gakveTilis Catarebis formasa da Sesasrulebeli
samuSaoebis moculobas maswavlebeli Tavad gansazRvravs. SeiZleba aRniSnul
or gakveTilze yvela amocana ar amovxsnaT (SemovinaxoT Semdegi mecadineo-
bebisTvis). yuradReba gavamaxviloT erTi da imave amocanis amoxsnis sxvadasx-
va xerxebis gamoyenebaze; es procesi xels uwyobs moswavleebis kritikuli az-
rovnebis unarebis ganviTarebas.
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1 2 3 4 5 6
4 3 1 2 2 4
SeniSvna: gasamkecebuli b ricxvi aris 3b, maSasadame, Tavdapirvelad saW-

6
iroa winadadebis Cawera: a ricxvis da gasamkecebuli b ricxvis jamis kvadrati aris:
(a + 3b)2.
ori gamosaxulebis jamis kvadratis formulis Tanaxmad, miviRebT: a2 + 6ab + 9b2.
7 T) (1–2a)2 = 1–2⋅2a + (2a)2 = 1–4a + 4a2.
8 g) 9n2–12mn + 4m2 9 d) (2a–b)(2a + b)–4a2 = –b2.
vmsjelobT: 9n2 = (3n)2
4m2 = (2m)2
12mn = 2⋅3n⋅2m.
maSasadame, 9n2–12mn + 4m2 = (3n–2m)2.
10 formulebi gadavitanoT rveulebSi da igivurad toli gamosaxulebebi da-

vakavSiroT erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, (x–4)(x + 1) da x2–3x–4.
11 b) I xerxi: II xerxi:
S = ab + 2ac, (b + c)⋅2a–ab.
mniSvnelovania `verbalurad aRwerili situaciis Cawera formuliT~ (maT.

12
sab. 4, 5, 7, 8).
(a + 2b)(a–2b) = a2–(2b)2 = a2–4b2.
13 g) m2 + (n–m)(n + m)–n2 = m2 + n2–m2–n2 = 0.
14 g) 4(2–x)2–5(x–5)2 = 4(4–4x + x2)–5(x2–10x + 25) = 16–16x + 4x2–5x2 + 50x–125 = –x2 + 34x–109.
Tu x– 1x = 2, maSin (x– 1x )2 = 4,

15
x2–2⋅x⋅ 1x + ( 1x )2 = 4

x2 + x12 = 6.
16 (a + 2b)2 + (a–2b)2 = a2 + 4ab + 4b2 + a2–4ab + 4b2 = 2a2 + 8b2 = 2(a2 + 4b2).
18
kompleqsuri davalebebi: formulebis gamoyeneba, gamosaxulebis gamar-
tiveba, gamosaxulebis ricxviTi mniSvnelobis povna cvladis mocemuli mniSvnelo-
bisTvis.
19 e) 1,09⋅0,91 = (1 + 0,09)(1–0,09) = 1–0,0081 = 0,9919.
20 (10a + b) + (10b + a) = 11a + 11b = 11(a + b)
(11(a + b))2 = 121(a + b)2.
Semdegi gakveTilisTvis `saSinao davalebiT~ gaTvaliswinebuli amocanebis gar-

da, romlebic Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebis gamoyenebas exeba, moswavleebs
vaZlevT proeqtul davalebas. micemuli proeqtuli davaleba aris aqtivoba, rom-
lis Sesruleba amjerad moiTxovs sxvadasxva codnaTa integrirebul gamoyenebas _
geometriuli obieqtebis warmodgena amocanis konteqstis Sesabamisad (maT. sab. 4, 5,
146
don’t copy
6), cvladiani gamosaxulebis Sedgena da misi mniSvnelobis povna cvladis miTiTebu-
li mniSvnelobisTvis (maT. sab. 4).
77-e gakveTili
sakiTxebi: geometriuli figurebi, geometriuli figurebis elementebi, Tvise-

bebi.
winare codna: kubi, kubis elementebi, cvladiani gamosaxuleba, cvladiani ga-
mosaxulebis gamartiveba.
mizani da Sefasebis indikatorebi: mravalwevrebze moqmedebebis Tvisebebis,
Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebis Sesaxeb codnis ganmtkiceba da gaRrmaveba.
moswavlem unda SeZlos amocanis ganxilvisas hipoTezis Camoyalibeba, msjelo-
bis xazis ganviTareba, miRebuli daskvnebis dasabuTeba (maT. sab. 1, 2); grafikulad
gadmocemuli informaciis wakiTxva, amocanis Sinaarsis aRqma, problemis gamokveTa
da kompleqsuri problemis etapobrivad gadawyveta (maT. sab. 6, 7, 8).
gakveTils viwyebT Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebis gamoyenebaze codnis

ganmtkicebiTa da gaRrmavebiT. procesi mimdinareobs saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis
SemowmebiT, zogierTi sakiTxis Semdgomi dazustebisa da amoxsnis alternatiuli
gzebis Ziebis fonze.
Semdeg gadavdivarT mocemuli proeqtis Sesrulebis Semowmebaze. moswavleebi
warmoadgenen Sesrulebul proeqtebs referatebis saxiT, an plakatebis, informaci-
uli teqnologiebis an sxva damxmare saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.
maswavlebelma unda icodes, rom arsebobs proeqtis Sesrulebis sxvadasxva al-
ternatiuli gza. SeiZleba moswavlem Tavidanve imsjelos nebismieri n-is SemTxveva-
Si ramdeni iqneba im kuburebis raodenoba, romelTac SeRebili aqvs 3, 2 an 1 waxnagi.
me-5 da me-6 klasebidan moswavleebs ukve aqvT warmodgena kubis moculobis Sesaxeb
_ Tu kubis wibo n-is tolia, maSin is SeiZleba daiWras n3 raodenobis erTeulo-
van kubebad (ise, rogorc es saxelmZRvaneloSi suraTebzea warmodgenili). kubebis
raodenoba gvaZlevs moculobis ricxviT mniSvnelobas (mocemul erTeulebSi). mos-
wavlem SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinos, rom kubs aqvs: 8 wvero (yovel wverosTan mdebare
kubis 3 waxnagi iqneba SeRebili); 12 wibo (yovel wibosTan n–2 kubs eqneba 2 SeRebi-
li waxnagi); 6 waxnagi, yovel waxnagze (n–2)2 raodenobis kubs eqneba erTi SeRebili
waxnagi.
SeuRebavi waxnagebis raodenoba iqneba (n–2)3.
SeiZleba moswavlem daiwyos n =
3, 4, 5, 6 SemTxvevebis ganxilva, Camoayalibos
hipoTeza, Semdeg Seecados am hipoTezis sisworis dasabuTebas. moswavlis yoveli
sworad gadadgmuli nabiji SemCneuli unda iyos (gaviTvaliswinoT ganmaviTarebeli
Sefasebis ganxorcielebisas). cxrilis saboloo saxe ase gamoiyureba:
don’t copy 147

erTeulovani im kuburebis raodenoba, romelTac SeRebili aqvs
wibos
kuburebis
sigrZe 3 waxnagi 2 waxnagi 1 waxnagi arc erTi
raodenoba
3 27 8 12 6 1
4 64 8 24 24 8
5 125 8 36 54 27
6 216 8 48 96 64
n n3 8 12(n–2) 6(n–2)2 (n–2)3
SevamowmoT toloba (srulad aris aRwerili Tu ara mocemul kubSi yvela saxis
kuburebis odenoba):
n3 = 8 + 12(n–2) + 6(n–2)2 + (n–2)3.
marTlac, mravalwevrebze moqmedebebiT Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebiT
viRebT
8 + 12n–24 + 6n2–24n + 24 + n3–6n2 + 12n–8 = n3.
miTiTebebi Semajamebeli amocanebis amosaxsnelad
1 - 5
sityvieri aRweris mixedviT cvladiani gamosaxulebis Sedgenis unaris
ganviTareba mniSvnelovania amocanebSi aRwerili situaciebis maTematikurad aRwe-
risas.
1 a) x⋅y + 5 b) m + 15 + k g) (a + b):17.
2 a) 5x ⋅2 b) 5x + 2 g) 5x :3 d) 5x – 3.
150
3 a–3b. 4 150–30x.
3x
5 12x + 18x + 15x = 45x,
Tu x = 4,2
45x = 189 (lari).
8 16m9n⋅0,5n20 = 8m9n21 = (2m3n7)3.
9 b) 4x–(5x–(x + 12)) = 4x–(5x–x–12) = 4x–(4x–12) = 12.
10 g) (a–3)(a + 3)–(a–3)2 = a2–9–a2 + 6a–9 = 6a–18.
11 x2 + 5y2 = 105. es amocana, cxadia, maRali mzaobis moswavleebs miecemaT. moiTx-
ovs msjelobis xazis ganviTarebas, pirobis gaTvaliswinebas (maT. sab. 2, 7, 8).
cxadia, x2 da maSasadame, x mTeli ricxvi 5-ze unda iyofodes, SeiZleba davweroT:
x = 5t, maSin gveqneba: x2 = 25t2, 25t2 + 5y2 = 105, 5t2 + y2 = 21.
axla ufro advilia mTeli y da t ricxvebis povna (viyenebT sinjvis xerxs). y2 = 1,
t2 = 4. magram moiTxoveba mxolod `raime mTeli arauaryofiTi~ mniSvnelobebis povna.
mocemuli gantolebidan advilad vipoviT: x2 = 100, y2 = 1. x = 10, y = 1.
12 magaliTi, z = 3, t = 4.

3z–t2 = 9–16 = –7.
148
don’t copy
13 1 sT = 60 wT 14 a) 7x b) 10x. 15 7x + 5.
a sT = 60a wT
b sT = 3600b wm 16 a) 0,81a2b6 = (0,9ab3)2
x km = 1000x m. v) 0,1xy2270x5y = 27x6y3 = (3x2y)3.
17 a) ar aris igiveoba; magaliTad, Tu a = –3, b = 2, |ab| = 6, ab = –6.

b) (b–2)2 = b2–4, ar aris igiveoba, magaliTad, Tu b = 0, (b–2)2 = 4, b2–4 = –4.
22 a) 9n2–(3n–2)2 = 9n2–(9n2–12n + 4) = 9n2–9n2 + 12n–4 = 4(3n–1).
nebismeri naturaluri n-isTvis am gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba iyofa 4-ze.
b) (3n + 2)2–(2n + 3)2.
I xerxi: (3n + 2 + 2n + 3)(3n + 2–2n–3) = (5n + 5)(n–1) = 5(n + 1)(n–1).
II xerxi: 9n2 + 12n + 4–4n2–12n–9 = 5n2–5 = 5(n2–1).
23 x2 + (x + 1)2 + (x + 2)2 = x2 + x2 + 2x + 1 + x2 + 4x + 4 = 3x2 + 6x + 5 = 3x2 + 6x + 3 + 2 = 3(x2 + 2x + 1) + 2.
nebismieri mTeli x-isTvis es ricxvi 3-ze gayofisas naSTSi 2-s gvaZlevs. sab-
oloo Sedegamde ufro swrafad migiyvanT am ricxvebis ase warmodgena: x–1, x, x + 1.
maTTvis miviRebdiT: (x–1)2 + x2 + (x + 1)2 = x2–2x + 1 + x2 + x2 + 2x + 1 = 3x2 + 2.
24 18p–(9p–(18p–10)) = 18p–9p + (18p–10) = 18p–9p + 18p–10 = 27p–10.
don’t copy 149

IV Tavi
mravalwevris mamravlebad daSla. gantoleba
4.1. mravalwevris mamravleblad daSla
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebisa da Semajamebeli weris ganxilvas eTmoba

78-e _ 81-e gakveTilebi
sakiTxebi: mravalwevris mamravlebad daSla; saerTo mamravlis frCxilebs gareT

gatana, dajgufebis wesi, mamravlebad daSla Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebis
gamoyenebiT.
winare codna: moqmedebaTa Tvisebebi, moqmedebebi mravalwevrebze, Semoklebuli
gamravlebis formulebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem SeZlos verbalurad aRwerili situaciis
algebruli gamosaxulebis saxiT Cawera (maT. sab. 4, 5, 7, 8), algebruli gamosax-
ulebis gamartiveba da ricxviTi mniSvnelobis gamoTvla (maT. sab. 4).
viwyebT samotivacio amocanis ganxilviT, romelic winare codnis gaaqtiurebasa

da axali codnis konstruirebisTvis xelSewyobas gulisxmobs.
mocemuli pirobis mixedviT, Sedgenili gamosaxulebis gamartivebisas viyenebT
gamravlebis ganrigebadobis Tvisebas Sekrebis mimarT:^
n⋅1 + n⋅n = n(1 + n).
imave Tvisebis gamoyenebasTan aris dakavSirebuli dajgufebis xerxis gamoyeneba
_ faqtobrivad, orjer gviwevs am Tvisebis gamoyeneba:
ax + bx–ay–by = (ax + bx)–(ay + by) _ frCxilebis gaxsnis wesi, mravalwevrebis Sekrebis
Tviseba;
(a + b)x–(a + b)y _ ganrigebadobis Tviseba;
(a + b)(x–y) _ ganrigebadobis Tviseba.
Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebis gamoyeneba iwyeba TviT am formulebis
warmodgeniT:
(a + b)(a–b) = a2–b2, (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2, (a–b)2 = a2–2ab + b2
(a + b)(a2–ab + b2) = a3 + b3, (a–b)(a2 + ab + b2) = a3–b3.
bolo ori formulis dasabuTeba mravalwevrebis gamravlebiT warmovadginoT.
magaliTad, (a + b)(a2–ab + b2) = a3–a2b + ab2 + a2b–ab2 + b3 = a3 + b3.
150
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amis Semdeg am formulebs moswavleebi gadaweren `marjvnidan marcxniv~.
a2–b2 = (a + b)(a–b),
a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2,
a2–2ab + b2 = (a–b)2,
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2–ab + b2),
a3–b3 = (a–b)(a2 + ab + b2).
aq warmodgenilia specialuri tipis mravalwevrebis mamravlebad daSlis for-
mulebi, am formulebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba mravalwevrebis mamravlebad daSlis
gansaxorcieleblad.
amis Semdeg mogvyavs magaliTebi aRniSnuli formulebis gamoyenebaze da sxva-
dasxva xerxiT mravalwevris mamravlebad daSlis Sesaxeb.
saklaso `testebis~ pasuxebi:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 3 3 4 1 2 3 4 4
9 `testSi~ viyenebT formulas: a3–b3 = (a–b)(a2 + ab + b2).

pirvel gakveTilze SeiZleba ganvixiloT 1 - 12 amocanebi. saSinao davale-
bad moswavleebs 1 - 11 amocanebs vaZlevT. amasTanave, SeiZleba vTxovoT, rom
moiZion internetSi da mousminon `saSinao skolis~ gakveTils (www.silkschool.ge, `sa-
Sinao skola~) _ mravalwevris mamravlebad daSla. sakiTxebi aq imave Tanamimdevro-
biTa da meTodikiT aris gadmocemuli, rogorc Cvens saxelmZRvaneloSia.
meore gakveTilze davalebis Semowmebisas SeiZleba internetgakveTilis mosmenis
Sedegebis ganxilvac. SeiZleba yuradReba gavamaxviloT davalebaze: davSaloT mam-
ravlebad (2x + 8)2 mravalwevri. gamoiyeneba frCxilebs gareT gatanis xerxi:^
(2x + 8)2 = (2(x + 4))2 = 4(x + 4)2.
leqciis procesSi yoveli igivurad toli gamosaxulebis daweras Tan axlavs Se-
sabamisi axsna-ganmartebebi _ frCxilebs gareT gatana, namravlis axarisxebis wesi.
klasSi vagrZelebT muSaobas mamravlebad daSlis sxvadasxva xerxis gamoyeneba-
ze. viyenebT 13 - 25 amocanebs. gakveTili SeiZleba sxvadasxva formiT CavataroT
_ moswavleebis damoukidebeli muSaoba, jgufuri muSaoba, erToblivi garCeva. es
ukanaskneli meTodi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT 13 , 15 , 17 da 22 amocanebis amoxsnisas.
zogierTma maswavlebelma SeiZleba zogierTi amocanis amoxsna momdevno ga-
kveTilebisTvis gadados.
miTiTebebi zogierTi saklaso amocanis amosaxsnelad.
12 i) 4x + 4y + xz + yz = (4x + 4y) + (xz + yz) = 4(x + y) + z(x + y) = (x + y)(4 + z).
gamoviyeneT: dajgufebis xerxi, saerTo mamravlis frCxilebs gareT gatanis xe-
rxi.
13 d) 5n2–10n + n + z
_ ra xerxi gamoviyenoT? (dajgufebis xerxi)
5n2–10n + n + z = (5n2–10n) + (n + z) = 5n(n–2) + (n + z).
_ ra erTwevrs dawerT z-is nacvlad, rom saerTo mamravli miviRoT? (z = –2).
5n(n–2) + (n–2) = (n–2)(5n + 1).
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pasuxi: z = –2.
151
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
14 4 a2 – 9 b2=( 2 a)2–( 3 b)2=( 2 a– 3 b)( 2 a+ 3 b).
15 a) _ Tu raime naturalur ricxvs n-iT aRvniSnavT, ra saxiT Caiwereba misi

momdevno? (n + 1).
_ pirobis Tanaxmad, ra toloba daiwereba? ((n + 1)2–n2).
gavamartivoT miRebuli gamosaxuleba.
n2 + 2n + 1–n2 = 2n + 1 = (n + 1) + n.
aq gavdivarT standartis Sedegebze; verbalurad aRwerili situaciis algebru-
li gamosaxulebiT Cawera da misi gamoyenebiT dasmuli amocanis amoxsna (maT. sab.
4, 5, 7, 8).
b) (2n + 2)2–(2n)2 = (2n + 2–2n)(2n + 2 + 2n) = 2⋅(2n + 2 + 2n).
g) n(n + 2) = n2 + 2n
(n + 1)2 = n2 + 2n + 1
n(n + 2) = (n2 + 2n + 1)–1.
16 T) 48⋅52 = (50–2)(50 + 2) = 2500–4 = 2496.
17 d) (11a + x)(11a–x) = 121a2–0,04b2
x = ?
(11a + x)(11a–x) = 121a2–x2
0,04b2 = (0,2b)2.
Tu x-is nacvlad CavwerT 0,2b-s miviRebT swor tolobas. magram ar dagvaviwydes
SeniSvna: x-is nacvlad –0,2b-s CasmiTac miiReba swori toloba.
3
n2–2mn+m2 = (n–m)2 = (m–n)2 = m–n , Tu m–n = 3 , gveqneba: 4 = 1 ⋅ 3 = 1 .
20 g) 3m–3n 3(m–n) 3(m–n) 3 4 3 3 4 4
mamravlebad daSlis xerxis gamoyenebiT, gavamartiveT gamosaxuleba da vipoveT
misi mniSvneloba cvladTa miTiTebuli mniSvnelobisTvis (standartis Sedegi, maT.
sab. 4).
22 g) 2x2 + xy–y2 = 2x2 + 2xy–xy–y2 = 2x(x + y)–y(x + y) = (x + y)(2x–y).
es kompleqsuri davalebac klasSi erToblivad ganvixiloT. aq damxmare SekiTx-

vebi SeiZleba aseTi iyos:
_ ra xerxis gamoyeneba SeiZleba? aqvs samive erTwevrs erTi da igive mamravli?
_ ra saerTo mamravli aqvs pirvel or erTwevrs?
_ SevecadoT Sua erTwevri ori erTwevris jamad warmovadginoT ise, rom Sesa-
Zlebeli iyos dajgufebis xerxis gamoyeneba.
skafoldingis meTodiT erTi davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg, SeiZleba moswav-
leebma damoukideblad ganixilon a) da b) amocanebi. amasTanave, analogiuri amocana
ganxilulia `saSinao skolis~ gakveTilze, romelic moswavleebs am droisaTvis ukve
mosmenili eqnebaT. SeiZleba daviwyoT im amocanis ganxilviT:
x2 + 9x + 20 = x2 + 4x + 5x + 20 = x(x + 4) + 5(x + 4) = (x + 4)(x + 5).
23 amocanebis amosaxsnelad viyenebT formulas a2–b2 = (a + b)(a–b).
24 aq vsargeblobT saxelmZRvaneloSive arsebuli miTiTebiT.
152
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25 d) m–m2–n + n2 = m(1–m)–n(1–n).
Tu moswavle aRniSnuli xerxiT daiwyebs amocanis amoxsnas, winaaRmdegobas
waawydeba. Cveni `maSveli rgoli~ Semdegi miTiTebaa:
_ iqneb sxvagvari dajgufeba vcadoT?
m–m2–n + n2 = m–n–m2 + n2 = (m–n)–(m2–n2) = (m–n)–(m + n)(m–n) = (m–n)(1–m–n).
`saSinao~ testebis pasuxebi:
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 2 3 2 2 4
miTiTebebi `saSinaos~ zogierTi amocanis amosaxsnelad.
9 d) 3c(a–b)–a + b = 3c(a–b)–(a–b) = (a–b)(3c–1).
11 d) ax2 + a2x–ax = ax(x + a–1).
12 d) a(c–1) + b(1–c)–(1–c) = a(c–1)–b(c–1) + (c–1) = (c–1)(a–b + 1).
14 d) 16–x4 = 42–(x2)2 = (4–x2)(4 + x2) = (2–x)(2 + x)(4 + x2).
16 d) 5x3 + 40 = 5(x3 + 8) = 5(x3 + 23) = 5(x + 2)(x2–2x + 4).
aq sxvadasxva codnaTa kompleqsuri gamoyenebaa: frCxilebs gareT gatana,

a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2–ab + b2) formulis gamoyeneba.
17 g) x–y + x2–y2 = (x–y) + (x–y)(x + y) = (x–y)(1 + x + y).
e) b2–bc–a2 + ac = b(b–c)–a(a–c).
am gziT mizans ver mivaRwieT.
amitom dajgufebis wesi SevcvaloT:
b2–a2–bc + ac = (b–a)(b + a)–c(b–a) = (b–a)(b + a–c).
analogiuri msjeloba gamoyenebuli iyo erT-erTi saklaso amocanis amoxsnis
dros.
18 d) 4 12 ⋅5 12 = (5– 12 )(5+ 12 )=25 – 14 =24 34 .
19 v) (a + 3b)2–(3a + b)2 = (a + 3b + 3a + b)(a + 3b–3a–b) = (4a + 4b)(–2a + 2b) =
=4(a + b)2(b–a) = 8(a + b)(b–a).
20 d) 4(m–2n)2–m2 + 4n2 = 4(m–2n)2–(m2–4n2) = 4(m–2n)2–(m + 2n)(m–2n) =
= (m–2n)(4(m–2n)–(m + 2n)) = (m–2n)(4m–8n–m–2n) = (m–2n)(3m–10n).
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me-80 da 81-e gakveTilebi
Tema: cvladiani gamosaxuleba da misi mniSvneloba; naturalurmaCvenebliani

xarisxis Tvisebebi; moqmedebebi erTwevrebsa da mravalwevrebze; Semoklebuli gam-
ravlebis formulebi da maTi gamoyeneba.
mizani da Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavleTa mier masalis aTvisebis xarisxis
Semowmeba da, saWiroebisamebr, saswavlo gegmis koreqcia.
moswavlem unda SeZlos verbalurad aRwerili situaciis algebruli gamosax-
ulebis saxiT Cawera (maT. sab. 4, 5, 7, 8), algebruli gamosaxulebis gamartiveba da
ricxviTi mniSvnelobis gamoTvla (maT. sab. 4).
amocanebis nimuSebi
1. ipoveT 2x2–0,5x gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba, Tu x = –0,2.

a) 0,02 b) 1,8 g) 0,92 d) 0,18.
2n
2. ipoveT m-isa da n-is im mniSvnelobaTa jami, romelTaTvisac ara aqvs azri m–4
3m gamosaxulebebs.
da 2n+5
a) 4 b) –2,5 g) 6,5 d) 1,5.
3. ra gamosaxuleba unda CavsvaT t-s nacvlad t⋅0,7xyz = –3,5x3yz2 gamosaxulebaSi, rom
miviRoT WeSmariti toloba?
a) 5x2yz b) – 0,5x2z g) –5x2z d) 0,5x2yz.
4. 1632⋅8
3 4
2 =
a) 2
14
b) 49 g) 218 d) 412.
5. CawereT namravli mravalwevris saxiT da gaamartiveT gamosaxuleba:
(3a2 + 2a)⋅(1–3a).
6. SearCieT k ise, rom a2 + ka + 81b2 gamosaxuleba Caiweros sxvaobis kvadratis
saxiT.
7. gaamartiveT gamosaxuleba: 4(m–5)(5 + m)–2(m + 3)2.
8. daSaleT mamravlebad: 5(m2–n2)–a(n–m).
1 2 3 4
d d g aA
5. –9a3–3a2 + 2a. 6. k = –18b. 7. 2m2–12m–118. 8. (m–n)(5 + a).
154
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Sefasebis rubrika
pirveli oTxi amocanidan TiToeulis swori pasuxi Sefasdeba 1 quliT.

5. amocanis amoxsna ori etapisgan Sedgeba _ mravalwevris mravalwevrze gamrav-
leba da Semdeg gamartiveba. Tu gamravlebisas miRebuli oTxi erTwevridan sworadaa
Cawerili mxolod ori an sami _ Sefasebaa 0,5 qula; Tu sworadaa Cawerili oTxive
erTwevri _ Sefasebaa 1 qula; Tu sworad Sesrulda gamartivebac, maSin amoxsna
Sefasdeba maqsimaluri 1,5 quliT.
6. swori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi Sefasebaa 1 qula, xolo niSnis an koeficientis
xarvezis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, 18b an –9b) SeiZleba daiweros 0,5 qula.
me-7 amocanaSi gamovyoT sami etapi _ Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebis
gamoyeneba (0,5 q + 0,5 q), gamravlebis ganrigebadobis Tvisebis gamoyeneba (0,5q). amave
Sedegis miReba Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebis gareSe aseve 1,5 quliT Sefas-
des. miRebuli gamosaxulebis gamartiveba (0,5 q) _ maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 2 qula.
SevniSnoT, rom yoveli etapis Sefaseba damoukidebulia wina etapisgan _ magaliT-
ad, Tu moswavlem dawera, rom –2(m + 3)2 = –2(m2 + 9) = –2m2–18, maSin is ar miiRebs jamis
kvadratis formulis gamoyenebis 0,5 qulas, magram Sefasdeba ganrigebadobis Tvise-
bis sworad gamoyenebisTvis.
me-8 amocanis davalebis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 1,5 qula; aqac SeiZleba naxe-
varquliani sqemis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, kvadratebis sxvaobis daSla mamravlebad
0,5 quliT SeiZleba Sefasdes. miRebuli gamosaxulebis 5(m + n)(m–n) + a(m–n) saxemde
miyvana _ kidev 0,5 qula. namravlis saxiT Cawera _ kidev 0,5 qula.
Sedegebis Sejamebisas misaqcevia yuradReba Tu ra tipis Secdomebia daSvebuli

yvelaze xSirad _ msgavsi davalebebi momdevno ramdenime saSinao davalebaSi Car-
TeT damatebiTi savarjiSoebis saxiT. Tu romelime moswavlis Sedegi mniSvnelovnad
CamorCeba Tanaklaselebis saSualo Sedegs, maSin mas SeiZleba mieces diferencire-
buli saSinao davaleba, romlis winaswari garCeva klasSi sxva moswavleebis aqtiuri
CarTviT Catardes.
weris momdevno gakveTili dauTmeT Sedegebis detalur garCevas; moswavleTa aq-

tiuri monawileobiT SeajameT gamovlenili xarvezebis gamomwvevi mizezebi; erTad
SeimuSaveT problemebis aRmofxvris gzebi.
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4.2. gantoleba. gantolebis fesvi.
am Tavis Sesabamisi aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 82-e _ 84-e gakveTilebi

sakiTxebi: gantoleba. gantolebis fesvi _ gantolebis amoxsna. tolfasi gan-
tolebebi.
winare codna: cvladi. cvladiani gamosaxuleba. igiveoba. igivurad toli gamo-
saxulebebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos verbalurad aRwerili situa-
ciis formulis (gamosaxulebaTa tolobis) saxiT Cawera (maT. sab. 4, 5, 7, 8).
sakvanZo SekiTxvebi: rogor mexmareba `gawonasworebis~ idea mocemuli ganto-
lebidan misi tolfasis miRebaSi? ra gansxvavebaa igiveobasa da gantolebas Soris?
winare codnis gaaqtiureba mimdinareobs cvladis, igiveobis, igivuri gardaqmnis
cnebebis aRweriTa da Sesabamisi magaliTebis dasaxelebiT; winadadeba: n nebismieri
naturaluri ricxvia, niSnavs, rom n SeiZleba iyos naturaluri ricxvTa simravlis
nebismieri elementi. aq n cvladia, romelic naturalur ricxvTa simravlis nebisme-
ri elementi SeiZleba iyos. cvladis Semcveli toloba igiveobaa, Tu igi WeSmaritia
cvladis nebismieri mniSvnelobisTvis (cvladis mocemis simravlidan). mivmarTavT
moswavleebs:
_ daasaxeleT igiveobebis magaliTebi.
moswavleebma SeiZleba, magaliTad, Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebi daasa-
xelon; SeiZleba dasaxeleba im tolobebis, romlebic moqmedebaTa Tvisebebs aRwers;
magaliTad, tolobebi: a + b = b + a, a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c, ab = ba, a(b + c) = ab + ac da a. S.
_ ra SemTxvevaSia igivurad toli ori gamosaxuleba?
_ ras niSnavs gamosaxulebis igivi gardaqmna?
moswavleebs SevaxsenebT im SemTxvevebs, roca tolobis niSania dawerili or

ricxviT gamosaxulebas (or ricxvs) Soris.
yoveli aseTi toloba (ricxviTi toloba) SeiZleba ar iyos WeSmariti, an Sei-
Zleba iyos WeSmariti. SeiZleba mogviwios moqmedebebis Catareba, rom davrwmundeT,
tolobis orive mxareSi erTi da igive ricxvi weria, Tu sxvadasxva ricxvebs Soris
aris dawerili tolobis niSani. pirvel SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs `swori toloba~, meo-
re SemTxvevaSi _ àraswori toloba~ (araswori ricxviTi toloba). igiveoba aris
cvladis (cvladebis) Semcveli ori gamosaxulebis toloba, romelic WeSmaritia
masSi Semavali cvladebis nebismieri mniSvnelobisTvis (me-7 klasSi sakmarisad
migvaCnia aseTi gansazRvrebiT Semofargvla). pedagogebs ki moexsenebaT, rom, maga
liTad, f(x) = g(x) aris igiveoba, Tu f(x)-is da g(x)-is gansazRvris areebi erTmaneTs
emTxveva da am aredan aRebuli nebismieri x-isTvis miiReba WeSmariti ricxviTi
toloba.
or gamosaxulebas igivurad toli gamosaxulebebi ewodeba, Tu maTi mniSvnelo-
bebi cvladebis nebismieri mniSvnelobebisTvis tolia.
156
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ra aris gantoleba? ra gansxvavebaa igiveobasa da gantolebas Soris? gantole-
bac xom cvladis (cvladebis) Semcveli tolobaa? am sakvanZo kiTxvebze pasuxi kar-
gad aris aRwerili saxelmZRvanelos Sesabamisi paragrafis pirvel winadadebebSi.
roca vambobT, rom cvladis (cvladebis) Semcveli ori gamosaxulebis moce-
muli toloba gantolebaa, amiT vafiqsirebT Cvens damokidebulebas am tolo-
bisadmi _ gvainteresebs _ cvladebis ra mniSvnelobebisTvis miiReba swori
(WeSmariti) ricxviTi toloba. maSasadame, am tolobas Tan axlavs amocanis dasma,
vipovoT cvladis (cvladebis) yvela is mniSvneloba, romlebisTvisac WeSmariti
toloba miiReba. magaliTad, Tu (x–1)2 = x2–2x + 1 tolobas ganvixilavT rogorc gan-
tolebas, maSin nebismieri x ricxvi am gantlebis fesvia.
gantolebis Sesaxeb saubrisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT cnobili maTematikosis
andre fuSes saxelmZRvanelo (ix., [39], gv. 62); `gantoleba aris toloba, romelic
jer kidev ar aris WeSmariti, magram iswrafvis rom iyos WeSmariti, Tumca, winaswar
Znelia Tqma, SeiZleba Tu ara amis miRweva~; àmovxsnaT gantoleba _ niSnavs, gan-
vsazRvroT, Tu es SesaZlebelia, masSi Semavali elementebi ise, rom miviRo swori
toloba~.
saxelmZRvaneloSi maTematikuri sizustiT aris aRwerili moqmedebebi, rogorc
Tvisebebi, romlebsac efuZneba gantolebidan misi tolfasis miReba.
SeiZleba SevTavazoT moswavleebs, rom moiZion cnobebi qarTuli maTematikuri
skolis damfuZneblebisa da maT mier maTematikuri terminologiis Seqmnis Sesax-
eb. bevr termins, romlebic maT mieraa SemoRebuli, moswavleebi ukve icnoben. gan-
tolebis garda SeiZleba visaubroT termini `wrfis~ Sesaxeb. TiTqmis yvela enaSi
SenarCunebulia am terminis sawyisi dasaxelebis fuZe, qarTulSi ki gaCnda axali
lamazi termini _ wrfe.
pasuxebi saklaso `testebisTvis~.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 4 2 2 1 3 3
saklasod SeTavazebuli zogierTi amocanis amoxsna.
8 tolfasoba SeiZleba sxvadasxva xerxiT davasabuToT.

1) erTi gantolebidan, tolfasis miRebis wesebis gamoyenebiT, miviRoT meore:
5 + x = 4, gantolebis orive mxares 2 gamovakloT, miviRebT, 3 + x = 2.
2) vipovoT orives fesvi:
pirveli gantolebidan x = –1, meoredan _ x = –1.
9 v) (x–2)(x + 5)(x + 9)(10–x) = 0.
ricxvebis namravli nulia, Tu erTi maTgani mainc nulia. am Tvisebis gamoyenebiT,
fesvebia: x = 2, x = –5, x = –9 da x = 10.
10 a) (x–1)(4–x)(... –2x) = 0.
x = 8-isTvis toloba sworia mxolod maSin, roca nulia mesame Tanamamravli. ma-
Sasadame, gamotovebul adgilze unda eweros 16.
am davalebis amocanebi erToblivi msjelobiT amovxnaT klasSi.
_ aris Tu ara pirveli mamravli nuli, roca x = 8?
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_ aris Tu ara meore mamravli nuli, roca x = 8?
_ risi toli unda iyos mesame mamravli, roca x = 8-s?
_ risi tolia 2x, roca x = 8-s?
11 unda vipovoT tolobis marcxena da marjvena mxareSi mdgomi cvladiani ga-

mosaxulebebis mniSvnelobebi, roca x = 3 (maT. sab. 4).
magaliTad, d) 2x + 6-is mniSvneloba, roca x = 3, aris 12; roca x = 3, maSin |x| = 3;
maSasadame, 2x + 6 = |x| gantolebis fesvi ar aris 3.
12 x(2x + 1)(x + 3)(x–5) = 0.
gantolebis mTeli fesvebia: x = 0, x = –3, x = 5
maTi jami aris 2.
13 amocanaSi 12 -is msgavsad, gvaqvs kompleqsuri davaleba, romelic moiTxovs,

simravleebze moqmedebebis codnas, qvesimravlis cnebis codnas, gantolebis fes-
vebis povnas, Semowmebas _ aris Tu ara mocemuli ricxvi gantolebis fesvi.
A = {0; 1; –1; 2; –2}
am ricxvebidan meore gantolebis fesvebia: –1; 2.
B = {–1; 2}.
14 –1 aris (x–1)(x + 1) = (5–2x)(x + 1) gantolebis fesvi (amocana 13 ); magram es ricxvi

ar aris x–1 = 5–2x gantolebis fesvi.
15 b) |x| = –x. gantolebis fesvia nebismieri aradadebiTi ricxvi (nuli an uaryo-

fiTi ricxvi).
magaliTad, x = 0, x = –3, x = –5.
d) 0⋅(x + 3) = 0
am gantolebis fesvia nebismieri ricxvi.
magaliTad, x = 3, x = 5, x = 7, x = 0, x = – 7.
19 a) x2 = 9 g) |x| = 5
(x–3)(x + 3) = 0 x = 5 da x = –5.
x = 3 da x = –3.
SeiZleba visargebloT ricxviTi wrfiT, vipovoT saTavidan 5 erTeuliT daSore-

buli wertilebis koordinatebi.
20 a) x2 = –1 d) |x| = –16
am gantolebebs, cxadia, fesvi ara aqvs.
22 a) x = 1, 2, 3.
b) nebismieri sami ricxvi; magaliTad, x = 0, 1, 2.
g) sakmarisia SevarCioT ricxvi, romlisTvisac 1–3x uaryofiTia, magaliTad, x = 2,
x = 3, x = 5.
d) gantolebas fesvi ara aqvs _ 0-is namravli nebismier ricxvze 0-ia.
moisazre. am rubrikiT warmodgenili amocanebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT meore gak-

veTilze maRali mzaobis moswavleebisTvis. am dros im moswavleebTan, romlebsac
saSinao davalebis Sesrulebisas problemebi SeeqmnaT, individualurad vmuSaobT.
158
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mocemuli gantolebis fesvebia mxolod x = 2 da x = –1/3. unda SevarCioT is gan-
toleba, romlis fesvebi mxolod es ori ricxvia. aseTia gantolebebi: g), e), v), z),
T), i).
gasaTvaliswinebulia: namravli nulia, roca erTi Tanamamravli mainc nulia.
|x| + 1, |x–2| + 0,1, |–x| + 1, x2 + 1 gamosaxulebebis mniSvnelobebi nebismieri x-isTvis dade-
biTi ricxvebia.
`saSinao testebis~ pasuxebi.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 2 4 2 3 1 1
miTiTebebi:
8 kompleqsuri davalebaa, is moiTxovs modulis codnas, ricxviTi wrfis ga-

moyenebas, racionaluri ricxvebis simravlis klasifikacias.
pirvel striqonSi mocemuli simravlis dadebiTi elementebi da nuli unda Cavw-
eroT, meore striqonSi _ uaryofiTi ricxvebi da nuli, orive striqonSi iqneba
nuli, sxva saerTo elementi am striqonebs ar SeiZleba hqondes.
10moswavleebs mouwevT cvladiani gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobis povna, an gan-

tolebebis amoxsna.
11 - 13 analogiuri amocanebi klasSi amoixsna; namravli nulis tolia, Tu

erT-erTi Tanamamravli mainc nulia.
14 am davalebis Sesrulebisas moswavles moeTxoveba simravluri cnebebis

(qvesimravle, TanakveTa) da gantolebis amoxsnis codnis kompleqsuri gamoyeneba.
A = {0; 1; –2}, B = A∩N = {1}.
16 a) x2–4 = 0
(x + 2)(x–2) = 0. miviReT gantoleba, romlis analogiuri amoxsnili gvaqvs.
a) x2 = –2, gantolebas fesvi ara aqvs

17
b) |x| = 0, x = 0
g) x2 = 2x
x2–2x = 0
x(x–2) = 0, gatolebas aqvs ori fesvi.
d) |x| = –5 gantolebas fesvi ara aqvs.
18 mocemuli gantolebidan SeiZleba miviRoT misi tolfasi gantoleba, rome-
lic daemTxveva CamoTvlilTagan erT-erTs.
4–2x = 15, misi tolfasia 2x = –15 + 4 da –2x = –4 + 15.
pasuxi: b) da g).
saSinao davalebis amocanebTan erTad moswavleebs vavalebT Seasrulon TviTS-

efasebis testi.
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84-e gakveTili
sakiTxebi: gantoleba. gantolebis fesvi. gantolebis amoxsna. tolfasi ganto-

lebebi, Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebi.
winare codna: naturalurmaCvenebeliani xarisxi, naturalurmaCvenebliani xa-
risxis Tvisebebi.
mizani: gavlili masalis gameoreba da gaRrmaveba, TviTSefasebis testis Sesru-
lebis analizi.
gakveTils viwyebT saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT. igulisxmeba TviTSefasebis

testis Sesrulebis Semowmebac. moswavleebs, romlebsac problemebi SeeqmnaT tes-
tis Sesrulebisas calke vajgufebT, danarCenebs vavalebT `moisazres~ amocanebze
muSaobas. Semdeg mimdinareobs Sesrulebuli samuSaos erToblivi ganxilva. maswav
lebels eZleva ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis ganxorcielebis saSualeba.
SeamowmeT Tqveni codna
1-5 moiTxovs Semoklebuli gamravlebis formulebis gamoyenebas.

6. warmovadgenT amoxsnis erT-erT variants, romelsac vasrulebT mravalwev-
rebze moqmedebebiT: 6a + 2b = 2(3a + b). ori mezobeli gverdis jami aris 3a + b,^ maSin
x = 3a + b–(2a–b) = a + 2b.
7-11 Semoklebuli gamravlebebis formulebis gamoyeneba, mravalwevris daSla
mamravlebad.
12. Tu 2x(x + m) = 0 da 2x(x + 5) = 0 tolfasi gantolebebia, maSin m = 5.
13. mxolod nulis modulia 0-is toli. 2x–5 = 0, 2x = 5, x = 2,5.
14. x2–25 = 0, (x–5)(x + 5) = 0, gantolebas ori fesvi aqvs.
15. x2–4x + 4 = 0
(x–2)2 = 0
x = 2.
moisazre
1
viyenebT naturalurmaCvenebeliani xarisxis Tvisebebs, mravalwevrebze moq-
medebebs (viciT ricxvis nuli xarisxic).
radgan k + 1 = (k–1) + 2, amitom 3k + 1 = 3(k–1) + 2 = 3k–1⋅32,
3k–1⋅9 + 3k–1 + 40 = 3k–1(9 + 1) + 40 = 10⋅3k–1 + 40 = 10(3k–1 + 4);
aq k nebismieri naturaluri ricxvia, Tu k = 1, miviRebT: 30 = 1, 10⋅5 = 50.
2 (m + 1)x = 6; Tu x naturaluri ricxvia, maSin m + 1 naturaluri ricxvi unda iyos

6-is gamyofi, m + 1 = 1, m + 1 = 2, m + 1 = 3, m + 1 = 6. aqedan m = 0, m = 1, m = 2, m = 5.
m-is naturaluri mniSvnelobebia: 1, 2, 5.
n–1 mTelia, 4 iyofa (n–1)-ze, n–1 = –1, n = 0; n–1 = 1, n = 2;

3
n–1 = 2, n = 3; n–1 = –2, n = –1; n–1 = 4, n = 5; n–1 = –4, n = –3.
160
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4 x2–y2 = 3,
(x–y)(x + y) = 3. cxadia, x metia y-ze; x–y da x + y naturaluri ricxvebis namravli
3-ia, amasTanave x–y<x + y.
amrigad, x– y = 1 da x + y = 3.
advilad vipoviT or naturalur ricxvs, romelTa sxvaoba aris 1, jami _ 3. es
ricxvebia 2 da 1.
5 x2–y2 = 3, (x–y)(x + y) = 3.
aq saWiroa Catardes wina amocanaSi moyvanil msjelobasTan erTad damatebiTi
msjeloba da sxva ricxviT wyvilebsac miviRebT.
x–y da x + y ricxvebidan orive SeiZleba uaryofiTi ricxvi iyos;
x–y = –1, x + y = –3. (x–y)-sa da (x+y)-is jami aris 2x = –4, x = –2, y = –1.
Tu x–y = –3 da x + y = –1, maSin 2x = –4
x = –2, y = 1.
Tu x–y = 3 da x + y = 1, maSin 2x = 4
x = 2 da y = –1.
pasuxi: 2 da 1; –2 da –1; –2 da 1; 2 da –1.
4.3. wrfivi erTucnobiani gantoleba
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebis ganxilvas, Semajamebel werasa da misi Se-

degebis ganxilvas eTmoba 85-e _ 90-e gakveTilebi

sakiTxebi: wrfivi erTucnobiani gantoleba, wrfivi erTucnobiani gantolebis
amoxsnis SemTxvevebi.
winare codna: gantoleba. gantolebis tolfasi gantoleba, gantolebis fesvi.
ciis gantolebis saxiT Cawera (maT. sab. 4, 5, 6, 7); gamosaxulebis gamartiveba da misi
mniSvnelobis povna cvladTa sxvadasxva mniSvnelobisTvis.
winare codnis gaaqtiureba da axali codnis konstruirebisaTvis xelSemwyobi
pirobebis Seqmna mimdinareobs gantolebasTan dakavSirebuli cnebebis Sesaxeb kiTx-
vebis dasmiTa da moswavleTa mier am kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemis, am pasuxebis er-
Toblivi ganxilviT.
_ ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom gvaqvs gantoleba x-is mimarT?
_ daasaxeleT raime gantolebis magaliTi.
_ ras ewodeba gantolebis fesvi? SeiZleba Tu ara, rom gantolebas ar hqon-
des fesvi? hqondes erTi fesvi? hqondes ori fesvi? orze meti fesvi? moiyvaneT
magaliTebi.
don’t copy 161

_ ra gansxvavebaa igiveobasa da gantolebas Soris?
Tu romelime kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema moswavleebs gauWirdebaT, daexmareT maT,
gamoiyeneT skafoldingis meTodi _ miawodeT maSveli `xaraCo~.
pasuxebis Sedegebis mixedviT aRvniSnavT moswavleTa monawileobisa da pasuxebis
Sesaxeb, vaxorcielebT ganmaviTarebel Sefasebas.
es procesi 10-15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs. Semdeg vacxadebT axali ga-
kveTilis Temas:
_ dRes Cven calke gamovyofT im gantolebebs, romlebic tolfasia ax = b saxis
gantolebis, romelSic a da b raime ricxvebia, x ucnobia. ganvixiloT magaliTebi.
SeiZleba moviSvelioT saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili magaliTebi. sasurvelia,
Tu am magaliTebs dafasTan TviTon moswavleebi gaarCeven, Sejamebac SeiZleba maT
davavaloT. klasSi Sesasrulebeli davalebebidan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mi-
aqcieT amocanebs, romelTa amoxsna moiTxovs, `verbalurad aRwerili situaciis~
gantolebis saxiT Caweras, Semdeg _ gantolebis amoxsnas ( 3 , 13 , 14 , 15 ).
`testebis~ garCevis win moswavleebi sakontrolo kiTxvebze pasuxoben _ kidev
erTxel vajamebT gakveTilze ganxilul sakiTxs.
pasuxebi klasSi Sesasrulebel `testebze~:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 3 2 4 3 3 2 2
klasSi amosaxsneli zogierTi amocanis amoxsna
13 d) 78–10x = 3x
1
14 d) a(– 5 ) = 5
13x = 78 a = –25.
=
x 6. (x-is nacvlad CavsviT – 15 ).
17 g) 40(1,1x–3) = 8(5,5x–15)
5(1,1x–3) = 5,5x–15
5,5x–15 = 5,5x–15.
nebismieri ricxvi gantolebis fesvia.
y 4
19 g) 4 – 5 = 5 .
x x
20 d) 2 – 3 = 4 + 3
– 5y = 45 – 4 x x

2 – 4 = 3 + 3
– 5y = –16
5
x
4 = 6
y = 16. x = 24.

pirvel gakveTilze SeiZleba ganvixiloT 1 - 11 amocanebi, meoreze _ 12 - 20 .
162
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saSinaos `testebis~ pasuxebi:
1 2 3 4 5 6
4 3 4 2 3 2
mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom 3

- 6 `testebSi~ wignSi dasaxelebuli debule-
bebis Sebrunebuli debulebebi gamoiyeneba. adre aRniSnuli iyo:
Tu a≠0, maSin ax = b-s erTaderTi fesvi aqvs;
Tu a = 0, b≠0, ax = b-s ara aqvs fesvi;
Tu a = 0, b = 0, maSin ax = b-s Uuamravi fesvi aqvs.
aqedan Cans, rom yvela Sebrunebuli debulebac sworia:
Tu ax = b-s erTaderTi fesvi aqvs, maSin a≠0,
Tu ax = b-s uamravi fesvi aqvs, maSin a = 0, b = 0.
Tu ax = b-s ara aqvs fesvi, maSin a = 0, b≠0.
(Tu yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevisTvis pirdapiri Teoremebi sworia, maSin yvela
Sebrunebulic sworia).
marTlac, SeiZleba vimsjeloT TiToeuli SemTxvevis sisworeze. magaliTad,
vTqvaT, ax = b-s erTaderTi fesvi aqvs, magram a = 0; maSin Tu b = 0, gveqneba uamravi
amonaxsni; Tu b≠0, maSin amonaxsni ara aqvs. orive Sedegi ewinaaRmdegeba pirobas.
sasurvelia, am sakiTxs davuTmoT dro saSinao davalebis Semowmebis dros, gasaT-
valiswinebelia standartis maT. sab. 9 SedegSi Camoyalibebuli moTxovna _ mos-
wavlem unda SeZlos amocanis amoxsnis Semdeg miRebuli Sedegis kritikuli Se-
faseba amocanis konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. aq Semdeg Sedegzec `gavdivarT~ _
amocanis monacemebisa da saZiebeli sidideebis gaazreba-gamijvna (maT. sab. 7).
amitom, meore gakveTilze saSinao davalebis mxolod am amocanebs gavarCevT
da Semdegi gakveTilisTvis moswavleebs vavalebT 7 - 15 amo-
canebis Sesrulebas. maTgan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mniSvnelo-
vania 14 , 15 amocanebi.
14 a) –3x = –3 –3x = 0 –3x = –1 b) 5x–6 = –6

5x–6 = 0 5x–6 = –17
x = 1 x = 0 x = 13 . x = 0 x = 65 x = – 11
5.
a) 3y + 4 = 3–2y
15 d) 15–3x = 2x + 3–2 e) 8x–3 = 4–2x + 10
3y + 2y = 3–4 –3x–2x = 1–15 10x = 3 + 14
15 17
5y = –1 –5x = –14 10x = 17
y = – 15 x = 14
5 x = 1,7.
Sokol. vanil.
x = 2,8
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87-e gakveTili

winare codna: kuTxe, kuTxeTa klasifikacia, moqmedebebi simravleebze, simra-
vluri cnebebis gamoyeneba. gantoleba, wrfivi erTucnobiani gantoleba.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem SeZlos verbalurad aRwerili situaciis
gantolebis saxiT Cawera, gantolebis amoxsna (maT. sab. 4, 5, 7, 8). amocanebis ganxil-
visas hipoTezebis Camoyalileba, maTi marTebulobis dadgena, an uaryofa.
gakveTils viwyebT saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT. SegviZlia SevafasoT zemoT

moxseniebuli Sedegis miRwevis donec. amaSi karg daxmarebas gviwevs 14 , 15
amocanebis amoxsnebis Sesruleba. saSinao davalebis Semowmebis Semdeg gveqmneba
warmodgena moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. im moswavleebs, romlebsac eqmne-
boda problemebi TemasTan dakavSirebuli amocanebis amoxsnisas, vajgufebT erTad
da vaZlevT SedarebiT advil amocanebs damatebiTi amocanebidan ( 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ,
12 , 17 , 18 , 22 ). danarCenebi, SedarebiT maRali mzaobis moswavleebi, muSaoben
`moisazres~ rubrikiT warmodgenil amocanebze, Sedegebs klass moaxseneben, SeiZle-
ba saWiro gaxdes Cveni daxmarebac. zogierTi amocana kompleqsuri davalebaa da
sxvadasxva codnis integrirebul gamoyenebas moiTxovs.
moisazre:
1
Tu raime ricxvis mecxredi udris meore ricxvis meSvideds, maSin, cxadia,
pirveli ricxvi metia meoreze. moswavleebs SeuZliaT es debuleba konkretul mag-
aliTebzec Seamowmon.
2SeiZleba. magaliTad, Tu erTi wertilidan gavlebuli 3 sxivi sibrtyes 3

tol kuTxed yofs, maSin TiToeuli kuTxe blagvia da TiToeulis zoma 1200-ia.
axla Tu ori sxiviT romelime or kuTxes Suaze gavyofT, miviRebT zustad oTx
maxvil kuTxes, yvela danarCeni kuTxe iqneba blagvi.
3SeiZleba. sakmarisia Toki Suaze orjer gadavkecoT. 23 m= 200

3 sm. miRebuli
oTxi nawilidan samis sigrZeTa jami 50 sm-ia: 200 2
3 ⋅ 3 =50 (sm).
4gamoviyenoT venis diagrama.
15+17–24=8
SeiZleba asec imsjelon: ramdenma ar iyida Sokoladis nayini? (24–15 = 9). vanilis
nayinis 17 myidvelidan 9-m iyida mxo
lod vanilis, darCenilma 17–9=8 moswavlem _
orive.
5a) pirobis Tanaxmad, 4 moswavles ar miurTmevia Rvezeli, 7-s _ wveni, 9-s _

30x
namcxvari; b) erTi mainc gamotova araumetes 4+7+9=20-ma moswavlem; g) aseTi mos-
wavle SeiZleba ar aRmoCeniliyo, pasuxia 0.
Semdegi gakveTilisTvis moswavleebs saSinao davalebad SeurCevT amocanebs Sema-

jamebeli amocanebidan da TviTSefasebis tests Sesasruleblad. Semajamebel 1 - 11
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amocanebs gamoviyenebT klasSi SedarebiT dabali mzaobis moswavleebTan muSaobis
164
dros. aqac SeiZleba davalebis Semcireba da im amocanebze meti yuradRebis gamax-
vileba, romlebic Tqveni moswavleebisTvis ufro aqtualurad migaCniaT.
88-e gakveTili

sakiTxebi: gamosaxulebaTa gamartiveba, wrfivi gantolebis amoxsna, wrfivi gan-
tolebis gamoyeneba amocanebis amoxsnisas.
winare codna: mravalwevrebze moqmedebebi, wrfivi gantolebis amoxsna.
mizani da Sefasebis indikatorebi: gavlili masalis gameoreba, codnis ganmt-
kiceba. moswavlem SeZlos verbalurad aRwerili situaciis gantolebis saxiT Cawera
da gantolebis amoxsna (maT. sab. 4, 5,^7, 8).
gakveTilze mimdinareobs miRebuli codnis ganmtkiceba, sakiTxebis ganxilva

yvela kuTxiT da sirRmiseulad. SerCeuli amocanebi aris ganmamtkicebel-ganmavi-
Tarebeli. mimdinareobs TviTSefasebis testis Sesrulebis analizi.
miTiTebebi TviTSefasebis testis zogierT amocanaze
7 3x + 4 = 2x⋅2
4x–3x = 4
x = 4.
8 (k + 1)x = k(k + 1) gantolebas aqvs uamravi amonaxsni, roca k = –1.
vemzadebiT Semajamebeli werisTvis, romelic Semdegi gakveTilisTvis aris dageg-

mili. SeTavazebuli amocanebi saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs, ganixilon sakiTxebi
sxvadasxva kuTxiT, daukavSiron isini winare codnas, ganazogadon mopovebuli cod-
na, an saWiroebisamebr gamoiyenon konkretul situaciebSi. ganmamtkicebeli savar-
jiSoebi saSualebas iZleva, maTematikuri saswavlo Sinaarsi gadanawildes Teoriu-
li teqstebidan amocanebze. Semajamebeli amocanebis SesrulebiT saswavlo masalis
gaazrebuli aTvisebis SemowmebasTan erTad mimdinareobs standartis Sedegebsa da
indikatorebSi asaxuli unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis Semowmebac. Aaq mniSvnelovania
gantolebebis gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebi, aRwerili situaciebis formulebiT Caweris
unarebis ganviTareba.
miTiTebebi Semajamebeli amocanebis amosaxsnelad
1 d) (m + 2n)2–m2 + 4n2 = (m + 2n)2–(m2–4n2) = (m + 2n)2–(m + 2n)(m–2n) =
= (m + 2n)(m + 2n–m + 2n) = (m + 2n)⋅4n.
v) x = x–7, x–x = –7, 0 = –7.

2 3 (k + 1)⋅4,8 = –24
gantolebas ara aqvs fesvi. k + 1 = –5
k = –6.
4 vamowmebT, aris Tu ara –4 mocemul gantolebaTa fesvi.
d) 2(–4)2–4(–4)–16=2⋅16+16–16=32.
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ar aris fesvi.
165
1 - 4
amocanebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba SedarebiT dabali mzaobis moswavleebTan
codnaSi arsebuli xarvezebis gamosasworeblad.
5
moiTxovs gantolebis amoxsnisa da simravleebze moqmedebebis codnas.
Tu A aris pirveli gantolebis fesvebis simravle, B _ meore gantolebis, maSin
A = {– 12 ; 17 ; 6}, B = { 12 ; 17 ; – 12 }.
A∪B = {– 12 ; 12 ; 17 ; 6}, A∩B = {– 12 ; 17 }.
6 - 10 amocanebis amoxsniT `gavdivarT~ gakveTilze dasaxuli miznebis ganxor-

cielebis daskvniT etapze.
6 2a–1 = 4a–13
2a = 12
a = 6.
7 a) 5a–1 = 4a–13–12 8 (b–2)(b + 2)x = b + 2
a = –24. a) b = –2 b) b = 2 g) b≠2, b≠–2.
b) 3(–5a + 1) = –3a + 2 9 es gantoleba ase gadavweroT:

–15a + 3 = –3a + 2 ax(1–a) = 4(a–1)
–12a = –1 a) a≠0, a≠1 b) a = 1 g) a = 0.
1 .
a = 12
10 a) x(t + 3) + yt
t + 3 t
b) Tu t = 4, x = 50, y = 55, maSin A B
manZili = 50⋅7+55⋅4 = 350+220 = 570 (km). x km/sT y km/sT
11 g) 5n–1–5n + 1 = 5n–1 – 5n–1 + 2 = 5n–1 – 5n–1⋅52 = 5n–1(1 – 52) = –24⋅5n–1.
d) 7n + 1 + 7n + 7 = 7n⋅7 + 7n–1⋅7 + 7 = 7(7n + 7n–1 + 1).
12 a) n2 + n = n(n + 1), radgan n da n + 1 Tanamamravlebi momdevno naturaluri ricx-

vebia, amitom erT-erTi iyofa 2-ze, namravlic gaiyofa 2-ze.
b) 2n + 2n + 1 = 2n + 2n⋅2 = 2n(1 + 2) = 3⋅2n = 3⋅2⋅2n–1 = 6⋅2n–1 _ iyofa 6-ze.
13 v) |x–3| arauaryofiTi ricxvia, amitom |x–3| + 0,01 dadebiTi ricxvia. amrigad ar

arsebobs x ricxvi, romlisTvisac |x–3| + 0,01 = 0.
am davalebis yvela amocanis amoxsnisas moviTxovoT msjelobis Catareba.
14 v) namravli nulia, Tu erT-erTi mamravli mainc nulia.

(|x| + 3)(0,2x – 1) = 0.
|x| + 3 _ dadebiTia,
0,2x – 1 = 0
0,2x = 1
x = 5.
15 (a + 2)(a–1)x = a–1 gantolebas uamravi fesvi aqvs, roca a = 1,
ara aqvs fesvi, roca a = –2,
166
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erTaderTi fesvi aqvs, roca a ≠ –2, a≠1.
16 (k + 2)x = 6 gantolebas x-is mimarT ara aqvs fesvi, roca k = –2. fesvi mTeli
ricxvia, roca 6 iyofa (k + 2)-ze. pirobiT, (k + 2) mTelia, e. i. k + 2 = –1, k + 2 = 1, k + 2 = –2,
k + 2 = 2, k + 2 = 3, k + 2 = –3, k + 2 = 6, k + 2 = –6, am tolobebidan vipoviT k-s yvela saZebn
mniSvnelobas, gantolebis fesvi naturaluri ricxvia, Tu k + 2 naturaluria da 6-is
gamyofia, k + 2 = 1, k + 2 = 2, k + 2 = 3 an k + 2 = 6.
17 gantoleba ase gadavweroT:

x(n–1) = (n + 3)(n + 2)
a) uamravi fesvi arc erTi n-isTvis ara aqvs,
b) ara aqvs fesvi, roca n = 1,
g) erTaderTi fesvi aqvs, roca n≠1.
18 x-iT aRvniSnoT II bankidan gatanili Tanxa (larebSi), maSin I-dan gautania 2,5x
lari, III-dan (2,5x–125) lari.
amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad
x + 2,5x + (2,5x–125) = 835.
19 gamartivebis Semdeg miiReba wrfivi erTucnobiani gantolebebi.
20 x = 18, miviReT gantolebis orive mxaris 2-ze gayofiT, maSasadame gvqonda:

2x = 36.
es gantoleba miviReT, roca orive mxares 10 davumateT, e. i. gvqonda gantoleba:
2x–10 = 36–10.
21 vTqvaT, tatos telefonis yidvamde hqonda x lari, yidvis Semdeg darCeboda

(x–213,15) lari. amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, x–213,15 = 60,25.
89-e gakveTili
Tema: gantoleba. gantolebis fesvi. wrfivi erTucnobiani gantoleba.

mizani da Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavleTa mier masalis aTvisebis donis
Semowmeba-Sefaseba; saswavlo gegmis koreqcia (saWiroebisamebr). moswavlem sworad
aRiqvas gantolebis fesvis, tolfasi gantolebis cnebaTa arsi da SeZlos verbalu-
rad aRwerili situaciis gantolebis saxiT Cawera, gantolebis amoxsna (maT. sab. 4,
5, 7, 8).
amocanebis nimuSebi

1. mocemuli gantolebebidan romels ara aqvs fesvi?
a) |x| + 2 = 11 b) |x + 2|–1 = –1 g) x2 + 7 = 8 d) x2 + 1 = 0.
don’t copy 167

2. mocemuli gantolebebidan romlis fesvia ricxvi 5?
a) (2x–10)(x + 1) = 0 b) x2 = –25 g) x–2 = x2–4 d) 3x = –15.
3. 5x–7 = 8–2x gantolebis tolfasia gantoleba

a) 5x–7 = 8 + 2x b) 2x–8 = 7–5x g) 5x–2x = 8–7 d) 3x = 15.
4. vTqvaT, A aris (3x–6)(x + 1)(x–7) = 0 gantolebis fesvebis simravle. ipoveT A∩N.

a) {2} b) {2; -1; 7} g) {2; 7} d) ∅.

5. ramdeni mTeli fesvi aqvs |4x–5| = 5–4x gantolebas?
a) 1 b) 0 g) uamravi d) 2.
6. cnobilia, rom k⋅x = 3 gantolebas (x-is mimarT) amonaxsni ara aqvs. ipoveT k.
a) k = 0 b) k = –3 g) k = 7 d) aseTi k ar arsebobs.
amoxseniT amocanebi
7. ipoveT x-is is mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac 39–5x gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba

samjer metia 0,5x-is mniSvnelobaze.
8. ipoveT k-s mniSvnelobebi, romlebisTvisac k2x–16x = (k + 5)(k + 4) gantolebas (x-is

mimarT):
a) erTaderTi fesvi aqvs b) ara aqvs fesvi g) uamravi fesvi aqvs.
1 2 3 4 5 6
d a b g g a
7. x = 6. 8. a) k ≠ 4, k ≠ –4;

b) k = 4; g) k = –4.
Sefasebis sqema:

7. Tu amocanis pirobis mixedviT Sedgenilia Sesabamisi gantoleba (39–5x = 3⋅0,5x),
an misi tolfasi gantoleba, Sefasebaa 1 qula; gantolebis amoxsnaSi _ kidev 1
qula. amocanis maqsimaluri Sefaseba 2 qulaa.
8. mocemuli gantolebis miyvana (k2–16)x = (k + 5)(k + 4) saxemde _ 0,5 qula, kiTxveb-
ze swori pasuxebidan TiToeuli Sefasdes kidev 0,5 quliT. maqsimaluri Sefaseba 2
qulaa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom weris ZiriTadi Temaa gantoleba, amocanebi isea SerCeuli,
rom SesaZlebloba gveZleva adre gavlili masalis codnis gaaqtiureba da Semowme-
ba. mniSvnelovania amis gaTvaliswineba Sedegebis analizis dros, roca daSvebuli
Secdomebis gamomwvev mizezebs SevajamebT da Sesabamis RonisZiebebs davgegmavT.
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amiT vaxdenT sayuradRebo ganmaviTrebel Sefasebasac.
168
90-e gakveTili
sakiTxebi: gantoleba, gantolebis fesvi, tolfasi gantolebebi, wrfivi erTuc-

nobiani gantoleba.
mizani: Semajamebeli weris Sedegebis ganxilva, miRebuli codnis ganmtkiceba,
sakiTxebis yovelmxrivi da siRrmiseuli ganxilva.
Semajamebeli weris Sedegebi gviCvenebs moswavleTa momzadebis dones, ra xarve-

zebia moswavleTa codnaSi. gakveTili SeiZleba CavataroT diferencirebuli for-
miT. moswavleTa nawili muSaobs daSvebuli Secdomebis gasworebaze, xsnis amocanebs,
romlebic Semajamebeli weris dros gamoyenebuli amocanebis analogiuria. Sedare-
biT maRali mzaobis moswavleebs ki vTavazobT amocanebs Semajamebeli amocanebidan.
don’t copy 169

V Tavi
amocanebis amoxsnis xerxebi.
koordinatebi da maTi gamoyeneba
IV Tavi masalis integrirebulad gadmocemis maRali xarisxiTa da maTematikis

sxvadasxva nawilis erTianobis ilustrirebiT xasiaTdeba _ simetria Tavisi mra-
valferovani warmodgenebiT, RerZuli simetriisa da paraleluri gadatanis saerTo
da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebiT; algebruli Tanafardobebis geometriuli warmodge-
na; gantolebebisa da utolobebis amoxsnis geometriuli xerxebi; koordinatebis
gamoyenebiT geometriuli gardaqmnebis warmodgena; amocanebis amoxsnis algebru-
li da geometriuli xerxebi; amocanebis amoxsna sinjvis xerxiT, ukusvlis xerxiT,
diagramebisa da cxrilebis gamoyenebiT.
yvela am sakiTxis gadmocemisas gaTvaliswinebulia maTematikis axali standar-
tis moTxovnebi, SemoTavazebuli aqtivobebi xels uwyobs samive mimarTulebiT war-
modgenil SedegebSi asaxuli unarebis Camoyalilebasa da ganviTarebas.
am Tavis Seswavlisas SemoTavazebuli masala, aqtivobebi da maTi dauflebis
strategiebi (iseve, rogorc yvela Tavis SemTxvevaSi) uzrunvelyofs pirobiseu-
li codnis dauflebis problemis gadaWras.
es codnis dauflebis iseTi donea, roca moswavle axerxebs codnis adekva-
turad gamoyenebas, roca mas SeuZlia dasmuli amocanis gadasaWrelad SearCios
amoxsnis strategia da moaxdinos misi realizacia, ar darCes codnis dauflebis
deklaraciul an procedurul doneze, roca codna statiuria, rCeba mxolod
faqtebis codnis doneze an avlens codnis gamoyenebis mxolod potenciur Se-
saZleblobas.
5.1. amocanebis amoxsna gantolebis saSualebiT

winare codna: gantoleba, gantolebis fesvi, wrfivi gantolebis amoxsna.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos: wrfivi gantolebis Sedgena
verbalurad mocemuli amocanis Sesabamisad, gantolebis Sesabamisi amocanis Sedge-
na (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7).
170
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maswavleblebs SevaxsenebT niutonis sityvebs (igi maTematikis saxelmZRvmnelos
avtoric iyo: `... amocanebis amosaxsnelad saWiroa amocanis mSobliuri enidan alge-
brul enaze gadaTargmna~. aseTi gadaTargmnisTvis Semzadebis procesi moswavleebs
gavlili aqvT, roca verbalurad aRweril situaciebs cvladis Semotanis Semdeg
formulis saxiT werdnen.
moswavleebTan saubari SeiZleba daviwyoT paragrafis SesavalSi warmodgeni-
li winadadebebiT, romlebic miuTiTebs, Tu ras niSnavs verbalurad Camoyalibe-
buli amocanis maTematikis enaze Cawera. Tumca, magaliTebis garCevamde SeiZleba
gavimeoroT sakiTxebi, romlebic winadadebebis formulebis saxiT Caweras exeba.
moswavleebs SeiZleba SevaxsenoT 3.1 paragrafSi mocemuli cxrili, romelSic sity-
vieri Canawerebidan gadavdivarT cvladian gamosaxulebaze. 3.5 paragrafi iwyeboda
winadadebiT: davasabuToT, rom nebismieri naturaluri ricxvisa da misi kvadratis
jami luwi ricxvia. amocanis mixedviT SevadgineT cvladiani gamosaxuleba. sityvie-
ri aRweris mixedviT gantolebis SedgeniT ixsneba 3.7 paragrafis 13 , 14 , 15
amocanebic, SeiZleba gavimeoroT am amocanebidan zogierTis amoxsna. analogiuri
amocanebi bevria III Tavis Semajamebel amocanebSi (magaliTad, 16 - 18 ).
zogierTma maswavlebelma SeiZleba ikmaros 4.2 paragrafSi warmodgenili maga-
liTebis ganxilva. SeiZleba am magaliTebis garCeva moswavleebsac ki mivandoT. er-
Toblivi ZalisxmeviT isini daZleven am davalebas. magaliTebis garCevas SeiZleba
mivceT jgufuri muSaobis forma; jgufebis mier Sesrulebuli naSromebis garCevi-
sas gaakeTeT komentarebi, waaxaliseT kargi naSromebis avtorebi. aseTi ndobis ga-
mocxadeba motivacias uzrdis moswavleebs, amaRlebs maT TviTSefasebas. xazi unda
gavusvaT im garemoebas, rom bevri cxovrebiseuli amocana, amocanebi sxva mecniere-
bebidan, gantolebis Sedgenis gamoyenebiT advilad ixsneba. gantoleba sinamdvilis
aRweris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani modelia.
saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli magaliTebis garda SeiZleba moswavleebTan erTad
ganvixiloT amocana, romelic adre gantolebis Sedgenis gamoyenebiT ar iyo amoxs-
nili. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba aseTi martivi amocana ganvixiloT.
or yuTSi 23 vaSlia, pirvel yuTSi 3-iT meti vaSlia, ramdeni vaSlia TiToeulSi?
vmsjelobT, Tu pirveli yuTidan sam vaSls amoviRebT, maSin TiToeul yuTSi
vaSlebis raodenoba toli gaxdeba, xolo oriveSi erTad 20 vaSli aRmoCndeba. maSa-
sadame, erT yuTSi aris 20:2=10 vaSli, meoreSi _ 13.
axla es amocana gantolebis SedgeniT amovxsnaT:
vTqvaT, meore yuTSi x vaSlia, maSin I-Si aris x+3 vaSli, amocanis pirobis Tanax-
mad,
x+(x+3)=23.
SevadgineT gantoleba, saidanac martivad miviRebT: x=10, x+3=13.
Tu am orive gzas ganixilavT, maSin saintereso iqneba moswavleebma Seadaron isi-
ni. es analizi siRrmiseulad warmoaCens, sazogadod, am ori gzis arss.
ganxilul magaliTebSi warmodgenili amocanebic SeiZleba amoixsnas gantolebis
Sedgenis gareSe, magram gantolebis SedgeniT amoxsna zogjer amartivebs amocanis
amoxsnis process.
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magaliTi 3.
I-is siCqare _ 12 km/sT, meoris siCqare _ 15 km/sT. yovel saaTSi meore 3 km-iT
mets gadis. radgan Sexvedrisas aRmoCnda, rom meorem 12 km-iT meti gaiara, amitom
TiToeuls 4 saaTi uvlia. 4 saaTSi I gaivlis 48 km-s, meore _ 60 km-s. mTeli manZili
aris 108 km. aq movaxerxeT da mivageniT amoxsnas gantolebis Sedgenis gareSe. Tumca,
yovelTvis ar aris martivi gantolebis Sedgenis gareSe amocanis amoxsna.
am magaliTebis ganxilvis Semdeg SeiZleba mowavleebTan erTad vimsjeloT sa-
kontrolo kiTxvebze.
am magaliTSi TiToeuli velosipedis moZraobas ukavSirdeba sami sidide: siCqare
(yovel saaTSi gavlili manZilis saxiT), Sexvedramde gavlili manZili (is ucnobia),
Sexvedramde daxarjuli dro (ucnobia). SeiZleba am ukanaskneli sididis aRniSvniT
dagvewyo; vTqvaT, Sexvedramde TiToeulma x saaTi iara, maSin pirveli gaivlida
12x km-s, meore _ 15x kilometrs, amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba davweroT
gantoleba:
15x–12x=12,
3x=12
x=4 (sT) _ Sexvedramde daxarjuli dro.
pirvels gauvlia 48 km, meores _ 60 km. mTeli manZili iqneba 108 km.
gantolebis SedgeniT amoxsnis es xerxi ufro axlos aris gantolebis gareSe
amoxsnis gzasTan.
amocanis sxvadasxva xerxiT amoxsna sasargebloa moswavleTa SemoqmedebiTi
azrovnebis ganviTarebisTvis. moswavlem amocanis amoxsna sxvadasxva xerxiT
SeiZleba daiwyos, nu SevewinaaRmdegebiT, Tu am gzas bolomde mivyavarT, Seeca-
deT moswavlis mier arCeuli gziT daasruloT amoxsna.
saklaso `testebi~, ZiriTadad, verbalurad aRwerili situaciebis gantolebis
saxiT Caweris unarebis ganviTarebas emsaxureba. yovel `testSi~ pasuxis mignebas win
unda uZRodes mokle msjelobis Catareba. magaliTad, 1 `testze~ pasuxi ase unda
warmoadginos moswavlem: vTqvaT, ucnobi ricxvi aris x. x-ze 3-iT naklebi ricxvi ase
Caiwereba: x–3. pirobis Tanaxmad 15=x–3. maSasadame, swori pasuxia 2).
2 Tu levanis mier SeZenili rveulebis odenobas x-iT aRvniSnavT, maSin x

rveulSi gadasaxdeli Tanxa ase Caiwereba: 35x. kidev nayidia wigni 1,55 larad, anu
155 TeTrad, sul daxarjulia (35x+155) TeTri. pirobis Tanaxmad, 35x+155=400. swori
pasuxia 4).
pasuxebi klasSi amosaxsnel `testebze~.
1 2 3 4 5
2 4 1 2 3
5 `testSi~ x-iT aRvniSneT I Taroze dawyobili wignebis raodenoba; sxva Ta-

roebze dawyobili wignebis raodenobebi x-iT unda gamovsaxoT. viciT, rom I Taro-
ze 8-iT naklebi wignia dawyobili, vidre meoreze, maSasadame, II-ze 8-iT meti, anu,
(x+8) wignia; I-ze 5-iT metia, vidre III-ze, maSasadame, III-ze 5-iT naklebi, (x–5) wignia;
`moswavlem unda SeZlos msjelobis xazis ganviTareba, daskvnebis dasabuTeba;
172
don’t copy
amocanis Sinaarsis aRqma, monacemebis da saZiebeli sidideebis gaazreba-gami-
jvna~ (maT. sab. 2, 7).
pirvel gakveTilze SeiZleba 11 - 12 amocanebis ganxilvac. me-3 magaliTis sxva-
dasxva xerxiT amoxsnis Semdeg moswavleebi SeZleben am amocanebis amoxsnas sxva-
dasxva xerxiT.
11 a) vTqvaT, Tavdapirvelad motociklistis siCqare x km/sT iyo. maSin manZili
iqneba (2x) km. misi siCqare 25 km/sT-iT naklebi rom yofiliyo, manZils 4 saaTSi dafa-
ravda, maSasadame, manZili SeiZleba am gamosaxulebiTac CavweroT: 4(x–25). amrigad,
SeiZleba davweroT:
2x=4(x–25)
x=2x–50
x=50 manZili: 50⋅2=100 (km)
b) vTqvaT, qalaqidan soflamde manZili x km-ia, Tavdapirvelad siCqare yofila 2x ,

Tu am manZils motociklisti 4 saaTSi dafaravs, maSin siCqare ase gamoiTvleba:
x
4 . pirobis Tanaxmad,
x x
2 – 4 = 25
1 x– 1 x=25
2 4
1
4 x=25
x=100 (km).
12 a) amoxsna mokled CavweroT: siCqare _ fexiT moZraobisas _ x km/sT, siCqare
velosipediT moZraobisas _ (x+10) km/sT.
manZili: 2(x+10)=6x
2x+20=6x
4x=20
x=5.
manZili: 6⋅5=30 (km).
b) manZili _ x km
siCqare fexiT moZraobisas _ 6x
siCqare velosipediT moZraobisas _ 2x
pirobis Tanaxmad, 2x – 6x = 10.
2x =10
6
2x = 60
x = 30 (km).
moZraobaze amocanebis ganxilvisas SeiZleba visaubroT moZraobis wesebis cod-

naze, usafrTxo moZraobis aucileblobaze, siCqaris gadaWarbebis dauSveblobaze.
amasTanave, mizanSewonilia am fizikuri sididis Sesaxeb mokle ganmartebiTi saubris
Catareba; siCqare drois erTeulSi gavlil manZils ewodeba. roca vambobT, rom av-
tomobilis siCqare 90 km/sT-ia, es niSnavs, rom avtomobili 1 saaTSi (yovel 1 saaTSi)
90 km manZils gadis. maSasadame, 1 wT-Si mis mier gavlili manZili 90:60=1,5 km-ia, anu
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1500 m. 1 wm-Si _ 1500:60, anu 25 m. maSasadame, 90 km/sT SeiZleba sxvadasxva xerxiT
CavweroT:
90 km/sT = 1,5 km/wT = 25 m/wm.
amitom S=vt (S _ manZili, v _ siCqare, t _ dro) formulaSi yuradReba unda mi-
vaqcioT erTeulebis SerCevas: Tu siCqare km/sT-ebiTaa gamosaxuli, maSin dro unda
iyos saaTebiT gamosaxuli. rodesac vambobT, rom siCqare aris 90 km/sT, maSin am
siCqariT moZraobisas t saaTSi gavlili manZili iqneba 90t km.
miTiTebebi klasSi amosaxsnel zogierT amocanaze.
8 III Sesakrebi _ x siCqare pirvel naxevarze _ x km/sT

9
II Sesakrebi _ 3x siCqare II naxevarze _ (x+4) km/sT
I Sesakrebi _ 6x 3x=2(x+4)
x+3x+6x=80 x=8
10x=80. manZili _ 2⋅3x=2⋅24=48 (km).
x=8, 3x=24, 6x=48.
10 AB _ x x+x–2+x+2x–2=52
BC _ x–2 5x=56
CD _ x x=11,2 (sm).
DE _ x+(x–2)
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom 5,2 dm = 52 sm
13 sami momdevno kenti ricxvi _ x, x+2, x+4.

3x+6=69
3x=63
x=21, x+2=23, x+4=25.
14 Zveli xelfasi _ x 15 x, x–9, (x–9):2

amJamad irines xelfasia _ x+325 (x–9):2–16=15
x+325=1,5x (x–9):2=31
0,5x=325 x–9=62
x=3250:5 x=71.
x=650
x+325=975 (lari).
16 moswavleebi gvTavazoben amocanebs, romelTa amoxsnisas miiReba mocemuli

gantoleba. erT-erTi martivi magaliTi SeiZleba aseTi iyos:
a) erTi ricxvi meoreze 2-jer naklebia, xolo mesameze 4-iT aris meti. ipoveT
es ricxvebi, Tu maTi jami aris 640.
b) sami momdevno luwi ricxvis jami aris 60. ipoveT es ricxvebi.
SeiZleba gavagrZeloT am mimarTulebiT muSaoba da CavataroT paeqroba jgufebs
Soris: `Seadgine amocana gantolebis mixedviT~.
erTi jgufi Tavazobs meores gantolebas, xolo meore jgufis moswavleebi cdi-
loben rac SeiZleba meti amocana moifiqron. am aqtivobiT `gavdivarT~ standartis
Sedegebze: `gantolebis Sesabamisi amocanis Sedgena (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7)~.
174
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pasuxebi da miTiTebebi saSinao `testebsa~ da amocanebze.
1 2 3 4
2 2 3 4
x+6x=98 6 6x+180=420
5
7x=98 6x=240
x=14 (lari), 6x=84 (lari). x=40 (sT).
I _ 3x 8 msubuqis siCqare _ 1,5x

7
II _ x satvirTos siCqare _ x
III _ 14 2⋅1,5x-2⋅x=40
4x + 14 x=20
400 x=40 (km/sT)
17 x=20 400 1,5x=60 (km/sT).
4
x=20 400 ⋅ 174 =1 200⋅4=4 800 (lari).
3x=14 400 l, 14 x=1200 l.
manZili _ x km
9 10 x+x+2,4=17,4
0,25x+0,2x=0,9 2x=15 x+2,4 x
A C B
0,45x=0,9, x=0,9:0,45, x=7,5
x=90:45 BC=7,5 (sm), AC=9,9 (sm).
x=2 (km).
I – 5x
11 (x+5x)⋅3=126 12 x+x+2+x+4=72
II _ x 6x⋅3=126 3x=66
x=7 x=22
5x=35. 22, 24, 26.
14 iyo _ x.
x – 34 x + 1 = 13 x
1 x + 1 = 1 x
4 3
1 x – 1 x = 1
3 4
1
12 x = 1
x=12.
don’t copy 175

5.2. amocanebis amoxsnis sxvadasxva xerxi
am paragrafis Sesabamis aqtivobebsa da Semajamebel weras eTmoba 96-e _ me-100

gakveTilebi

sakiTxebi: amocanebis amoxsna sxvadasxva xerxiT.
winare codna: amocanebis amoxsna gantolebis Sedgenis gamoyenebiT. wrfivi er-
Tucnobiani gantolebis amoxsna.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos: wrfivi gantolebis Sedgena
verbalurad mocemuli amocanis Sesabamisad, gantolebis Sesabamisi amocanis Sedge-
na (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7), simravluri simboloebis, cnebebisa da operaciebis gamoye-
neba amocanis amoxsnisas (maT. sab. 7, 8, 9), msjelobis xazis ganviTareba, miRebuli
daskvnebis dasabuTeba (maT. sab. 2), maTematikuri obieqtebis grafikuli xerxiT
(cxrilebis, diagramebisa da naxazebis saxiT) warmodgena (maT. sab. 5).
moswavleTa winare codnis gaaqtiureba dakavSirebulia gantolebis Sedgenis sa-

SualebiT amocanebis amoxsnebis ganxilvasTan. axali codnis konstruirebis sawy-
isi etapi im amocanebis amoxsnebis ganxilvaa, romlebic wina gakveTilze sxva-
dasxva xerxiT amovxseniT. es procesi saSinao davalebis amocanebis amoxsnebis
garCevasTan erTad mimdinareobs. aRniSnuli Tematika moswavleebs pirobiseuli
codnis doneze gasvlis mkafio SesaZleblobas aZlevs. yuradReba gavamaxviloT
saSinao davalebis 11 - 15 amocanebze. moiTxoveboda verbalurad mocemuli amo-
canis Sesabamisad wrfivi gantolebis Sedgenis gamoyeneba, an gantolebis Sesabamisi
amocanis Sedgena.
saxelmZRvanelo gvTavazobs amocanebis amoxsnis bevr saintereso xerxs _ gan-
tolebis Sedgenis, ukusvliT amoxsna, sinjvis xerxi, diagramebisa da cxrilebis ga-
moyeneba. xerxis SerCeva da gamoyeneba maTematikuri saqmianobis metad mniSvnelova-
ni momentia da am saqmianobis unaris ganviTarebas emsaxureba mocemuli paragrafi.
TiToeuli xerxiT amocanis amoxsnis kvalobaze mimarTeT moswavleebs, aRweron
gamoyenebuli xerxi, misi efeqtianoba, SesaZlebelia Tu ara gamoyenebuli xerxi
CavanacvloT sxva xerxiT; gverds nu auvliT Sromatevadobis sakiTxsac, arc
xerxis esTetikuri mxare unda darCes uyuradRebod.
amoxsnis xerxebi ilustrirebulia saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli 3 magaliTis
saSualebiT (ùkusvlis meTodi~, simravluri operaciebis gamoyeneba, cxrilis ga-
moyeneba). TiToeuli magaliTis ganxilva unda moxdes moswavleTa aqtiuri CarTu-
lobiT. aseTi swavlebis mTavari xazia moswavleTa gamocdilebis mizanmimarTuli
gamdidreba da yoveli axali codnis bunebrivad daSeneba. iseTi saswavlo viTareba
unda Seiqmnas, romelic `CaiTrevs~ da aiyoliebs moswavles.
mocemuli tipis aqtivobebisas Zalze mniSvnelovania e.w. winmswrebi metako-
gnituri pauza, anu davalebis Sesrulebamde dafiqreba da erToblivi msjeloba
gadasadgmel nabijebze.
176
don’t copy
pirveli magaliTis samive suraTi dafaze unda iyos warmodgenili; moswavleebi
msjeloben, azusteben monacemebs: pasuxoben Cvens kiTxvebs, romlebic teqstis mixe-
dviT SeiZleba SevadginoT:
_ ras gamosaxavs pirvel suraTze wre? daStrixuli nawili?
_ ra aris gamosaxuli II suraTze? ratom aris gauferadebeli nawili 21 metris
Sesabamisi?
_ ra aris gamosaxuli III suraTze? ratom aris gauferadebeli nawili _ 43 me-
tris Sesabamisi?
moswavleebs SeuZliaT pasuxebi àmoikiTxon~ teqstidan da erToblivi Zalisxme-
viT, ukusvlis meTodis gamoyenebiT, miiyvanon amoxsna bolomde.
meore magaliTSi SekiTxvebi teqstSia mocemuli. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZle-
ba davexmaroT moswavleebs swori pasuxebis moZiebaSi.
amocanis amoxsnis procesi kiTxvebze swori pasuxebis sistemiT aigeba.
• M simravleSi 20 elementia,
• A simravleSi 11 elementia,
• K simravleSi 35 elementia.
am sami pasuxiT vimeorebT amocanis pirobas.
suraTze daStrixulia M da A simravleebis gaerTianeba. radgan mTlianad
K simravleSi 35 elementia, xolo 10 moswavle arc maTematikis wreze dadis da
arc ucxo enis wreze, amitom daStrixuli figuriT warmodgenil simravleSi 25
elementia. Tu am ricxvs 20-s gamovaklebT (M-Si elementebis raodenoba), miviRe-
bT daStrixul nawilSi im elemetebis raodenobas, romlebic ar ekuTvnis M-s:
35–10–20=5. maSasadame, M∩A simravleSi aris 11–5=6 elementi. es TanakveTa SeiZleba
ase davaxasiaToT: moswavleebis simravle, romlebic dadian maTematikisa da ucxo
enebis wreebze. diagramaze dakvirveba gvexmareba daskvnis gakeTebaSi: mxolod maTe-
matikaze dadis 20–6=14 moswavle. mxolod erT wreze dadis 14+5=19 moswavle.
mesame magaliTis ganxilvisas mivyvebiT saxelmZRvanelos teqsts da advilad
vavsebT cxrils `+~ da `_~ simboloebiT. `+~ simbolo aRniSnavs moswavlis mier
gacdenis dRes, `_~ simbolo ki im dRes, romelic gacdenis dRe ar aris.
miTiTebebi amocanebis amosaxsnelad

2
1 visargebloT diagramiT:
8 8
amrigad, klasSi 18 moswavlea.
2 SevecadoT, rom moswavleebi marcxnidan marjvniv ise ganvalagoT, rom yove-

li ori moswavlidan marcxniv miTiTebuli moswavle iyos is, romelic ufro Sors
gadaxta, vidre mis marjvniv miTiTebuli moswavle.
gamovsaxoT beJanis da miSikos Sedegebi:
beJani _ miSiko
nugzari _ beJani _ miSiko
beJani _ goCa _ miSiko
amrigad, viRebT: nugzari _ beJani _ goCa _ miSiko.
don’t copy 177

3 Sesabamisi diagramiT SeiZleba ase gamovsaxoT:

8 6 3

niJarebis kenWebis
Semgroveblebi Semgroveblebi
sul yofila 17 moswavle.
Zmebi saxlidan sasurvel dromde 3 saaTiT adre unda gamovidnen, radgan

4
1 1 sT + 1 3 sT = 3 sT.
4 4
maSasadame, gamosvlis dros ase vipoviT:
19 3 sT – 3 sT = 16 3 sT.
4 4
pasuxi: 16 sT 45 wT.
amocanis amoxsna gantolebis SedgeniTac SeiZleba: gamosvlis dro (saaTebSi) _ x,
x+1 14 + 1 34 = 20 – 14 , x+3=19 34 , x=16 34 .
amocana ùkusvlis~ meTodiT amovxsnaT: 133 miviReT ricxvis 7-ze gamravle-

5
biT, maSasadame 133-mde gvqonda 133:7=19. 5-is mimatebamde gveqneboda 19–5=14. gamoye-
nebulia gamravlebisa da mimatebis Sebrunebuli moqmedebebi.
cxadia, amocana gantolebis SedgeniTac SeiZleba amoixsnas: gvqonda x, Semdeg _
x+5, 7-ze gamravlebiT miviReT 133. amrigad, (x+5)⋅7=133, x+5=133:7, x=19–5.
6 gamuqebulad darCenili nawilia warmodgenili
1 m
gamuqebuli nawili 8 metria, maSasadame, me-
mesame dRes: 4
same dRisTvis gamyidvels hqonda:
1 naw.
(8+ 14 )⋅ 43 =11 (m)
4

SeiZleba vimsjeloT ase: suraTze 8+ 14 = 33 3 11

4 (m) aris wris 4 nawili, 4 m _ wris
1 nawilia, mTeli wre _ 11 m. e. i. meore dRes gamyidvels qsovilis gayidvis Semdeg
4
darCa 11 metri qsovili.
aq gamuqebuli nawili 11 metria.

meore dRes:
meore dRisTvis gamyidvels hqonda:
1 m
(11+ 13 )⋅ 32 =17 (m).
3

1 m aq gamuqebuli nawili 17 metria. maSasadame,

2
Tavdapirvelad gamyidvels hqonda:
pirvel dRes: 17
(17+ 12 )⋅2=35 (m).
sam dReSi gaiyida 35–8=27 m qsovili.

SeiZleba gantolebis Sedgenac:
178
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gasayidi qsovili _ x
I dRes gaiyida: 12 x+ 12 .
darCa: x – ( 12 x+ 12 ) = 12 x – 12 .
II dRes gaiyida: 13 ( 12 x – 12 ) + 13 = 16 x – 16 + 13 = 16 x + 16 .
darCa: 12 x – 12 – ( 16 x + 16 ) = 13 x – 23 .
III dRes gaiyida: 14 ( 13 x – 23 ) + 14 = 12 1 x – 1 + 1 = 1 x + 1 .
6 4 12 12
1 2 1 1 1
darCa 3 x – 3 – ( 12 x + 12 ) = 4 x – 4 . 3
pirobis Tanaxmad, 14 x – 34 =8, aqedan 14 x = 35 4

x=35.
sam dReSi gaiyida 35–8=27 m.
7 II _ x
I _ 2x
III _ 3x.
x+2x+3x=70
6x=70.
pirobiT, x unda iyos naturaluri ricxvi.
pasuxi: ar SeiZleba.
8 SeiZleba davweroT gantoleba da gantolebis mixedviT SevadginoT amocana

(x+5)+x+3x=65.
II _ x
I _ 5-iT meti II-ze _ x+5;
III _ 3-jer meti II-ze _ 3x
5x=60
x=12. pasuxi: SeiZleba.
Tu 65-is nacvlad davwerT ricxvs, romelic 5-ze ar iyofa, maSin gantolebas ar
eqneba mTeli amonaxsni da pasuxi iqneba: ar SeiZleba.
klasSi amocanebis Sedgenaze muSaoba SeiZleba jgufebs Soris paeqrobis
formiT warvmarToT. jgufebi ejibrebian erTmaneTs warmodgenili amocanebis
raodenobisa da xarisxis mixedviT. SeiZleba dadebiTad Sefasdes ukve warmodge-
nilisgan gansxvavebuli amocanebis warmodgenac.
1 amocanis amoxsna ajobebs venis diagramis gamoyenebiT

warimarTos. 28 12
28-isa da 12-is SekrebiT orjer CaiTvleba TanakveTaSi ele-
mentebis raodenoba. 28 12
amitom orive enas swavlobs:
28+12–32=8 (moswavle).
don’t copy 179

2 amocana sxvadasxva xerxiT SeiZleba amoixsnas.
gantolebis SedgeniT: vTqvaT, kotes Tavdapirvelad x lari hqonda, maSin, amo-
canis pirobis Tanaxmad,
x – 13 x + 2,5 – 3,2 – 0,5 = 4,6
2 x = 4,6 + 1,2
3
x = 5,8⋅ 32
x = 8,7 (l).
ukusvliT: saxlSi mosuls 4,6 lari hqonda, metroTi mgzavrobamde eqneboda 5,1
lari, flomastris yidvamde _ 8,3 lari, gacemuli Tanxis dabrunebamde _ 5,8 lari.
sadilamde _ naxevriT meti, anu 5,8+2,9=8,7 (lari).
3 amovxsnaT ùkusvlis~ meTodiT: bolos miviReT 105, 6-ze gamravlebamde gve-

qneboda: 105:6=17,5, 7-is mimatebamde _ 17,5–7=10,5.
4 amocanis amosaxsnelad moviSvelioT cxrili, romelic SevavsoT pirobis

Sesabamisad:
daTvi Txa vefxvi lomi

lia + _ _ _
vano _ + _ _
daviTi _ _ _ +
Teona _ _ + _
amrigad, liam airCia daTvi, vanom _ Txa, daviTma _ lomi, Teonam _ vefxvi.
5 amoxsna SesaZlebelia rogorc ùkusvliT~, aseve gantolebis gamoyenebiT.

vTqvaT, Cafiqrebuli ricxvia x, maSin gantolebas eqneba saxe:
(x+1)⋅3:4-4=5,
x=11.
amocanis amoxsna ukusvlis meTodiT ganxorcieldeba Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT:
5+4=9,
9⋅4=36,
36:3=12,
12–1=11.
6 gamoviyenoT ùkusvlis~ meTodi.
mesamesTan vaWrobis win _ 22 kvercxi;
meoresTan vaWrobis win _ 46 kvercxi;

Tavdapirvelad _ 94 kvercxi.
180
don’t copy
7 12 dRis Semdeg samive Tbomavali kvlav erTdroulad gava portidan. (I-s 4
gasvla eqneba Sesrulebuli, II-s _ 3, III-s _ 2). 12 dRis Semdeg iqneba SabaTi.
8 gamoviyenoT cxrili
kalaTburTi ver iqneba verc I da verc IV adgilze (meore pirobiT)
fexburTi kalaTburTi Widaoba CogburTi

I _ _ _
II
III _
IV _
maSasadame, I adgili ergo Widaobas. Seivso pirveli striqoni. amasTanave, ivseba

mesame svetic.
fexburTi kalaTburTi Widaoba CogburTi

I _ _ + _
II _
III _ _
IV _ _
fexburTi ver iqneba IV (bolo), radgan mas kalaTburTi mosdevs, e. i. fexburTi

aris II. amrigad, ivseba I sveti da II striqoni. amis Semdeg cxrilis Sevseba SeiZleba
bolomde miviyvanoT.
9 Tu 3-adgiliani navebis raodenoba aris x, 4-adgilianebis iqneba 14–x.

maSin, amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad,
3x + 4(14 – x) = 50
3x + 56 – 4x = 50
= 6
x
14 – x = 8.
moswavleebs SesTavazeT amoxsnis aseTi originaluri gza (Tu moswavleebisgan
aseTi versia ver moismineT): jer yvela navSi ganvaTavsoT 3-3 turisti. 14 navSi am
gziT 3⋅14, anu 42 turists ganvaTavsebT. darCenili 8 turisti (50–42=8) Seavsebda
oTxadgilianebs.
amoxsnis es gza klasSi sajarod unda damuSavedes.
saSinao davalebis amocanebis nawili aris klasSi amoxsnili amocanebis analo-
giuri. Tumca, mxolod analogiuri amocanebis amoxsna ar aris mizanSewonili. orive
gakveTili mimdinareobs msjelobis, kamaTis, sakuTari arCevanis efeqturobaze
saubrisa da varaudebis gamoTqmis fonze. saswavlo procesis aseTi saxiT Catare-
ba xels uwyobs moswavlis mier logikuri da kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis
ganviTarebas, maTematikis enis dauflebas, raTa sxvadasxvanairad ìTargmnos~
xolme verbalurad warmodgenili situaciebi.
don’t copy 181

damoukidebeli weris sanimuSo amocanebi
1. dawereT gantoleba, romelic Seesabameba winadadebas: `21 aris 2-iT meti ucnob
ricxvze~.
1) 21=x–2 2) x=21+2 3) 21=x+2 4) 21+x=2.
2. ramdenime 12-larian CanTaSi gadaixades 96 lari. CanTebis odenoba SeiZleba
vipovoT, magaliTad, aseTi gantolebis amoxsniT:
1) 12x=96 2) 96x=12 3) 12+x=96 4) 96–x=12.
3. Tu manqana yovel saaTSi 80 km-s gadis, maSin 90 wuTSi mis mier gavlili man-
Zilia
1) 90⋅80 km 2) 90+80 km 3) 1,5⋅80 km 4) 90–80 km.
4. Tu samkuTxedis gverdebis sigrZeebi sami momdevno naturaluri ricxviT war-
moidgineba, xolo perimetri 12 erTeulia, maSin umciresi gverdis sigrZes warmo-
gvidgens fesvi, magaliTad, aseTi gantolebis
1) 3x=12 2) x+x+1+x+2=12 3) x+2x+3x=12 4) x+x–1+x–2=12.
5. ipoveT x cvladis is mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac 3x+78 aris 7-iT naklebi
(53+5x)-ze.
6. batoni vaJa maTematikosia. mis biblioTekaSi 185 wignia. es biblioTeka mxo-
lod saxelmZRvaneloebiTa da maTematikuri Sinaarsis wignebiTaa Seqmnili. cnobi-
lia, rom maTematikuri Sinaarsisaa 150 wigni da maT Soris 30 saxelmZRvaneloa. sul
ramdeni saxelmZRvaneloa am biblioTekaSi?
7. Tu mocemul ricxvs SeamcirebT Tavisi 2/5-iT, miiRebT 24-s. ipoveT mocemuli
ricxvi.
pasuxebi da mimiTebebi
1 2 3 4
3 1 3 2
5. pirobiT, 3x+78=53+5x–7. am gantolebis amoxsniT viRebT: x=16.

6. es amocana venis diagramiT iolad amoixsneba.
maTematikuri wignebi
saxelmZRvaneloebis odenobaa
185–150 30 150–30
(185–150)+30=65.
saxelmZRvaneloebi
7. ricxvis 25 -iT SemcirebiT miviRebT am ricxvis 35 nawils. Tu 35 nawili 24-ia,

maSin 15 nawilia 24:3=8, sawyisi ricxvia 8⋅5=40.
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es amocana gantolebis SedgeniTac iolad ixsneba.
182
Sefasebis sqema
pirveli oTxi amocanis (testuri tipis) yoveli swori pasuxi Sefasdes 1 quliT;
me-5, me-6 da me-7 amocanebidan TiToeulis srulyofili amoxsna _ 2 quliT.
Tu me-5 amocanis Sesabamisi gantolebaa Sedgenili, magram araa amoxsnili, maSin
Sefaseba SeiZleba iyos 1 qula.
analogiurad, nawilobrivi Sefaseba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT me-6 da me-7 amocane-
bSic.
naSromTa Sefasebis Tqven mier dadgenili, SesaZloa ufro detaluri, ru-
brika winaswarve gaacaniT moswavleebs. mis mixedviT moswavleebi sakmaod maRa-
li sizustiT SeZleben TviTSefasebas. ar auaroT gverdi am amocanaTa sajaro
ganxilvasac _ misi ganmaviTarebeli efeqti sakmaod maRalia.
SegaxsenebT, rom Cven mier mowodebuli gakveTilebis gegmarebi atarebs sareko-
mendacio xasiaTs da pedagogs SeuZlia gamoiyenos sxva, misi moswavleebis akademiur
specifikaze morgebuli aqtivoba. magaliTad, Caataros damoukidebeli wera.
95-e gakveTili

sakiTxebi: gantolebis amoxsna sxvadasxva xerxiT.
winare codna: gantolebis SedgeniTa da sxva xerxebiT amocanebis amoxsna. koor-
dinatebi wrfesa da sibrtyeze.
mizani da Sefasebis indikatorebi: amocanebis amoxsnisas sxvadasxva xerxis
gamoyenebaze, koordinatTa meTodis gamoyenebaze miRebuli codnis ganmtkiceba.
moswavlem unda SeZlos msjelobis xazis ganviTareba; ganzogadebiT an deduqciiT
miRebuli daskvnebis dasabuTeba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
gakveTilis nawils kvlav vuTmobT amocanebis amoxsnis sxvadasxva xerxis ga-

moyenebis magaliTebis ganxilvas, Semajamebeli werisTvis mzadebas. meore nawili ki
eTmoba jgufuri muSaobis proeqtis ganxorcielebas, romelic zemoT miTiTebuli
miznebis miRwevasTan aris kavSirSi.
warmodgenili proeqti aris kvleviTi xasiaTis samuSao, romelic aviTarebs
moswavleTa SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis Cvevebs, kanonzomierebebis aRmoCenisa da maTi
prezentaciebis unars, proeqtze muSaobisas moswavleebi ufro Rrmad aRiqvamen
koordinatTa meTodis arss.
aseTi tipis samuSaoebi Tanamedrove saswavlo procesis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
nawilia _ moswavleebi inawileben samuSaos, ikvleven da aRmoaCenen kanonzomiere-
bebs, gamoTqvamen varaudebs. XX saukunis skolaSi aseTi tipis muSaoba ar iyo aq-
tualuri, uaryofiTi iyo damokidebuleba praqtikul gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli
proeqtebis ganxorcielebisadmi, es sakiTxebi (proeqtebis istoria, gansazRvreba,
klasifikacia _ kvleviTi, gamoyenebiTi... proeqtebis tipebi da proeqtze muSaobis
dagegmvis etapebi dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili statiebSi: Метод проектов в обучении
математике; Что такое проект по математике, Первое сентября, №13, 2008, gv. 2-25. www.//
http//mat.l september.ru.
don’t copy 183

a) kanonzomiereba aseTia _ x-is erTiT matebisas 3x+5 gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba
3-iT imatebs, 5x+2 gamosaxulebisa _ 5-iT.
monacemebis wertilovani diagramiT warmodgenisas SeiniSneba Zalze sayuradRe-
bo kanonzomiereba _ wertilebi erT wrfezea ganlagebuli. momavalSi moswavleebi
darwmundebian am hipoTezis sisworeSi.
–2, 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, ... mimdevrobas aRvwerT 3x-5 cvladiani gamosaxulebiT, Tu vi-
gulisxmebT, rom x=1, 2, 3, ... .
b) kanonzomiereba SeiZleba ase gamoiTqvas _ x-is kenti mniSvnelobisTvis miiRe-
ba 0, luwebisTvis _ 2. monacemebis mimdevrobiT amowerisas moswavleTa yuradRebas
vamaxvilebT 0-isa da 2-is monacvleobaze.
g) ricxviT wrfeze wertilTa ganlagebis Sesaxeb varaudis CamoyalibebaSi dagex-
marebaT Semdegi kanonzomierebis SemCneva: x-is kenti mniSnelobebis Sesabamisi
ricxvebi 1-ze naklebia, luwebis Sesabamisi _ 1-ze meti; x-is mniSvnelobaTa zrdisas
mocemuli gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobaTa Sesabamisi wertilebi `1~ wertils uaxlo-
vdeba.

5.3. koordinatebi wrfesa da sibrtyeze

sakiTxebi: koordinatebi wrfeze, koordinatebi sibrtyeze.
winare codna: ricxviTi wrfe, ricxviT wrfeze racionaluri ricxvebis gamo-
saxva, racionaluri ricxvis moduli.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos ricxviTi wrfis gamoyenebiT
gantolebis amoxsna, koordinatTa meTodis gamoyenebis magaliTebis aRwera yovel-
dRiur cxovrebasa da sxva mecnierebebSi (maT. sab. 7).
moswavleebi ukve icnoben ricxviT wrfesa da masze racionaluri ricxvebis ga-

mosaxvis wess. gakveTils viwyebT wrfeze ricxvebis gamosaxviT, ricxvis koordina-
tisa da ricxvis modulis ganmartebiT. ricxvis moduli Cven gansazRvruli gvaqvs,
rogorc am ricxvis Sesabamisi wertilidan saTavemde manZili.
axali codnis konstruirebisaTvis xelSemwyobi pirobebis Seqmnisa da motivaciis
amaRlebis mizniT moswavleebTan visaubroT sibrtyeze da wrfeze orientirebisaT-
vis koordinatTa meTodis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. SegviZlia visargebloT saxelmZRva-
neloSi moyvanili magaliTebiT _ wrfeze orientirebisaTvis (rkinigzis magaliTi)
sakmarisia erTi ricxvis dasaxeleba, sibrtyeze orientirebisaTvis _ 2 ricxvis;
aqve mivuTiToT, rom koordinatebi SeiZleba sxva sidideebiTac warmovadginoT _
(magaliTad, geografiaSi _ grZedi, ganedi; WadrakSi _ aso-bgera da ricxvi).
184
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wrfeze koordinatebis SemoRebis Semdeg moswavleebi sruli induqciis meTo-
dis gamoyenebiT (anu yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevis ganxilviT) iReben or wertils
Soris manZilis formulas; M(x1) da M(x2) wertilebs Soris manZili gamoisaxeba
formuliT: |x2–x1|. mniSvnelovania am formulis gamoyenebiT algebruli gantole-
bis amoxsnis magaliTebis ganxilva. moswavleebSi unda Camoyalibdes azri _ maTema-
tika erTiani mecnierebaa, e.w. algebruli amocanis amoxsnisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
geometriuli xerxebi.
`testebze~ pasuxebis SerCeva sxvadasxva xerxiT mimdinareobs. magaliTad, mos
wavle kiTxulobs amocanis pirobas, SearCevs pasuxs da Cveni miTiTebis Semdeg klass
usabuTebs Tavis arCevans.
1) koordinatebi wrfeze
pasuxebi `testebze~
1 2 3 4 5
3 2 1 4 3
ricxviTi wrfis daxmarebas moiTxovs 4 da

–4 0 5 5 amocanebSi pasuxebis SerCeva.
–4-dan 5-mde manZili 9 erTeulia. amitom amo

canis pirobas akmayofilebs yvela
is wertili, mTeli koordinatiT, romelic -4 da 5-s Sorisaa, an erT-erT maTgans
emTxveva. ricxviT wrfesa da sibrtyeSi wertilis koordinatebis Semotanisas nu ga-
vamaxvilebT yuradRebas ricxviTi wrfis wertilebsa da ricxvebs Soris urTierT-
calsaxa Sesabamisobaze, moswavleebi jer ar icnoben srulad namdvil ricxvTa R
simravles. amitom am amocanaSi moviTxoveT mTeli ricxvebis dasaxeleba.
5 saZiebeli wertilebi ar ekuTvnis BC-s, rad-

gan BC=9, saZiebeli wertili an C-s marjvnivaa da B 0 C
misi koordinatia 5,5 (manZilebis Sekrebisas C-mde manZili orjer aiTvleba), an B-s
marcxnivaa da misi koordinatia –4,5.
pirvel gakveTilze SeiZleba 6 - 13 amocanebic amovxsnaT.
6 amocana or wertils Soris manZilis formulis codnas moiTxovs. monakveTe-

bis sigrZeebi SeiZleba moswavleebma damoukideblad ipovon.
7amocana erToblivi msjelobiT amovxsnaT. mivmarTavT moswavleebs

A(9)
_ ramdeni erTeuliTaa daSorebuli A wertili saTavidan?
_ ramdeni erTeuliTaa daSorebuli B wertili A wertilidan?
_ B wertilis ganlagebis ramdeni SemTxvevaa SesaZlebeli?
_ ra koordinati aqvs wertils, romelic A wertilidan 5 erTeuliTaa daSore-
buli da mis marjvnivaa?
_ ra koordinati aqvs wertils, romelic A wertilidan 5 erTeuliTaa daSore-
buli da am wertilis marcxnivaa.
B wertilis koordinati SeiZleba iyos 14 an 4.
don’t copy 185

ase, skafoldingis gamoyenebiTac scadeT xolme amocanebis amoxsna. Tumca es me-
Todi gamoiyeneT mxolod maSin, roca amocanis amoxsna klass uWirs. aqve xazgas-
miT aRvniSnoT, rom, sazogadod, amocanis dasmisTanave nu moiTxovT mis myisier
amoxsnas, arc Tqven CaerToT mis amoxsnaSi. amocanis pirobis gacnobis Semdeg
_ davalebis Sesrulebamde _ klass unda mieces dafiqrebis saSualeba da msje-
loba gadasadgmel nabijebze (es winmswrebi metakognituri pauzaa), gansazRvron
gadasadgmeli nabijebi, amoxsnis strategia. aranakleb mniSvnelovania Semdgomi
metakognituri pauza, anu davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg dafiqreba da msjeloba
gadadgmul nabijebze. metakognituri pauza moswavleebs ganuviTarebs swavlis
unarebs da aumaRlebs swavlis qmedunarianobas.
8 es amocanebi SeiZleba geometriuli TvalsaCinoebis gamoyenebiT amoixsnas:

a) |x+1|=8.
|x–(–1)|=8 marcxena mxare gamosaxavs manZils A(–1) da M(x) wertilebs Soris.
(-1)-dan 8-iT daSorebuli wertilis koordinati SeiZleba iyos –9, an 7.
d) 2|x+4|+3=15.
es amocana sxvadasxva codnaTa kompleqsur gamoyenebas moiTxovs:
1) ucnobis Semcveli I Sesakrebis povna:
2|x+4|=15–3
|x+4|=6.
2) gantolebis ise gadawera, rom or wertils Soris manZilis formula gamo-
viyenoT:
|x–(–4)|=6.
3) ricxviTi wrfis gamoyenebiT im wertilis koordinatis povna, romelic
(–4)-dan 6 erTeuliTaa daSorebuli. Ees wertili iqneba –4-is marjvniv, an marcxniv;
x=2, an x=–10.
9 am amocanis amoxsnisas, sasurvelia, ricxviTi wrfis gamoyenebiT vimsjeloT.

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moswavleebs kiTxvebis dasmiT davexmaroT:
0 A(4,5)
_ SeiZleba Tu ara, rom B wertili A wertilis marjvniv iyos?

_ ar SeiZleba, radgan maSin manZilebis jami 7-ze meti iqneba.
_ vTqvaT, x arauaryofiTi ricxvia, B(x) saTaves emTxveva, an mis marjvniv aris.
maSin ra tolobis dawera SeiZleba?
_ x+4,5=7
_ Tu x uaryofiTia, maSin ra toloba gveqneba?
_ –x+4,5=7 (radgan B(x)-dan saTavemde manZili -x-is toli iqneba).
_ SeiZleba Tu ara ori SemTxvevis gareSe dagvewera toloba, romelsac x ak-
mayofilebs?
gaixseneT, risi tolia B(x)-dan saTavemde manZili.
_ B-dan saTavemde manZili aris |x| maSasadame, |x|+4,5=7, |x|=2,5, x=2,5 an x=–2,5.
zogierTma moswavlem SeiZleba ricxviT wrfeze dakvirvebiT zepirad miagnos
x-is mniSvnelobebs (gamoTqvas hipoTeza).
186
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standartis Sedegebis Sesabamisad, Cveni amocanaa saswavlo procesi ise war-
vmarToT, rom SekiTxvebs viZleodeT da ara direqtivebs, interaqcia iyos or-
mxrivi, moswavleebis xmebi metad JRerdes, vidre Cveni, moswavleebi swavlis
procesiT iyvnen motivirebulni. es dagvexmareba, mivaRwioT dasaxul Sedegebs;
moswavlem unda SeZlos: amocanebis ganxilvisas hipoTezis Camoyalileba,
misi marTebulobis dadgena, an uaryofa; msjelobis xazis ganviTareba, daskvne-
bis dasabuTeba, maTematikuri aRniSvnebis, simboloebis, terminebis sworad ga-
moyeneba da saTanado SemTxvevebSi maTematikuri obieqtis grafikuli xerxiT
warmodgena (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 5).
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT diferencirebuli swavleba. moswavleebi maTi mzaobis
mixedviT davyoT jgufebad. es procesi ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis Semdegi etapia.
diferencirebuli swavlebis mizania, davexmaroT moswavleebs Tavisi SesaZleblobe-
bis gamovlenasa da maqsimalur ganviTarebaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi im jgufs, romel-
sac SedarebiT dabali mzaobis moswavleebisgan Sedgeba, SeiZleba 11 - 13 amocane-
bi SevTavazoT. xolo zemoT ganxiluli amocanebi maRali mzaobis moswavleebisgan
Semdgar jgufSi ganixileba. am amocanebiTac SeiZleba yvela im Sedegze gasvla,
romlebic zemoT iyo CamoTvlili.
am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa sxvadasxva codnaTa kompleqsuri gamoyeneba. mTeli ric
xvis codna, ricxviT wrfeze wertilebis ganlageba maTi koordinatebis gaTva-
liswinebiT, ricxvebis Sedareba.
jgufebSi muSaobis damTavrebas aucileblad unda mosdevdes amoxsnebis er-
Tobliv ganxilva. aq yvela amocanis ganxilvaSi klasis yvela moswavle monawileobs.
pasuxebi 1) nawilis saSinao davalebis `testebze~
1 2 3 4
2 1 2 2
es `testebi~ klasSi ganxiluli `testebis~ analogiuria da imave codnaTa inte-

grirebul gamoyenebas moiTxovs, rasac klasSi amoxsnili `testebi~.
klasSi amoxsnili amocanebis analogiuria 1) nawilis 5 - 11 amocanebic.
SeiZleba odnav gansxvavebuli iyos 9 - 18 amocanebi. Tumca, ricxviTi wrfis
gamoyenebiT, moswavleebi advilad ipovian Sua wertilis koordinats. SeiZleba am
mimarTulebiT, klasSi davalebis Semowmebisas, moswavleebi skafoldingis gamoye-
nebiT miviyvanoT monakveTis Sua wertilis koordinatis sapovneli formulis Ca-
moyalibebamde: x = x1+x1
2 aris im wertilis koordinati, romelic toli manZilebiTaa
daSorebuli A(x1) da B(x2) wertilebidan. Tqveni klasis moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba am sakiTxs ase ar CavuRrmavdeT.
7 d) 2|x+4|+5=21
|x+4|=8, |x–(–4)|=8.
ricxviTi wrfis gamoyenebiT, x= –12, an x=4.
8 am davalebis zogierT amocanas ara aqvs amonaxsni, radgan ricxvis moduli

arauaryofiTi ricxvia. g) da v) amocanebs ara aqvs amonaxsni; |x–3|+5=0, |x–3|= –5, ara
don’t copy
aqvs amonaxsni.
187
9 A(3) da B(21) wertilebdan tolad daSorebul wertils veZebT. ricxviTi
wrfis gamoyenebiT, advilad mivagnebT Sua wertils: C(12). zogierTma SeiZleba gan-
toleba daweros: x–3=21–x, 2x=24, x=12.
es msjeloba ufro migviyvans zogad daskvnamde _ monakveTis Sua wertilis
koordinatis formulamde.
10 aq SeiZleba davweroT:
x+3,4=8,6–x,
radgan mocemulobidan Cans, rom x>0 da C(x)-dan manZili A(–3,4)-mde aris x+3,4.
maSasadame, 2x=8,6–3,4; 2x=5,2; x=2,6.
11

cxadia, saZiebeli wertili aris B(11), is 7 erTeuliT aris daSorebuli C wer-
tilidan.
davalebis Semowmebisa da ricxviTi wrfis, ricxviT wrfeze wertilis koordina-
tis Sesaxeb saubris Semdeg iwyeba axali codnis konstruirebis procesi. SeiZleba
SesavalSi moyvanili magaliTebic moviSvelioT da erToblivi msjelobiT mivideT
im daskvnamde, rom sibrtyeze wertilis mdebareobis gansazRvrisTvis ori ricxvi
(koordinati) iqneba saWiro.
saWirod miviCnieT sakoordinato meoTxedebis gamoyofac da TiToeul sakoor-
dinato meoTxedSi wertilis koordinatebis nulTan Sedareba.
SeiZleba internetresursis `GeoGebra Classic 5~-is gamoyeneba (SegiZliaT

isargebloT am programis qarTuli versiiT). daavaleT moswavleebs moniSnon wer-
tilebi sakoordinato sibrtyeze, àlgebris fanjaraze~ gamounaTdebaT am wertile-
bis koordinatebi. daajgufon wertilebi meoTxedebis mixedviT da oTxive SemTxve-
vaSi Seadaron koordinatebi nuls. moniSnon wertilebi sakoordinato RerZebze da
imsjelon maT mniSvnelobebze. àlgebris fanjara~ SegiZliaT gaaaqtiuroT RilakiT
`Cveneba~. SeiZleba moswavleebma `Setanis~ velSi Caweron ricxvTa wyvilebi (koor-
dinatebi), am SemTxvevaSi dafaze gamonaTdeba wertilebi am koordinatebiT.
pasuxebi 2) nawilis `saklaso~-s testebze.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 3 1 2 1 1 4 4 2 3
3testSi mocemuli wertilebis koordinatebis ganxilviT advilad davad-

genT, rom A, B da C erT wrfeze (kerZod, ordinatTa RerZze) mdebare wertile-
bia. moswavleebma pasuxebi SeiZleba swrafad SearCion, SeiZleba naxazebis Sedgena
dasWirdeT _ nu davaCqarebT, davelodoT swor pasuxs da SesaZlo dasabuTebas.
9 amocanaSic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom A da B wertilebi ordinatTa RerZzea,

am SemTxvevaSi Sua wertilis povnis amocanebi wina gakveTilze amoixsna.
188
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miTiTebebi 2) nawilis `saklaso~ amocanebis amosaxsnelad.
13 es wertilebic erT wrfezea, magram N

6
K M
ufro rTuli variantia. SeiZleba naxazis gake-

Teba dagvWirdes, rom Sua wertili vipovoT.
cxadia, Sua K(x, y) wertilis x abscisa A da
B wertilebidan tolad daSorebuli wertilis
koordinatia abscisaTa RerZze: x=2, y ordinati
ki M da N wertilebis ordanatis (6-is) tolia. A(–3; 0) 0 B(7; 0)
14 moswavlem unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom es wertilebi erT wrfes ekuTvnis. am

wrfis nebismieri wertilis abscisa 2-is tolia, xolo ordinati nebismieri ricxvi
SeiZleba iyos.
15 - 16 amocanebis amoxsnebi daiyvaneba abscisaTa RerZze wertilebis koordi-
natebis povnaze. analogiuri amocanebi (ricxviTi wrfis SemTxveva) moswavleebs
amoxsnili aqvT.
A B
17 moswavlem akuratulad unda aagos A, B da C wer-

tilebi. maSin advilad daasaxelebs D wertilis koordi-
natebs: D=(–3; –5).
`moswavlem unda SeZlos geometriuli obieqtebis war-
0
modgena amocanis konteqstis Sesabamisad (maT. sab. 4, 5, 6)~.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom D wertili A wertilze BC-s pa-
ralelurad gavlebul wrfezea, A-dan daSorebulia 10-is
toli manZiliT, AD-s abcisaTa RerZi Sua wertilSi kveTs.
D C
18 meore meoTxedis nebismieri wertilis ordinati y≥0, amitom y=3.
19 orive koordinati ≤0. amitom, x=-6, y=-9.
20 gadakveTis wertili aRvniSnoT K asoTi. maSin

misi abscisa udris N wertilis abscisas, ordinati _
M wertilis ordinats; K=(3; 5). K wertili I meoTxeds
ekuTvnis.
13 - 20 amocanebi SeiZleba moswavleebma damoukideblad amoxsnan. SeiZleba sxva

formebic gamoviyenoT _ jgufuri, diferencirebuli. diferencirebuli meTodis
gamoyenebisas, gaviTvaliswinoT, rom 15 - 16 , 18 - 20 amocanebi SedarebiT advilia.
pasuxebi 2) nawilis saSinao davalebis testebze.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
4 4 3 3 3 4 1 2 2 4 4
don’t copy 189

miTiTebebi 2) nawilis saSinao davalebis amocanebis amosaxsnelad
klasSi amocanebis ganxilvis Semdeg moswavleebs, albaT, ar gauWirdebaT 12 -
14 amocanebis amoxsna. ar aris aucilebeli mza formulis gamoyeneba, sakmarisia
akuratulad avagoT wertilebi da movniSnoT Sua wertili. klasSi davalebis Se-
mowmebisas SeiZleba SemCneuli hipoTezis dasabuTeba (Sua wertilis koordinatis
povna abscisaTa RerZze).
15 moswavlem cxrili rveulSi unda gadaitanos da iq Seavsos.
16 III meoTxedSi y≤0. maSasadame, y=–5.
17 M da N wertilebi OY RerZis paralelur wrfezea, rac aadvilebs amocanis

amoxsnas. P wertilis ordinati, cxadia, aris (–2), abscisa _ 8.
18 moswavles ar unda gauWirdes ABCD kva-

B C
dratis ageba, gasaTvaliswinebelia am geometriu- 1
li figuris Tvisebebi, magaliTad, AB=BC=5. ma- 0 3 8
Sasadame, B wertilidan OX RerZis marTobulad
gadavdebT 5 erTeulis sigrZis monakveTs. maSasadame,
A=(3; –4). aseve vipoviT D wertilis koordinatebsac:
D=(8; –4). A D
19 a) Tu xy>0, maSin an x da y, orive, dadebiTia, an orive uaryofiTia. radgan

x+y<0, amitom orive uaryofiTia. M wertili III meoTxedSia.
b) Tu xy<0, x>y, maSin, cxadia x>0, y<0; IV meoTxedi.
g) Tu xy<0, y2x<0, maSin, cxadia, x<0, y>0; II meoTxedi
d) Tu xy>0, x+y>0, maSin, cxadia, x>0, y>0; I meoTxedi.
davalebas vamowmebT Semdeg gakveTilze, SeiZleba mogviwios 17 - 19 amocane-

bis amoxsnebis garCeva. amasTanave, Semdeg gakveTilze koordinatebis Sesaxeb sa-
kiTxebi gavimeoroT, Semdgomi siRrmiseuli ganxilviT. 2) nawilis saSinao davalebis
garda moswavleebs evalebaT sakuTari codnis Semowmeba TviTSemowmebis `testis~
gamoyenebiT.
98-e gakveTili
sakiTxebi: koordinatebi wrfesa da sibrtyeze.

winare codna: ricxviTi wrfe, ricxvebis gamosaxva wrfeze, koordinatebi wrfe
sa da sibrtyeze.
mizani da Sefasebis indikatorebi: koordinatebis Sesaxeb codnis gameoreba da
gaRrmaveba.
moswavlem unda SeZlos koordinatTa meTodis gamoyeneba amocanebis amosaxs-
nelad, geometriuli obieqtebis warmodgena amocanis konteqstis Sesabamisad (maT.
sab. 4, 5, 6, 7).
190
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gameoreba da codnis ganmtkiceba iwyeba saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT, amoxsnis
sxvadasxva xerxis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebis ganxilviT. mimdinareobs erTobli-
vi msjeloba 17 - 19 amocanebSi asagebi figurebis Tvisebebis gamoyenebiT sibr-
tyeze maTi warmodgenis Sesaxeb. moswavleebi saubroben TviTSemowmebis `testis~
Sesrulebis Sesaxeb. vcdilobT, gamovavlinoT problemuri momentebi moswavleebis
codnaSi koordinatTa meTodis gamoyenebisas.
1. winare codnis safuZvelze (araerTi amocanis amoxsnis kvalobaze) moswavlem
unda icodes, rom A(x) wertilebis daSoreba saTavidan aris |x|. es ricxvis modulis
gansazRvrebaa _ x ricxvis moduli aris ricxviT wrfeze x koordinatis mqone wer-
tilidan saTavemde manZili. ase unda dazustdes moswavlis dadebiTi pasuxi.
2. Tu gvaqvs dro da survili, SeiZleba SedarebiT maRali mzaobis moswavleebs,
romelTa testebs ukve gadavavleT Tvali da xarvezebi ver aRmovaCineT, davavaloT,
ifiqron am debulebis dasabuTebaze. Sesabamisad, gavalT erT-erT mniSvnelovan Se-
degamde: `moswavles SeuZlia hipoTezis Camoyalileba, misi marTebulobis dadgena,
msjelobis xazis ganviTareba, daskvnebis dasabuTeba (maT. sab. 1, 2). es pirobiseuli
codnis gamovlinebis nimuSic iqneba.
3. es debuleba ar aris swori, gantolebas aqvs erTi fesvi. viRebT: x+a=0, x=-a.
4. es debuleba ar aris swori, aq sakmarisia kontrmagaliTis dasaxeleba. Tu
moswavleebs ar aqvT dasabuTebuli TavianTi mosazreba, saWiroa klasSi Sesabamisi
msjelobis Catareba; magaliTad, Tu gvaqvs wertilebi: A(–3) da B(–2), maSin, cxadia,
AB=1, xolo |–3|+|–2|=5.
5. M wertili SeiZleba ar iyos I meoTxedSi. magaliTad, Tu m<0, n<0, maSin mn>0
da M wertili III meoTxedSia.
6. AB=6,4.
7. AB=6, wertilebi abscisaTa RerZis paralelur wrfezea, AB=6.
SeiZleba moviTxovoT naxazis ageba.
8-10 amocanebis ganxilvisas TvalsaCinoebas gazrdida naxazebis gamoyeneba.
11. am amocanis saSualebiT SevamowmebT _ SeuZlia Tu ara moswavles ricxviTi
wrfis gamoyenebiT amoxsnas gantoleba.
|x–2|+6=11,
|x–2|=5.
unda vipovoT im wertilebis koordinatebi, romlebic 2-dan 5 erTeuliTaa da-
Sorebuli, es wertilebia A(7) da B(–3).
pasuxi: –3 da 7.
SeiZleba moswavlem miagno pasuxebs. aq SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva:

_ Tqven ipoveT ori ricxvi, –3 da 7, romlebic akmayofilebs am gantolebas, e.
i. es ricxvebi am gantolebis fesvebia, magram iqneb am gantolebas sxva fesvebic
aqvs? aba gaixseneT or wertils Soris manZilis formula da SeecadeT geometriuli
warmodgenebiT amoxsnaT amocana.
SeiZleba moxdes, rom moswavlem aseTi amoxsna warmogvidinos:
|x–2|+6=11
|x–2|=5.
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x–2 aris ricxvi, romlis moduli aris 5, amitom es ricxvi aucileblad aris 5,
an –5. maSasadame, x–2=5 an x–2=–5, x=7 an x=–3.
cxadia, es msjeloba sworia da pasuxic misaRebia.
SeiZleba zogierTma moswavlem aseTi msjeloba warmogvidginos:
|x–2|=5.
e. i. x–2 aris ricxvi, romlis Sesabamisi wertili saTavidan 5 erTeuliT aris da-
Sorebuli, maSasadame, x–2=5, an x–2=–5. es msjelobac misaRebia, Tumca, meore amoxs-
nisgan, faqtobrivad, ar gansxvavdeba.
12. pirobis Tanaxmad, 2,5+|a|=9, aqedan advilad vipovoT a-s; a=6,5 an a=–6,5.
14. Tu xy=6 da x+y>0, maSin x>0, y>0. amitom B(x; y) wertili pirvel meoTxedSia.
moswavleebs ar uyvarT `cvladebze muSaoba~, amitom cvladebis nacvlad ricxve-

bs aiReben xolme da konkretuli ricxvebisTvis miRebul Sedegs acxadeben amocanis
amoxsnad.
magaliTad, mocemul SemTxvevaSi aviRoT, x=2, y=3, maSin xy=6 da x+y>0. wertili
A(2; 3) I meoTxedSia.
moswavle, romelmac am àmoxsnas~ miagno unda wavaxalisoT, vuTxraT, rom erT
konkretul SemTxvevaSi man miiRo pasuxi, magram iqneb pasuxi sxva konkretul
SemTxvevaSi sxva iyos? aq SeiZleba moswavle Seecados wamoiwyos msjeloba, rom man
mxolod is faqti gamoiyena, rom 2 da 3 dadebiTicaa da namravli 6-is tolia.
davexmaroT mas, rom ganaviTaros msjelobis xazi, SeZlos induqciiT (calkeuli
SemTxvevis ganxilviT) miRebuli daskvnis dasabuTeba (maT. sab. 2).
15. pirobis Tanaxmad, xy<0, mn<0, amitom xy+mn<0.
Semajamebeli wera #7 da Semajamebeli weris garCeva
99-e da me-100 gakveTilebi
Semajamebeli weris amocanebis nimuSebi
1. ricxviTi wrfis yovel A(a) da B(b) wertilebs Soris manZils warmoadgens

1) a–b 2) b–a 3) a+b 4) |a–b|.
2. vTqvaT, ricxviTi wrfis M da N wertilebi koordinatTa saTavidan, Sesabami-

sad, 3 da 8 erTeuliT arian daSorebuli, maSin MN monakveTis sigrZea
1) 5 2) 11 3) 6 4) 5 an 11.
3. A(x) ricxviTi wrfis wertilia da x aris |x–5|=1 gantolebis fesvi. ra udidesi

manZiliT SeiZleba iyos daSorebuli A wertili saTavidan?
1) 6 2) 4 3) 2 4) 10.
4. M(a; 4) da N(3; –6) ordinatTa RerZis paraleluri wrfis wertilebia. ipoveT

MN manZili.
1) 2 2) 10 3) a–3 4) pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia.
192
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5. im wertilebs Soris, romelic A(–3,5; 7) da B(9,2; 7) wertilebs Soris Zevs da
romelTa koordinatebi mTeli ricxvebia, B wertilidan yvelaze didi manZiliT da-
Sorebuli wertilia
1) (9; 7) 2) (10; 7) 3) (–3; 7) 4) (–2; 7).
6. romel sakoordinato meoTxedSia M(x; y) wertili, Tu cnobilia, rom xy+1<0
da x2y>0?
1) I 2) II 3) III 4) IV.
7. firmis damwyebi muSakis xelfasi 3-jer naklebia ZiriTadi muSakis xelfasze.

amasTanave, ZiriTadi muSakis xelfasi 180 lariT aRemateba damwyebis xelfass. ipo-
veT TiToeuli maTganis xelfasi.
8. ipoveT is ricxvi, romelic Semdegi pirobiTaa mocemuli: Tu mas 1-s mivumate-

bT, miRebul Sedegs gavamravlebT 2-ze, am Sedegs gavyofT 3-ze, ganayofs gamovakle-
bT 4-s, miviRebT 5-s. amoxseniT amocana ori xerxiT:
a) ùkusvliT~ b) gantolebis SedgeniT.
1 2 3 4 5 6
4 4 1 2 3 2
7. vTqvaT, damwyebi muSakis xelfasia x lari, maSin ZiriTadisa iqneba 3x lari da

miiReba gantoleba:
3x–x=180, x=90.
maSasadame, damwyebis xelfasia 90 lari, ZiriTadisa _ 270 lari.
8. a) CamoTvlili moqmedebebi CavataroT ukusvliT:

5+4=9; 9⋅3=27; 27:2=13,5; 13,5–1=12,5.
saZiebeli ricxvia 12,5.
b) saZiebeli ricxvi iyos x, maSin
(x+1)⋅2:3–4=5, x+1=9⋅3:2, x=12,5.
Sefasebis rubrika
pirveli eqvsi amocanidan TiToeulis amoxsna (swori pasuxis SerCeva) 1 quliT

fasdeba.
me-7 da me-8 amocanebis amoxsnebi _ or-ori quliT. am amocanebis amoxsnebis Se-
fasebisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT 0,5; 1; 1,5 qulac. magaliTad, me-7 amocanaSi gantole-
bis Sedgena _ 1,5 qula, me-8 amocanaSi erT-erTi xerxiT amoxsna _ 1 qula.
Semajamebeli weris analizi
weris Sedegebis analizisas mosalodnelia, rom Secdomebis ZiriTadi nawili da-

kavSirebuli iqneba im davalebebTan, romelTa Sesruleba pirobis Sesabamisi yvela
SesaZlo SemTxvevis ganxilvas exeba. aseTia me-2, me-3, me-5 da me-6 amocanebi. sasur-
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velia, winaswar moamzadoT sxvadasxva sirTulis msgavsi davalebebi da garCevisas
193
aucileblad imsjeleT modelis (suraTis) gamoyenebiT. gaarCieT moswavleTa sruli
CarTulobiT.
Semajamebeli weris Sedegebis ganxilvis Semdeg gamovucxadebT moswavleebs, rom

Semdegi gakveTilis Tema iqneba RerZuli simetria. am sakiTxis Seswavla moswavlee-
bma VI klasSi daiwyes. winare codnis gaaqtiurebis mizniT, sasargeblo iqneba am
Temaze internetgakveTilis mosmena. mivuTiTebT moswavleebs videogakveTilis mi-
samarTs: www.silkschool.ge. SevdivarT saitze, mivuTiTebT: gakveTilebi, maTematika,
VI klasi. advilad vipoviT gakveTils: RerZuli simetria. Cveni moswavleebis didi
nawili wlis bolos wignebs skolas ubrunebs. maT ar aqvT saSualeba gaimeoron sa-
kiTxebi wina wlis wignidan. aq did daxmarebas gviwevs `saSinao skola~ da misi video-
gakveTilebi, romlis sandoobac SeiZleba davadasturoT.
RerZuli simetriis videogakveTili VI klasis standartis mixedviT aris Sedge-
nili. VII klasSi es sakiTxi meti moculobiTa da siRrmiT Seiswavleba, emateba Rer-
Zuli simetriis koordinatebSi warmodgena. RerZuli simetriis Tvisebebi (magali-
Tad, RerZuli simetriisas wrfe wrfeze aisaxeba, kuTxe _ tol kuTxeze) aRweriTa
da dasabuTebis gareSe aris warmodgenili. VII klasSic formaluri simkacris dacva
da yvela TvalsaCino Tvisebis damtkiceba miuwvdomeli iqneba moswavleebisTvis.
5.4. RerZuli simetria
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebisa da TviTSefasebisTvis gankuTvnili amo-

canebis ganxilvas eTmoba 101-e _ 103-e gakveTilebi

sakiTxebi: RerZuli simetria, RerZuli simetriis gamosaxva koordinatebiT.
winare codna: koordinatTa sistema sibrtyeze, RerZuli simetria. wrfis mi-
marT simetriuli figurebi.
Sedarebis indikatorebi: moswavles unda esmodes RerZuli simetriis arsi, man
unda SeZlos RerZuli simetriis ganxorcieleba, misi gamoyeneba figuris Tvisebebis
Sesaswavlad. man unda SeZlos hipoTezis Camoyalibeba, misi marTebulobis dadgena,
an uaryofa, msjelobis xazis ganviTareba, ganzogadebiT an deduqciiT miRebuli
daskvnebis dasabuTeba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7).
moswavleebs davalebuli hqondaT RerZuli simetriis Sesaxeb internetgakve-

Tilis mosmena. gakveTils viwyebT am gakveTilis Sesaxeb saubriT, Tumca am Temis
ganxilvaSi iolad CaerTvebian is moswavleebic, romlebmac ver SeZles am inter-
netgakveTilis mosmena. zogierT moswavles SeiZleba me-6 klasis kursidanac ax-
sovdes am geometriuli gardaqmnis daxasiaTeba. videogakveTilis Sesabamisi masala
me-6 klasidan wrfis mimarT simetriuli wertilebis gansazRvrebiT iwyeba.
_ rogor aRwerdiT wrfis mimarT simetriuli wertilebis ganlagebas?
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_ romel figuras ewodeba raime wrfis mimarT Tavisi Tavis simetriuli?
194
_ romel Tqvengans SeuZlia wrewirze aRebuli ori wertilis simetriis RerZis
povna?
zogierTma moswavlem yuradRebiT moismina videogakveTili, zogierTs es masala
me-6 klasis saxelmZRvanelodan axsovs. kiTxvebze pasuxebis miRebiT, am pasuxebis
analiziT mimdinareobs saubari RerZul simetriaze, RerZuli simetriis Tvisebe-
bze. iwyeba axali codnis konstruirebac _ sakoordinato sibrtyeze sakoordinato
RerZebis mimarT simetriuli wertilebis koordinatebs Soris kavSirebis aRmoCenasa
da am kavSirebis formulebis saxiT Caweris Sesaxeb. axal Tvisebebsac moswavleebi
aRmoaCenen. dagexmarebaT kiTxvebis sistema, romelic saxelmZRvaneloSia warmodge-
nili.
am kiTxvebze pasuxebiT moswavleebi aRmoaCenen am martiv SemTxvevebSi koordi-
natTa gardaqmnebis formulebs.
_ suraTze A da A', B da B', C da C' ordinatTa RerZis mimarT simetriuli wer-
tilebia, maTi ordinatebi tolia, abcisebi _ mopirdapire ricxvebi.
_ Tu avagebT ABC samkuTxedis simetriul samkuTxeds OX RerZis mimarT, maSin
miviRebT am samkuTxedis simetriul A''B''C'' samkuTxeds (∆A'B'C' aris Oy RerZis mi-
marT ∆ABC-s simetriuli samkuTxedi), romlis wveroebi: A'', B'' da C'', Sesabamisad,
A, B da C-s simetriuli wertilebia Ox RerZis mimarT, (A; A''), (B; B''), (C, C'') aris
Ox RerZis mimarT simetriul wertilTa wyvilebi. TiToeul am wyvilSi wertilebs
toli abscisebi aqvs, ordinatebi mopirdapire ricxvebia.
umjobesia, aqve Caiweros koordinatTa gardaqmnis formulebi, romelic
saxelmZRvanelSi Sejamebis nawilSia warmodgenili. formulebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva
saxiT CavweroT:
Ox RerZis mimarT simetriisas: M(x; y) → M'(x; –y)
Oy RerZis mimarT simetriisas: N(x; y) → N'(–x; y).
geometriuli gardaqmnebis swavlebis SemoReba maTematikis sxvadasxva nawilis
erTian ideur safuZelze gadmocemis winapirobaa; am geometriuli gardaqmnebis
saerTo Tvisebis win wamoweva me-7 klasSi mxolod intuiciur safuZvelze xdeba.
SemdgomSi es Tvisebebi damtkicebuli iqneba. TvalsaCinoebisa da induqciuri msje-
lobis farTo gamoyenebas xels uwyobs sakoordinato sibrtyisa da koordinatebis
CarTva RerZuli simetriisa da paraleluri gadatanis daxasiaTebisas.
gansazRvrulia wrfis mimarT simetriuli wertilebisa da simetriuli figuris
cnebebi, figuris simetriis RerZis cneba. ganxilulia raime RerZis mimarT mocemu-
li figuris simetriuli figuris agebis amocanebi.
maswavleblebs SevaxsenebT RerZis mimarT simetriul figuraTa ramdenime Tvise-
bas, romelTa swavleba amocanebis Sedegebze dakvirveba-ganzogadebis saSualebiT
ganxorcieldeba:
I. wrfis mimarT simetriuli wertilebis SemaerTebeli monakve-

Ti marTobulia am wrfisa da masTan gadakveTis wertiliT Suaze
iyofa.
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II. Tu AB monakveTi simetriulia A1B1 monakveTis l wrfis mimarT,
maSin AB=A1B1.
III. Tu A wertili simetriulia l wrfis mimarT A1 wertilis, maSin

l wrfis nebismieri B wertilisTvis AB=A1B.
M(x; y) da M'(-x; y) wertilebi y RerZis mimarT simetriu-

li wertilebia.
N(x1; y1) da N'(x1; –y1) wertilebi x RerZis mimarT sime-
triuli wertilebia.
moswavleebTan erTad ganvixilavT simetriis

im SemTxvevasac, roca simetriis RerZi erT-er-
Ti sakoordinato RerZis paraleluria. vTqvaT,
simetriis RerZi aris wrfe, romelic ordinatTa
RerZis paraleluria da kveTs abscisaTa RerZs
wertilSi, romlis abscisa aris a, M da M' wer-
tilebi simetriulia am wrfis mimarT, maSin maTi
ordinatebi tolia.
sakoordinato wrfeze or wertils Soris manZilis formulis gamoyenebiT mi-

viRebT: x–a=a–x', anu x'=–x+2a. maSasadame, M(x; y) wertilis simetriuli am wrfis mi-
marT iqneba M′(–x+2a; y) wertili.
klasSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT ramdenime konkretuli SemTxveva da zogadi formu-
la Semdeg davweroT. `moswavlem unda SeZlos hipoTezis Camoyalileba, misi marTe-
bulobis dadgena, an uaryofa; msjelobis xazis ganviTareba, ganzogadebiT an dedu-
qciiT miRebuli daskvnebis dasabuTeba (maT. sab. 1, 2).
analogiurad, Tu simetriis RerZi paraleluria abscisaTa RerZis, kveTs or-
dinatTa RerZs wertilSi, romlis ordinatia b, maSin K(x; y) wertilis simetriuli
wertili am RerZis mimarT aris K'(x; –y+2b).
am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba konkretuli magaliTebis ganxilvis Sedegad mivideT am
zogad daskvnamde da Semdeg vcadoT misi dasabuTeba.
saxelmZRvaneloSi gamosaxulia zogierTi geometriuli figura (marTkuTxedi,
kvadrati), miTiTebulia maTi simetriis RerZebi. SeiZleba davamatoT wre, romlis
centrze gamavali yoveli wrfe misi simetriis RerZia. simetriulobis Tvisebebi
gvexmareba figuraTa Tvisebebis dasabuTebaSi.
magaliTad, Tu wreSi gavavlebT diametris marTobul qordas,
maSin am diametriT es qorda Suaze gaiyofa; diametrze gamaval wr-
feze gadakecvisas wris erTi nawili daemTxveva meores, B wertili
daemTxveva A wertils, diametri am qordis Sua wertilze gadis.
`testebidan~ meti yuradReba davuTmoT 6 tests.
196
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1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 1 2 4 1 2 3 2 3
7 a) A(2; 4) → A′(2; –4); b) A(2; 4) → A′′(–2; 4);

B(–1; 3) → B′(–1; –3); B(–1; 3) → B′′(1; 3);
C(2; –3) → C′(2; 3); C(2; –3) → C′′(–2; –3);
D(–4; –3) → D′(–4; 3); D(–4; –3) → D′′(4; –3);
E(0; 3) → E′(0; –3); E(0; 3) → E′′(0; 3);
F(–4; 0) → F′(–4; 0); F(–4; 0) → F′′(4; 0).
8 a) C wertilia (3; 3);

b) abscisaTa RerZis mimarT: C′(3; –3); ordinatTa RerZis mimarT:
C′′(–3; 3).
9 abscisaTa RerZis mimarT A(4; 2) wertilis simetriulia A′(4;

–2) wertili; ordinatTa RerZis mimarT A′–is simetriulia B(–4; –2)
wertili.
10 Tu saTaves gadavitanT (0;2) wertilSi, maSin axali

abscisaTa RerZis mimarT A-sa da B-s koordinatebi iqneba (3; 5)
da (3; –5) da am RerZis mimarT es wertilebi simetriulia.
11 simetriis a RerZzea wert il ebi M(2; 2,5) da

N(9; 2,5); b RerZzea wertilebi E(5,5; 7,5) da K(5,5; –2,5).
a da b RerZebis gadakveTis P wertilis koordinatebia
(5,5; 2,5).
10 a) unda daiStrixos sul mcire Svidi ujra.
b) unda daiStrixos sul mcire cxra ujra.
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12 pirvel figuras aqvs erTi simetriis RerZi _ vertikaluri wrfe, romelic
or tol nawilad yofs mocemul figuras.
meore figuras aqvs ori RerZi, mesames _ 1, meoTxes _ 4.
saSinao davalebis ramdenime amocanasTan erTad moswavleebs vavalebT, Seasru-

lon TviTSefasebis testi da Semdegi gakveTilisTvis warmoadginon Sedegebi.
103-e gakveTili
sakiTxebi: amocanebis amoxsna sxvadasxva xerxiT, simravleebze moqmedebebi, fi-

guris simetriis RerZi.
winare codna: amocanebis amoxsna sxvadasxva xerxiT, RerZuli simetria, simra-
vleebze moqmedebebis gamoyeneba.
mizani da Sefasebis indikatorebi: zemoT miTiTebuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb miRe-
buli codnis ganmtkiceba. ganmamtkicebeli da ganmaviTarebeli amocanebis ganxil-
vis kvalobaze SeZlos saTanado amocanebis amoxsna (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3).
gakveTilis sawyisi 10-15 wuTi SeiZleba davuTmoT wina gakveTilebze Seswavlil

sakiTxebs (RerZuli simetriis Sesaxeb), saSinao davalebis amocanebis garCevas, Rer-
Zuli simetriis koordinatebiT Caweras im SemTxvevebSi, roca simetriis RerZebi
sakoordinato RerZebs emTxveva an maTi paraleluria.
TviTSefasebisTvis gankuTvnili testebis Sesrulebis ganxilva gvexmareba aRmova-
CinoT xarvezebi moswavleTa codnaSi; vizrunoT arsebuli xarvezebis gamoswore-
baze. amocanebi isea SerCeuli, rom moiTxovs sxvadasxva codnaTa kompleqsur ga-
moyenebas, amoxsnis gegmis dasaxvas, logikuri msjelobis Catarebas, maTematikuri
terminebis, aRniSvnebisa da simboloebis koreqtulad gamoyenebas (maT. sab. 3, 4)
maTi gadaWra moswavles gaiyvans saTanado codnis pirobiseul doneze.
1. amocanis amoxsnis erT-erTi xerxi gantolebis Sedgenis gamoyenebaa: mariami _

x–6, giorgi _ x, vaxtangi _ x+3. amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, x-6+x+x+3=27. saidanac,
3x=30, x=10.
SeiZleba, romelime moswavlem Seamowma, rom, Tu giorgi 10 wlis iqneboda, ma-
Sin vaxtangisa da mariamis wlovanebebi Sesabamisad 13-iTa da 7-iT gamoisaxeba da es
ricxvebi akmayofilebs pirobas.
am SemTxvevaSi moviTxovoT damatebiT dasabuTdes,
3
rom giorgi ar SeiZleba ar iyos 10 wlis. amocanis
amoxsna SeiZleba aseTi msjelobis CatarebiTac: Tu sa- 6 6
mive moswavlis asaki giorgis asakis toli iqneba, maSin
asakebis jami iqneba 3-iT meti (giorgi 6 wliT ufro-
sia mariamze da 3 wliT umcrosi _ vaxtangze). maSasa-
dame, giorgi 30:3=10 wlisaa. SevaqoT moswavle, romelic
amoxsnis am variants miagnebs. SeiZleba wlovanebebi
mariami giorgi vaxtangi
marTkuTxedebiT gamovsaxoT (svetovani diagramiT):
198
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aqedan kargad Cans, rom samives asaki mariamis asakis toli rom iyos, asakebis
jami 15-iT naklebi iqneboda, maSasadame, mariamis asaki (27–15):3=4 welia, giorgis
_ 10.
Cveni rCevaa, dauTmeT meti dro erTi da imave amocanis sxvadasxva xerxiT
amoxsnas, es procesi xels Seuwyobs maTematikis swavlebis erTi-erTi mniSv-
nelovani miznis ganxorcielebas: moswavle maTematikis meSveobiT daeuflos
abstraqtuli, logikuri da kritikuli azrovnebis xerxebs (maTematika, sabazo
safexuris standarti, Sesavali, sagnis swavla-swavlebis miznebi).
2. am amocanis amoxsnisas moswavleebis umravlesoba gantolebis Sedgenas ga-

moiyenebs:
avtobusis siCqare _ x
avtomobilis _ x+28
amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad,
3x=2(x+28)
x=56.
gantolebis Sedgena da gantolebis Sedgenis gamoyenebiT amocanis amoxsna niS-
navs, rom moswavle flobs maTematikis enas, romelic saWiroa ara marto maTema-
tikis, aramed sxva mecnierebebis (magaliTad, qimiis, fizikis) aTvisebis dros.
es amocanac SeiZleba logikuri msjelobis gamoyenebiT amoixsnas. avtomobili
yovel saaTSi 28 km-iT mets gadis, 2 saaTSi _ 56 km-iT mets; amitom avtobusma ki-
dev 1 saaTi iara, rom igive manZili daefara, maSasadame, avtobusis siCqare 50 km/sT
yofila. aucileblad ganixileT amoxsnis es variantic.
3. I xerxi: erTi gverdi _ x

meore gverdi _ 3x
ori gverdis jami _ perimetris naxevari _ 1,6 dm.
4x=1,6
x=0,4 (dm)
II xerxi: moswavlem SeiZleba amoxsna naxevarperimetris nawilebis ganxilvas dau-
kavSiros (Tumca, es xerxi mxolod formalurad gansxvavdeba I xerxisgan):
4 nawili _ 1,6 1 nawili

1 nawili _ 0,4
3 nawili
4. I xerxi: x+x+2+x+4=390
3x=384.
dasaxelebuli ricxvebia: 128, 130, 132.
II xerxi:
samive ricxvi rom umciresis toli iyos, jami 6-iT naklebi iqneba: 390–6=384
umciresi _ 384:3=128
momdevno _ 130
Semdegi _ 132.
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SeiZleba moswavleebma ikamaTon _ ramdenad gansxvavebulia es ori xerxi erTma-
neTisgan, an saWiroa Tu ara, aseTi martivi amocanis amosaxsnelad ramdenime xerxis
Zieba?
5. I xerxi:
ucnobi ricxvi _ x
2x–12= 12 x
3 x=12
2
x=8.
II xerxi:
gansxvaveba gaorkecebul ucnob ricxvsa da mis naxevars Soris aris 12. meore
mxriv, es gansxvaveba aris (2– 12 )-jer meti ucnob ricxvze.
ucnobi ricxvi aris 12: 32 = 8.
6. I xerxi:
vTqvaT, Tanabrad ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi dReSi amosaxsnelia x amocana, sul _
7x. Tu 1 dReSi amovxsniT (x+1) amocanas, 6 dReSi yvela amocana amoxsnili gveqneba
_ 6(x+1)
7x=6(x+1)
x=6.
sul _ 42 amocana.
II xerxi:
sul amosaxsnelia x amocana. maSin, amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad,
6x – 7x =1, x =1,
42 x=42.
III xerxi:
yoveldRe 1-iT metis amoxsna niSnavs 6 dReSi 6-iT metis amoxsnas. 7 dRe rom emu-
Sava, es 6 amocana me-7 dRes unda amoexsna anas. sul amosaxsneli iyo 6⋅7=42 amocana.
7. luwebis raodenobaa 81–24=57. maTgan 18 iyofa 4-ze, danarCeni 39 ar aris 4-is

jeradi.
`moswavlem unda SeZlos maTematikuri terminebis, aRniSvnebisa da simboloebis
koreqtulad gamoyeneba (maT. sab. 3)~.
8. Tu mrgvali oTxfexa magidebis raodenobas aRvniSnavT x-iT (cxadia, x SeiZleba

iyos nebismieri ricxvi 0-dan 32-mde), maSin oTxkuTxa oTxfexa magidebis raodenoba
iqneba, 50–x, xolo oTxkuTxa samfexa magidebis raodenoba _ 28-(50-x)=28-50+x=–22+x.
x ar SeiZleba iyos 32-ze meti, maSasadame, sul didi, samfexa oTxkuTxa magidebis
raodenoba SeiZleba iyos 10. aq moswavlem unda gamoavlinos verbalurad aRwerili
situaciis cvladiani gamosaxulebiT Caweris, cvladiani gamosaxulebis gamartive-
bis, msjelobis unari (maT. sab. 2,^ 4, 5, 7, 8).
amoxsnas aadvilebs pirobis mokled Cawera.
200
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oTxkuTxa magidebi mrgvali magidebi
28 32
3-fexa 4-fexa 3-fexa 4-fexa
50–x x
28–(50–x)=x–22.
radgan x≤32, x–22-is udidesi mniSvnelobaa 10.
9. radgan yvelaze ufrosi ar aris biWi, yvelaze ufrosi erT-erTi gogoa; igi
meore gogoze (SuaTanaze da-Zmebs Soris) ufrosia, maSasadame, am meores unda
hyavdes masze umcrosi ori Zma. amrigad, yvelaze umcrosi yofila biWi.
10. am amocanis amoxsna moiTxovs naSTiani gayofis codnas:

72=q⋅x+x
x ganayofia; q gamyofia da x naSTia, amitom x<q maSasadame, 72=x(q+1).
q+1 aris 72-is gamyofi;
q+1=72, q=71, x=1
q+1=36, q=35, x=2
q+1=24, q=23, x=3
q+1=18, q=17, x=4
q+1=12, q=11, x=6. pasuxi: 71, 35, 23, 17 an 11.
unda gamoiricxos SemTxvevebi: q+1=9, q+1=8, q+1=6, q+1=4, q+1=3, q+1=2, q+1=1, rad-
gan maSin x>q.
moswavleebma SeiZleba es amocana zepirad amoxsnan, gamoiyenon sinjvis meTodi

da gaiTvaliswinon, rom naSTi da arasruli ganayofi toli ricxvebia da TiToeuli
es ricxvi 72-is gamyofia. maSasadame, SeiZleba 72-is gamyofebs Soris veZeboT aras-
ruli ganayofi da naSTi (1, 2, 3, 4, 6). yvela gamyofi ar gamodgeba (naSTi naklebi
unda iyos ricxvze, romelzec vyofT). magaliTad, x=8 ar gamodgeba, radgan maSin
q+1=9, q=8. am `xifaTs~ SeiZleba gverdi ver auaros man, vinc Seecdeba amocanis ze-
pirad amoxsnas.
11. moswavles unda SeeZlos mocemuli samkuTxedis simetriuli samkuTxedis age-

ba _ sakmarisia avagoT mocemuli samkuTxedis wveroebis simetriuli wertilebi
ordinatTa RerZis mimarT: A'(2; 5), B'(3; 1), C'(–3; 1). Tumca, agebis gareSec kargad
Cans, rom B wvero daemTxveva C′-s, xolo C wvero _ B'-s.
M(5; 10)
12. M wertilze ordinatTa RerZis paralelurad

gavlebuli wrfe am samkuTxedis erTaderTi sime-
triis RerZia.
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13. unda vipovoT B wertili, romelic A wertilis si-
metriulia abscisaTa RerZis mimarT,^ maSasadame, B=(–4; –2).
14. moswavleebi msjeloben agebuli xuTkuTxedis mixe-

dviT: C wertilze ordinatTa RerZis paralelurad ga-
vlebuli wrfe aris xuTkuTxedis erTaderTi simetriis
RerZi.
am wrfis mimarT B da D, A da E simetriul wer-
tilTa wyvilebia. simetriis RerZi kveTs abscisaTa
RerZs wertilSi, romlis abscisaa 3. A wertilis abs-
cisa aris 2, E wertilis abscisa aris 4, A da E wer-
tilebi simetriulia C wertilze gavlebuli Rer-
Zis mimarT. SeiZleba Cven mier gakveTilze miRebuli formulac SevamowmoT:
x'=–x+2⋅3, 4=–2+2⋅3. analogiuria B da D wertilebis ganlagebac. simetriis RerZze
Zevs C wertili.
15. unda avagoT A wertilis simetriuli werti-

li ordinatTa RerZis mimarT: A'(–4; 0).
avagoT B wertilis simetriuli wertili absci-
saTa RerZis mimarT: B'(0; 3). miRebuli oTxkuTxedis
diagonalebis sigrZeebia 8 erTeuli da 6 erTeu-
li. maswavleblebisTvis cxadia, rom miiReba rombi,
romlis gverdis sigrZe aris 5 erTeuli.
11-15 amocanebi SeiZleba Semdeg gakveTilze gavarCioT, rogorc winare codnis

gaaqtiureba paraleluri gadatanis Seswavlamde.
Semdegi gakveTilisTvis SeiZleba davavaloT moswavleebs `saSinao skolis~
videogakveTilis mixedviT (www.silkschool.ge) gaimeoron paraleluri gadatana.
es videogakveTili me-6 klasis standartis mixedviT aris Sedgenili. me-7 klas-
Si aRniSnuli sakiTxi meti moculobiTa da meti siRrmiT Seiswavleba. me-7 klasis
standartis mixedviT Sedgenil sarekomendacio wliur programebSi miTiTebu-
lia: `geometriuli gardaqmnebis (RerZuli simetria sakoordinato RerZebis an
maTi paraleluri wrfeebis mimarT, paraleluri gadatana) gamosaxva koordi-
natebSi~. Cven viTvaliswinebT am rekomendaciebs.
202
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5.5. paraleluri gadatana
am paragrafis aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 104-e da 105-e gakveTilebi

sakiTxebi: paraleluri gadatana. paraleluri gadatanis koordinatebSi gamo-
saxva.
winare codna: koordinatTa sistema sibrtyeze, RerZuli simetria, warmodgenebi
figuris paraleluri gadatanis Sesaxeb.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos geometriuli figurebis
amocnoba, maTi saxeobebis Sedareba da klasificireba, geometriuli gardaqmnebis
ganxorcieleba da maTi gamoyeneba figuraTa Tvisebebis Sesaswavlad (maT. sab. 1, 2,
3, 5, 6, 7).
gakveTili SeiZleba daviwyoT `TviTSefasebis~ testis 11-15 amocanebis garCeviT.
Semdeg viwyebT videogakveTilis mixedviT VI klasSi paraleluri gadatanis Sesaxeb
naswavlis gameorebas. es sakiTxi me-7 klasSi meti siRrmiTa da sxvadasxva kuTxiT
Seiswavleba. winare codnis gaaqtiureba SeiZleba skafoldingis meTodiT ganvaxor-
cieloT _ winaswar momzadebuli kiTxvebis saSualebiT vsaubrobT Seswavlil sa-
kiTxebze.
_ ra geometriuli gardaqmna SeiswavleT me-7 klasSi? (RerZuli simetria).
_ ra iyo axali RerZuli simetriis Seswavlis dros? (RerZuli simetriis koor-
dinatebiT warmodgena)
_ RerZuli simetriis gamoyenebis ra magaliTebi iyo ganxiluli? (geometriuli
figurebis toloba, wrewiris diametris Tviseba).
maSasadame, erTdroulad mimdinareobs videogakveTilis mixedviT paraleluri
gadatanisa da me-7 klasSi gavlili RerZuli simetriis Tvisebebis gaxseneba.
RerZuli simetriis gaxsenebas kidev is mniSvneloba aqvs, rom me-7 klasSi pa-
ralelur gadatanas axali kuTxiT _ ori paraleluri gadatanis mimdevrobiT Ca-
tarebis gamoyenebiT warmovadgenT. es xels uwyobs sakiTxis siRrmiseul Seswavlas.
moxerxebulad aris warmodgenili koordinatTa meTodisa da mimarTuli monakveTis
gamoyenebebi. Cven mier SemoRebuli mimarTuli monakveTi aris obieqti, romelic xa-
siaTdeba sididiTa da mimarTulebiT (monakveTis sigrZe, mimarTuleba monakveTis
erTi bolodan meorisken).
es ganxilva gamoadgebaT moswavleebs fizikis kursis Seswavlis drosac. gan-
sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania koordinatebis CarTva, radgan xSirad fizikis kursSi
mimarTuli monakveTebi ufro adre gamoiyeneba, vidre mimarTul monakveTTa klasiT
warmodgenili (veqtori) maTematikis kursSi. am terminis (mimarTuli monakveTis) ga-
moyenebas Cven fizikosebsac vurCevT xolme. AB mimarTuli monakveTiT ganvsazR-
vreT is a da b ricxvebi, romelTa mixedviTac `gadaadgildeba~. a ricxvi aris B da
A wertilebis abscisebis sxvaoba (Tu a dadebiTia, gvaqvs gadatana / `gasrialeba~ a
erTeuliT marjvniv, Tu a uaryofiTia, gvaqvs gadaadgileba marcxniv |a| erTeuliT).
b ricxvi aris B da A wertilebis ordinatebis sxvaoba da gviCvenebs gadaadgilebas
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zemoT (Tu b dadebiTia), an qvemoT (Tu b uaryofiTia). axsnis dros SemovifargloT a
203
da b sidideebis konkretuli ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis ganxilviT. amitom moswavlee-
bs ar unda gauZneldeT sakiTxis aTviseba. Tumca, SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos zogadi
msjeloba da AB mimarTuli monakveTiT paraleluri gadatanis zogadi saxiT Cawera:
M(x; y) → M'(x+a, y+b) (M wertili gadadis M′ wertilSi).
a aris B da A wertilebis abscisebis sxvaoba, b aris B da A wertilebis ordi-
natebis sxvaoba. amasTanave, Tu raime C wertili am paraleluri gadataniT gadadis
D wertilSi, maSin D da C wertilebis koordinatebis sxvaobebic igive ricxvebia,
CD-s sigrZe AB-s sigrZis tolia.
geografiuli ruka am koordinatebisa da paraleluri gadatanis aRweris karg
saSualebas iZleva. moswavleebi intuiciurad warmoidgenen kidev Semdeg faqtebs:
paraleluri gadatanisas yoveli figura (magaliTad, samkuTxedi, oTxkuTxedi) mis
tol figuraze aisaxeba; amasTanave, ganvixilavT SemTxvevas, roca AB mimarTuli
monakveTis A da B wertilebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva; am sakiTxebze isaubreT sa-
kontrolo kiTxvebze pasuxebis garCevisas.
`testebi~ da amocanebi isea Sedgenili, rom moswavleebi TviT amocanebis ganxil-
viT, maTi gadawyvetiT iyvnen dakavebulebi da, sazogadod swavlis procesiT iyvnen
motivirebulebi.
1 2 3 1 2 3 4
3 4 2 1 2 1 1
saklaso `testebis~ pasuxebis dawvrilebiTi analizis Semdeg, moswavleebs ar

unda gauWirdeT saSinao testebze pasuxebis SerCeva.
4naxazi yovelma moswavlem sakuTar ujrebian rveulSi unda Seasrulos.

moswavleebi advilad darwmundebian paraleluri gadatanis erT-erTi Tvisebis
sisworeSi _ miiReba kvadrati, romlis gverdis sigrZec 3 sm-ia.
5
mxolod a) suraTze gamosaxuli figurebidan I miiReba II figurisgan miTiTe-
buli paraleluri gadataniT.
6moswavleebi asruleben naxazs sakuTar ujrian rveulebSi, Semdeg adareben

Sedegebs.
7gamoviyenebT ujrian rveuls. B-dan D-sken mimarTu

lebiT BD-s naxevris toli manZiliT xdeba paraleluri gada-
tana. ujrian rveulSi miviRebT kvlav 4 erTeulis (TiToeu-
li ujris sigrZe miviCnieT 1 erTeulad) sigrZis gverdis
mqone kvadrats.
8 Tu D(3; 8) wertili gadadis K(0; 5) wertilSi, maSin

paraleluri gadatana xdeba DK mimarTuli monakveTiT, es paraleluri gadatana ase
Caiwereba:
M(x; y) → M′(x–3; y–3).
C wertili gadava C′(–4; 1) wertilSi, E wertili _ E′(3; 7) wertilSi. miRebuli
KC′E′ samkuTxedi iqneba CDE-s toli.
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9 es paraleluri gadatana ase Caiwereba: M(x; y) → M′(x+2, y+1).
axla vmsjelobT wina amocanis amoxsnis analogiurad da viRebT: M′(2; 4), N′(2;
1), L′(5; 1).
10 A=(–1; 6), B=(–1; 2), C=(–4; 2);

A1=(1; 6), B1=(1; 2), C1=(4; 2);
A2=(9; 6), B2=(9; 2), C2=(6; 2).
A2B2C2 samkuTxedi miiReba ABC samkuTxedisgan paraleluri gadataniT:
M(x; y) → M′(x+10; y).
5 a) b)
6 suraTebze warmodgenilia ABCD marTkuTxedis paraleluri gadatanis Se-

degi, Sesabamisad,
• AE monakveTiT: • DE monakveTiT:
9
paraleluri gadatana sruldeba formuliT:
M(x; y) → M′(x+3; y–2). maSasadame, gvaqvs:
B(1; 1) → B1(4; –1),
C(–3; –1) → C1(3; –3).
10 paraleluri gadatana xorcieldeba formuliT:

M(x; y) → M′(x–6; y–2). maSasadame,
A(0; 5) → A1(–6; 3),
B(–4; 1) → B1(–10; –1),
C(2; 3) → C1(–4; 1).
SeiZleba klasis saWiroebebidan gamomdinare CaataroT damoukidebeli wera, an

moswavleebs misceT diferencirebuli saSinao davalebebi. am miznebiT SegiZliaT
gamoiyenoT amocanebi:
1. Tu wertilis ordinati aris 4, maSin ordinatTa RerZis mimarT misi simetriu-

li wertilis ordinati aris
a) 4 b) –4 g) 0 d) 8.
2. A(x; y) pirveli meoTxedis wertilia. B misi simetriulia abscisaTa RerZis mi-
marT. cnobilia, rom x≠0, y≠0, romeli meoTxedis wertilia B?
a) I b) II g) III d) IV.
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3. Tu wertilis ordinati akmayofilebs pirobas –7≤y≤–1, maSin abscisaTa RerZis
mimarT misi simetriuli wertilis ordinati akmayofilebs pirobas:
a) –1≤y≤0 b) 1≤y≤7 g) 7≤y d) y≤–1.
4. ramdeni simetriis RerZi aqvs marTkuTxeds, romelic araa kvadrati?

a) erTi b) ori g) sami d) oTxi.
5. mocemulia wertilebi: A(6; 5) da B(6; –11). sakoordinato sibrtyis romel wer-

tilSi SeiZleba gadavitanoT koordinatTa saTave (RerZebis mimarTulebis Seucvle-
lad), rom koordinatTa axal sistemaSi A da B wertilebi abscisaTa RerZis mimarT
simetriuli aRmoCndes?
a) (0; –3) b) (0; 3) g) (3; 0) d) (–3; 0).
6. M(4; –8) wertilis abscisaTa RerZis mimarT simetriuli wertilis koordinate-

bis jamia
a) –4 b) 4 g) 12 d) –12.
7. Tu SevasrulebT sakoordinato sibrtyeze paralelur gadatanas `zemoT~ 3

erTeuliT da `marcxniv~ 6 erTeuliT, maSin es paraleluri gadatana SeiZleba ase
CavweroT:
a) (x; y) → (x+3; y–6) b) (x; y) → (x–6; y+3)
g) (x; y) → (x-3; y+6) d) (x; y) → (x+6; y–3).
8. paraleluri gadatana mocemulia formuliT (x; y) → (x+5; y–8). am paraleluri

gadatanisas romeli wertili miiReba (3; 5) wertilisgan?
a) (–2; 13) b) (–2; –3) g) (8; 13) d) (8; –3).
9. marTkuTxedis paraleluri gadataniT

a) SesaZlebelia monakveTis miReba
b) SesaZlebelia samkuTxedis miReba
g) aucileblad marTkuTxedi miiReba
d) SesaZlebelia nebismieri mravalkuTxedis miReba.
10. Tu raime paraleluri gadataniT A(–9; –4) gadadis B(3; 7) wertilSi, maSin amave
paraleluri gadataniT C(2; 0) wertilSi gadava wertili
a) (10; 11) b) (–10; 11) g) (–11; –10) d) (–10; –11).
pasuxebi:^
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a d b b a g b d g Dd
SeiZleba internetresursis `GeoGebra Classic 5~-is gamoyeneba, arsebobs misi qar-

Tuli versia. gamoiyeneT Rilaki `mravalkuTxedi~, daxazeT sakoordinato sibr-
tyeze samkuTxedi an marTkuTxedi. simetriis RilakiT virCevT `paralelur gadata-
nas~, gamovsaxavT sasurvel mimarTul monakveTs, isriT mivaniSnebT kvlav Cven mier
gamosaxul figuras, romlis paraleluri gadatanac unda ganxorcieldes.
Sedegad gamonaTdeba misi paraleluri gadataniT miRebuli figura _ àlgebris
fanjaraze~ (ekranze) warmodgenili figurebis wveroebis koordinatebi. àlgebris
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fanjara~ SeiZleba gaaaqtiuroT RilakiT `Cveneba~.
206
proeqti
warmodgenilia proeqtis erT-erTi tipi _ kvleviTi praqtikuli samuSao, rome-
lic optimaluri amoxsnis ZiebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
proeqtSi monawileTa raodenobis mixedviT, igi SeiZleba iyos individualuri,
or moswavleze gaTvaliswinebuli an jgufuri. amjerad individualuri proeqtia
warmodgenili da praqtikuli xasiaTis davalebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs.
• umoklesi marSrutia FEDCBAF (an, rac igivea, FABCDEF) texili;
• texilis sigrZea 15+10+14+6+7+8=60 (km). am gzis gavlas avtobusi 1 saaTs moan-
domebs. maSasadame, gaCerebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saWiroa 1 sT da 25 wT.
• FEDCBAF marSrutisTvis cxrils aqvs saxe:
punqti E D C B A F
misvlis dro 745
800
819
830
842
855
• yoveli saswavlo dRis ganmavlobaSi gasavlelia 120 km, 5 dReSi _ 600 km;
daixarjeba 6⋅15=90 litri sawvavi.
V Tavis Semajamebeli amocanebi da maTi ganxilva
sakiTxebi: koordinatebi wrfesa da sibrtyeze; amocanebis amoxsna sxvadasxva

xerxiT, RerZuli simetria, paraleluri gadatana.
mizani da Sefasebis indikatorebi: SeZenili codnis gameoreba da ganmtkiceba.
moswavlem unda SeZlos geometriuli obieqtebis warmodgena amocanebis konteqstis
Sesabamisad (maT. sab. 4, 5, 6). geometriuli gardaqmnebis ganxorcieleba da maTi ga-
moyeneba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3). verbalurad aRwerili situaciis pirveli xarisxis alge-
bruli formulis saxiT Cawera (maT. sab. 4, 5, 7, 8).
gantolebis Sedgena verbalurad mocemuli amocanis Sesabamisad, gantolebis Se-
sabamisi amocanis Sedgena (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7), simravluri cnebebisa da operaciebis
gamoyeneba amocanebis amoxsnisas.
zemoT CamoTvlili miznebis ganxorcielebaSi gvexmareba amocanebi, romlebic

ajamebs IV TavSi Seswavlil sakiTxebs. amocanebi isea SerCeuli, rom moswavleTa
codnis Sefaseba iyos mravalmxrivi, saSualeba gvqondes ganvaxorcieloT ganmavi-
Tarebeli Sefaseba, romlis Semdgomi nabiji iqneba diferencirebuli swavlebis
ganxorcieleba (moswavleebis gansxvavebuli saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT), amo-
canebis umetesoba kompleqsur davalebebs Seicavs, moiTxovs sxvadasxva codnaTa
integrirebul gamoyenebas. orive gakveTilze moswavleebi, rogorc wesi, Tavisi
saswavlo moqmedebebis SesrulebiT arian dakavebulebi, vidre mosmeniT. Cven zo-
gjer CaverTvebiT amocanebis amoxsnis procesSi dazustebebisa da Sesabamisi cne-
bebis, debulebis sityvieri aRweris moTxovniT. am gakveTilebis Catarebis for-
ma (jgufuri, individualuri, wyvilebSi) Tavad pedagogma unda SearCios klasis
moswavleTa akademiuri da sxva TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.
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6 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 amocanebi SeiZleba klasSi amoixsnas. danarCen
amocanebs saSinao davalebad vaZlevT moswavleebs. damatebiT SeiZleba Seasrulon
TviTSefasebis testic. misi saSualebiT moswavle Tavad iqneba CarTuli ganmaviTare-
bel SefasebaSi. swavlis procesis Sefaseba moswavles gamoumuSavebs damoukideblad
swavlis unar-Cvevebs.
klasSi amocanebis amoxsnebis warmodgenisas yuradReba gavamaxviloT Semdeg
sakiTxebze: aRwerilia Tu ara detalurad davalebis Sesrulebis etapebi, war-
moCenilia Tu ara codnis samive kategoria: deklaraciuli, proceduruli da
pirobiseuli, aRwerilia Tu ara TiToeul etapze gamoyenebuli strategiebi.
jgufuri muSaobis SemTxvevaSi jgufebma unda warmoadginon TavianTi namuSe-
vrebi da imsjelon SerCeuli gzebisa da strategiebis mizanSewonilobaze. maga-
liTad, xom ar aris SesaZlebeli, gantolebis Sedgenis gziT amocanis amoxs-
nis nacvlad sxva strategiis gamoyeneba. moswavleebma unda gaacnobieron, rom
miznis misaRwevad, Zalze xSirad, arsebobs sxvadasxva xerxi da gza, romlebzec
SeiZleba davalebis Sesrulebamde dafiqreba optimaluri gadawyvetilebis mi-
saRebad. es winmswrebi metakognituri pauzis mniSvnelovani ganmaviTarebeli
efeqtis xazgasmaa. sxvadasxva xerxis gamoyeneba TviTmizani ar unda iyos, da-
valebis Sesrulebamde unda davfiqrdeT _ romeli gzaa ufro optimaluri. aq
SeiZleba Cvenc CaverioT da vimsjeloT, ramdenad optimaluri iyo moswavlis ar-
Cevani.
miTiTebebi da komentarebi
1 a-s sxvadasxva mniSvnelobisTvis gvaqvs sxvadasxva gantoleba, gantolebaSi

ori cvladia, magram maTgan erTi gantolebis ucnobia da saZiebeli sididea meore
cvladis yoveli mniSvnelobisTvis. aq kidev erTxel SeiZleba vTxovoT mowavleebs
gantolebis cnebis aRwera, wrfivi gantolebis amoxsnis SemTxvevebis ganxilva.
2 ricxviT wrfeze ricxvebis gamosaxva, orientacia ricxviT wrfeze.
3 moswavles unda SeeZlos sakoordinato sibrtyeze wertilebis ageba,

marTkuTxedis amocnoba, marTkuTxedis Tvisebebis codnac aucilebelia amocanis
amosaxsnelad.
sxvadasxva codnaTa kompleqsuri gamoyeneba (sakoordinato sibrtye, wrfeTa

4
paraleluroba, sakoordinato meoTxedebi).
5wrfeze yoveli sami wertilidan erT-erTi danarCen ors Sorisaa, `Soris~

mimarTebis codna, mTeli ricxvebis gamoyofa, sakoordinato meoTxedebis garCeva.
6avagebT mocemul wertilebs, B da M ekuTvnis wrfes, romelic kveTs Ox

RerZs x=–2 wertilSi da Oy RerZis paraleluria. imave wrfes ekuTvnis yvela is
wertili, romlis pirveli koordinati aris -2. am daskvnis gakeTeba moiTxovs amoca-
nis pirobis kargad gaazrebas, sakoordinato sibrtyeze orientaciis unars. maRali
akademiuri mzaobis moswavleebi mocemuli wertilebis augebladac, albaT, SeZleben
B da M wertilebis koordinatebis Seswavlis kvalobaze saZiebeleli K wertilis
dasaxelebas.
208
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7 - 8 amocanebi sxvadasxva xerxiT SeiZleba amoixsnas. gantolebis Sedgenis ga-
moyenebiT amocanebi advilad SeiZleba amovxsnaT.
9 amocana venis diagramis gamoyenebiT martivad amoixsneba.

fexburTze an kalaTburTze dadis 260–68=192. 146 64
simravleebis gaerTianebaSi 192 elementia.
146+64–192=18.
18 fexburTzec dadis da kalaTburTzec. 68
11 Oy RerZis mimarT simetriisas miviRebT A1B1C1 samkuTxeds: A1=(1; –4), B1=(5; 1),
C1=(2; 5).
AA1 wrfe Ox RerZis paraleluria, AA1=2; BB1=10, CC1=4.
am amocanis amoxsna moiTxovs sxvadasxva codnaTa kompleqsur gamoyenebas,
moiTxovs dakvirvebas, amoxsnis procesSi ramdenime metakognituri pauzis gakeTebas
(Semdegi nabijis gasaazreblad).
12 ujriani rveulis gamoyeneba gvexmareba koordinatTa meTodis gamoyenebis

aTvisebis saqmeSi. moswavles unda SeeZlos ujriani rveulis gamoyenebis strate-
giis SemuSaveba _ suraTze miTiTebulia, rom erTi ujris sigane erTeulad aris
miCneuli.
13 cxadia, kvadratis ageba SeiZleba AB gverdis marjvnivac

da marcxnivac.
amasTanave, AB=2, sxva gverdebic 2-is toli unda iyos. mi-
viRebT or wertils marjvniv: A1=(0; 3), B1=(0; 5) da or wertils
_ marcxniv: A2=(–4; 3), B2=(–4; 5).
14 moswavlem unda SeZlos mocemuli ori wertilis mixed-

viT daweros paraleluri gadatanis formulebi: M(x; y) → N(x+6; y–8).
paraleluri gadatana, faqtobrivad, MN mimarTuli monakveTiT xdeba. am dros
K(5; 1) wertili aisaxeba K'(11; –7) wertilSi. meore kiTxvis mixedviT, saubaria pa-
ralelur gadatanaze, romelic xorcieldeba NM mimarTuli monakveTiT. moswavlem
unda SeZlos am paraleluri gadatanis dawera koordinatebSi:
N(x; y) → M(x–6; y+8)
am paraleluri gadataniT K(5; 1) wertili aisaxeba K''(–1; 9) wertilSi. sasarge-
bloa pirobisa da amoxsnis gamosaxva sakoordinato sibrtyeze. kargad Cans, rom
amocana Seicavs kompleqsur davalebas, romelic sxvadasxva codnis integrirebul
gamoyenebas moiTxovs. aqtivoba moswavleebis monawileobiT unda mimdinareobdes,
SeiZleba maT erTmaneTs daxmarebac gauwion (dominirebs TanamSromloba da ara Se-
jibri); moswavleebi amocanis amoxsnis procesiT arian motivirebulebi; motivaciis
SenarCuneba ganpirobebulia rwmeniT sakuTar ZalebSi, swavlis potencialSi, klasSi
Seqmnili SemoqmedebiTi, keTilganwyobili saswavlo garemoTi, amave dros CvenTvis
misaRebia individualuri gansxvavebis arseboba moswavleebs Soris, maT SesaZle-
blobebs Soris. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino xdeba TviTSefasebis `testis~ garCevis
dros. TviTSefasebis `tests~ moswavleebi Seasruleben saSinao davalebad. Sedegebi
ganixileba klasSi da saSualebas iZleva, rom ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba ganvaxor-
don’t copy
cieloT. ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis Semdegi etapi diferencirebuli swavlebis Ca-
209
tarebaa. am aqtivobis CatarebaSi dagvexmareba `moisazres~ rubrikiT warmodgenili
amocanebi da damatebiTi amocanebi. gameorebisa da codnis gaRrmavebisadmi miZR-
vnil me-3 gakveTilze ukve gamokveTilad momdinareobs diferencirebuli swavleba.
am dros gamoyenebuli iqneba sxvadasxva donis (ori an sami donis) moswavleebisTvis
gankuTvnili aqtivobebi.
amocanebi TviTSefasebisTvis.
am amocanebis saSualebiT vafasebT moswavleTa mier ricxviTi wrfis, sakoor-

dinato sibrtyis, geometriuli gardaqmnebis, gantolebis SedgeniT amocanis
amoxsnis aTvisebis sam dones: deklaraciuls, procedurulsa da pirobiseuls.
1 ricxviTi wrfis gamoyenebiT advilad vipoviT C wertilis koordinats: C=0,1.

aq racionaluri ricxvebis Sedarebis codnac aris saWiro. 0,1-dan 4-mde manZi-
li aris 3,9; –3,8-dan 0,1-mde manZilic aris 3,9. zogierTma maswavlebelma SeiZle-
ba moindomos Sua wertilis koordinatis formulis gamoyvanac da imsjelos ase:
4–x=x–(–3,8), 2x=0,2, x=0,1. Tumca es aucilebeli ar aris. sakmarisia, am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi gamoviyenoT 0,1-is `bijiT svla~ da advilad mivagnebT Sua wertils.
2 analogiuri amocanebi Semajamebel davalebebSic iyo. moswavle afasebs saku-

Tar SesaZleblobebs ori wertilis mixedviT paraleluri gadatanis warmodgenisa da
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. paraleluri gadatana moicema formuliT: M(x; y) → M'(x+5; y–2).
(2; –1) wertili am paraleluri gadataniT gadava (7; –3) wertilSi. zogierTma
moswavlem SeiZleba sibrtyeze aagos mimarTuli monakveTi da naxazis mixedviT mia-
gnos aRniSnul wertils.
3 cxadia, A'=(3; 2). AA'-is sigrZe aris 4 erTeuli.
4 amJamad gia n–2 wlisaa, 3 wlis win iqneboda n–5 wlis.
Tu x=2 aris fesvi, maSin

5
|2–5|=a, a=3 (1 qula)
|x–5|=3, aqedan x=8, an x=2,
x=8 (1 qula).
sul _ 2 qula (mxolod erTi fesvis dasaxelebisas SeiZleba 1,5 quliTac Sefas-
des es amoxsna).
6 orSabaTs _ x lari
kviras _ 12 x lari
SabaTs _ (x–8) lari
x+ 12 x+x–8=82 (1 qula)
2,5x=90
x=90:2,5
x=36 (lari) (1 qula).
210
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wiladebisgan `Tavis aridebas~ uzrunvelyofda kviras daxarjuli Tanxis x-iT
aRniSvna. maSin miviRebdiT gantolebas: 2x+x+2x–8=82
5x=90, x=18.
7 simetriis RerZi (m) kveTs ordinatTa RerZs

wertilSi, romlis ordinatia 3.
meore simetriis RerZi (n) kveTs abscisaTa RerZs
wertilSi, romlis abscisaa (–2) (1 qula). gadakveTis
wertilis koordinatebia:
x= –2 da y=3 (1 qula).
codnis Semowmebis, ganmtkicebis, gaRrmavebis procesi, rogorc zemoT vTqviT,

mTavrdeba diferencirebuli aqtivobiT. maRali mzaobis jgufi muSaobs `moisazres~
amocanebze, danarCeni jgufebisTvis SevarCevT amocanebs `damatebiTi amocanebidan~.
`moisazre~.
1 eqvsi momdevno ricxvidan 3 luwia, maTi namravli 8-ze iyofa. dasaxelebuli

ricxvi ki 4-zec ki ar iyofa.
2 (x+x+1+x+2)(x+3+x+4+x+5)=(3x+3)(3x+12)=3(x+1)⋅3(x+4).
es ricxvi iyofa 9-sa da 2-ze (x+1 da x+4 ricxvebidan erT-erTi luwia).
3 ratom aris 28 qva? Tu amas gavarkvevT amo- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
canis kiTxvasac advilad vupasuxebT. qvebis rao-
1 1 1 1 1 1
denoba sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba daiTvalos. Tu 1 2 3 4 5 6
cariel nawils 0-iT aRvniSnavT, maSin gvaqvs aseTi 2 2 2 2 2
SesaZleblobebi: 2 3 4 5 6
3 3 3 3
3 4 5 6
sul _ 28. 4 4 4
4 5 6
SesTavazeT moswavleebs 7⋅6 2 + 7 gamosaxulebis 5 5
mixedviT aRmoaCinon daTvlis gansxvavebuli wesi 5 5
(sul 7 qvaa iseTi, romelTa orive nawilze wer- 6
6
tilebis erTi da igive odenobaa).
aqve SeiniSneba kanonzomiereba:
1+2+3+4+5+6+7=28.
Tu wertilebis maqsimaluri raodenobaa 8, maSin gveqneba jami:
1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9,
romelic advilad gamoiTvleba; axal kompleqtSi iqneba 45 qva, rac asec daiTv
leba: 9⋅8
2 + 9. ganxiluli amocana kombinatoruli tipisaa. is SeiZleba sxvadasxva xer
xiT amoixsnas.
4 SeiZleba amoixsnas gantolebis SedgeniT, an ukusvlis meTodiT. Tu salomes

hqonda x lari, maSin Sedgeba gantoleba:
don’t copy 211

((2x–8)⋅2–8)⋅2–8=0
(2x-8)⋅2-8=4
(2x-8)⋅2=12
2x-8=6
2x=14
x=7.
ukusvliT: bolos 8 laris mimatebamde imdenive, anu 8 lari hqonda, romelic
gaorkecebis Sedegi iyo, gaorkecebamde hqonia 4 lari, romelic 8-is gamoklebis
Sedegia. 8-is gamoklebamde hqonia 12 lari, romelic meored gaorkecebis Sedegia.
gaorkecebamde hqonia 6 lari. 8-is gamoklebamde hqonia 14 lari, romelic pirveli
gaorkecebis Sedegad gauxda. Tavdapirvelad hqonia 7 lari.
5 mebrZolebis raodenoba 5-is jeradia, maSasadame, SeiZleba aRvniSnoT 5x-iT,

5x naturaluri ricxvia. amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, Tu am ricxvs 1-s gamovakle-
bT, miRebuli ricxvi gaiyofa 3-zec da 4-zec, 5x-1 iyofa 3-zec da 4-zec. maSasadame,
5x-1=12k, 5x=12k+1. vipovoT k-s is mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac 12k+1 iyofa 5-ze; k=2,
5x=25, k=7, 5x=85. amocanis pirobas mxolod es ori ricxvi akmayofilebs.
SeiZleba moswavleebi mixvdnen, rom saZiebeli ricxvi 12-is jerad ricxvze 1-iT
metia, Camoweron 100-ze naklebi aseTi ricxvebi da amoarCion maTgan 5-is jeradebi:
1, 13, 25, 37, 49, 61, 73, 85, 97.
damatebiTi amocanebi (miTiTebebi da komentarebi)
1 ricxviT wrfeze advilad vipoviT A, B da C wertilebis yvela SesaZlo gan-

lagebas. A-s koordinati SeiZleba iyos 7 an 1. C-s koordinatebi SeiZleba iyos 10
an –2. sul wertilebis SerCevis 4 SesaZlebloba gveqneba.
2 moduli ar SeiZleba toli iyos uaryofiTi ricxvis. roca a aris 3-ze naklebi
ricxvi, gantolebas ar aqvs fesvi. Tu a=3, maSin gantolebas aqvs 1 fesvi. Tu a>3,
gantolebas eqneba ori fesvi, erTi iqneba 4-is marjvniv, meore _ 4-is marcxniv.
saxeldobr,^ x=a+1 da x=7–a.
3
wertilebis ganlagebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ricxviTi wrfis, an saTanado for-
mulebis gamoyenebiT, viRebT: AC=15, BD=6.
4ajobebs, Tu am wertilebs ricxviT wrfeze gamovsaxavT.

–1 5

A 0 B

cxadia, C(x) wertili B wertilis marjvniv ar SeiZleba iyos. Tu C(x) aris AB
monakveTze, maSin 5–x=2(x+1), 3x=3, x=1.
Tu C(x) aris A-s marcxniv maSin, 5–x=2(–1–x), x= –7.
pasuxi: x= –7, x=1.
212
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5 wrfeebis agebis Semdeg advilad vipoviT maTi ga-
dakveTis wertilebis koordinatebs. Ox RerZis paralelur
wrfeze wertilebs aqvs toli ordinatebi, Oy RerZis pa-
ralelur wrfeze mdebare wertilebs aqvs toli abscisebi.
pasuxi: (2; –5), (–3; 7).
6 Oy RerZis paralelur wrfeze mdebare wertilebis abscisebi tolia, x=3,4.

AB=3 erTeuls.
7 A da B wertilebi Oy RerZis paralelur wrfeze

Zevs. radgan AD=7, amitom D=(–2; 1), C=(–2; 4) _ imis ga-
TvaliswinebiT, rom C da D II meoTxedSia.
8 AB=18. cxadia, M wertili ar ekuTvnis AB monak-

veTs. Tu M wertili A wertilis marcxnivaa da A-mde
manZili a erTeulia, maSin gveqneba a+(a+18)=42
2a=24
a=12.
e. i. A-s marcxniv mdebare wertilis abscisa x=–27. analogiurad vipoviT B-s mar-
jvniv mdebare wertilis koordinats (x=15).
moswavleebma SeiZleba amoxsnis aseTi gzac SemogvTavazon. Tu M wertili A-s
marcxnivaa, maSin –15–x+3–x=42, 2x=–54, x=–27.
Tu M wertili B-s marjvnivaa, maSin x+15+x–3=42, 2x=30, x=15.
9 paraleluri gadatana ase Caiwereba:

M(x; y) → M'(x+6; y–2)
maSasadame
x+6=7 x=1
y–2=–3 y=–1.
10 M(x; y) → M'(x+5; y+10)

B(–4, 8) → B'(1; 18).
Tu C aris AB-s Sua wertili, maSin cxadia,
C=(–4; 3).
C → C'(1; 13).
gavamaxviloT yuradReba, rom C' aris A'B' monakveTis Sua wertili.
11 cxadia, B(5; 4)
C=(–5; –4).
cxadia, D=(5; –4).
don’t copy 213

12
marTkuTxedis simetriis RerZebi mopirdapire gverdebis Sua wertilebSi
gverdebis paralelurad gavlebuli ori wrfea. naxazis agebis Semdeg amocana ad-
vilad amoixsneba.
13 amocanis pirobis mixedviT SeiZleba SevadginoT gantoleba: 60 x – 80 x =2, x-iT
1 1
aRvniSneT qalaqebs Soris manZili.
amocana SeiZleba sxvadasxva xerxiTac amoixsnas.
14 Tu gzis naxevari aris x km (mTeli gza _ 2x), maSin gveqneba gantoleba:
1 1
10 x + 15 x =5
3 2
30 x + 30 x =5
5 1
30 x =5, 6 x=5
x=30
2x=60 (km).
15 a) magaliTad, erTi ricxvi meoreze 3-jer metia. pirveli ricxvis meeqvsedisa
da meore ricxvis mervedis jami 13-ia. ipoveT es ricxvebi.
x 3x
6 + 8 =13
13 x =13, x=24, 3x=72.
24
16 Teom daxarja 4,75+3,45+7,50=15,70 lari; darCa 14,25. mSoblebisgan 20 laris
miRebamde Teos hqonia 15,70+14,25-20=9,95 lari.
17 me-7 klaselebma es amocana unda amoxsnan sinjvis meTodiT. es naturaluri

ricxvebi unda veZeboT 96-is im gamyofebSi, romelTa jami aris 28.
(1,96) ara, (2,48) _ ara,
(3,32) _ ara,
(4,24) _ kargia,
(6,16) _ ara,
(8, 12) _ ara. amiT amoiwura 96-is gamyofTa wyvilebis dasaxeleba.
18 sul _ x rveuli gaanawila ase:
VIIa _ 14 x; VIIb _ 34 x⋅ 13 = 14 x; VIIb-s darCenili 2x -is 16 nawili,
1 x⋅ 1 = x
2 6 12
x = 14 x + 12
1 x + 30
5
12 x=30
x=72.
SeiZleba asec vimsjeloT:
VIIa _ 14 nawili. darCa 34 nawili.
VIIb _ 34 -is 13 = 14 nawili; darCa Tavdapirveli odenobis 1/2 nawili.
VIIg _ 12 -is 16 = 121 nawili.
30 aris mTelis (1 – 14 – 14 – 121 ) nawili

5 nawilia. 5 =72.
don’t copy
30 _ 12 sul: 30: 12
214
19 advilad amoixsneba cxrilis gamoyenebiT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom levani
ar qomagobs fexburTs (fexburTis qomagis Tanaklaselia). arc kotea fexburTis
qomagi (fexburTis qomagze 3 dRiT ufrosia) e. i. fexburTs nika qomagobs. kotes
arc ragbi itacebs (ragbis moyvarulis mezobelia). am msjelobidan vadgenT: kote
kalaTburTis moyvarulia, levani _ ragbis, nika _ fexburTis. Cven cxrilis ga-
moyenebis gareSe amovxseniT. Tumca, cxrilis Sedgena da TandaTanobiT Sevseba aad-
vilebs amoxsnis process.
20 III kuTxe _ 1800–880=920

II kuTxe _ 1200–920–280
I kuTxe _ (880–280)=600.
21 a) gia _ x+10, meri _ x

SeiZleba daviwyoT amocanis amoxsna mxolod a) pirobis gamoyenebiT:
(x+14)=3(x+4) → 2x=2
x=1.
amrigad, es piroba sakmarisia amocanis amosaxsnelad.
b) pirobis gamoyenebiT:
Tu amJamad gia 10 wliT ufrosia merize, maSin 6 wlis Semdegac 10 wliT ufro-
si iqneba. amrigad, b) piroba damatebiT informacias ar gvawvdis _ b) piroba araa
sakmarisi amocanis amosaxsnelad.
1 1 1 1
22 I dRes _ 2 x, II dRes _ 2 x ⋅ 3 = 6 x
I da II dRes _ 23 x
III dRes _ 23 x-is naxevari _ 1 3 x.

1 x + 1 x + 1 x = x, daumTavrebia.
2 6 3
SeiZleba asec CavweroT:
I dRes _ 12 nawili, II dRes _ 12 ⋅ 13 = 16
III dRes 12 ( 12 + 16 ) = 13
sul 12 + 16 + 13 = 36 + 16 + 26 =1.
23 13 marts, SabaTsa da 25 marts, xuTSabaTs, samive erTdroulad aRmoCndeba

sportul seqciaSi (yoveli 12 dRis Semdeg). martSi 10 dRe iqneba iseTi, rom var-
jiSze arc erTi maTgani ar iqneba.
A B
24 venis diagramiT gamosaxvisas, miviReT sami nawilisgan

Sedgenili figura. viwyebT am nawilebSi Sesabamisi ricxvebis 11 10 8
Caweras, viwyebT _ TanakveTiT.
axla advilia yvela kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema.
don’t copy 215

ZaRli _ 19 kata _ 18
25 gamuqebulia carieli simravle. figuris nawilebSi
Cawerilia saTanado ricxvebi. 0 12 6
a) mxolod erTi daasaxela 6+4=10-ma moswavlem.
7
b) unda SevkriboT ricxvebi: 12+6+7+4.
4
29 moswavlem erTi mainc daasaxela.
cxeni _ 11
dasasruls, maswavlebels vurCevT: es 25 amocana
davyoT or an sam nawilad. magaliTad: Zneli, saSualo,
martivi.
Znelad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 25-e amocana, martivad _ 5 - 7 , 14 , 16 amocanebi.
Tema: amocanebis amoxsnis sxvadasxva xerxi; paraleluri gadatana; RerZuli si-

metria.
mizani: moswavleTa mier gavlili masalis aTvisebis donis Semowmeba-Sefaseba;
saswavlo gegmis koreqcia.
amocanebis nimuSebi
1. qeTim Tavisi Tanxis meoTxediT isauzma da darCenilis naxevriT isadila. amis
Semdeg vaxSmisTvis kidev 6 lari darCa. ra Tanxa hqonda Tavdapirvelad?
1) 48 lari 2) 16 lari 4) 24 lari 4) 32 lari.
2. 32 vaSlidan 15 wiTelia, 24 ki _ tkbili. sul didi ramdeni vaSli SeiZleba

iyos arc wiTeli da arc tkbili?
1) 8 2) 7 3) 17 4) 9.
3. A(–7; –3) wertilis simetriuli wertili abscisaTa RerZis mimarT aris

1) B(7; –3) 2) C(–7; 3) 3) D(7; 3) 4) E(–3; –7).
4. M(0; 5) wertilis simetriuli wertili ordinatTa RerZis mimarT aris

1) N(0; –5) 2) P(5; 0) 3) K(–5; 0) 4) M(0; 5).
5. Tu raime paraleluri gadatanisas A(3; 7) wertili gadadis A’(7; 3) wertilSi,

maSin romel wertilSi gadava B(5; 4) wertili?
1) (4; 5) 2) (–5. 4) 3) (1; 8) 4) (9; 0).
6. ABCD kvadratis perimetria 28 sm. paraleluri gadataniT ABCD gadadis MNPK

oTxkuTxedSi. ipoveT NP monakveTis sigrZe
1) 4 sm 2) 7 sm 3) 14 sm 4) SeuZlebelia dadgena.
216
don’t copy
7. B da C wertilebi miiReba A(-2; 5) wertilidan, Sesabamisad, ordinatTa da

abscisaTa RerZebis mimarT RerZuli simetriiT. D wertili miiReba B wertilis
(x; y) → (x; y–10) paraleluri gadataniT. ipoveT CD monakveTis sigrZe.
8. MNPK kvadrati simetriulia sakoordinato RerZebis mimarT. amasTanave,

N wertili miiReba M wertilis (x; y) → (x+8; y) paraleluri gadataniT. ipoveT:
a) MNPK kvadratis wveroebis koordinatebi; b) MNPK kvadratis gverdebis sakoor-
dinato RerZebTan gadakveTis wertilebis koordinatebi.
pasuxebi da miTiTebi:
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 4 2 4 3 2
Soy
7. A B(2; 5)
Sox
A C(–2; –5)
(x; y–10)
B D(2; –5)
CD=2–(–2)=4 erT.
8. radgan N miiReba M-is abscisaTa RerZis gaswvriv

paralelurad gadataniT, amasTanve, M da N kvadratis
momdevno wveroebia, kvadratis gverdebi sakoordinato
RerZebis paraleluria da TiToeulis sigrZe 8 erTeu-
lia (gadatanis manZili).
a) kvadratis wveroebis koordinatebia (–4; 4), (4; 4),
(4; –4) da (–4; –4), amasTanave, M aris an (–4; –4) an (–4; 4).
b) kvadratis gverdebi sakoordinato RerZebs kveTs
wertilebSi: (4; 0), (0; –4), (–4; 0), (0; 4).
Sefasebis rubrika

me-7 amocanis amoxsnis Sefasebisas, Tu moswavlem ipova an B an C wertilis koor-
dinatebi _ daiweros 0,5 qula; B da C (orive) wertilis koordinatebis povna Se-
fasdes 1 quliT; Tu B da C-Tan erTad napovnia D-c, Sefasebaa 1,5 qula; amocanis
maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 2 qula.
me-8 amocanis TiToeuli davalebis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 1 qula.
Tu sakoordinato RerZebTan gadakveTis wertilebi mxolod naxazzea miTiTebu-
li, b) davaleba kvlav maqsimaluri 1 quliT Sefasdes.
Tu naSromSi gamovlenilia mxolod paraleluri gadatanis arsis codna, maSin
SeiZleba 0,5 quliT Sefasdes es wvlili.
don’t copy 217

Semajamebeli weris Sedegebis ganxilva
Semajamebeli weris Semdgomi, 110-e gakveTili, mTlianad davalebaTa analizsa da

weris Sedegebis ganxilvas dauTmeT. am aqtivobas uaRresad mniSvnelovani ganmavi-
Tarebeli efeqti aqvs, rac kidev ufro gaRrmavdeba, Tu am aqtivobaSi Semoqme-
debiTad CarTavT mTel klass. ajobebs, Tu weris Sedegebis gamocxadebamde, de-
taluri analizis kvalobaze, moswavleebs SesTavazebT Tavad Seafason sakuTari
naSromebi, wamoayenon mosazrebebi amoxsnaTa Sesaxeb, Tavad amocanebis donesa
da xarisxze. ajobebs, Tu Tqven werisa da ganxilvis yvela detals CainiSnavT,
raTa isini moswavleebTan Semdgomi muSaobis strategiis SemuSavebisas gaiTva-
liswinoT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am ganxilvas unda misceT koreqtuli, keTilganwyobili,
momaval warmatebaze orientirebuli ganwyoba. Tqveni aseTi damokidebuleba,
optimizmi, gadaecema moswavleebsac, gazrdis maT motivacias swavlis Semdgomi
etapebis mimarT.
218
don’t copy
VI Tavi
sidideebs Soris damokidebulebebi
VI TavSi warmodgenili masala saSualebas gvaZlevs, saswavlo procesi maTema-

tikis sxvadasxva nawilis erTianobiTa da praqtikuli gamoyenebebiT ganvaxorcie-
loT. proporciisa da proporciuli sidideebis Tvisebebis praqtikuli interpre-
taciebi zrdis maTematikis Seswavlisadmi moswavleTa motivacias.
6.1. Sefardeba

sakiTxebi: sidideebis Sefardeba, sidideebis Sefardebis dakavSireba ricxvebis
SefardebasTan. sidideebis Tvisebebi.
winare codna: racionaluri ricxvebi. moqmedebebi racionalur ricxvebze da
maTi Tvisebebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos racionalur ricxvebze moqme-
debebis Sesruleba, Sedegis Sefaseba, miRebuli Sedegis mixedviT Sesabamisi sidide-
ebis Sedareba (maT. sab. 1, 2); zomis erTeulebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba da gamoy-
eneba amocanebis amoxsnisas.
winare codnis gaaqtiureba dakavSirebulia racionalur ricxvebze moqmedebebis

magaliTebis ganxilvasTan. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas vaqcevT gayofis operaciis
Sesrulebas, gayofis Sedegis Sefasebas. SeiZleba ganvixiloT ramdenime magali-
Ti racionaluri ricxvebis gayofaze; gayofis Sedegs, metwilad, aTwiladis saxiT
warmovadgenT. magram vixsenebT, rom SeiZleba gayofa usasrulod gagrZeldes. am
SemTxvevaSi ganayofi SeiZleba aTwiladis saxiT miaxloebiT, garkveuli sizustiT
warmovadginoT, vixsenebT naturaluri da aTwiladi ricxvebis damrgvalebis wesebs.
saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili pirveli magaliTi SeiZleba iseTi magaliTiT
SevcvaloT, roca Sefardeba ar Caiwereba sasruli aTwiladis saxiT, magram mas Cav-
werT wiladis saxiT, an aTwiladis saxiT, romelic Sefardebis miaxloebiTi mniSv-
nelobaa.
gakveTils vagrZelebT sidideebis Sedarebis magaliTebis ganxilviT, winaswari
codna, romelic masalis SeswavlisTvisaa saWiro, racionalur ricxvebze moqmede-
bebs ukavSirdeba.
don’t copy 219

vadarebT monakveTebis sigrZeebs, farTobebs, masebs, moswavleebs _ simaRlis
mixedviT, SeZenil produqtebze daxarjul Tanxebs, sportul Sejibrebebze miRweul
Sedegebs. yvela am magaliTis ganxilvisas xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom sidideebis
Sefardebisas viyenebT ricxvebis Sefardebas da miRebuli Sefardebis mixedviT vms-
jelobT sidideebs Soris mimarTebebze.
paragrafSi ganxilulia ricxvebis, erTi da imave sidideebis, sxvadasxva sidide-
ebis Sefardebis magaliTebi. warmodgenilia amocanebi, romelTa amoxsnisas saWiroa
sidideebis Sefardeba. magaliTad, pedagogebma ician, rom Sesrulebuli samuSaos
odenobisa da mis Sesasruleblad daxarjuli drois Sefardeba `Sromis nayofiere-
bas~ _ `muSaobis siCqares~ warmoadgens; saqonlis Rirebulebisa da misi odenobis
Sefardeba saqonlis erTeulis Rirebulebaa, anu saqonlis fasia; gavlili manZilisa
da Sesabamisi drois Sefardeba am moZraobis (saSualo) siCqarea.
paragrafis bolos sakontrolo kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas kidev erTxel gava-
maxvilebT yuradRebas: Tu mcire monakveTis sigrZes SevafardebT didis sigrZesTan
(mcire farTobs didTan), miviRebT _ mcire monakveTi didis ra nawilia, Tu piri-
qiT, dids SevafardebT mciresTan, miviRebT _ didi ramdenjer metia mcireze, anu
mcire ramdenjer naklebia didze.
pirveli paragrafis mixedviT mimdinareobs Semamzadebeli muSaoba realuri pro-
cesebis im maTematikuri modelebis asagebad, romlebic dakavSirebulia sidideebs
Soris damokidebulebebis ganxilvasa da praqtikul gamoyenebasTan.
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 2 2 1 2 3
moswavleebi, suraTebis mixedviT, advilad miagneben swor pasuxebs.
7 amocana dakavSirebulia moswavleTaTvis usafrTxo da jansaRi garemos Se-

qmnis mniSvnelobasTan.
mogviwevs racionaluri ricxvebis Sefardebis gamoyeneba; mniSvnelovania zepiri
angariSis gamoyeneba _ Sefardeba 15 -ze naklebi ar unda iyos. 32
7 , cxadia, 1 -ze metia,
5
19 1
radgan 32<35. (ar dagvWirda gayofis Sesruleba), 87 Sefardeba metia 5 -ze, radgan
87<95-ze. zogierTma moswavlem SeiZleba asec imsjelos: 32 7 ≈0,22>0,2, 19≈0,22>0,2.
87
8moswavleTa odenobis Sefardeba maswavlebelTa odenobasTan gviCvenebs: a)
ramdenjer metia moswavleebis odenoba maswavleblebis odenobaze, b) yovel maswav-
lebelze am skolaSi, saSualod, 27 moswavle modis.
SeiZleba davavaloT moswavleebs
proeqti. SeviswavloT: ramdeni moswavle swavlobs Cvens skolaSi, ramdenia mas-
wavlebeli, ramdenia, maT Soris, maTematikis maswavlebeli? Semdeg, am raodenobebis
Sefardebis povniT, gavakeToT Sesabamisi daskvnebi.
9 sasurvelia, zepirad amoixsnas: udidesi gverdis sigrZe yofila 18 sm, radgan

46:23 = 2. umciresi _ 5 sm ( 46
2 – 18 = 5).
220
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10 9 lari 20 TeTri = 8 lari da 120 TeTri
kalmis fasi aris 1 lari da 15 TeTri. mivaCvioT moswavleebi zepiri angariSis
gamoyenebas. zogierTi moswavle 920-sac zepirad iolad gayofs 8-ze.
3
11 3:8; 8 ; 0,375; ≈0,38 an ≈0,4 (Tu aseTi sizusteebi misaRebia).
12 Sesadarebelia Sefardebebi:
7 da 6 = 3 , anu 14 da 15 . atami ufro Zviria.
5 4 2 10 10
13 erekles marTkuTxedis zomebia: 15 sm, 12 sm. Tumca,^ erekles marTkuTxedis

zomebis povnis gareSec SeiZleba vTqvaT:
erekles marTkuTxedis perimetris Sefardeba ninos marTkuTxedis perimetrTan
3-is tolia; farTobebis Sefardeba ki aris 9 (erekles marTkuTxedis farTobi 9-jer
metia ninos marTkuTxedis farTobze).
1 2 3 4 5
3 3 2 3 1
6 1 saaTSi, saSualod, avtomanqana 75 km-s gadioda.
7 1,6.
8 udidesi gverdi, cxadia, 15 sm-ia: a) 32

15, b) 8.
9 saRamos 5-is naxevridan saRamos 7 saaTamde aris 2,5 saaTi. kotem aranakleb
60 km unda gaiaros saSualod 1 saaTSi.
10 1 kalmis fass gayofiT davadgenT. miviRebT: 1 lari 30 TeTri.
zepiri angariSis gaiolebis mizniT mocemuli Tanxa ase warmovadginoT:
20 lari 80 TeTri = 16 lari 480 TeTri.
11
5 ; 0,3125; ≈0,31 (Tu Sedegs measedebamde davamrgvalebT).
5:16; 16
9
12 saWiro iqneboda 5-jer naklebi Tanxa; = 1,8 mln lari.
5
13 14:4 = 3,5
perimetrebis Sefardeba _ 3,5
farTobebis Sefardeba _ 3,52 = 12,25.
gverdebis Sefardeba tolia perimetrebis Sefardebis.
don’t copy 221

6.2. ricxvis dayofa proporciul nawilebad
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 112-e da 113-e gakveTi-

lebi.

sakiTxebi: racionaluri ricxvis dayofa proporciul nawilebad.
winare codna: moqmedebebi racionalur ricxvebze, sidideebis Sefardeba maTi
ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis Sefardebis gamoyenebiT.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos racionalur ricxvebze moq-
medebebis Sesruleba, sididis dayofa mocemuli ricxvebis proporciul nawilebad
(maT. sab. 1, 2).
gakveTils viwyebT sidideebis Sedarebaze amocanebis ganxilviT, moswavles unda

SeeZlos sidideebis Sedarebisas ricxvebis Sefardebis gamoyeneba, racionalur ricx-
vebze moqmedebebis Sesruleba, Sedegis Sefaseba. am unarebis Camoyalilebis Semow-
meba saSinao davalebis amocanebis ganxilviTac mimdinareobs. maTematikis stand-
artTan erTad mowodebul sarekomendacio wliur programebSi calkea miTiTebuli
ricxvis dayofa proporciul nawilebad. Cvenc saWirod CavTvaleT calke paragrafi
dagveTmo am sakiTxis ganxilvisaTvis. axali codnis konstruireba iwyeba saxelmZ-
RvaneloSi pirveli da meore magaliTebis ganxilviT. me-7 klasSi moswavleebi mx-
olod racionalur ricxvebs icnoben. Sesabamisad, saxelmZRvaneloSi racional-
uri ricxvis proporciul nawilebad dayofis magaliTebia warmodgenili.
pirveli da meore magaliTebis ganxilvis Semdeg mivmarTavT moswavleebs:
_ ra moqmedebiT viwyebT ricxvis dayofas mocemuli ricxvebis proporciul
nawilebad? _ vkrebT mocemul ricxvebs (nawilebs).
_ rogor vpoulobT ra ricxvi Seesabameba 1 nawils? _ mocemul ricxvs vyofT
nawilebis jamze.
_ ra moqmedebebiT vasrulebT ricxvis dayofas mocemuli ricxvebis propor-
ciul nawilebad? _ erTi nawilis Sesabamis ricxvs Tanamimdevrulad vamravlebT
mocemul nawilebze.
_ axla SeecadeT, rom CamoayaliboT ricxvis mocemuli ricxvebis proporciul
nawilebad dayofis procesi.
zogierTma maswavlebelma SeiZleba airCios erTi Unawilis x-iT aRniSvnisa da gan-
tolebis gamoyenebis ilustrirebac.
pirvel gakveTilze am ori magaliTis Sesabamisi amocanebis ganxilviT Semovi-
fargloT.
meore gakveTilze SeiZleba nawilebze amocanebis ufro rTuli SemTxvevebisa
da Sesabamisi amocanebis ganxilvaze gadavideT. geometriuli amocanebis amoxsni-
sas xSirad saWiro xdeba mTelis mis nawilTan Sefardebis dawera, roca cnobilia
mTelis nawilebis Sefardeba. nawilebis gamoyenebiT am amocanebis amoxsna aadvilebs
analogiuri situaciebis ganxilvas.
222
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pasuxebi, miTiTebebi, komentarebi
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 1 3 4 1 3
4 amocanis amoxsnisas zogierTma moswavlem 2:3:4 Sefardebis nacvlad SeiZleba

4:6:8 Sefardeba miiRo. man unda aRmoaCinos am Sedegebis identuroba meore Sefar-
debaSi yoveli wevris 2-ze gayofiT.
350
7 1 nawili _ 28 = 12,5 kg.
24 nawili _ 300 kg.
3 nawili _ 3⋅12,5 = 37,5 kg.
am amocanis amoxsnisas, `testebze~ pasuxebis SerCevisas, moswavles uwevs
dafiqrdes, sakvanZo kiTxvaze: rogor aris dakavSirebuli racionaluri ricxvebi,
racionalur ricxvebze moqmedebebi, racionaluri ricxvebis proporciul nawile-
bad dayofa SenadnobebSi, narevebsa da xsnarebSi Semavali nivTierebebis koncentra-
ciasTan. mowodebul dokumentSi gamoyenebulia termini _ koncentracia. SeiZleba
maswavlebelma auxsnas moswavles, rom narevSi Semavali nivTierebis wili aris am
nivTierebis koncentracia. 2 testSi vipoveT spilenZis koncentracia SenadnobSi.
8 amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, 4 nawilze modis 24 sm, 1 nawilze _ 6 sm. sam-

kuTxedis gverdebia: 18 sm, 30 sm da 42 sm.
9 1 nawili _ 12:8 = 1,5 (sm) 10 sigrZe _ 6 m

sigrZe + sigane _ 18⋅1,5 = 27 (sm) 1 nawili _ 2 m
perimetri _ 54 sm. sigane _ 4 m
farTobi _ 24 m2.
11 a) meTormeteklaselTa raodenoba _ 8
b) pirvelklaselTa raodenoba _ 15⋅3 = 45
g) 60⋅ 43 = 80.
12 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom met samuSaos is brigada asrulebs, romelic 1 saaTSi
samuSaos met nawils asrulebs. amitom samarTliani iqneba Tanxis ganawileba 18 , 16

da 15 -is proporciul nawilebad.
4
13 biWebis raodenoba yvela moswavlis raodenobis 9 -ia, gogonebis _ 9 .
5
14 a) AC:CB = 4:1, b) BC:AB = 1:5
vmsjelobT: AC _ 4 nawili
AB _ 5 nawili.
CB = AB–BC _ 1 nawili.
don’t copy 223

1 2 3 4
1 3 1 4
5 1 nawili _ 6 sm
ori gverdis jami _ 40 sm 6
3 nawili _ 18 sm sigrZe _ 408 ⋅5 = 25 (sm)

5 nawili _ 30 sm sigane _ 408 ⋅3 = 15 (sm)
6 nawili _ 36 sm.
7 I _ 240
7 nawili _ 4,2 kg 5 ⋅2 = 96 8
1 nawili _ 0,6 kg II _ 240

5 ⋅3 = 144.
20 nawili _ 12 kg.
9
2,4 ⋅3 = 0,3⋅3 = 0,9 (sT) = 54 wT. 10
126 ⋅6 = 14⋅6 = 84.
8 9
a:b = 5:7
11
b:c = 4:5
a:b = 20:28
b:c = 28:35
a:b:c = 20:28:35
a = 166
83 ⋅20 = 40
166
b = 83 ⋅28 = 56
c = 166
83 ⋅35 = 70.
12 300 lari unda ganawildes 14 da 18 -is proporciulad: 14 x + 18 x = 300, saidanac

x = 800. I brigadas _ 14 ⋅800 = 200 lari, II brigadas _ 100 lari.
SeiZleba imsjelon ase: I brigada 2-jer ufro swrafad (2-jer ufro nayofierad)
muSaobs, vidre II brigada, amitom I brigadas unda Sexvdes II-ze 2-jer meti Tanxa _
300-is 23 nawili, 200 lari.
13
3 ; b) 28 ⋅3 = 12.
a) 10 7
14 AM _ 5 nawili
MB _ 3 nawili
maSasadame,
AB – 8 nawili
AM:AB = 5:8
MB:AB = 3:8
AM = 40 8 ⋅5 = 25 (sm) 8 - 14 amocanebi moswavleebs Semdegi
MB = 40 8 ⋅3 = 15 (sm). gakveTilisTvis miecemaT davalebad.
224
don’t copy
amasTanave, daevalebaT, moiZion monacemebi da imuSaon `proeqtiT~ mocemuli
davalebis referatis saxiT warmosadgenad. moswavleebs ar mouwevT didi mocu-
lobis naSromis momzadeba. amitom sasurvelia misi eleqtronuli formiT war-
modgena. naSromebis mosamzadeblad moswavleebs ordRiani vada ganusazRvreT.
6.3. proporcia

sakiTxebi: proporcia. proporciis ZiriTadi Tviseba. proporciis gamoyenebis
magaliTebi.
winare codna: Sefardeba, ricxvis dayofa mocemuli ricxvebis proporciul na-
wilebad.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos racionalur ricxvze moqmede-
bis sxvadasxva xerxiT SesrulebiT proporciis gamoyeneba praqtikuli amocanebis
amoxsnisas (maT. sab. 1, 2).
gakveTili iwyeba saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT, romelic amocanebis amoxsnisas

sididis mocemuli ricxvebis proporciul nawilebad dayofas ukavSirdeba. winare
codnis gaaqtiureba SeiZleba axali codnis konstruirebis procesSi CavrToT.
magaliTad, wina paragrafis 12 amocanis amoxsna ukavSirdeba 300 laris 14 da
1 -is proporciul nawilebad dayofas. axla SegviZlia am amocanis iseTi amoxsna
8
SevTavazoT moswavleebs, roca ori Sefardebis toloba (proporcia) Sedgeba.
_ Tu pirveli brigadisTvis x lars gamovyofT, maSin ramdeni laris gadacema
mogviwevs meore brigadisTvis? (300-x).
_ ras niSnavs 300-is dayofa 14 -is da 18 -is proporciul nawilebad?
moswavleebi gvpasuxoben:
_ unda vipovoT ori ricxvi, romelTa jami aris 300 (magaliTad, x da 300-x) da
romelTa Sefardebaa 14 : 18 , anu 2:1. maSasadame, SeiZleba, davweroT:
x:(300–x) = 2:1.
_ miviReT ori Sefardebis toloba. mas proporcia ewodeba.
moswavleebs es amocana ase eqnebaT amoxsnili:
300 _ (2 + 1) nawili
1 nawili _ 100 lari
2 nawili _ 200 lari
pirvels unda mivceT 200 lari, meores _ 100 lari.
miRebuli proporciis amoxsniTac imave ricxvebs miviRebT.
don’t copy 225

erTi SexedviT, proporciis SemoReba zedmetad SeiZleba mogveCvenos, magram
amocanebis amoxsnisas proporciis gamoyeneba aadvilebs, TvalsaCinos xdis msje-
lobis process.
proporciis ganxilva erTi da imave ricxvis sxvadasxva wiladis saxiT Caweris
magaliTebis ganxilviT gavargZeloT, saidanac miviRebT ori Sefardebis tolobas
_ proporcias. proporciis Cawerasac sxvadasxva saxiT warmovadgenT ab = dc tolo-
biT, an a:b = c:d tolobiT. proporciis wevrebi SeiZleba CanawerSi mivuTiToT.
Sua wevrebi Sua wevrebi

a c
a : b = c : d
b d
kidura wevrebi kidura wevrebi
sxvadasxva proporciis warmodgenis Semdeg vamowmebT Sua wevrebisa da kidura

wevrebis namravlebs da magaliTebis ganxilvis Semdeg vayalibebT proporciis Zir-
iTad Tvisebas, romelsac asoebis gamoyenebiT CavwerT. viyenebT proporciis Tvise-
bas gantolebebis amoxsnisas.
moswavleebTan erToblivi msjelobiT mimdinareobs proporciis gamoyenebis mag-
aliTebis ganxilva:
_ gaixseneT rukis masStabi, ras miuTiTebs igi?
_ vTqvaT, rukis masStabia 1:200000. risi tolia rukaze or wertils Soris man-
Zilisa da sinamdvileSi maT Sesabamis punqtebs Soris manZilebis Sefardeba?
_ Tu rukaze wertilebs Soris manZili sm-ebiT gamoisaxeba, miTiTebuli masSta-
bi ra erTeulSi gamosaxavs Sesabamis punqtebs Soris manZils?
meore magaliTis ganxilvisas Sefardebebis tolobis Sesaxeb saubari ufro mar-
tivia _ igi erTi da imave ricxvis (fasis) sxvadasxvagvari Canaweris warmodgenis
Sedegia.
sakontrolo kiTxvebze pasuxiT moswavleebi ajameben paragrafSi aRweril masa-
las. mniSvnelovania 5, 6, da 7 kiTxvebze pasuxi. proporciis Sua wevrebis gadanac-
vlebiT, an kidura wevrebis gadanacvlebiT, kvlav toli Sefardebebi miiReba. isini
am faqts jer kerZo SemTxvevebze amowmeben, Semdeg nebismieri ab = dc proporciisTvis
ganazogadeben. ab = dc proporciaSi kidura wevrebis gadanacvleba da Sua wevrebis
gadanacvleba SeiZleba, Tu a≠0 da c≠0.
davasabuToT es Tviseba: gavamravloT proporciis orive mxare bc -ze, miviRebT
a ⋅ b = c ⋅ b , saidanac a = b . axla mocemuli proporcia gavamravloT d -ze, miviRebT
b c d c c d a
d = c . miRebuli Sedegebi SeiZleba asec CamovayaliboT: proporciis Sua wevrebis an
b a
kidura wevrebis gadanacvlebiT kvlav toli Sefardebebi miiReba.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 1 2 3 1 1 2 3
226
don’t copy
10 meoTxe ricxvi SeiZleba x-iT aRvniSnoT da yvela SesaZlebeli proporcia
davweroT. TiToeuli proporciis amoxsniT miviRebT saZiebel ricxvs. amocana klas-
Si ganixileba, amitom moswavleebma SeiZleba amoxsnis sxvadasxva varianti SemogvTa-
vazon.
magaliTid 4, 5, 8, x.
vwerT: 45 = 8x , 4x = 40, x = 10. miiReba proporcia: 45 = 10
8.
4, 5, 8 da x ricxvebidan Sedgeba gansxvavebuli proporciac _ 45 = 8x .

miviReT: 4:5 = 32 5 :8.
SeiZleba aseTi proporciis Sedgenac: 48 = 5x , saidanac 20 = 8x, x = 52 .
11 gantolebebs advilad vxsniT proporciis Tvisebis gamoyenebiT:

d) –3(2x + 3) = 9(4 + x)
2x + 3 = –12–3x
5x = –15
x = –3.
12 vTqvaT, meore _ Sua wevri aris x.
8 = 10
x 15
10x = 8⋅15
x = 12.
13 60 _ 200 60 _ 200
15 _ x 25 _ x
moswavle mivaCvioT proporciis aseTi saxiT Caweras. gansakuTrebiT, qimiis mas-
wavleblebs uyvarT proporciis aseTi saxiT Cawera. magaliTad, pirveli Canaweri
niSnavs, rom gvaqvs proporcia: 60 200
15 = x .
proporciis Caweris gareSec vwerT:
60x = 200⋅15
meore magaliTSi _ 60x = 25⋅200.
14
AC = 4 , AC = x, x = 4 .
CB 5 CB 5
BC = 45x
x + 5x
4 = 12
9x = 48
x = 16 1 20 2
3 , AC = 5 3 (sm), CB = 3 = 6 3 (sm).
amoxsna SeiZleba asec warimarTos:
x = 4 .
AC = x, CB = 12–x, 12–x 5
Tu movxsniT miTiTebas AC monakveTis x-iT aRniSvnis Sesaxeb, SesaZlebelia, mos-
wavleebma amoxsnis aseTi gzebi SemogvTavazon:
don’t copy 227

a) AC = 4x, BC = 5x b) 12 sm – 9 nawili
9x = 12 1 nawili _ 12 4

9 = 3
x = 43 4 nawili _ 16 3
16 20 20
4x = 3 , 5x = 3 . 5 nawili _ 3 .
moswavleebs unda avuxsnaT:

_ es yvela xerxi misaRebia, SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT is xerxi, romlis gamoyene-
biTac giadvildebaT amocanis amoxsna.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 1 1 2 3 4 1 4 1
saSinao davalebisTvis gankuTvnili amocanebis nawili moswavleebs meore gak-

veTilisTvis davalebad eZlevaT. damatebiT, moswavleebs vTxovT, Seasrulon amoca-
nebi codnis Sesamowmeblad.
14 gantolebebs vxsniT proporciis gamoyenebiT:

d) 21(4x + 33) = 14(15 + x)
3(4x + 33) = 2(15 + x)
12x + 99 = 30 + 2x 15 48 x = 9 , x = 1 , x = 16.
27 48 3
10x = –69
x = –6,9.
16 b) 20 _ 7 20 _ 7
x _ 14 x _ 35
x = 40 x = 100.
17 I xerxi: x+8 x = 2

5
5x = 2x + 16 A x C x+8 B
3x = 16
x = 16 16
3 , AC = 3 (sm)
BC = 40 3 (sm).
II xerxi. Tu miTiTebul aRniSvnas ar gamoviyenebT, amocana SeiZleba ase amovx-
snaT:
AC _ 2 naw, 3 nawili _ 8 sm, AC = 16
3 sm;
BC _ 5 naw, 8
1 naw. _ 3 sm, 40
BC = 3 sm.
meore gakveTilze vatarebT e.w. `blic-Sejibrs~ `vip~-is amocanebis gamoyenebiT

_ moswavleebma rac SeiZleba swrafad unda amoxsnan am davalebis amocanebi. Sei-
Zleba Catardes jgufuri muSaoba.
228
don’t copy
warmogidgenT zogierT aucilebel mokle komentars amocanebze, rubrikidan
`SeamowmeT Tqveni codna~:
3. sidideebis Sefardebis sapovnelad, unda SevafardoT erTsa da imave erTe

ulebSi am sidideebis maxasiaTebeli ricxvebi, 5:50 = 1:10.
4. meore kubis wibos sigrZis Sefardeba pirveli kubis wibos sigrZesTan aris 2:1.
5. 700:14 = 50 (kg). 7. 500

5 ⋅3 = 300. 8. 48 48
4 ⋅3 = 36, 4 ⋅1 = 16.
11. a:b = 1:2, a:b = 2:4, b:c = 4:5; a:b:c = 2:4:5, a:c = 2:5.
13. 2 nawili _ 9 lari; 14. 11⋅27 = 297 (g).

1 nawili _ 4,5 lari;
SabaTs _ 13,5 lari;
paraskevs _ 4,5 lari.
15. 5(x–3) = 6(x–4)
5x–15 = 6x–24
x = 9.
aqtivoba, dakavSirebuli amocanebTan rubrikidan: `Seamowme Seni codna~ da am

amocanebis klasSi ganxilvasTan kargi instrumentia ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis gan-
saxorcieleblad.
amave gakveTilze SeiZleba movawyoT saarCevno sistemis Sesaxeb jgufuri pro-

eqtebis ganxilva. naSromebi maT eleqtronuli formiT unda moemzadebinaT. es kar-
gi saSualebaa samomavlod uaRresad aqtualuri unar-Cvevebis gasaRrmaveblad.
6.4. pirdapirproporciuli sidideebi
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebisa da Semajamebeli weris ganxilvas eTmoba


sakiTxebi: pirdapirproporciuli sidideebi. pirdapirproporciulobis gamosax-
va formuliT, cxriliT, grafikiT.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos pirdapirproporciuli damo-
kidebulebis amocnoba da gamosaxva (maT. sab. 7, 8, 9).
winare codna: proporcia, proporciis ZiriTadi Tviseba.
winare codnis gaaqtiurebas viwyebT kvlav im amocanis ganxilviT, romelic da-

kavSirebulia proporciis gamoyenebiT amocanis amoxsnasTan. es amocana gameorebu-
lia axali paragrafis dasawyisSi, Sedgenilia proporcia da proporciis amoxsniT
napovnia 1 kg vaSlis Rirebuleba.
don’t copy 229

amocanis ganxilva da amoxsna interaqtiuli meTodiT warvmarToT. Cveni Txovnis
sapasuxod, moswavleebma gaixsenon amocanis piroba, ra iyo mocemuli, ras veZebdiT.
_ gavixsenoT amocana, romelic wina gakaeTilze me-2 magaliTiT aris warmod-
genili.
_ ratom aris toli Sefardebebi 3,2 x
4 da 10 ?
_ ra proporcia SevadgineT?
_ rogor vxsniT proporcias? ras viyenebT?
xelmeored amocanis amoxsnis Semdeg:
moswavleebi aRmoaCenen, rom Tu vaSlis fasi 0,8 laria, maSin mocemuli raode-
nobis vaSlis Rirebulebisa da am raodenobis gamomsaxveli ricxvebis Sefardeba ar
icvleba _ mudmivi sididea.
P
m = 0,8
P = 0,8m.
am formuliT gamoisaxeba damokidebuleba vaSlis Rirebulebasa da masas Soris.
Sedgenilia Sesabamisi cxrili. am cxrilis mixedviT vsaubrobT pirdapirpro-
porciuli damokidebulebis grafikze _ varaudebs TviT moswavleebi gamoTqvamen,
pirdapirproporciuli damokidebulebis Tvisebaa _ erTi sididis ramdenjerme
gazrdisas, meore sidide imdenjerve izrdeba.
moswavleebi msjeloben am damokidebulebis gamomsaxvel formulaze da ixseneben
analogiuri formuliT warmodgenil damokidebulebebs, magaliTad, Tanabari moZ-
raobisas, Tu siCqare aris v, maSin gavlil manZilsa da dros Soris damokidebuleba
S = vt formuliT gamoisaxeba, St Sefardeba mudmivia da moZraobis siCqaris tolia,
manZili moZraobis drois pirdapirproporciulia, siCqare proporciulobis koefi-
cientia.
aucilebelia, vimsjeloT pirdapirproporciuli sidideebis Sesabamisi er-
Teulebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb _ Tu siCqare km/sT-ebiTaa gamosaxuli, maSin dro
saaTebiTaa warmodgenili, manZili _ km-ebiT. Tu siCqare m/wm-iTaa warmodgenili,
maSin manZili metrebiTaa warmodgenili, dro _ wamebiT. yuradReba gavamaxviloT
am erTeulebs Soris kavSirze, siCqaris erTi erTeulidan meore erTeulze gaday-
vanis Cvevebis Camoyalibebaze _ siCqaris erTeulebs Sorisac pirdapirproporci-
uli damokidebulebaa _ SeiZleba CavweroT: 1 km/sT = 18 5 m/wm.
paragrafis sakontrolo kiTxvebze pasuxebiT klasi Seajamebs paragrafis masa-
las.
Tu raime ori dadebiTi sididis Sefardeba mudmivia, maT pirdapirproporci-
uli sidideebi ewodeba. y da x sidideebs Soris pirdapirproporciuli damokide-
buleba y = kx formuliT moicema, k proporciulobis koeficientia. moswavleebi
moiyvanen Sesaferis magaliTebs. me-4 kiTxvaSi mocemuli sidideebic (S da t) pird-
apirproporciuli sidideebis magaliTia: S = vt, v proporciulobis koeficientia.
sakoordinato sibrtyeze pirdapirpoporciul damokidebulebas gamosaxavs I
meoTxedSi mdebare sxivi, romlis saTave koordinatTa saTaves emTxveva.
moswavles unda SeeZlos ara marto pirdapirproporciulobis magaliTebis moy-
don’t copy
vana, aramed pirdapirproporciulobis aRmoCena da pirdapirproporciulobis Tvi-
230
sebis gamoyenebiT praqtikuli amocanis amoxsna. am unaris ganviTarebas emsaxureba,
magaliTad, amocanebi, 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 .
6 - 10 SeiZleba pirdapirproporciulobis aRmoCenas davukavSiroT praqti-

kuli davaleba, romelic gulisxmobs internetis gamoyenebas, kvlevis Catarebas,
kvlevis Sedegebis prezentacias (SesaZlebelia eleqtronuli formiTac).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3
9 a) pirdapirproporciulobis amocnobis Semdeg vmsjelobT: siCqaris 2-jer

gazrdiT gavlili manZilic orjer gaizrdeba _ 60 km.
10 a) dro da siCqare erTmaneTis pirdapirproporciuli ar aris, aq saWiroa ms-

jeloba: Tu siCqare 3-jer naklebi iqneba, maSin velosipedisti imave manZils 3-jer
met droSi gaivlis. pasuxi: 90 wT = 1,5 sT.
11 erTi da imave siCqariT moZraobisas manZili da dro pirdapirproporciuli

sidideebia
20 m _ 2,5 wm
80 m _ 10 wm.
12 grafikis mixedviT amovicnobT: gvaqvs pirdapirproporciuli sidideebis

grafikuli gamosaxvis magaliTebi.
a) grafikis mixedviT, pirveli mili auzs 4 saaTSi aavsebs, meore mili _ 6 saaTSi.
pirveli miliT 1 sT-Si Caedineba 240 m3;
meore miliT _ 160 m3.
b) I milisTvis damokidebuleba ase gamoisaxeba y = 240t; II milisTvis _ y = 160t;
g) 240
160 -jer, d) 64 = 1,5-jer.
1 2 3 4 5
3 4 2 2 2
7 gvaqvs pirdapirproporciuloba da igi grafikulad unda gamovsaxoT (cx-

rilis gamoyenebiT).
8 SeiZleba, visargebloT pirdapirproporciuli sidideebis TvisebiT: 2-jer

met wignSi 2-jer meti Tanxa iqneba gadasaxdeli _ 33 lari; 4-jer met wignSi _
4-jer meti Tanxa: 66 lari.
9 gvaqvs pirdapirproporciuli sidideebi. proporciulobis koeficienti
(siCqare) aris 44 11 11 11
8 = 2 , S= 2 t, 80= 2 ⋅ t
t= 160 6
11 = 14 11 (wm).
SeiZleba proporciis dawerac: 44 80 11 80 160
8 = t , 2 = t , t= 11 .
don’t copy 231

10 moswavles unda gamoumuSavdes grafikis wakiTxvis unari. analogiuri amo-
cana klasSi iyo ganxiluli. amjerad moswavles damoukideblad mouwevs diagramis
mixedviT, pirdapirproporciuli sidideebis Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kiTxvebze
pasuxebis gacema. grafikis mixedviT qveiTi gzaSi 4 saaTi iyo, velosipedisti _ 2
saaTi.
pirvelma gaiara 20 km, meorem _ 30 km.
pirvelis siCqare iyo _ 20 4 = 5 (km/sT),
meoris _ 30 2 = 15 (km/sT)
meoris siCqare 3-jer metia, vidre pirvelis.
1,5 saaTSi velosipedisti gaivlida 1,5⋅15 = 22,5 km-s, qveiTi 4 saaTSi gadioda 4⋅5 = 20
km-s. velosipedisti gaivlida (22,5–20)-iT, anu 2,5 km-iT mets. es ricxvebi grafikis
mixedviTac SeiZleba vipovoT.

sakiTxebi: Sefardeba, proporcia, pirdapirproporciuli sidideebi.
Sefasebis rekvizitebi da dasaxuli mizani: moswavlem unda SeZlos proporciis
Tvisebis, pirdapirproporciulobis gamoyeneba amocanebis amoxsnisas; pirdapirpro-
porciuli sidideebis amocnoba da gamosaxva (maT. sab. 7, 8, 9). Seswavlili codnis
gameoreba, ganmtkiceba da gaRrmaveba.
gakveTilebze dasaxuli miznebis Sesruleba xorcieldeba Semajamebeli amo-

canebisa da TviTSefasebis testis gamoyenebiT. pirvel gakveTils viwyebT moswav-
leebis mier proeqtis prezentaciiT. moswavleebi msjeloben gamoTqmuli varaudebis
mixedviT, mosaxleobis raodenobasa da wlebis raodenobebs Soris damokidebulebis
Sesaxeb. SeiZleba Tu ara vTqvaT, rom es damokidebuleba pirdapirproporciuli
damokidebulebaa? iqneba pirdapirproporciuloba wlebis raime SualedSi igrZno-
ba?
ganxilvas SeiZleba erTi gakveTilic ki daeTmos. Sin Sesasruleblad moswav-
leebs TviTSefasebis testi eZlevaT, SeiZleba SeirCes davalebebi Semajamebeli
amocanebidan.
meore gakveTilze ganvixilavT TviTSefasebis testis Sesrulebas, SeviqmniT war-
modgenebs moswavleTa mier sakiTxebis aTvisebis Sesaxeb (ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba),
gamoviyenebT am warmodgenebs diferencirebuli swavlebis ganxorcielebisTvis.
amasTanave, mimdinareobs mzadeba Semajamebeli weris Sesafaseblad, romelic
ganmsazRvreli SefasebisTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli.
miTiTebebi, komenterebi TviTSefasebis testisTvis
1Tu ori dadebiTi ricxvis Sefardeba 1-ze naklebia, maSin pirveli ricxvi
naklebia meoreze. klasSi SeiZleba vimsjeloT gayofisas miRebuli mosalodneli
Sedegebis Sesaxeb: ori dadebiTi ricxvis Sefardebisas SeiZleba miviRoT 1-ze meti
232
don’t copy
ricxvi (roca pirveli ricxvi metia meoreze). amasTanave, Tu meore ricxvi 1-ze nak-
lebi ricxvia, maSin Sedegi gasayofze meti ricxvi iqneba. 1-ze nakleb ricxvze gayo-
fa SeiZleba SevcvaloT 1-ze naklebi ricxvis Sebrunebulze (anu 1-ze met ricxvze)
gamravlebiT. Sedegi, cxadia, iqneba gasayofze meti ricxvi. aq warmodgenili kiTx-
vebi SeiZleba miviCnioT sakvanZo SekiTxvebad, romlebic racionalur ricxvebze
moqmedebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. saWiroa yovel ganxilul SemTxvevaSi konk-
retuli magaliTebis dasaxelebac. magaliTad, 15,5: 12 = 15,5⋅2 = 31, 31>15,5.
2 moswavleebma amocana SeiZleba sxvadasxva xerxiT amoxsnan. ufro gavrcele-

bulia (SeiZleba zogjer saukeTeso arc iyos) aseTi amoxsna:
nikas, Tornikes da giorgis namuSevar dReTa raodenobebi iyos: 9x, 6x, 2x.
2x = 18
x = 9, 9x–6x = 3x, 3x = 27.
meore xerxi:^
• nika _ Tornike _ 3 nawili
viciT: 2 naw _ 18
3 naw _ 18
2 ⋅3 = 27.
3 6 nawili, 9 nawili, 4 nawili;

a:b = 5:3 4
sul _ 19 nawili; b:c = 12:7
4 . a:b = 20:12
4 nawili aris 19 nawilis 19
a:b:c = 20:12:7, a:c = 20:7.
6 radgan pirdapirproporciulobis koeficienti aris 0,4,

amitom b = 0,4a, aqedan a = 2,5b.
a aris b-s pirdapirproporciuli da koeficienti aris 2,5.
maswavleblebs vurCevT, ganixilon klasSi zogadi SemTxveva. moswavleebma Sei-
Zleba gamoTqvan hipoTeza, Semdeg daasabuTon misi marTebuloba (maT. sab. 1).
7 gantoleba advilad amoixsneba proporciis Tvisebis gamoyenebiT.
8 6,4–4,8 = 1,6
1,6⋅500 000 = 800 000
800 000 sm = 8 km.
amocana mokled amovxseniT. cxadia, Tu warmodgenili iqneba aseTi amoxsna, maSin
punqtobrivi Sefasebac gansxvavebuli iqneba:
mixvda da saWirod CaTvala (0,4-4,8) sxvaobis povna _ 1 qula
1,6⋅500 000 = 800 000 _ 1,5 qula
800 000 sm = 8 km _ 2 qula.
TviTSefasebis testiT vafasebT moswavleebis codnas sxvadasxva sakiTxSi (pro-

porcia, masStabi, proporciuli dayofa). diferencirebuli swavlebis dros mos-
wavleebi SeiZleba davyoT jgufebad da TiToeul jgufs im sakiTxebze SevTavazoT
axali amocanebi, romlebSic problemebi aRmoaCndaT.
don’t copy 233

Semajamebeli amocanebi
(mokle komentarebi amocanebisa da maTi amoxsnebis Sesaxeb)
1 moswavlem unda icodes, rom kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad sakmarisia, ipovos a .

b
2 - 4Tu am amocanebs klasSi vxsniT, sasurvelia, rom igi sxvadasxva xerxiT

amoixsnas. es xerxebi araerTxel iyo zemoT ganxiluli.
5
kidev erTxel vamowmebT _ SeuZlia Tu ara moswavles sami ricxvidan pir-
veli oris Sefardebisa da meore ori ricxvis Sefardebis mixedviT am samis erTma-
neTTan Sefardeba ipovos. anu a:b da b:c Sefardebebis mixedviT, ipovos a:b:c.
aq sxvadasxva codnaTa kompleqsuri gamoyenebaa saWiro: Sefardebis Secvla misi
toli SefardebiT, ori Sefardebidan erT Sefardebaze gadasvla.
6 proporciis ZiriTadi Tvisebis gamoyeneba da wrfivi gantolebis amoxsna.
amocanis miTiTebis mixedviT, gveqneba: 18–x 7

7 x = 2 (verbalurad aRwerili situ-
aciis formulis (gantolebis) saxiT Cawera, gantolebis amoxsna). es unari Seesabame-
ba standartis Sedegebs (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8).
8 - 11 amocanebi ukavSirdeba proporciis gamoyenebas masStabsa da manZils So-

ris (realuri, an rukaze) kavSiris dasamyareblad, proporciis gamoyenebas praqti-
kuli amocanis amosaxsnelad.
12 amocanis amoxsnis erT-erTi gza:

gverdebia: 4x. 5x, 7x, 7x–4x = 15, 3x = 15, x = 5, 5x = 25.
13
a+b = a + b = a + 1 = 3 + 1 = 8 . 14
x–2y = x–2y = x – 2 = 8 – 2 = 2 .
b b b b 5 5 y y y 3 3
Semajamebeli amocanebis amoxsnisas miiReba informacia moswavleTa mier ganxi-

luli sakiTxebis SemoqmedebiTad aTvisebisa da maTi gamoyenebiT praqtikuli Si-
naarsis amocanebis gadawyvetis Taobaze. am informaciis mixedviT Catarebuli in-
teraqtiuli ganxilvebi Zlier instruments warmoadgens efeqtiani ganmaviTarebeli
SefasebisTvisa da swavlebis samomavlo strategiis dazustebisTvis.
Tema: Sefardeba; ricxvis dayofa proporciul nawilebad; proporcia; propor-

ciuli sidideebi.
mizani: moswavleTa mier gavlili masalis aTvisebis xarisxis Semowmeba-Sefase-
ba; moswavleTa codnaSi SesaZlo xarvezebis dadgena da saswavlo gegmis Sesabamisi
koreqcia.
234
don’t copy
amocanebis nimuSebi
1. Tu a da b dadebiTi ricxvebis Sefardeba 1,05-is tolia, maSin

a) a>b b) a<b
g) a-sa da b-s Sedareba SeuZlebelia d) a<1 da b>1.
2. ekas, ninosa da meris 3:5:2 SefardebiT gaunawiles garkveuli Tanxa. ekas Sexvda
120 lari. ramdeni lari SexvdaT ninos da meris erTad?
a) 840 b) 240 g) 360 d) 280.
3. daTom, liam da giorgim sawarmos mogeba gainawiles 6:5:3 SefardebiT. giorgis

Sexvda mogebis
a) 12 nawili 3 nawili
b) 11 g) 35 nawili 3 nawili.
d) 14
4. cnobilia, rom a:b = 3:4, b:c = 3:5, maSin a:c =

a) 3:5 b) 4:5 g) 4:3 d) 9:20.
5. ra ricxvis tolia 12 y

x = 5 proporciis Sua wevrebis namravli?
a) 60 b) 2,4 g) 6 5 .
d) 12
6. y aris x-is pirdapirproporciuli da proporciulobis koeficienti aris 2,

maSin x aris y-is pirdapirproporciuli da proporciulobis koeficienti aris
a) 0,2 b) –2 g) 0,5 d) 2.
amoxseniT amocanebi
7. or qalaqs Soris manZili erT rukaze 3,2 sm-ia, meore rukaze _ 4 sm. pirveli
rukis masStabia 1:1000000. ipoveT meore rukis masStabi.
8. amoxseniT gantoleba: 2x–3 5x–12

2 = 13 .
1 2 3 4 5 6
a d d d a Gg
1. Tu dadebiTi a da b ricxvebis Sefardeba 1-ze metia, ab = k, k>1, maSin a = bk. am-
rigad, a>b, a aris k-jer meti b-ze.
2. 120 lari aris 3 nawili, 1 nawili 40 laria. ninos da meris erTad aqvT 7 nawili,
anu 7⋅40 = 280 lari.
3. giorgis Sexvda 3 nawili 14-dan, anu 14 3 nawili.
4. I gza: a:b = 3:4 = 9:12, b:c = 3:5 = 12:20. b orive proporciaSi 12 nawilia. e. i. a aris

9 nawili, c _ 20 nawili, a:c = 9:20.
zogjer moswavleebi proporcias ori wiladis tolobis saxiT Caweren xolme
a = 3 , b = 3 . erTi mxriv a ⋅ b = a ; meore mxriv a ⋅ b = 3 ⋅ 3 = 9 . amrigad, a = 9 .
b 4 c 5 b c c b c 4 5 20 c 20
don’t copy 235

5. xy = 12⋅5 = 60.
6. pirobiT, y = 2x, saidanac x = 12 y, anu x aris y-is pirdapirproporciuli da pro-
porciulobis koeficienti aris 12 .
7. 1 rukis masStabia 1:1000000. realur punqtebs Soris manZilia 3,2⋅1000000 = 3200000

(sm). meore rukis masStabia 4:3200000, anu 1:800000.
8. 13(2x–3) = 2(5x–12), 26x–39 = 10x–24, 16x = 15, x = 15

16 .
Sefasebis rubrika
testuri amocanebidan TiToeulis swori pasuxi SeiZleba Sefasdes TiTo quliT,

me-7 da me-8 amocanebis srulyofili amoxsnebi or-ori quliT.
maswavlebelma Sexedulebisamebr SeiZleba gamoiyenos 0,5, 1 an 1,5 qula. magaliT-
ad, me-7 amocanaSi mxolod masStabis arsis sworad warmodgenisas SeiZleba 0,5 qu-
liT Sefaseba. realuri manZilis dadgenisTvis naSromi Sefasdes 1 quliT.
me-8 amocanaSi mxolod proporciis Tvisebis gamoyenebis demonstrireba (miRe-
buli gantolebis araswori amoxsnis SemTxvevaSic ki) SeiZleba Sefasdes 1 quliT.
gantolebis miRebisas daSvebuli mcire `teqnikuri~ xarvezisa da Semdeg misi swori
amoxsnisTvis naSromi SeiZleba Sefasdes 1,5 quliT.
pedagogebs SevaxsenebT, rom moswavleTa mier daSvebuli Secdomebis analizis

dros unda ganvasxvavoT arsebiTi da teqnikuri xarvezebi _ erTia, roca moswav-
les ar esmis cnebis da/an qmedebis arsi, meore _ roca moswavle uyuradRebobiT
gamowveuli xarveziT asrulebs moqmedebebs. problemis swori diagnostika saSuale-
bas mogvcems davkvaliandeT misi aRmofxvris efeqturi meTodis SerCevaSi.
weris momdevno gakveTili davuTmoT Sedegebis ganxilvas, Secdomebis garCevas,
msgavsi amocanebis amoxsnas.
236
don’t copy
VII Tavi
samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebi. procenti
am TavSi geometriuli faqtebis gadmocemasTan erTad vagrZelebT procentebTan

dakavSirebuli amocanebis ganxilvas. geometriuli faqtebis gadmocema, ZiriTadad,
konkretul-induqciuria _ winaswar Camoyalibebuli aqsiomebisa da maTze dayrd-
nobiT Teoremebis damtkicebis gareSea warmodgenili, deduqciuri msjelobis nimu-
Sebi fragmentulia. maTi gamoyeneba figurebis TvalsaCino Tvisebebze dayrdnobiT
mimdinareobs.
samkuTxedebis toloba geometriuli gardaqmnebis gamoyenebiTac aris ilustri-
rebuli.
saskolo masalis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi figuraTa tolobaa, kerZod
_ samkuTxedebis toloba. geometriuli faqtebis dasabuTeba xSirad samkuTxedebis
tolobis niSnebs efuZneba.
TiTqmis erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi skolaSi samkuTxedebs uwodebdnen tols,
Tu SesaZlebeli iyo maTi erTmaneTTan SeTavseba.
ase iyo axsnili figurebis toloba cnobili frangi maTematikosis adamaris mier:
`... ori toli figura erTsa da imave figuras warmogvidgens, romelic or sxvadasxva
adgilas aris ganlagebuli~.
evklides `sawyisebSi~ monakveTebisa da kuTxeebis toloba ar aris axsnili, xolo
samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebi ZiriTadi elementebis tolobas niSnavs.
hilberti figurebis tolobas `kongruentulobas~ uwodebs. am termins iyenebda
kolmogorovic, magram igi ar damkvidrda sabWoTa skolebSi. hilberti `kongruen-
tulobas~ sawyis cnebad miiCnevs da aqsiomebis saSualebiT Semoaqvs misi Tvisebebi
(kongruentulobis aqsiomebi).
kolmogorovsa da pogorelovs geometriis saxelmZvaneloebSi kuTxeebisa da mo-
nakveTebis toloba Sesabamisi sidideebis tolobiT SemoaqvT.
pogorelovTan cal-calkea SemoRebuli samkuTxedebis toloba da figurebis
toloba (igi cdilobs, daicvas maTematikuri simkacre). samkuTxedebis tolobas gan-
martavs ZiriTadi elementebis tolobis gamoyenebiT (Cvenc analogiurad viwyebT
samkuTxedebis tolobis ganxilvas). igi iyenebs aqsiomas mocemulis toli samkuTxe-
dis arsebobis Sesaxeb da amtkicebs samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebs. formalurad,
TiTqos yvelaferi zustad keTdeba, magram ramdenad mizanSewonilia amis gakeTeba
me-7 klasis moswavleebTan? miT umetes, rom misi gadmocemis mixedviT ABC samkuTxe-
don’t copy 237

di mxolod maSin aris BAC-s toli, Tu es samkuTxedi tolferdaa. figurebis tolo-
bas ki igi calke warmogvidgens _ gadaadgilebis (moZraobis) gamoyenebiT. zogierTi
avtori figurebis tolobas kvlav Zveleburad _ kiselevis mixedviT warmogvid-
gens. aq siZneleebi ukavSirdeba sibrtyis gadaadgilebis Semotanas. erT-erT avtors
(aTanasiani) Semoaqvs e.w. TvalsaCino `SeTavseba~, mogvianebiT _ gadaadgileba. Cven
dawvrilebiT ar gavarCevT im siZneleebs, romelTa gadalaxva uwevs saxelmZRvanelo-
ebis avtorebs; gavimeorebT mxolod, rom `SeuZlebelia masalis ise gadmocema, rom
davicvaT maTematikuri simkacre~ (А. Шень. „О математической строгости“ в школьном
курсе математики, www.mecme.ru). samkuTxedebis tolobis ganxilvisas Cven amovdivarT
ZiriTadi elementebis tolobidan da ilustrirebulad warmovadgenT im or geomet-
riul gardaqmnas, romlebsac moswavleebi am etapze icnoben (paraleluri gadatana,
RerZuli simetria).
7.1. samkuTxedi. samkuTxedis saxeebi kuTxeebis mixedviT

sakiTxebi: samkuTxedi. samkuTxedis elementebi. samkuTxedebis klasifikacia
kuTxeebis mixedviT.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos samkuTxedTan dakavSirebuli
cnebebis (samkuTxedis gverdi, kuTxe) gansazRvrebebis sworad Camoyalibeba (maT.
sab. 3); maTematikuri obieqtebis naxazebis saxiT warmodgena (maT. sab. 5).
winare codna: kuTxe, kuTxis elementebi, kuTxis gradusuli zoma, kuTxeebis
klasifikacia. marTi, maxvili, blagvi da gaSlili kuTxeebi; kuTxe or wrfes Soris.
gakveTils viwyebT winare codnis gaaqtiurebiT. es procesi moswavleebis aqtiu-

ri monawileobiT unda Catardes; isini pasuxoben Cven mier dasmul kiTxvebze:
_ sibrtyis ra nawils ewodeba kuTxe?
_ gaixseneT kuTxis Caweris wesebi.
_ aba vin gamosaxavs dafaze gaSlil kuTxes?
_ rogor vpoulobT monakveTis sigrZes, ra erTeulebSi SeiZleba iyos gamosa-
xuli monakveTis sigrZe?
_ gaixseneT kuTxis gazomvis procesi; romel kuTxes vuwodeT 10-iani kuTxe (10-
is zomis) kuTxe?
_ ramdennair kuTxes vicnobT zomebis mixedviT?
ras ewodeba maxvili kuTxe? marTi kuTxe? blagvi kuTxe?
_ rogor or wrfes vuwodeT paraleluri wrfeebi? marTobuli wrfeebi?
_ ramdeni kuTxe miiReba ori wrfis gadakveTisas? romel kuTxes ewodeba or
wrfes Soris kuTxe?
238
don’t copy
TiToeul kiTxvaze pasuxi unda iyos sruli (SeiZleba mogviwios Careva, dax-
mareba) da warmodgenili unda iyos Sesabamisi naxazebi dafaze, an proeqtoris dax-
marebiT ekranze. moswavlem unda SeZlos ukve Seswavlili maTematikuri obieqtebis
gansazRvrebebisa da Tvisebebis sworad Camoyalileba, maTematikuri terminebis, aR-
niSvnebisa da simboloebis koreqtulad gamoyeneba.
axali codnis konstruireba iwyeba, Cveni miTiTebis pasuxad, moswavlis mier da-
faze samkuTxedis gamosaxviT. SeiZleba moswavleebs samkuTxedis formis obieqtebis
gaxsenebac vTxovoT; magaliTad, arsebobs samkuTxedis formis sagzao niSnebi; sag-
zao niSnebis klasificirebis Semdeg (mafrTxilebeli, prioritetis, amkrZalavi,
mimTiTebeli) isini sxvadasxva geometriuli figuriT gamoisaxeba. magaliTad, sam-
kuTxediT (masze mocemuli sxvadasxva aRniSvnebiT) gamoisaxeba zogierTi mafrTx-
ilebeli da prioritetis niSani. moswavleebs SeiZleba vTxovoT Semdegi gakveTil-
isTvis am niSnebze ufro detalurad isaubron (Seasrulon proeqtuli davaleba).
didi sifrTxile gvmarTebs samkuTxedis kuTxeebis gansazRvrisas. yuradReba
unda gavamaxviloT imaze, rom samkuTxedis kuTxis yvela wertili (kuTxe aris erTi
wertilidan gamosul or sxivs Soris moTavsebuli sibrtyis nawili Tavad sxivebis
wertilebianad, is wertilTa usasrulo simravlea) samkuTxeds ar ekuTvnis; ABC
samkuTxedis A wverosTan mdebare kuTxe ewodeba BAC kuTxes, romelic aris AB da
AC sxivebiT SemosazRvruli sibrtyis nawili. am sxivebis wertilebic BAC kuTxes
ekuTvnis.
axali masalis konstruirebis procesi moswavleebis CarTulobiT mimdinareobs,
magaliTad, samkuTxedis utolobac, SesaZlebelia, TviT moswavleebma aRmoaCinon.
amasTanave, sasurvelia gakveTilis bolos yvelaze aqtiuri moswavleebis waxalise-
bac. moswavleebi unda mieCvion, rom codnis SeZenis procesi gakveTilze yuradRe-
biT mosmeniT, sajaro ganxilviTa da wina masalis daxmarebiT, axali faqtebis aR-
moCeniT mimdinareobs. moswavle axali masalis axsnis Tanamonawilea. maTi Sefasebac
am moments unda iTvaliswinebdes.
paragrafSi mocemulia kuTxeebis mixedviT samkuTxedebis klasifikacia. warmovad-
genT samkuTxedebis klasifikacias kuTxeebis mixedviT _ ganvixilavT marTkuTxa,
maxvilkuTxa da blagvkuTxa samkuTxedebs. vecnobiT samkuTxedis utolobas. Seveca-
doT vimuSaoT swori klasifikaciis Sedgenis Cvevebis gamomuSavebaze (magaliTad,
raime erTi iseTi Tvisebis mixedviT, rom ar gamogvrCes simravlis elementebi kla-
sifikaciis gareSe. sasurvelia CavrToT ricxvTa simravleebis klasifikaciis SemTx-
vevebis ganxilvac _ magaliTad, mTeli dadebiTi ricxvebi, nuli, mTeli uaryofiTi
ricxvebi _ mTel ricxvTa simravlis klasifikacia). maswavlebelma uyuradRebod
ar unda datovos marTkuTxa da blagvkuTxa samkuTxedebis gansazRvrebebTan da-
kavSirebuli kiTxvebi. magaliTad, ratom ganvsazRvravT marTkuTxa samkuTxeds mx-
olod erTi kuTxis mixedviT? xom ar SeiZleba samkuTxeds ori marTi, an ori blagvi
kuTxe hqondes? aseTi kiTxvebis avtorebi maswavlebelma unda Seaqos da auxsnas,
rom es SeuZlebelia, radgan samkuTxedis kuTxeebis sidideebis jami 1800-ia. am faqts
isini momavalSi daamtkiceben.
don’t copy 239

`testebisa~ da amocanebis saSualebiT mimdinareobs axali codnis aTvisebis
procesi _ axali cnebebis gansazRvrebebis, kuTxeebis mixedviT samkuTxedebis kla-
sifikaciis, samkuTxedis utolobis gamoyenebebi.
1 2 3 4 5
3 1 1 2 3
6 suraTze oTxi wertilia gamosaxuli. magram mxolod sami wertili, romlebic

erT wrfes ar ekuTvnis, SeiZleba iyos samkuTxedis wveroebi. aseTi wertilebia: A,
B da D; A, B da C; B, D da C.
SeiZleba damatebiTi gamokvlevis Catarebac. ramden samkuTxeds miviRebdiT, Tu
A, B, C da D wertilebidan arc erTi sami ar iqneboda erT wrfeze?
imdeni samkuTxedi miiReba, ramdeni wyvilic SeirCeva A, B, C da D wer-

7
tilebidan: (A; B), (A; C), (A; D), (B; C), (B;D); (C; D) _ eqvsi.
8es amocana wina amocanis analogiuria _ kombinatoruli xasiaTisaa. sam-

kuTxedebis raodenoba amjerad 5-dan ori wertilis SerCevaTa raodenobas emTxve-
va. wina amocanis msgavsad, SeiZleba yvela wyvili amovweroT. amoweris wesi Semde-
gi msjelobis tolfasia: pirveli wertilis mewyvile aris 5-dan 4 wertili; Semdeg
amoviwerT wyvilebs meore wertilis mixedviT _ 3 wyvili, da a. S. gamosaTvleli
iqneba jamis mniSvneloba:
4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 10.
samkuTxedebis raodenoba aris 10. Tumca, SeiZleba sxva tipis msjelobac: yoveli
wertili 4 monakveTis boloa, sul TiTqos 20 monakveTia, magram aseTi daTvlisas,
cxadia, TiToeuli monakveTi 2-jer davTvaleT; monakveTebis raodenoba aris 10. am
msjelobas mivyavarT formulamde: n(n–1) 2 , sadac n aris wertilebis raodenoba. ze-
moT Catarebul msjelobas ki mivyavarT Semdeg jamamde: (n–1) + (n–2) + ... + 1. me-7 klasSi
es jami SeiZleba ase gamovTvaloT (5 wlis asakSi didi germaneli maTematikosi gausi
ase msjelobda):
(n–1) + (n–2) + ... + 1
+
1 + 2 + ... + (n–1)
n + n + ... + n = (n–1)n,
amrigad, (n–1) + (n–2) + ... + 1 = n(n–1)

2 .
maRali mzaobis moswavleebTan SeiZleba zogad SemTxvevazec saubari.
8 agebis Semdeg davrwmundebiT, rom marTkuTxa samkuTxedi miiReba.
10 AC = 12,4 + 1,8 = 14,2 (sm)
BC = 12,4
4 ⋅ 3 = 9,3 (sm)
P = 12,4 + 14,2 + 9,3 = 35,9 (sm).
11 mesame gverdi ar SeiZleba iyos 3,2 sm, radgan 3,2 + 3,2<6,5. maSasadame, mesame
gverdi aris 6,5 sm.
240
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P = 6,5 + 6,5 + 3,2 = 16,2 (sm).
aq samkuTxedis utoloba gaviTvaliwineT. am amocanam Segvaxsena: nebismieri
sami monakveTi ar SeiZleba iyos samkuTxedis gverdebi.
12 BDA da BDC mosazRvre kuTxeebia, maTi jami aris 1800, Tu erT-erTi kuTxe
maxvilia, maSin meore kuTxe blagvia. ar SeiZleba ABD da BDC samkuTxedebidan orive
iyos maxvili.
SeiZleba vTxovoT moswavleebs kidev ufro daazuston _ ra saxis samkuTxedebi
SeiZleba miviRoT: SeiZleba erT-erTi iyos maxvilkuTxa, meore _ blagvkuTxa, SeiZ-
leba orive marTkuTxa samkuTxedi iyos.
13 samkuTxedis gverdebis sigrZeebi iqneba: 13 sm, 15 sm da 16 sm, P = 44 sm.
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 2
5 klasSi amoxsnili amocanebis analogiuri amocanaa. miiReba MAB, MAC, MBC

samkuTxedebi.
miiReba 8 samkuTxedi. daTvlis sxvadasxva strategia SeiZleba avirCioT. Tu

6
5 wertilidan 3 wertilis SerCevaTa raodenobis daTvlas daviwyebT,^ miviRebT 10-s.
magram ori SemTxveva ar gamogvadgeba: AOC da BOD.
7 moswavlem unda SeZlos samkuTxedis utolobis gamoyeneba.
AC<18,2 + 14,6
8
AC naklebi unda iyos 32,8-ze. AC SeiZleba iyos 32-is toli. 32 akmayofilebs da-
narCen utolobebsac.
9 miiReba marTkuTxa samkuTxedi.
10AB = 12
5 ⋅3 = 7,2 (sm)
12
BC = 5 ⋅4 = 9,6 (sm)
AC = 12 sm.
11 mesame gverdi SeiZleba iyos 5,1 sm an 6,8 sm.
radgan ∠DAB maxvili kuTxea, amitom ∠DAC blagvi kuTxea. DAC samkuTxedi
12
blagvkuTxa samkuTxedia.
13 100 + 93 + 97 = 290 (sm), SeiZleba asec vipovoT: 100 + 100 + 100-(3 + 7) = 300-10 = 290

(sm).
120 + 130 + 130 = 380 (sm).
14
saSinao davalebis amocanebis amoxsna ar unda gauWirdeT moswavleebs. meore
gakveTili SeiZleba diferencirebuli swavlebisTvis gamoviyenoT. ganmaviTarebeli
Sefasebis Sedegebis mixedviT moswavleebs vyofT jgufebad, nawili damoukideblad
asrulebs saklaso amocanebidan 10 - 13 amocanebs, meore nawils evaleba muSaoba
don’t copy 241

`moisazres~ amocanebze. saklasos 6 - 8 amocanebi SeiZleba pirvel gakveTilzec
amovxsnaT.
moisazre
1 yoveli megobrisgan 3 Setyobineba gaigzavna, sul gagzavnilia 4⋅3 = 12 Setyo-

bineba. am amocanis amoxsna SeiZleba SevadaroT 8 amocanis amoxsnas.
2 1-dan 10-mde yoveli naturaluri n ricxvisTvis arsebobs erTaderTi m ricx-

vi, romlisTvisac gvaqvs: n + m = 20. amiT amoiwureba 20-is warmodgenebi jamis saxiT
_ sul gveqneba 10 warmodgena.
3 sakmarisia daviwyoT erT jibeSi monetebis dagrovebis variantebiT: erT ji-

beSi SeiZleba iyos samive moneta, 3-dan romelime 2 moneta (aq gveqneba 3 varianti),
3-dan romelime erTi moneta (gveqneba 3 varianti), an am jibeSi ar gvaqvs monetebi
(1 varianti). sul _ 1 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 8.
maswavleblebs SevaxsenebT, rom aq daTvlilia 3-elementiani simravlis qvesimra-
vleebis (yvelas) raodenoba, romelic tolia 23-is. zemoT miTiTebuli jami ki aris:
0 1 2 3
C 3 +C 3 +C 3 +C 3 =2 .
3
(C kn aRniSnavs n-elementiani simravlis k-elementian qvesimravleTa odenobas _

saTanado jufdebaTa ricxvia, mas binomur koeficientsac uwodeben _ es informa-
cia mxolod maswavleblebisTvisaa mowodebuli).
4 n2 + n = 90,
n(n + 1) = 90.
vatom amoicno n naturaluri ricxvi, radgan mxolod n = 9-isTvis gvaqvs:
n(n + 1) = 90.
Tu n metia 9-ze, 90-ze met ricxvs miviRebT.
Tu n naklebia 9-ze, maSin 90-ze nakleb ricxvs miviRebT.
5viwyebT sinjvis meTodiT: x = 1 gamoricxulia.

x = 2, 61 + 62 + 63 = 11 _ akmayofilebs.
Tu x>2, maSin jamSi 11-ze naklebi ricxvi miiReba.
Semdegi gakveTilisTvis moswavleebs vTxovT mousminon videogakveTils `saSin-
ao skolidan~, me-7 klasi, samkuTxedi, samkuTxedis elementebi (www.silkschool.ge, ga-
kveTilebi, maTematika, me-7 klasi). es videogakveTili gamodgeba Seswavlili masa-
lis gameorebisTvisac da axali codnis konstruirebisTvisac, aq ganxilulia Semdeg
paragrafSi warmodgenili sakiTxebic _ samkuTxedis elementebi.
242
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7.2. samkuTxedis elementebi
Tema: garemomcveli samyaro da geometriuli figurebi.

sakiTxebi: samkuTxedis elementebi; mediana, simaRle, biseqtrisa.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos samkuTxedTan dakavSirebuli
cnebebis sworad Camoyalileba, terminebis, aRniSvnebisa da simboloebis koreqtu-
lad gamoyeneba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7).
winare codna: samkuTxedi. samkuTxedis ZiriTadi elementebi. samkuTxedebis
klasifikacia kuTxeebis mixedviT.
gakveTils viwyebT winare codnis gaaqtiurebiT. wina gakveTilze Seswavlilis

gameorebasa da axali codnis konstruirebis procesSi did daxmarebas gagviwevs
videogakveTili, romlis mosmenac moswavleebs wina gakveTilze davavaleT. am vid-
eogakveTilis msvlelobisas wamyvani dinjad da damajereblad xsnis samkuTxedis
ZiriTadi elementebis dasaxelebebs, maT mdebareobas samkuTxedis mimarT. amasTa-
nave, am videogakveTilze saubaria samkuTxedis elementebzec (mediana, simaRle, bis-
eqtrisa); es sakiTxebi ukve axali gakveTilis Temaa. SeiZleba davsvaT SekiTxvebi,
romlebiTac vazustebT zogierT mniSvnelovan detals.
_ ekuTvnis Tu ara samkuTxedis kuTxis yvela wertili samkuTxeds? kidev erTx-
el moiyvaneT samkuTxedis kuTxis gansazRvreba.
viZaxebT moswavles dafasTan da vTxovT mas gamosaxos dafaze raime samkuTxe-
di wveroebis dasaxelebiT, vTqvaT, ABC samkuTxedi. gakveTils viwyebT dafaze
gamosaxuli ABC samkuTxedis ZiriTadi elementebis _ kuTxeebisa da gverdebis
dasaxelebiT. moswavleebi ixseneben samkuTxedis dasaxelebebs (ABC, ACB, BCA da
a. S.); samkuTxedebis saxeebs kuTxeebis mixedviT; warmoadgenen maT gverdebs. vsau-
brobT samkuTxedis utolobis Sesaxeb, nebismieri sami monakveTi ar SeiZleba iyos
samkuTxedis gverdebi. aqve SeiZleba klass davusvaT SekiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara, rom
samkuTxedis erT-erTi kuTxe meti iyos danarCeni ori kuTxis jamze? sajaro ganx-
ilvis Sedegad moswavleebi aRmoaCenen da gamosaxaven kidec aseT samkuTxedebs. axla
gavecnoT samkuTxedis sxva elementebs _ biseqtrisebs, medianebs, simaRleebs. yur-
adRebas vaqcevT sxvadasxva tipis samkuTxedebSi _ blagvkuTxa, marTkuTxa da max-
vilkuTxa samkuTxedebSi maxvili kuTxis wverodan gavlebul simaRleTa ganlagebis
Taviseburebebs. axali cnebebis gacnoba saTanado savarjiSoebis ganxilviT mimdin-
areobs. am sakiTxTa ganxilvisas koordinatTa meTodis CarTva organulad aRiqmeba
moswavleTa mier.
paragrafSi mocemuli masalis aTvisebis Semdeg moswavleebs unda SeeZloT sam-
kuTxedis elementebis aRwera, amocnoba, suraTze warmodgena. sasurvelia, SevexoT
saxelwodebis dazustebas _ samkuTxedis kuTxeebsa da gverdebs vuwodebT ZiriT-
ad elementebs. maTi raodenoba 6-ia (3 kuTxe, 3 gverdi). ZiriTadi elementebis gar-
da unda SeZlon samkuTxedis medianis, biseqtrisisa da simaRlis aRwera da sura-
Tze miTiTeba. yuradRebas vaqcevT imas, rom simaRle SeiZleba gverds daemTxves
don’t copy 243

(marTkuTxa samkuTxedSi), an samkuTxedis `gareT~ iyos gavlebuli (blagvkuTxa sam-
kuTxedSi) _ samkuTxedTan mxolod erTi wertili hqondes saerTo.
moswavleebs ar uWirT samkuTxedSi simaRlis gavleba maSin, roca gverdi, romel-
zedac simaRles vuSvebT (am gverdze gamaval wrfeze vuSvebT), `horizontaluria~
da, Sesabamisad, simaRle _ `vertikaluri~. ganvixiloT Semdegnairad gamosaxuli
samkuTxedebi.
maTSi yvela simaRlis gavlebisas moswavleTa did nawils Seeqmneba problemebi.

ase, rom, moswavleebs TanaklaselTa da maswavleblis aqtiuri daxmareba dasWird-
ebaT.
pirvel gakveTilze klasSi SeiZleba amoixsnas 1 - 8 amocanebi, saSinao davale-
ba SeiZleba 1 - 8 amocanebidan SevarCioT.
Semdegi gakveTilisTvis SeiZleba moswavleebs TviTSefasebis `testis~ Sesrule-
bac davavaloT.
meore gakveTili daeTmoba gameorebasa da codnis ganmtkicebas. TviTSefasebis
`testi~ saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvaxorcieloT ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba, romelsac
momavalSi diferencirebuli swavlebis organizebisTvis gamoviyenebT.
1 2 3
3 2 1
4 es amocana exeba standartis Semdeg indikatorebs: moswavlem unda SeZlos

maTematikuri terminebis, aRniSvnebisa da simboloebis koreqtulad gamoyeneba (maT.
sab. 3), maTematikuri obieqtebis naxazis saxiT warmodgena (maT. sab. 5).
moswavles mouwevs verbalurad aRwerili situaciis gamosaxva da maTematikuri
terminebis sworad gamoyeneba.
5 moswavlem unda SeZlos koordinatTa meTodis gamoyeneba, koordinatebiT

dasaxelebuli wertilebis ageba, ricxviT wrfeze koordinatebis gamoyenebiT mon-
akveTis sigrZis povna. am codnaTa kompleqsuri gamoyenebaa saWiro 5 amocaniT
mocemuli davalebis Sesasruleblad.
a) AB gverdis sigrZe aris 10 erTeuli;
b) C wertilidan gavlebuli mediana, cxadia, CO monakveTia, misi sigrZe aris 8
erTeuli.
6 kompleqsuri davalebaa, romelic moiTxovs Ses-

A(–3; 5) D B(3; 5)
wavlili codnisa da axali codnis integrirebulad ga-
moyenebas (koordinatTa meTodi, paraleluri gadatana,
paraleluri gadatanis Cawera koordinatebiT). amitom
am amocanis amoxsnamde, an amocanis amoxsnis procesSi C
gavimeoroT Seswavlili sakiTxebi.
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0
244
cxadia, AB monakveTis Sua wertili aris D(0; 5); AB mimarTuli monakveTiT para-
leluri gadatanisas A(–3; 5) wertili gadava (3; 5) wertilSi. amrigad, daemTxveva
B wertils, B wertili gadava B′(9; 5) wertilSi, C wertili _ C′(6; 2) wertilSi. es
paraleluri gadatana SeiZleba ase CavweroT:
M(x; y) → M′(x + 6; y)
am paraleluri gadatanisas: BB' gverdis D′ Sua wertilSi, cxadia, gadava D wer-
tili.
D′ wertilia (6; 5).
7 moiTxoveba, rom moswavleebma Seadginon 6-is analogiuri amocana da amox-

snan.
aq SeiZleba gavideT standartis Sedegebze, romlebic maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7 indika-
torebiT aris warmodgenili.
8 es amocanac, wina ori amocanis analogiurad, kompleqsuri davalebebisgan

Sedgeba. misi amoxsna sxvadasxva codnaTa integrirebulad gamoyenebas moiTxovs
(koordinatTa meTodi, mocemuli mimarTuli monakveTiT paraleluri gadatanis
Sesruleba, mimarTuli monakveTis wveroebis koordinatebis mixedviT paraleluri
gadatanis koordinatebiT warmodgena).
moswavlem unda aagos samkuTxedi sakoordinato sibrtyeze da darwmundeba, rom
K wertilis koordinatebia ricxvTa wyvili (0; 7).
KN mimarTuli monakveTiT ganxorcielebuli paraleluri gadatana ase Caiwereba:
M(x; y) → M′(x + 3; y). maSasadame O′ = (3; 0), M′ = (3; 6), N′(6; 7).
9 a) b) g) d) .
8 13
10 BC = 33–20 = 13 (sm).
A C
6 D 6
B
11 es amocana SeiZleba Semdegi msjelobiT amovxsnaT
(moswavles unda SeeZlos msjelobis xazis ganviTareba). 18
ABD da BDC samkuTxedebs erTi da igive BD gverdi aqvs.

A C
maT kidev TiTo gverdi aqvs toli _ AD = DC. radgan BDC-s D
perimetri 5 sm-iT metia ABD samkuTxedis perimetrze, amitom BC gverdis sigrZe 5
sm-iT metia AB-s sigrZeze. BC = 18 + 5 = 23 (sm).
zogierTma moswavlem SeiZleba arCios aseTi amoxsna:
(a + y + x)–(18 + x + y) = 5,
a + y + x–18–x–y = 5,
18 a
y
a–18 = 5,
a = 23.
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x x
245
B
12 cxadia, ∠ABC = 2⋅110 + 2⋅90 = 2(110 + 90) = 400. A C
D
13SeiZleba davweroT: AB + BC + (AD + DC) = 46. B

BC + CD + BD = 34
AB + AD + BD = 28.
aqedan kargad Cans, rom 34 + 28 = 2BD + 46
2BD = 62–46 A
D
C
BD = 8 (sm).
am amocanis amoxsnisas moswavlem unda SeZlos amocanis Sinaarsis aRqma, amocanis
monacemebisa da saZiebeli sidideebis gaazreba-gamijvna (maT. sab. 7).
14 amocana kompleqsuri davalebaa, romlis amoxsna

moiTxovs sxvadaxva codnaTa integrirebulad gamoyene- C (0; 9)
bas (koordinatebi wrfesa da sibrtyeze, RerZuli sime-
tria, medianis sigrZis cnebebi). A(–3; 6) B(3; 6)
cxadia, AB monakveTis Sua wertilia D(0; 6) D(0; 6)
AB = 6,
CD = 3;
A′= (3; –6), B′= (–3; –6), C′= (0; –9). D′ aris A′B′-is Sua wer-
tili. agebis Semdeg kidev ufro kargad gamoCndeba, rom
D′ = (0; –6). amasTanave, D′ aris Ox RerZis mimarT D werti-
lis simetriuli wertili. 0
1 2 3
2 3 4
4
- 7 amocanebi kompleqsur davalebebs Seicavs; maTi Sesruleba sxvadasx-
va codnaTa integrirebulad gamoyenebas moiTxovs. zogierTi maTganis analogiuri
amocanebi klasSi iyo amoxsnili. zemoT moyvanilia aRniSnuli amocanebis amoxsnebi
da Sesabamisi indikatorebi, romlebic am konkretuli amocanebis amoxsnisas real-
izebul Sedegebs gviCvenebs. 4 - 7 amocanebis SesrulebiT SeiZleba SevafasoT
moswavlis mier Temis farglebSi codnis dauflebis done.
4 a) cxadia, AB = 12,4;
b) C wverodan gavlebuli medianis sigrZe 10 erTeulia.
246
don’t copy
5 am amocanis amoxsnac ar unda gauWirdeT moswavleebs. sakoordinato si-
brtyeze samkuTxedis agebis Semdeg kargad gamoCndeba, rom AB = 8, C wertilidan gav-
lebuli medianis sigrZe ki aris 6 erTeuli. y
B(–4; 7) D A(4; 7)
6 a) D = (0; 7)
b) paraleluri gadatana SeiZleba ase CavweroT:
M(x; y) → M′(x + 8, y)
amitom A′(12; 7), B′ = (4; 7), C′ = (8; 4). C(0; 4)
7gakveTilze moswavleebma SeiZines axali

amocanis Sedgenis gamocdileba.
0 x
8 a) b) g)
B
9medianis cnebis codna advilad amogvaxsnevinebs amo-
canas: DC = 7,5.
9 D
P = 13 + 9 + 7,5 = 29,5 (sm).
A
B
13 C
N
M
10 AB = 16 sm, BC = 18 sm. AM da CN medianebia, ami-
A
tom MNB samkuTxedis perimetri P = 8 + 9 + 3 = 20 (sm).
C
11
SevamowmoT _ SeuZliaT Tu ara moswavleebs, gamoiyenon msjeloba, rome-
lic klasSi analogiuri amocanis amoxsnisas iyo gamoyenebuli. miiReben: BC-s sigrZe
4 sm-iT metia AB-s sigrZeze, BC = 21 sm, P = 17 + 20 + 21 = 58 (sm).
14 + 17–2BD = 23
12
2BD = 8
BD = 4 (sm).
avagoT sakoordinato sibrtyeze ACB samkuTxedi. maSin advilad davadgenT

13
rom C wertilia (1; 0).
14 es amocanac Seicavs kompleqsur davalebebs da 14 amocanis analogiuria

(dakavSirebulia imave indikatorebTan).
a) D(–1; 0); b) MN = 12, KD = 9; g) M′(1; –6), N′(1; 6), K′(10; 0); d) D′(1; 0).
TviTSefasebis testis gamoyenebiT moswavleebi afaseben sakuTar codnas pirda-

pirproporciulobis Sesaxeb, pirdapirproporciuli sidideebis Tvisebis Sesaxeb
(pirdapirproporciuli sidideebis Sefardeba aris mudmivi); SeuZliaT Tu ara ver-
balurad aRwerili situaciis mixedviT amoicnon pirdapirproporciuli sidideebi;
don’t copy 247

SeuZliaT Tu ara siCqaris sxvadasxva erTeulis erTmaneTiT gamosaxva; SeuZliaT
Tu ara amocanebis amoxsnisas proporciis, proporciul nawilebad dayofis wesis
gamoyeneba; icnoben Tu ara moswavleebi samkuTxedis utolobas, ician Tu ara sam-
kuTxedebis klasifikacia kuTxeebis mixedviT; gaiazron cnebebi: biseqtrisa, mediana,
simaRle (gaiazron maTi mdebareoba samkuTxedis mimarT).
7.3. samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebi
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 126-e _ 129-e gakveTilebi.

sakiTxebi: samkuTxedebis toloba, samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebi, samkuTxede-
bis tolobis niSnebis gamoyenebiT amocanebis amoxsna.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos geometriuli amocanebis amoxs-
na samkuTxedTan dakavSirebuli cnebebisa da faqtebis gamoyenebiT (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3,
7, 8, 9).
winare codna: samkuTxedi. samkuTxedis elementebi, paraleluri gadatana, Rer-
Zuli simetria.
winare codnis gaaqtiureba SeiZleba daviwyoT im amocanebis gaxsenebiT, romle-

bic paraleluri gadatanis an RerZuli simetriis ganxorcielebas ukavSirdeboda
_ paraleluri gadataniT ∆A‘B‘C‘ miiReboda ∆ABC-sgan (amocana 6, paragrafi 5.6),
RerZuli simetriiT ki _ ∆M‘N‘K‘ miiReboda ∆MNK-sgan (amocana 14, paragrafi 5.6).
sakmarisia, gavixsenoT am amocanebis mxolod is davalebebi, romlebic am geomet-
riul gardaqmnebs ukavSirdeboda. aqve moswavleebTan erTad kidev erTxel visau-
brebT samkuTxedis, samkuTxedis elementebis Sesaxeb. amasTanave, kargad Cans, rom
geometriuli gardaqmnebiT miRebuli axali samkuTxedis ZiriTadi elementebi sa-
wyisi samkuTxedis ZiriTadi elementebis tolia. magaliTad, 6 amocanaSi AB = 8,
A′B′= 8, AB = A′B′; 14 amocanaSi: MN = 12, M′N′ = 12, MN = M′N′. moswavleebi daukvirde-
bian suraTebs da Tavad gamoTqvamen varauds: BC = B′C′, AC = A′C′, MK = M′K′, NK = N′K′.
Semdegi varaudi iqneba toli gverdebis mopirdapire kuTxeebis tolobac.
moswavleebi Tavad mivlen im azramde, rom aseT samkuTxedebs toli samkuTxe-
debi SeiZleba vuwodoT. amasTanave, paraleluri gadataniT, RerZuli simetriiT
samkuTxedisgan misi toli samkuTxedi miiReba. aseTnairad xdeba codnis aqtiuri
konstruireba.
moswavleebis mier gamoTqmuli es hipoTezebi Tqveni komentarebisa da dadastu-
rebis Semdeg myar codnad gadaiqceva moswavleebisTvis.
kidev erTxel vTxovT moswavleebs, gaimeoron samkuTxedebis tolobis cneba.
aqve SeiZleba CavataroT eqsperimenti: sakoordinato sibrtyeze ganvixiloT ori
samkuTxedi: AOB da A′O′B′.
A = (4; 0), B=(0; 3), O′= (6; 0), B′= (6; 3), A′ = (10; 0).
248
don’t copy
am samkuTxedebs toli aqvs or-ori gver- y
di da maT Soris mdebare kuTxeebi.
OB = O′B′, ∠BOA = ∠B′O′A′, B B`
O′A′ = OA.
kargad Cans, rom ∆A′O′B′ = ∆AOB;
∆A′O′B′ miiReba ∆AOB-sgan paraleluri ga- 0 A O′ A` x
dataniT:
M(x; y) → M′(x + 6; y)
moswavleebs avuxsniT, rom ar aris aucilebeli am samkuTxedebisaTvis 6 Zir-
iTadi elementis (gverdebisa da kuTxeebis) tolobis Semowmeba, sakmarisia Semow-
mdes 3 ZiriTadi elementis toloba (am samidan erTi mainc gverdi unda iyos);
vayalibebT samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebs, anu, sakmaris pirobebs, romelTa
Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi samkuTxedebi tolia; es niSnavs, rom Tu erTis sami
elementi meoris sami elementis tolia, maSin sxva 3 elementic toli eqnebaT.
maSasadame, samkuTxedebi tolia. ZiriTadi yuradReba sakiTxebis gadacemisas moti-
vacias, praqtikul gamoyenebebTan kavSirs eTmoba. moswavleebTan erTad ganvixilavT
praqtikul amocanas, romelic or punqts Soris manZilis povnisas samkuTxedebis
tolobis erT-erTi niSnis gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba. (saxelmZRvanelos 5.7 paragraf-
is 2) nawilSi ganxiluli amocana). am SemTxvevaSi wamyvani roli moswavleebs ekisre-
baT; Cven SekiTxvebiT vexmarebiT.
_ SeuZlebelia A-dan B-mde manZilis gazomva, AB-s sigrZis povna. xom ar avagoT
ABC samkuTxedis toli sxva iseTi samkuTxedi, romlis gverdebis gazomvas SevZleb-
diT?
_ daukvirdiT suraTs, rogor igeba DEC samkuTxedi. aRwereT agebis procesi.
_ samkuTxedebis tolobis romeli niSania gamoyenebuli?
axla mivubrundeT Talesis amocanas. gvsurs, vipovoT AC manZili _ A wertil-
idan xomaldamde manZili.
_ ra mimarTulebiT aris gavlebuli AB wrfe? (AC-s marTobulad).
_ SesaZlebelia ABC samkuTxedis B kuTxis gazomvac.
moswavleebi, ukve amoxsnili amocanis analogiurad, mix- N
vdebian, rom sakmarisia aigos axali MNK samkuTxedi iseTi, rom
∠M =∠B, KM =AB, ∠K =∠A.
_ samkuTxedebis tolobis romeli niSnis Tanaxmad aris
K M
∆ABC = ∆KMN?
amis Semdeg moswavleebi daaskvnian: radgan ∠B =∠M, amitom AC = KN (tol sam-
kuTxedebSi toli kuTxeebis pirdapir toli gverdebia). kargad Cans, rom aqtivobebi,
romlebic zemoT iyo ganxiluli xels uwyobs Sefasebis indikatoriT warmodgenili
moTxovnebis Sesrulebas. imave principiTaa SerCeuli saklaso da saSinao `teste-
bi~ da amocanebi. mimdinareobs moswavlis etapobrivi miyvana axal codnamde, sam-
kuTxedebis tolobis Sesaxeb mkvidri warmodgenebis Camoyalibebamde.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 3 1 1 2 2 1
8 amocanaSi ganvixilavT marTkuTxa samkuTxedebis SemTxvevas. moswavleebi

iyeneben samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebs da Tavad Camoayalibeben marTkuTxa sam-
kuTxedebis tolobis niSnebs: a) kaTetiTa da mimdebare maxvili kuTxiT; b) kaTetebis
mixedviT.
9 radgan ABC samkuTxedSi ori gverdi tolia, mis tol samkuTxedSic ori gver-
di tolia 7,2 sm-is. es toli gverdebi ar iqneba EF da DF, radgan maTi jami 15,3 sm-is
tolia. amrigad, 7,2 sm-is tolia mesame _ DE gverdi. viRebT: ∆DEF-is gverdebia 7,2
sm, 7,2 sm da 15,3–7,2 = 8,1 sm.
maSasadame, AC = 8,1 sm. P = 7,2 + 7,2 + 8,1 = 22,5 (sm).
10 ABC samkuTxedis umciresi gverdi aris 12,4 sm, misi udidesi gverdi iqneba
MNP samkuTxedis udidesi gverdis toli _ 16 sm; mesame gverdi _ 42–(12,4 + 16) = 13,6
(sm).
A
11 amocana Seicavs kompleqsur davalebebs _ moiTxovs
medianis Tvisebis, samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebis Sesaxeb
codnaTa integrirebulad gamoyenebas.
C D B
samkuTxedebis tolobis pirveli niSnis Tanaxmad
∆ABD = ∆DEC. am samkuTxedebis tolobidan: AB = CE, AB da CE
toli gverdebis pirdapir toli kuTxeebia.
E
∠EAB = ∠AEC, amitom ∆ABE = ∆ACE.
12
toli kuTxeebi da toli monakveTebi erTnai-
radaa moniSnuli.
amocanis amoxsnisas moswavleebs SeiZleba kiTxvebis
dasmiT davexmaroT. suraTzea miTiTebuli AC-s sigrZe
da DOB samkuTxedis perimetri.
_ romeli samkuTxedebi ganvixiloT? (∆AOC da
∆BOD).
_ CamoTvaleT maTi toli kuTxeebisa da toli gverdebis wyvilebi.
_ samkuTxedebis tolobis romeli niSnis gamoyeneba SeiZleba? (kgk)
_ DOB samkuTxedis romeli gverdis povna SeiZleba AOC da DOB samkuTxedebis
tolobidan (DB = 7,5).
_ ra sigrZisaa OB? (10,8:2 = 5,4).
_ ris tolia OD (15,6–(7,5 + 5,4) = 2,7).
_ ra sigrZisaa OC? CD?
13 - 14 dasabuTebisas viyenebT samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebs. orive SemTxveva-

Si samkuTxedebis tolobis III niSani gamoiyeneba da orive SemTxvevaSi gansaxilvel
samkuTxedebs saerTo gverdi aqvs.
250
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15 suraTze toli monakveTebi erTi da imave asos gamoyenebiT SeiZleba aRvniS-
noT.
C
SesaZlebelia, rom toli monakveTebi erTnairad movniS-
noT.
samkuTxedebis tolobis III niSnis Tanaxmad, ∆ACB = ∆ABD.
x x F x
aq pauza gvmarTebs, gaviazroT: tol samkuTxedebSi toli A E
B
gverdebis pirdapir toli kuTxeebia, xom ar movniSnoT toli

kuTxeebi? xom ar dagvexmareba toli kuTxeebis moniSvna Sem-
deg kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemaSi? D
∠CAB = ∠DBA, ∠CBA = ∠DAB, amitom, tolobis I niSnis Tanaxmad, ∆ACE = ∆DBF da
∆ECB = ∆AFD.
13 - 15 amocanebis amoxsnebi moiTxovs msjelobis xazis ganviTarebas, dasabuTebis

unaris gamovlinebas, rTuli amocanis martiv amocanebad dayofas da etapobrivad
gadaWras (maT. sab. 2, sab. 8).
1 2 3 4 5
2 2 3 2 1
6 unda ganvixiloT ABC da ACD samkuTxedebi. moswavleebisTvis xSirad siZne-

les warmoadgens saerTo gverdis miTiTeba, romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, toli gver-
debis wyvils warmoadgens.
xSirad amocanebs, romlebSic raime ori monakveTis toloba moiTxoveba, Tu
samkuTxedebs davukavSirebT, sasurvel Sedegs iolad mivaRwevT _ samkuTxedebis
tolobis Sedegi am monakveTebis toloba SeiZleba iyos. amisTvis sakmarisia es
monakveTebi toli samkuTxedebis toli kuTxeebis mopirdapire gverdebs war-
moadgendes. 6 amocanaSi ABC da ACD samkuTxedebis AC gverdi saerToa, BC = AD,
∠BCA = ∠CAD, amitom samkuTxedebis tolobis I niSnis Tanaxmad, ∆ABC = ∆ACD.
AB da CD am samkuTxedebSi toli kuTxeebis mopirdapire gverdebia.
7 am amocanebis saSualebiT moswavleebi iviTareben samkuTxedebis tolobis

niSnebis gamoyenebis unars; amocanebis amoxsna xels uwyobs codnaTa funqciur gamo-
yenebas; moswavlem unda SearCios gansaxilveli samkuTxedebi, gamoiyenos tolobis
romelime niSani da daasaxelos toli gverdebisa da toli kuTxeebis sxva wyvilebi.
8 - 9 saSinao davalebis am amocanebis amoxsna yvela moswavlem unda SeZ-

los.
saSinao davalebis amocanebis ganxilvis procesi ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis sa-
Sualebas iZleva. unda davrwmundeT _ saklaso muSaobisas damoukideblad amoxsna
Tu ara moswavlem amocana, SeuZlia Tu ara samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebis gamoy-
eneba amocanebis amoxsnis dros (Sefasebis indikatori).
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis Sedegebi unda CaviniSnoT da diferencirebuli swa-
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vlebis procesSi gamoviyenoT.
251
10 naxazze miTiTebulia toli kuTxeebi. viyenebT samkuTxedebis tolobis II
niSans.
11moswavlem unda miagnos, rom SeiZleba furcelze daxazuli samkuTxedis

toli samkuTxedis ageba, unda SeZlos msjelobis Catareba _ rogor aagebs daxa-
zulis tol samkuTxeds (saWiro iqneba erTi gverdisa da masTan mimdebare kuTxee-
bis zomebis dadgena). erTi gverdiTa da masTan mimdebare ori kuTxiT agebuli sam-
kuTxedis gverdebis gazomviT vipoviT saZiebel perimetrs.
12 - 14 amocanebi klasSi amoxsnili 12 amocanis analogiuria.
12 suraTze toli kuTxeebi da toli gverdebia mo- C B

niSnuli. x
viyenebT samkuTxedebis tolobis II niSans. amitom x+2
CO = OD = 52:2 = 26, AC = 28 (sm). O
x
13 ∆AOC = ∆BOD (I niSniT) B
A D
amitom DB = 9 sm C
OA = OB = 14:2
AO = OB = 7 sm
O
CO = OD = 8 sm
P = (7 + 8 + 9) sm
P = 24 sm. D
A
saSinao davalebis ramdenime amocanasTan erTad moswavleebs evalebaT TviTSe-
fasebis `testis~ Sesruleba.
sakiTxebi: koordinatebi wrfesa da sibrtyeze. samkuTxedi, samkuTxedis elemen-

tebi. samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavles unda SeeZlos: geometriuli figurebis
amocnoba, maTi saxeobebis Sedareba da klasificireba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7). geome-
triuli obieqtebis warmodgena amocanis konteqstis Sesabamisad (maT. sab. 4, 5, 6);
geometriuli gardaqmnebis ganxorcieleba da maTi gamoyeneba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3); geo-
metriuli amocanebis amoxsna samkuTxedebTan dakavSirebuli cnebebisa da faqtebis
gamoyenebiT.
saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili mravalferovani masala (jgufuri muSaobis

proeqtebi, kompleqsuri proeqtuli davalebebi, TviTSefasebis testebi, Semajamebe-
li amocanebi sxvadasxva donis davalebebiT) saSualebas iZleva Sefasebis indika-
torebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebisa da mkvidri warmodgenebis Camoyalibebis.
amasTanave, saSualeba gvaqvs ganvaxorcieloT ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba, romlis
Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba Semdegi davalebebis sirTulis mixedviT daxa
risxeba da diferencireba. ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis erT-erTi saintereso forma
252
don’t copy
aris TviTSefasebis testis Sesruleba (moswavle Tavad monawileobs Sefasebis ganx-
orcielebaSi).
TviTSefasebis testi
(komentarebiTa da indikatorebiT)
1 moswavlem unda SeZlos koordinatTa meTodis gamoyeneba; samkuTxedebis

klasifikaciis codna.
2 - 5 moswavlem unda SeZlos proporciulobis, proporciuli sidideebis Tvi-

sebebis gamoyeneba, verbalurad Camoyalilebuli situaciis Sesabamisi naxazis Sed-
gena da gamoyeneba; medianis, biseqtrisis Tvisebebis gamoyeneba.
6 moswavlem unda SeZlos samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebis gamoyeneba.

imave indikatoris moTxovnebis Sesrulebas ukavSirdeba jgufuri muSaobis pro-
eqti.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis Sedegebis mixedviT klasi davyoT ramdenime jgufad
da CavataroT diferencirebuli swavleba: I jgufi asrulebs `jgufuri~ muSaobis
rubrikiT warmodgenil kompleqsur davalebebs, meore jgufi muSaobs `Semajamebeli
amocanebis~ rubrikiT mocemul kompleqsur davalebebze: 2 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 4 , 14 .
mesame jgufi muSaobs SedarebiT advil amocanebze: 1 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 12 . SeiZ-
leba gamoviyenoT `vip~-is (vin iqneba pirveli) rubrikiT mocemuli amocanebi, ro-
melTagan TiToeulis siZnele Sesabameba rubrikis specifikas.
amocanebi jgufuri muSaobisTvis
mniSvnelovani praqtikuli amocana, romelic SevTavazeT moswavleebs, gulisx-

mobs wina paragrafebSi Seswavlili Teoriuli codnis aqtiur gamoyenebas da war-
moadgens maTematikis safuZvlianad Seswavlis damatebiT motivacias.
moswavleebs vTavazobT kiTxvebs, romlebzec mimdevrobiT gacemuli pasuxebiT
problemis gadawyvetamde midian.
B wertilidan raime BE monakveTi SeiZleba B wertilSi CarWobili palos wvero-
dan A-sken yurebiT da ukusvliT gavavloT. E wertilSic palos CavarWobT da palo-
ebze gavWimavT Toks. Semdeg B-dan vWimavT Toks raime iseTi wrfis gaswvriv, romlis
romelime D wertilidan Cans A wertili da TokiT gadavzomavT masze BD = DK. yvela
moniSnul wertilSi varWobT palos da paloebze vWimavT Tokebs. E da D paloeb-
ze gaWimuli TokiT SeiZleba DF = DE monakveTis gadazomva DE wrfeze. BDE da FDK
samkuTxedebi tolia ori gverdiT da maT Soris mdebare kuTxiT (∠BDE = ∠FDK, ro-
gorc vertikaluri kuTxeebi), e. i. ∠E = ∠F (toli gverdebis pirdapir toli kuTxee-
bia). amrigad, ∆AED = ∆MDF gverdiT da masTan mdebare ori kuTxiT, saidanac AE = FM,
AD = DM. miviReT, rom ∆ABD = ∆MKD (gkg niSniT). amrigad, AB = KM.
don’t copy 253

(miTiTebebi da komentarebi)
6 a) biseqtrisis Tvisebis Tanaxmad, ∠ACB = 1360, samkuTxedi blagvkuTxaa;

b) ∠ACB = 900, samkuTxedi marTkuTxaa.
8 samkuTxedis gverdebi ar SeiZleba iyos 4-is, 8-isa da 12-is proporciuli; sam-

kuTxedis yoveli gverdi naklebi unda iyos danarCeni ori gverdis jamze; 12x = 4x + 8x.
9blagvkuTxa samkuTxedSi blagvi kuTxis wverodan gavlebul simaRles moi-

cavs samkuTxedi, xolo maxvili kuTxis wverodan gavlebul simaRles samkuTxedTan
mxolod erTi saerTo wertili aqvs. y
Q Q`
10 daStrixuli simravle xuTkuTxedia.
R` P 0 P` R x
y
11paraleluri gadatana QK mimarTuli
Q K monakveTiT SeiZleba ase CavweroT:
M(x; y) → M′(x + 2; y).
maSasadame, P(–4; 0) → P′(–2; 0),
R(5; 0) → R′(7; 0).
P P` 0 R R` x
saerTo nawili samkuTxedia.
12 am samkuTxedebis toli perimetrebi faqtobrivad, erTi da imave Sefardeb-

iT iyofa, amitom am samkuTxedebs gverdebi toli aqvs. me-3 niSnis Tanaxmad, sam-
kuTxedebi tolia.
13 unda SevarCioT oTxi wertilidan (B, C, D, E) ori wertili;

BC; BD; BE; CD; CE; DE.
sul 6 wyvili SeirCeva. miiReba 6 samkuTxedi.
14 wrewirze mdebare arc erTi 3 wertili 1 wrfes ar ekuTvnis. analogiuri amo-

canebi adrec iyo amoxsnili. amjerad, 5 wertilidan sami unda SeirCes. igivea, rac
5 wertilidan SeirCes ori, romelic ar iqneba samkuTxedis wvero (am gziT ufro
gaioldeba samkuTxedebis gadaTvla).
miviRebT: AB, AC, AD, AE
BC, BD, BE
CD, CE
DE.
amrigad, sul 10 samkuTxedi SeirCeva.
254
don’t copy
`vip~
1 oTxkuTxedis dasaxelebisas wveroebi mimdevrobiT unda dasaxeldes. 4 aso-

dan TiToeuls 2 dasaxeleba (am asoTi dawyebuli) Seesabameba _ ori sxvadasxva
mimarTulebiT. sul gveqneba 8 dasaxeleba. zogierTma moswavlem SeiZleba daiwyos
dasaxelebebis Camowera. msjelobis CatarebiT SeiZleba ufro swrafad davTvaloT
variantebis raodenoba.
2 aqac sasurvelia avirCioT raime strategia. davTvaloT samkuTxedebi, ro-

melTa erTi wvero raime mocemuli wertilia, an mocemuli gverdia. sul 9 samkuTxe-
dia gamosaxuli.
3 ABEG, ABDF, ABKF (AB gverdis mqone oTxkuTxedebi), EGFD, EGFK.
4 yoveli gverdi naklebi unda iyos danarCeni ori gverdis jamze.

aviRoT udidesi monakveTi: 25 sm sigrZis. SevarCioT sameulebi; ar gamogvadgeba
mxolod ori sameuli: (25; 6; 9) da (25; 6; 19). ar gamogvadgeba kidev ori sameuli: (23;
6; 9) da (19; 6; 9).
5 monakveTidan SeiZleba sul 10 sameulis SerCeva (ix. Semajamebeli amocana 14).
e. i. dagvrCeba 7 samkuTxedi: (I, II, III), (I, II, V), (II, III, IV), (II, III, V), (II, IV, V), (III, IV, V).
B M
5
∆ABC = ∆MNK,
AC = KN
BC = KM
AB = MN, magram
BC≠NK,
C A K N AC≠MK.
6 samkuTxedi, mocemuli sigrZis gverdebiT, ar arsebobs, radgan 56 = 12 + 13 .

udidesi gverdic ki danarCeni ori gverdis jamze naklebi unda iyos.
moswavleebs vurCevT, mousminon `saSinao skolis~ videogakveTils, VI kla-

si, monacemTa Segroveba da moxerxebuli warmodgena. moswavleebis umetesobas
VI klasis saxelmZRvaneloebi Cabarebuli aqvs, amitom am videogakveTilis sa-
SualebiT SeiZleba procentis Sesaxeb codnis gameoreba, axali codnis konst-
ruireba. visac am gakveTilis saxlSi mosmenis SesaZlebloba ar aqvs, SeecadeT,
skolaSi SeuqmnaT amis SesaZlebloba. gamoiyeneT saxelmZRvanelos masalac 2.5
paragrafidan. aqac aRmoaCenT sakiTxebs procentis Sesaxeb.
don’t copy 255

7.4. procenti

dargebSi
sakiTxebi: procenti, kavSiri wiladsa da procents Soris. ricxvis procentis
povna, ricxvis povna misi procentiT.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos racionaluri ricxvebis wakiTx-
va; Cawera wiladis, aTwiladis, procentis saxiT (maT. sab. 3, 4).
winare codna: racionaluri ricxvebi, ricxvis nawilis povna.
gakveTils viwyebT videogakveTilze procentis gamoyenebis magaliTebis Sexsen-

ebiTa da ganxilviT: moswavleebma unda SeZlon procentis gamoyenebis aRwera; Sei-
Zleba am aRweris dros, damatebiT dazustebebisa da kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT Tqvenc
CaerToT da daexmaroT moswavleebs; videogakveTili exeboda monacemTa TvalsaCi-
no warmodgenis xerxebis aRweras: sixSireTa cxrili, svetovani diagramebi, wriuli
diagramebi, piqtogramebi. videogakveTilze ganxilul amocanaSi sami mimarTulebiT
mogzaurobis arCevisas 20 moswavlisgan 4 irCevda pirvel mimarTulebas, 5 moswavle
_ meore mimarTulebas; 11 moswavle _ mesame mimarTulebas. maSasadame, moswavleTa
4 5 11
20 pirvel mimarTulebas irCevs, 20 _ meores, 20 _ mesames. es wiladebi gamovsaxeT
procentebiT da SevadgineT wriuli diagrama. SekiTxvebis saSualebiT vazustebT
procentis Semotanis process.
_ ras gviCvenebs am SemTxvevaSi 20 4 ? (20-is ra nawilia 4).
5 ? (20-is ra nawilia 5).
_ ras gviCvenebs 20
11 ? (20-is ra nawilia 11).
_ ras gviCvenebs 20
_ rogor CavweroT procentis saxiT es ricxvebi? (20 4 , 5 , 11 );
20 20
_ moswavleTa sruli raodenoba ramden procents warmoadgens?
Semdeg SeiZleba meore amocana ganvixiloT da gavixsenoT, rom wre daiyo se-
qtorebad, romlebic 10%-s, 50%-s, 30%-s da 10%-s Seesabameboda.
amocanis mixedviT saWiro iyo 30-is 10%-is, 50%-is, 30%-is povna. SeiZleba
damatebiT Semdegi kiTxvebis gamoyenebac:
_ rogor Caiwereba ricxvebi 0,5; 3 1
4 ; 5 procentis saxiT?
_ ramdeni procentia 30-is Sefardeba 100-Tan?
_ ricxvis ra nawilia am ricxvis 75%, 45%?
_ ricxvis ra nawilia am ricxvis 50%, 25%?
ganixileT is magaliTebic, romlebic Cvens saxelmZRvaneloSia warmodgenili.
ori magaliTi wiladis procentis saxiT Caweras exeba; Semdegi magaliTebiT yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaSi procentis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebia aRwerili. erT-erTi magali-
Tis mixedviT vadgenT, rom afxazeTis teritoria mTeli saqarTvelos teritori-
is 12,5%-ia. Tqven albaT gsmeniaT _ saqarTvelos teritoriis 20% okupirebulia
256
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ruseTis mier; am 20%-dan 12,5% afxazeTis teritoriaa. Mme-4 magaliTi fasdaklebas-
Tan dakavSirebuli amocanis amoxsnisas racionaluri ricxvebis gamoyenebas exeba:
400-lariani aparatis Rirebuleba 30%-iT fasdaklebis Semdeg ori xerxiT gamoiT-
vleba:
1) 400–400⋅0,3 = 280
2) 400⋅0,7 = 280.
klasisTvis am amocanebis saTanadod, damainteresebeli formiT wardgenisas,
moswavleebi xalisiT Seasruleben davalebebs, isini swavlis procesiT unda
gaxadoT motivirebulebi; maswavlebeli am process ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebi-
sTvis iyenebs. amasTanave, fasdeba swavlis procesSi moswavleTa SemoqmedebiTi
CarTulobac da ara mxolod swavlis Sedegebi.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 3 2 3 4
moswavleebs unda SeeqmnaT mkvidri warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, rom 50% aris mTe-
lis 12 , 25% _ 14 , 75% _ 34 . 10% _ 10
1 . isini swrafad miagneben pasuxebs 1 - 4
testebze.
5 - 7 testebSi SeiZleba moswavleebs damatebiT SevekiTxoT:
_ TeTri burTulebis odenobis ramdeni procentia wiTeli burTulebis ode-
noba?
_ gazeTebis mTeli odenobis ramdeni procentia gayiduli gazeTebis odenoba?
_ drois ramdeni procenti modis Sesvenebebze?
9 unda vipovoT mTeli mosaxleobis ra nawils Seadgens moskovis mosaxleoba

da 100%-ze gavamravloT:
144 12 ⋅100%≈8,3%.
10
106
106+(106–12) ⋅100%.
11 erT-erTma miiRo 2000⋅0,25 = 500 (lari). Tanabrad gasanawilebelia 2000–500 = 1500
lari.
am Tanxis meoTxedi Sexvdeba danarCeni 4 dizaineridan TiToeuls.
12 480⋅0,03⋅4 + 570⋅0,03.
13 21% miaxloebiT mexuTedia; miaxloebiT _ 300 kg.
14 sxva gadacemebi daasaxela:

100%–(38% + 24% + 20%) = 18%
1200⋅18 = 216.
100
15 am amocanaSi moswavlem unda SeZlos ricxvis procentis povna da ricxvis

nawilis povna.
don’t copy
Tea _ 900⋅0,3 = 270
257
nika _ 270⋅ 23 = 180

Tornike _ 900–(270 + 180) = 450 (lari).
16 I xerxi: 120 + 120⋅0,12
II xeri: 120⋅1,12.
17 didi gverdi _ 20⋅1,15 = 23
mcire gverdi _ 16⋅1,2 = 19,2
P = 2(23 + 19,2) = 2⋅42,2
P = 84,4 (sm).
18 120 + (120 + 120⋅0,15) = 240 + 18 = 258 (nergi)
am amocanis amoxsnisas oriode sityviT SeafaseT moswavleTa aqtivoba qalaq-
is gamwvanebis mxriv. maTac mouwodeT, yvelanairad Seuwyon xeli qalaqis gam-
wvanebas, masSi sisufTavis dacvas.
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 4 2 2 2 4
8
42 ⋅100%.
80
dasaxelebuli nawilis sapovnelad gayofa unda SevasruloT: 37,5
9
169 . ganay-
ofis 100%-ze gamravlebiT ki am nawils procentebSi gamovsaxavT.
10 sakmarisia, vipovoT 340 laris 85%, radgan giorgi saxarjod 85%-s itovebs.
11
SeiZleba ase amovxsnaT: ramdeni procentiT meti dabinavda `firuzSi~? _
75%–25% = 50%
240-is 50% aris 120.
12
I xerxi:
ianvarSi daxarja 40%, TebervalSi _ 60%⋅0,6 = 36%.
martSi _ 100%-(40% + 36%) = 24%,
anu 1500 ⋅ 10024 = 360 (lari)
II xerxi:
ianvarSi _ 1500 ⋅ 100 40 = 600 lari daxarja,
darCa _ 900 lari.
TebervalSi _ 900⋅0,6 = 540
martSi _ 900-540 = 360.
SevcdebiT, Tu vigulisxmebT, rom ivnisSi gaZvirda 40%-iT (!)
15
ivnisSi gaZvirda Tavdapirveli fasis 120%⋅0,2 = 24%-iT;
sul gaZvirda _ 44%-iT
350⋅1,44 = 504 (lari).
II xerxi
aprilSi Rirs _ 350⋅1,2 = 420 (lari)
ivnisSi Rirs _ 420⋅1,2 = 504 (lari).
258
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`testebsa~ da amocanebSi mocemuli davalebebis Sesruleba xels uwyobs
sakvanZo SekiTxvebze (rogor vipovoT ricxvis procenti, rogor vipovoT pro-
centiT ricxvi) pasuxebis Ziebas, Sefasebis indikatorebis moTxovnaTa dakmay-
ofilebas, mkvidri warmodgenebis Camoyalilebas. Cven mier warmodgenili in-
struqciebi (magaliTad, 12 , 15 amocanebisTvis) xels uwyobs optimaluri
strategiebis SerCevis unaris ganviTarebas.
16 I avzSi aris Sevsebuli avzis 0,3 nawili, meore avzSi _ 13 = 0,(3). meoreSia
meti.
7.5. vagrZelebT procentze amocanebis amoxsnas
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebis, mexuTe Tavis Semajamebeli da damatebiTi

aqtivobebis ganxilvas eTmoba 132-e da 133-e gakveTilebi

dargebSi.
sakiTxebi: kavSiri sididis procentsa da am sididis nawils Soris. ricxvis povna
misi procentiT an nawiliT.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos procentebze amocanebis sx-
vadasxva xerxiT amoxsna, optimaluri xerxis SerCeva (maT. sab. 1, 2).
winare codna: ricxvis procentis cneba, proporciis cneba. verbalurad aRwe-
rili martivi situaciis wrfivi gantolebis saxiT Cawerisa da misi amoxsnis codna.
gakveTili SeiZleba daviwyoT saSinao davalebis SemowmebiT, saSinao davaleba

ki Seicavs procentebze amocanebs, romlebic SeiZleba sxvadasxva xerxiT amovxsnaT
(magaliTad, amocanebi 11 , 12 , 13 , 15 ). am amocanebis sxvadasxva xerxiT
amoxsna mimdinareobs moswavleebis aqtiuri CarTulobiT, msjelobiT, pole-
mikiT _ romeli xerxia ukeTesi, romeli xerxia ufro martivi, romeli xerxia
ufro misaRebi. aq SeiZleba iyos azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, iseve, rogorc saxelmZR-
vaneloSi warmodgenili 3 magaliTis SemTxvevaSi. kamaTi da msjeloba SeiZleba
ver mivides erT daskvnamde, zogierTisTvis SeiZleba ufro misaRebi (gasagebi)
iyos proporciis gamoyeneba. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebSi (magaliTad, qimiaSi) es xerxi xSirad gamoiyeneba.
SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom 132-e da 133-e gakveTilebi, ZiriTadad, SeZenili codnis
gameorebisa da gaRrmavebis gakveTilebia. am gakveTilebze warmodgenili amocanebis
gamoyenebiT Catarebuli aqtivobebi xels uwyobs mkvidri warmodgenebis Camoyali-
bebas procentze, romlebic moswavlis xangrZliv mexsierebaSi unda damkvidrdes.
don’t copy 259

pauxebi, miTiTebebi, komentarebi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 2 1 2 1 2 2
proporciis gamoyeneba aadvilebs `testebSi~ pasuxebis SerCevas.
magaliTad, 6 amocanaSi gvaqvs:

gverdi gaxda 1,2x, farTobi _ 1,44x2, gaizarda 0,44x2-iT. farTobis 0,44 nawili
farTobis 44%-ia.
0,44x2 – P%, P% = 44%.
x2 – 100%.
7 amocanaSi gvaqvs:
x ricxvi Semcirda 3x 4 -iT.
3x
4 – P%
x – 100% P %= 34 ⋅100% = 75%.
SeiZleba asec amogvexsna: Tu Semcirda 4-jer, gaxda sawyisis 14 . Semcirebula
3 -iT, 3 = 3 ⋅100% = 75%.
4 4 4
8 90% – 63
100% – x x = 63⋅100
90 = 70 (lari).
90% – 90%⋅0,12 = 79,2% (an 90%⋅0,88).
9
237,6 – 79,2%
x – 100% x = 237,6⋅100
79,2 = 300.
10 I xerxi 90% – 90%⋅0,1 = 81%

pasuxi: 19%-iT.
II xerxi:
x–0,1x = 0,9x,
0,9x–0,9x⋅0,1 = 0,81x.
x–0,81x = 0,19x
0,19x – P%
x – 100% P = 19%.
12 II marTkuTxedis gverdebi: a, b
I marTkuTxedis gverdebi: 1,1a; 1,1b.
pirvelis farTobi: 1,21ab
meoris farTobi: ab.
ab farTobi gaizarda 0,21ab-iT, anu 21%-iT.
ab – 100%
0,21ab – P% P% = 21%.
260
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8900
13 6100 _ 100%
6100 2800 _ P%.
2800 P% = 280000 2800
6100 = 61 ≈ 45,9%.
14 gogonebis odenoba moswavleTa saerTo odenobis 55%-ia.

SeiZleba aseTi proporcia davweroT:
55% _ 100%
45% _ P% P% = 45⋅100%
55 ≈81,8%.
II xerxi: 45 aris 55-is 45 45

55 nawili, anu 55 ⋅100% = 81,8%.
III xerxi: gogonebi: 0,55x
vaJebi _ 0,45x.
0,55x – 100%
0,45x – P% P = 0,45⋅100
0,55 .
15 davamatoT x l wyali, gaxda (45 + x) narevi

spirti _ 45⋅0,8 = (45 + x)⋅0,75
45⋅0,05 = 0,75x
45⋅5
x = 75 = 3 (l).
es amocana da analogiuri amocanebi saSinao davalebidan ( 11 , 14 , 16 ) ex-
mareba moswavleebs racionalur ricxvebze moqmedebebi daukavSiron xsnarebSi Sema-
val sxvadasxva nivTierebis koncentracias.
16 3x – P%
300
5x – 100% P% = 5 %= 60%.
17 pirveli xerxi:
I _ 3x, II _ 4x, III _ 4x⋅0,875 = 3,5x.
3x + 4x + 3,5x = 42000
42000
x = 10,5 = 4000
3x = 12000, 4x = 16000, 3,5x = 14000.
meore xerxi:
I:II = 3:4
87,5
III:II = 100 , III:II = 3,5
4 .
I:II:II = 3:4:3,5.
42000 42000 42000
I = 10,5 ⋅3 = 12000 II = 10,5 ⋅4 = 16000 III = 10,5 ⋅3,5 = 14000.
18 I xerxi. saqonlis fasi ganaxevrda. maSasadame, am axal fass amdenive (e. i. misi
100%) unda davumatoT, rom daubrundes sawyis fass.
II xerxi: 2x + 2x P% = 2x (1+P%)

P% = 1
P
100 = 1 P = 100.
don’t copy 261

19 darCa xeebis 20%. mas Tu daemateba misi oTxmagi odenoba anu 400%, aRdgeba
sawyisi odenoba.
1 2 3 4 5
1 3 1 1 2
6 I xerxi: II xerxi:
100%–10% = 90% 150⋅0,9 = 135
90%–90%⋅0,15 = 76,5% 135⋅0,85 = 114,75.
150⋅0,765 = 114,75 (lari)
orive xerxi misaRebia; SerCeva moswavleze unda iyos damokidebuli _ yove-

li moswavle individualurad irCevs amoxsnis xerxs. zogierTma meore xerxi kidev
ufro dawvrilebiT, meti bijis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba warmoadginos:
150⋅0,1 = 15,
150–15 = 135,
135⋅0,15 = 20,25,
135–20,25 = 114,75.
Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vurCioT _ 15%-iT fasis dakleba niSnavs, rom
axla fexsacmeli sawyisi fasis 85%-ad iyideba.
7 aq albaT umjobesia proporciis gamoyeneba.

340 – 85%
x – 100% x = 340⋅100
85 = 400.
Tumca, procentis cnebaze dafuZnebul amoxsnas araerTi mianiWebs upirateso-
x⋅85
bas: 100 = 340-dan ipovis x-s.
8 am SemTxvevaSic amocana ramdenime xerxiT SeiZleba amoixsnas.

I xerxi: 100%-10% = 90% (an 100%⋅0,9)
90%⋅0,95 = 85,5%.
17,1 – 85,5%
x – 100%, x = 17,1⋅100 85,5 = 20.
II xerxi: 0,9x⋅0,95 = 17,1
0,855x = 17,1
17,1 = 17100 = 20.
x = 0,855 855
meore kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad SeiZleba vipovoT _ 20 laris ramdeni pro-
centia 2,9 lari.
Tumca, zogierTma moswavlem SeiZleba, am kiTxvas Semdegi msjelobiT upasuxos:
Tu Tavdapirvelad gaiafda 10%-iT, miiReba Tavdapirvelze naklebi Tanxa da, cxadia,
am Tanxis 5% naklebia Tavdapirveli fasis 5%-ze.
zogierTma SeiZleba proporcia daweros:
17,1 – 85%
x – 100%.
am proporciis amoxsniT darwmundeba, rom 15%-iT ar gaiafebula. SeiZleba ga-
don’t copy
iafebis saboloo procentic vipovoT:
262
20 – 100%
20⋅P
2,9 – P% P% = 290
20 = 14,5% (an ase: 100 = 2,9; P=2,9⋅5=14,5).
moswavleze orientirebuli swavleba niSnavs imas, rom moswavleebma miaR-
wion maRal Sedegebs ise, rom moswavleTa umravlesoba sabazo codnis gareSe
ar darCes. unda mivceT moswavleebs saSualeba, warmogvidginon amoxsnis xerxi,
romlis migneba SeiZleba sxvebisTvis SeuZlebeli iyos. maswavlebelma saSuale-
ba unda misces moswavles, warmoadginos problemis gadawyvetis sakuTari orig-
inaluri gza.
aq kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT winmswrebi metakognituri pauzis mniSvnelobas,
rac davalebis Sesrulebamde dafiqrebasa da msjelobas gulisxmobs gadasadg-
mel nabijebze. aranakleb mniSvnelovania davalebis Semdgomi dafiqreba da ms-
jeloba gadadgmul nabijebze _ Semdgomi metakognituri pauza.
moswavleze orientirebuli swavlebis dros yovelma moswavlem unda da-
Zlios da aiTvisos standartiT gansazRvruli sabazo minimumi skolaSi ise, rom
gamorCeuli SesaZleblobebis moswavleebs xeli ar SeeSaloT sakuTari special-
uri saWiroebebisa da maRali miznebis miRwevaSi.
9 - 10 amocanebi, analogiurad, SeiZleba sxvadasxva xerxiT amoixsnas.
11 yava _ x
rZiani yava _ x + 0,1x = 1,1x. x 1 10
1,1x = 1,1 = 11 .
12
I xerxi: 100%⋅0,9 = 99%.
99 -ia.
axali fasi naklebia Zvel fasze, misi 100
aq amoxsnis gareSec SeiZleba vikiTxoT:
_ axali fasi meti iqneba Zvelze, Tu naklebi, ratom?
zogierTma moswavlem SeiZleba yovelgvari gamoangariSebebis gareSe upasuxos am
kiTxvas. mivceT saSualeba aseT moswavleebs gamoavlinon sakuTari SesaZleblobebi.
II xerxi: fasi: x.
gazrdis Semdeg: 1,1x
Semcirebis Semdeg: 1,1x–1,1x⋅0,1 = 1,1,x⋅0,9 = 0,99x.
99 _ Zveli fasi sabolood Semcirda 1%-iT.
axali fasi aris Zveli fasis 0,99 = 100
13 mJava _ 2⋅0,6 = 1,2 l.
axali xsnari _ 2 + x _ 100%
1,2 _ 20%
20%(2 + x) = 100%⋅1,2
2 + x = 6
x = 4 (l).
14vTqvaT, aviReT x l 5%-iani xsnari da (4-x) litri 25%-iani xsnari.

maSin, amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad,
0,05x + 0,25(4–x) = 0,1⋅4,
don’t copy 263

0,05x + 1–0,25x = 0,4
0,6 = 0,2x
x = 3, 4–x = 1.
15vTqvaT, aviReT x litri 0,5%-iani da 30-x litri 2%-iani xsnari:

0,005x + (30–x)⋅0,02 = 30⋅0,015.
0,6–0,45 = 0,02x-0,005x
0,015x = 0,15
15x = 150
x = 10, (30–x) = 20.
maSasadame, saWiroa 10 l 0,5%-iani xsnari da 20 litri 2%-iani xsnari, rom maTi
SereviT miviRoT 1,5%-iani 30 l xsnari.
maSasadame, xsnarebis mocemuli raodenobebi ar aris sakmarisi _ dagvWirdeba
kidev 2 litri 2%-iani xsnari.
16mocemuloba ar aris sakmarisi, rom dasmul kiTxvas vupasuxoT. amocanis

amosaxsnelad sakmarisi iqneboda, kidev mocemuli rom iyos miRebuli narevis ode-
noba.
13 - 16amocanebi SeiZleba rTulad miviCnioT. am amocanebis amoxsnis gze-

bi Semdeg (134-e) gakveTilze Semowmdeba. SeiZleba am amocanebis amoxsna yvelas
ar davavaloT, gamoviyenoT jgufuri muSaobis Catarebis dros, diferencirebuli
swavlebisas. diferencireba amocanebsac Seexeba. swavleba unda mimdinareobdes
moswavleTa mzaobis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tu dRes ar aris mzad romelime moswav-
le daZlios SedarebiT rTuli amocana, saWiroa masTan individualuri midgoma.
Cveni mizani unda iyos yoveli moswavlisTvis optimaluri pirobebis Seqmna. Tu
dRes moswavle ver asrulebs SedarebiT rTul davalebas, SeiZleba xval es man
SeZlos.
amitom ar SeiZleba moswavlis daTrgunva misTvis dRes rTulad Sesasrule-
beli davalebiT. am dros yuradRebis miRma ar unda dagvrCes maRali mzaobisa
da masalis swrafad aTvisebis unaris mqone moswavleebic.
0,3a = 0,4b
17
3a = 4b
a = 4 .
b 3
18 Tavdapirveli fasi _ x,
axali _ fasi 1,25x. is unda Semcirdes 0,25x-iT.
1,25x – 100%
0,25x – P%. P% = 0,25⋅100 2500
1,25 = 125
P% = 20%.
aq SeiZleba mivceT saSualeba zogierT gamorCeul moswavles, amocanis amoxsnam-
de imsjelos _ ivargebda Tu ara fasis kvlav 25%-iT Semcireba? ratom ar ivargeb-
da?
264
don’t copy
19 wina amocanis analogiuri amocanaa
0,8x – 100%
0,2x – P% P% = 20%
0,8 = 25%.
20 spirti _ 40⋅0,75 = 30 (l)

40 + x – 100% 40 + x = 60
30 – 50% x = 20 (l).

dargebSi.
sakiTxebi: procenti, amocanebi procentebze.
ciis cvladiani gamosaxulebis, cvladis Semcveli tolobis (gantolebis) saxiT Ca-
wera (maT. sab. 4, 5, 7, 8); sidideebs Soris pirdapirproporciuli damokidebulebis
amocnoba da gamosaxva, proporciis Tvisebis gamoyeneba (maT. sab. 7, 8, 9).
winare codna:^procenti, ricxvis procentis povna, cvladiani gamosaxulebis
Sedgena, gantolebis fesvis povna.
gakveTilebi, ZiriTadad, SeZenili codnis gameorebas, gaRrmavebasa da ganmtkice-

bas eZRvneba. did dros vuTmobT saSinao davalebis Semowmebas, igi saSualebas
gvaZlevs ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba ganvaxorcieloT. ganmaviTarebeli Sefase-
bis momdevno, aucilebeli nabijia moswavleebis gansxvavebuli saWiroebebis
gaTvaliswineba diferencirebuli swavlebis gziT. diferencirebuli swavlebis
procesSic maswavlebelma unda ganagrZos Sefasebis mravalferovani meTodebis
gamoyeneba, rom Seamowmos, ramdenad efeqturia mis mier gamoyenebuli saswav-
lo strategiebi. diferencirebis mizania, rom TiToeulma moswavlem miaRwios
saukeTeso Sedegs Tavisi SesaZleblobebis farglebSi. am dros moswavleebs eZle-
vaT saSualeba, rom gaiumjobeson Sedegebi. diferencireba SeiZleba davalebebis
gansxvavebulobiTac gamoixatebodes. magaliTad, jgufuri muSaobis procesSi
moswavleebi iyofian garkveuli niSniT Sedgenil jgufebad.
saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili mravalferovani masala (V Tavis Semajamebeli
amocanebi, TviTSefasebis testi), diferencirebuli swavlebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
amjerad diferencirebul swavlebas davalebis sirTulis mixedviT dayofisa da
moswavleTa mzaobis donis mixedviT jgufebad dayofis saSualebiT vaxorcielebT.
TviTSefasebis tests winaswar vaZlevT moswavleebs da misi Sedegebis ganxilvasac
ganmaviTarebeli swavlebis instrumentad gamoviyenebT. amasTanave, moswavleebic
Tavad afaseben sakuTari miRwevebis dones. klass davyofT ramdenime jgufad da
mivcemT gansxvavebul davalebebs: Semajamebeli amocanebi (1-13 amocanebi), jgufuri
muSaobis is varianti, romelic saxelmZRvaneloSia warmodgenili, jgufuri muSao-
don’t copy 265

bis garTulebuli varianti, romelic qvemoT (maswavleblis wignSi) gvaqvs SemoTava-
zebuli.
TviTSefasebis testi
moswavle, martivi amocanebis gamoyenebiT, amowmebs sakuTar codnas ricxvis

procentis povnaSi, procentis cnebis gamoyenebaSi, xsnarebSi nivTierebaTa koncen-
traciisa da pirdapirproporciuli sidideebis Sesaxeb.
3SeiZleba proporcia gamoviyenoT:

x
5 _ P%
x _ 100% P% = 20%.
moswavlem SeiZleba swrafad upasuxos _ mexuTedi aris 20%.
4b = 0,25a. orive mxares vamravlebT 4-ze. miviRebT;

a = 4b
proporciulobis koeficienti aris 4.
5 12 kg _ 5 nawili
x kg _ 4 nawili.
x= 12⋅45 = 9,6 kg.
an SeiZleba amoxsna aseTi saxiT CavweroT:
12 5 12⋅4
x = 4 , x = 5 = 9,6 kg.
6marili iyo _ 480⋅0,025 = 12 (g)
axla aris _ 19,5 g
487,5 _ 100%
19,5 _ P% P% = 19,5⋅100%
487,5 = 4%.
0,3a = 47,4⋅0,4
7
a = 47,4⋅4
3
a = 63,2.
(miTiTebebi da komentarebi)
Semajamebeli amocanebi, ZiriTadad, kompleqsur davalebebs Seicavs. maT Sesas-

ruleblad sxvadasxva codnaTa integrirebuli gamoyenebaa saWiro:
1
amocanis amoxsnisas moswavlem unda gamoavlinos samkuTxedis utolobis
codna, proporciuli dayofis, procentisa da proporciis codna.
monakveTebis gverdebis sigrZeebi SeiZleba ase CavweroT: x, 3x, 4x, 5x. cxadia, sam-
kuTxedis ageba SeiZleba mxolod 3x, 4x da 5x sigrZis monakveTebisgan. samkuTxedis
perimetri iqneba 12x. SevadginoT proporcia:
266
don’t copy
12x – 100%
3x – P% P% = 25%.
SeiZleba asec vimsjeloT: 3x aris 12x-is meoTxedi anu 25%.
2 moswavlem unda SeZlos Semdeg codnaTa integrirebuli gamoyeneba: sididis

procenti, sididis nawilisa da procentis povna. verbalurad aRwerili situaciis
cvladis Semcveli tolobis saxiT Cawera; gantolebis SedgeniT amocanis amoxsna.
vTqvaT, pirvel dRes turistma x km gaiara;
maSin meore dRes gauvlia _ 0,4x;
mesame dRes _ 0,4x⋅0,8 = 0,32x
SeiZleba SevadginoT gantoleba:
x + 0,4x + 0,32x = 86
1,72x = 86
x = 8600
172
x = 50 (km).
3 am amocanis amoxsnisas moswavlem unda SeZlos Semdeg codnaTa integrire-

buli gamoyeneba: ricxvis procenti, ricxvis nawili, amocanis amoxsna gantolebis
SedgeniT:
I _ x
II _ 200–x
1,4x + (200–x) ⋅ 14 = 142
1,4x + 50–0,25x = 142
1,15x = 92
x = 9200
115 = 80
x = 80, 200–x = 120.
4ricxvis procentis povna, gantolebis Sedgenis gamoyenebiT amocanis amoxsna

I _ x
II _ 150–x
0,04x + 0,1(150–x) = 150⋅0,08.
5 ricxvis dayofa mocemuli ricxvebis proporciul nawilebad, gantolebis

Sedgena, amocanis amoxsna, proporcia, proporciis Tviseba.
I _ x
II _ 8–x.
2 x + 3 (8–x) = 5 ⋅8, 1 x = 1 ,
saidanac 10 x = 1. 8–x = 7.
5 10 16 10
6 500⋅0,18 = 90 (g).
7 SevadginoT proporcia:
800⋅0,125 + 400⋅0,05 _ P%
1200 _ 100% P% = 10%.
SeiZleba proporciis gareSec gamovTvaloT. marilis wili 1200 gram xsnarSi
aris 800⋅0,125 + 400⋅0,05
1200 . misi mniSvnelobis 100-ze gamravlebiT miviRebT pasuxs.
don’t copy 267

8SevadginoT proporcia:
(252–240) _ P%
240 _ 100% P% = 100⋅12
240 % P% = 5%.
9 I varianti: dacales _ 0,8x, darCa – 0,2x

saRamos _ 0,2x⋅0,8 = 0,16x.
SevadginoT proporcia:
x _ 100%
0,96x _ P% P% = 96%.
II varianti: pirvel jerze dacales maragis 0,2 nawili, meored _ 0,2-is 0,8 nawili,
anu 0,16 nawili = 16%. anu daixarja sul 96%.
maRali mzaobis jgufs SeiZleba mocemuli davalebis garTulebiT miRebuli

davaleba SevTavazoT.
axla warmogidgenT davalebis diferencirebis magaliTs saxelmZRvanelo-

Si mocemuli jgufuri muSaobis proeqtis mixedviT. moswavleebis erT jgufs
vTxovT mocemuli davaleba SeTavazebuli saxiT, kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemis sa-
SualebiT Seasrulon.
moswavleebis es jgufi iyenebs racionalur ricxvebze moqmedebebs da asrulebs
davalebas, romelic saxelmZRvaneloSia mocemuli:
1. a) 60 + 0,25⋅20⋅8 = 60 + 40 = 100 (lari);
b) 30 + 0,5⋅20⋅8 = 30 + 80 = 110 (lari);
g) 20⋅8 = 160 (lari).
2. II formis mixedviT 30 lari winaswar gadaixada da danarCeni 70 lariT (fasda-
klebis gaTvaliswinebiT) Svidi wignis yidvas SeZlebda;
Svidi wignis I formiT SeZenisas Tanxa 140 lari iqneboda, III formiT SeZenisas ki
_ 60 + 7⋅5 = 95 (lari). maSasadame, III forma Svidi wignis SeZenisas ufro xelsayrelia.
3. visargebloT cxriliT:
nayidi wignebis odenoba 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

gadasaxdeli I formisTvis 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Tanxa II formisTvis 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
(larebSi) III formisTvis 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
cxrilSi warmoCenili kanonzomierebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia davaskvnaT: 1

an 2 wignis yidvisas xelsayrelia gadaxdis I forma; 3-is yidvisas _ I da II Tanabrad
mogebiania; 4-is an 5-is yidvisas xelsayrelia gadaxdis II forma; 6-is yidvisas _ II
da III Tanabrad momgebiania; 7-is an metis yidvisas xelsayrelia gadaxdis III forma.
mimarTeT moswavleebs, Tavad ra cvlilebebs Seitandnen am komerciul pro-
eqtSi, raTa meti daintereseba gamoewviaT myidvelebSi da, imavdroulad, momge-
biani vaWrobac gaemarTaT?
268
don’t copy
maRali mzaobis jgufs SevTavazebT damatebiT davalebas:
• SeiswavleT damokidebuleba wignebis odenobasa da gadasaxdel Tanxas So-
ris momsaxurebis I formis SemTxvevaSi. ra formuliT SeiZleba Caiweros es
damokidebuleba? gamosaxeT igi sakoordinato sibrtyeze.
• gamosaxeT formuliT damokidebuleba wignebis odenobasa da gadasaxdel
Tanxas Soris momsaxurebis II da II formebis SemTxvevaSi. gamosaxeT formu-
liT es damokidebulebebi.
• SeadareT erTmaneTs am sami formidan yoveli ori forma (romelia ufro xe-
lsayreli?).
• SeecadeT, rom gamosaxoT II da III formis Sesabamisi damokidebulebebi sa-
koordinato sibrtyeze. Tavi rom avaridoT wrfivi funqciis grafikis cnebis
gamoyenebas (es sakiTxebi jer araa ganxiluli moswavleebTan), SeiZleba ga-
moiyenoT paraleluri gadatana, romlis gamoyenebiTac I formis Sesabamisi
grafikuli gamosaxulebidan (pirdapirproporciulobis grafikidan) SeiZle-
ba miviRoT II da III formebis Sesabamisi grafikuli gamosaxulebebi.
miTiTebebi
vTqvaT, SesaZeni wignebis odenoba aris x, maSin, gayidvis I

formis Sesabamisad, x wignSi gadasaxdeli y Tanxa Caiwereba for-
muliT: y = 20x. maSasadame, gvaqvs pirdapirproporciuli damok- 25
20
idebuleba wignebis odenobasa da gadasaxdel Tanxas Soris. 15
10
es damokidebuleba, rogorc viciT, sakoordinato sibrtyeze 5
saTavidan gamosuli sxiviT gamoisaxeba (y = 20x, x≥0): 0 1 2 3
II formis SemTxvevaSi damokidebuleba wignebis odenobasa da gadasaxdel Tanxas

Soris formuliT ase Caiwereba: y = 30 + 10x, III formis SemTxvevaSi _ y = 60 + 5x.
SevadaroT II da I (ganvixiloT maTi sxvaoba):
30 + 10x–20x = 30–10x.
roca x = 1 an 2-s, umjobesia I formis gamoyeneba. (am SemTxvevaSi gadasaxdeli
Tanxa naklebia).
roca x = 3, gadasaxdeli Tanxebi tolia.
roca x aris 3-ze meti, umjobesia II forma (gadasaxdeli Tanxa naklebia).
SevadaroT III da I:
60 + 5x–20x = 60–15x.
roca x naklebia 4-ze, umjobesia I forma.
roca x = 4, Tanxebi erTnairia;
roca x metia 4-ze, umjobesia III forma.
SevadaroT III da II:
60 + 5x–(30 + 10x) = 30–5x.
roca x naklebia 6-ze, umjobesia II forma,
roca x = 6, gadasaxdeli Tanxebi tolia;
roca x>6,^ umjobesia III formiT sargebloba.
y = 30 + 10x damokidebulebac sakoordinato sibrtyeze gamoisaxeba sxiviT, romlis
saTave (0; 30) wertilia.
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45
40 Sesabamisi gamosaxuleba miiReba y = 10x gamosaxulebidan
35
30 paraleluri gadavitanisas:
25
20
15
M(x; y) → M′(x; y + 30), anu, M(x; y) → M′(x; 10x + 30).
10
5
0 1 2 3 4 80
75
70
y = 60 + 5x damokidebulebis Sesabamisi gamosaxuleba miiReba 65
60
(y = 5x)-is Sesabamisi gamosaxulebidan paraleluri gadataniT: 55
50
M(x; y) → M′(x; y + 60), anu, M(x; y) → M′(x; 5x + 60). 45
40
35
30
25
gamovsaxoT erT sakoordinato sibrtyeze samive formis 20
15
Sesabamisi grafikuli gamosaxulebebi. suraTidan kargad ga- 10
5
moCndeba _ rodis da romeli formaa ufro xelsayreli.
0 1 2 3 4
I
120
II
III
100
95
90
x = 6-is Semdeg III sxivi or sxva sxivze
85
80
`dablaa~, anu am sxivis wertilebi danarCe-
75
70 ni ori sxivis wertilebze dablaa.
65
60 x = 3-mde I sxivia yvelaze `dabla~.
55
50 3-dan 6-mde _ II sxivi.
45
40 `dabla~ niSnavs, rom gadasaxdeli Tanxa
35
30 naklebia da, Sesabamisad gadaxdis es for-
25
20 maa umjobesi.
15
10
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tema: samkuTxedi. samkuTxedis elementebi, samkuTxedis saxeebi kuTxeebis mixed-

viT. samkuTxedis tolobis niSnebi. procenti.
mizani da Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavleTa codnis Semowmeba-Sefaseba da
aRmoCenili problemebis aRmofxvris mizniT saswavlo gegmis koreqcia.
moswavlem unda SeZlos geometriuli amocanebis amoxsna samkuTxedTan dakavSi-
rebuli cnebebisa da faqtebis gamoyenebiT (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8^, 9). moswavlem unda
SeZlos racionaluri ricxvebis Cawera wiladis, aTwiladis, procentis saxiT da Se-
Zlos procentze amocanebis amoxsna (maT. sab. 1.2.).
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SearCieT swori pasuxi
1. samkuTxedis simaRle
a) sxivia b) wrfea g) monakveTia d) an sxivia, an wrfe.
2. Tu erTi samkuTxedis ori gverdi da erT-erTi kuTxe meore samkuTxedis ori

gverdisa da erT-erTi kuTxis tolia, maSin es samkuTxedebi
a) aucileblad tolia b) toli ar aris
g) ar SeiZleba iyos toli d) SeiZleba ar iyos toli.
3. Tu erTi samkuTedis perimetri meore sakuTxedis perimetris tolia, maSin es

samkuTxedebi
a) ar SeiZleba iyos toli
b) aucileblad tolia
g) SeiZleba iyos toli
d) tolia, Tu erTi samkuTxedi blagvkuTxaa, meore ki _ marTkuTxa.
4. cnobilia, rom ABC samkuTxedis BD biseqtrisis mier AB gverdTan Sedgenili

kuTxis zoma 450-ia. maSin ABC samkuTxedi aris
a) maxvilkuTxa b) marTkuTxa g) blagvkuTxa.
5. wignis fasi Tavdapirvelze 4-jer naklebi gaxda. wigni gaiafebulia

a) 80%-iT b) 75%-iT g) 20%-iT d) 25%-iT.
6. 120 gram 12,5%-ian marilwyals daamates 30 grami wyali, miRebul xsnarSi mari-
li Seadgens
a) 42,5%-s b) 8%-s g) 10%-s d) 12%-s.
7. samkuTxedis a da b gverdebis sigrZeebi (santimetrebSi) mTeli ricxvebiT ga-

moisaxeba. a:b = 3:5. c udidesi gverdia, c = 17 sm. ra umciresi sigrZe SeiZleba hqondes
a gverds?
8. ABC samkuTxedSi AB = BC, BD mediana 12 sm-ia, ABD samkuTxedis perimetri _ 30

sm. ipoveT ABC samkuTxedis perimetri.
1 2 3 4 5 6
g d g b b g
7. samkuTxedis a da b gverdebi aRvniSnoT 3x da 5x-iT. radgan orive ricxvi mTe-

lia, viRebT x∈N. samkuTxedis utolobiT 3x + 5x>17, 8x>17, x>2, roca x = 3, vRebulobT
a = 9, b = 15. a-s es mniSvneloba umciresi SesaZlo mniSvnelobaa.
A
8. AB + BD + AD = 30, BD = 12, e. i.
AB + AD = 18. PABC = AB + BC + AC = 2AB + 2AD = 2⋅18 = 36 sm. D
B C
don’t copy 271

Sefasebis rubrika
1-6 amocanebidan TiToeulis swori pasuxis miTiTeba _ 1 qula, 7 da 8 amo-

canebidan TiToeulis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 2 qula, sul _ 10 qula.
7 da 8 amocanebis Sefasebisas SeiZleba gamoiyenoT 0,5; 1 da 1,5 qulebic. mag-
aliTad, me-7 amocanaSi, Tu moswavlem a da b gverdebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyena 3x da
5x aRniSvnebi da ver gaagrZela amoxsnis procesi, Sefasdes 0,5 quliT; samkuTxedis
utolobis codnis demonstrireba _ 1 quliT.
Sedegebis analizi gamoavlens moswavleTa problemebs da, SesaZloa, maT

gamomwvev mizezebsac. am informaciis gaazrebiTa da gamoyenebiT unda daigeg-
mos weris momdevno gakveTili, romelic amocanebis ganxilvasa da Secdomebis
garCevas daeTmoba.
sakiTxebi: ricxvebi da maTze moqmedebebi, procenti, moqmedebebi simravleebze,

amocanebis amoxsna gantolebis gamoyenebiT, samkuTxedis elementebi, koordinatebi
sibrtyeze, monacemTa warmodgenis saSualebebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos amocanebis ganxilvisas hipoTe-
zebis Camoyalileba da maTi marTebulobis dadgena an uaryofa; maTematikuri obie-
qtebis gansazRvrebebisa da Tvisebebis sworad Camoyalibeba, maTematikuri termine-
bis, aRniSvnebisa da simboloebis koreqtulad gamoyeneba; maTematikuri obieqtebis
grafikuli xerxiT warmodgena; amocanis Sinaarsis aRqma, monacemebisa da saZiebeli
sidideebis gaazreba-gamijvna (maT. sab. 1, 3, 5, 7).
warmodgenilia damatebiTi amocanebi, romlebic dagvexmareba, gavarkvioT _ ro-

gor mimdinareobs Sefasebis indikatorebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofileba im masalis
mixedviT, rac am droisaTvis ukve gavlilia; ra xarvezebia moswavleTa codnaSi;
romeli sakiTxebis aTviseba gauWirdaT moswavleebs. amocanebis amoxsna emsaxureba
gavlili masalis gameorebas, gaRrmavebasa da ganmtkicebas; SeuZliaT Tu ara moswa-
vleebs, gamoiyenon amocanebis amoxsnis sxvadasxva Seswavlili strategia.
1 a) SeiZleba gantolebis Sedgenis gamoyenebiT amoixsnas (warmovadgenT amoxs-
nebis Semoklebul versiebs):
(6,4 + x)⋅1,2 = 9
6,4 + x = 9:1,2 b) ukusvlis meTodi:
x = 7,5–6,4 9:1,2 = 7,5.
x = 1,1. 7,5–6,4 = 1,1
2 (33–52)5 = (27–25)5 = 25 = 32.
272
don’t copy
3 da _ x (x–4) + x–8 = 24
Zma _ x x–4 + 2x–4 = 16 4
Zma _ x–4 2x
=
36
da _ 2x 3x = 24
x = 18 _ da. x = 24:3
x–4 = 14 _ Zma. x = 8.
5 280 _ 21
= 500⋅21
500 _ x x 50⋅3 75
280 = 4 = 2 = 37,5. sakmarisi iqneba.
0,3⋅20 = 6 (l)
6
6 l: 12 l = 12.
7 II _ x 7x–200 = 1200 8 kaba _ x x + 2x + 6x = 675

I _ 3x 7x = 1400. fexsacmeli _ 2x 9x = 675
III _ 3x–200 x = 200 palto _ 6x x = 75 (l)
I _ 600 2x = 150 (l)

III _ 400. 6x = 450 (l).
9 a:b = 5:3 a:b = 20:12
b:c = 4:5 b:c = 12:15
a:b:c = 20:12:15.
10 sul _ 90 inglisuri germanuli

8x–3x = 50
x = 10
8x = 80
3x = 30
orive enas swavlobs: 11x–90 = 110–90 = 20.
11 4x + 3x = 3,5
7x = 3,5
3x
x = 0,5
3x = 1,5 (m)
4x
4x = 2 (m).
4,8 sm _ x
12 I xerxi:
1 _ 500000 x = 2400000.
12 _ 2400000
1 _ y masStabi: 1:200 000.
II xerxi:
SeiZleba asec vimsjeloT: radgan II rukaze manZili 2,5-jer metia, amitom II rukis
masStabi 2,5-jer naklebia (2,5-jer ufro naklebad apataravebs): 500 000:2,5 = 200 000.
12 500000 x = 4,8⋅500000

III xerxi: 4,8 = x , 12 = 200000.
don’t copy 273

13 Tavdapirveli narevis moculobis gasagebad SevadginoT proporcia:
a) x _ 100%
882 _ 63% x = 882⋅100
63 = 1400 m .
3
b) 1400 unda daiyos 1, 2 da 4-is proporciul nawilebad:
1400 = 200 (m3) 1400 ⋅2= 400 (m3) 1400 ⋅4= 800 (m3).

7 7 7
am davalebis Sesasruleblad moswavlem unda SeZlos ricxvis proporciul naw-
ilebad dayofis, ricxvis procentis povnisa da proporciis Sesaxeb codnaTa inte-
grirebuli gamoyeneba.
14 a) visargebloT proporciiT:
3 wT _ 20
15 wT _ x x = 15⋅20
3 = 100.
SeiZleba asec vimsjeloT: 1 wuTSi _ 20 20
3 , 15 wuTSi _ 3 ⋅15= 100, 30 wuTSi _
2⋅100 = 200.
b) 120 gverds dasWirdeba 6-jer meti dro, vidre 20 gverds; 120 gverds dasWir-
deba 18 wuTi.
15 vTqvaT, TiToeuli safasuris Sesabamisi banknotebis raodenoba aris x.

maSin, amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, gvaqvs:
x + 2x + 5x = 40 I wigni Rirs 5 lari
8x = 40 II _ 10 lari
x = 5. III _ 25 lari.
16 CD-s sigrZe _ x
AB _ 13 x
MN _ 151 x
1 x
CD:MN = x : 15
CD:MN = 15:1.
B
17 AB:BC = 3:5 AB:BC = 6:10
BC:AC = 2:3 BC:AC = 10:15
AB:BC:AC = 6:10:15
A C
AB = 12,4
31 ⋅6 = 0,4⋅6 = 2,4 (sm)
BC = 12,4
31 ⋅10 = 4 (sm)
AC = 12,4
31 ⋅15 = 6 (sm).
8
18 b:c = 8:7, saidanac b = 7 c.
c a =22
8 c + c>22; 8 c<22
7 7
da b da c mTeli ricxvebia, amitom c = 14 (sm). b
(c = 7 an c = 21 ar ivargebs, radgan maSin 22>b + c, an b>22).
274
don’t copy
19 MN + NP + MK + PK = 86. N
radgan MN = NP da MK = PK, 2MN + 2MK = 86
MN + MK = 43 26
MN + MK + NK = 43 + 26 M P
K
PMNK = 69 (sm).
20 9x–5x = 10
x = 2,5
5x = 12,5 (sm)
5x 9x
7x = 17,5 (sm)
9x = 22,5 (sm)
7x
21x = 52,5 (sm).
21 5 + 7>x x<12
5 + x>7 x>2 5 7
x = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
pasuxi: 9. x
B N
22 ABC samkuTxedis gverdebia: a; a + 4,2; a–2.
3a + 2,2 = 38,2
a a a+2,4
3a = 36
a = 12; a–2 = 10; a + 4,2 = 16,2. A C M P
a–2
23 PMNK = 32,5 N
MN:NK = 5:3
NK:MK = 2:3.
MN:NK = 10:6
M K
NK:MK = 6:9
MN:NK:MK = 10:6:9
MN = 32,5
25 ⋅10 = 1,3⋅10 = 13 (sm), NK = 1,3⋅6 = 7,8 (sm), MK = 1,3⋅9 = 11,7 (sm).
24
2x–5 = 10x–5
6 32
visargebloT proporciis TvisebiT:
32(2x–5) = 6(10x–5)
16(2x–5) = 3(10x–5)
32x–80 = 30x–15
2x = 65, x = 32,5.
x–3 5
25 10–x = 2
2x–6 = 50–5x
7x = 56
x = 8.
don’t copy 275

26 biblioTekaSi 40⋅3 = 120 franguli wignia.
4 nawili _ 120
1 nawili _ 30
inglisuri _ 12 nawili _ 360
germanuli _ 5 nawili _ 150.
27 moswavleebis odenoba _ x
inglisurs swavlobs _ 0,85x
rusuls _ 0,4x
150 _ orives
gantoleba: 0,85x + 0,4x–150 = x
1,25x–x = 150
0,25x = 150
x = 15000 25 = 600.
orive enas swavlobs: 150
600 ⋅100% = 25%
mxolod inglisurs: 0,85⋅600–150 = 360 (mosw.).
mxolod rusuls: 0,4⋅600–150 = 90 (mosw.).
28 4,8 _ 40%
xili: x _ 37%
x = 4,8⋅37
40 = 0,12⋅37 = 4,44 (t).
marcvleuli: 4,8 _ 40%
x _ 23%
x = 0,12⋅23 = 2,76 (t).
5x 5x
29 a) amoixsneba: 5x–2x = 12.
2x
b) amoixsneba: fuZe 8 sm-ia, ferdi _ 12 sm-iT meti, 20 sm.

g) amoixsneba: 2x = 8 sm, 5x = 20.
30 gayiduli nivTebis saerTo raodenobaa 50 + 40 + 20 + 10 + 30 = 150
a) rveulebi 15040 ⋅ 100%≈26,7%;
30 ⋅100% = 20%;
b) wignebi 150
g) fanqrebis raodenoba aris kalmebis raodenobis 20

50 ⋅100% = 40%;
d) fanqrebis da wignebis odenoba aris kalmebis da rveulebis odenobis
20+30 ⋅100%≈55,6%.
50+40
276
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Tavi VIII
statistikis elementebi. geometriuli amocanebi
VIII TavSi monacemTa Semajamebeli ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebi, maTi praqtikuli ga-

moyenebis nimuSebi da samkuTxedTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebia gadmocemuli. geome-
triuli faqtebis gadmocema ZiriTadad konkretul-induqciuria, Tumca, vcdilobT
msjeloba Tanamimdevruli da damajerebuli iyos. yoveli axali faqti ukve Seswa-
vlilze dayrdnobiT iyos warmodgenili.
SuamarTobis Tvisebebi wertilTa simravlis cnebis gamoyenebiTa da zusti ma-
Tematikuri msjelobiT aris dasabuTebuli. dasabuTebebi gvxvdeba wrewiris mxebis
warmodgenis drosac.
tolferda da marTkuTxa samkuTxedebis Tvisebebi moswavleTa sayofacxovrebo
gamocdilebas efuZneba.
Cven mier ganxiluli zogierTi Tema VII klasis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Si-
naarsSi ar aris dasaxelebuli (magaliTad, paralelurobis niSnebi, samkuTxedis
kuTxeebis jami). zogierTi maTganis warmodgena maTematikuri simkacriTac ar mim-
dinareobs. maTi CarTva gamowveulia im sakiTxebis gadmocemis gasaadvileblad,
romlebic dasaxelebulia erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi da xels uwyobs msjelobis
logikuri xazis SenarCunebas. sakiTxebis gadmocemis Tanamimdevroba ganapiroebebs
sawyisi winadadebebis SerCevasac (magaliTad, samkuTxedis utoloba eyrdnoba wer-
tilidan wrfemde manZilisa da mxebis Tvisebebs, zogierT saxelmZRvaneloSi piri-
qiTaa warmodgenili).
8.1. monacemTa Semajamebeli ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebi
Tema: monacemTa interpretacia da analizi.

sakiTxebi: monacemTa Semajamebeli ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebi: centraluri ten-
denciis sazomebi _ saSualo; moda; gafantulobis sazomi _ gabnevis diapazoni.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos Tvisebriv da raodenobriv mo-
nacemTa interpretacia da analizi amocanis konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT (maT. sab.
1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9).
winare codna: moqmedebebi racionalur ricxvebze, monacemTa saSualo.
moswavleebi VI klasidan icnoben monacemTa udides da umcires mniSvnelobebs,
don’t copy
monacemTa saSualos. am sakiTxebze codnis gasaaqtiureblad sasargebloa Seswavli-
277
lis gaxseneba. moswavleebis umravlesobas VI klasis wignebi Cabarebuli aqvs, ami-
tom wina gakveTilze aRniSnuli sakiTxebis gameorebas saskolo saxelmZRvanelos
mixedviT maT ver movTxovT. aq SeiZleba dagvexmaros saSinao skolis videogakveTi-
li (www.silkschool.ge). VI klasi, monacemTa Semajamebeli ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebi.
aq ganxilulia monacemTa saSualo, amocanebi monacemTa saSualos povnaze. yur-
adReba gamaxvilebulia imazec, rom monacemTa saSualo, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, Sei-
Zleba kargad ar axasiaTebdes monacemebis erTobliobas.
am videogakveTilis naxva SeiZleba skolaSic, Tu amis saSualeba aris. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba moswavleebs davavaloT saxlSi moisminon aRniSnuli videoga-
kveTili.
SeiZleba isic vTxovoT, rom Canawerebic gaakeTon _ videogakveTilis Catarebis
tempi amis saSualebas iZleva.
gakveTilze mimovixilavT, am videogakveTilze dasmul amocanebs. amiT davex-
marebiT maTac, vinc ver SeZlo am videogakveTilis naxva.
saSualos povnasTan dakavSirebuli amocanebis ganxilvis Semdeg SeiZleba gada-
videT sxva ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebis ganxilvaze. videogakveTilze ganxilul erT-
erT amocanaSi ricxviT monacemebSi erTi gamorCeuli ricxvi gvaqvs da mxolod sa-
Sualos mixedviT kargad ver vaxasiaTebT monacemTa erTobliobas. am SemTxvevaSi
ganixileba sxva ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebi. moswavleebs, cxadia, gauCndebaT interesi
axali ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebis (moda, gabnevis diapazoni) mimarT.
videogakveTilze warmodgenili magaliTic adasturebs gafantulobis sazomis
SemoRebis mniSvnelobas (videogakveTilze ganxilul magaliTSi saSualo xelfasi
630 lari gacilebiT metia yvela TanamSromlis xelfasze erTis garda, im erTis
xelfasi ki 3000 laria). am Semzadebis Semdeg vubrundebiT saxelmZRvanelos. mas-
Si analogiuri magaliTia ganxiluli. aqvea ganxiluli magaliTi, romlis mixedviT
moswavleebi msjeloben _ romeli maxasiaTeblis gamoTvlisas `monawileobs~ yvela
ricxvi, ras gviCvenebs gabnevis diapazoni, ras axasiaTebs es ricxvi, rogor gvex-
mareba TiToeuli ricxviTi maxasiaTebeli monacemTa analizisas.
1 2 3 4 5
1 4 3 4 2
6aq SeiZleba daisvas SekiTxva; fexburTelis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segroveba

ris saSualebas aZlevs mwvrTnels, ra daskvnebis gamotana SeiZleba Sevsebuli cx-
rilis mixedviT?
golebis odenoba 0 1 2 3
matCebis raodenoba 10 5 2 1
fexburTels ufro xSirad ver gaaqvs goli, vidre gaaqvs (moda aris 0). gamon-
aklisi SemTxvevaa, roca fexburTelma 3 goli gaitana. ricxviT monacemTa saSualo
aris 13 , saSualod matCSi fexburTels 13 goli gaaqvs (anu saSualod 3 matCSi gaaqvs
1 goli). 6 goli gaitana 18 matCSi. Tu es fexburTeli Tavdamsxmelia, maSin misi Se-
278
don’t copy
degi araa saxarbielo. zogierTi moswavle SeiZleba gaitacos aRniSnulma sakiTxma
da aRmoaCens, rom msoflios saukeTeso fexburTelebs TiTqmis yovel matCSi gaaqvT
golebi. moiZios monacemebi cnobili Tavdamsxmelebis Sedegebze.
moda _ 3,5
7
saSualo 2 27 ≈ 2 sT. 17 wT.

diapazoni _ 3,5 sT.
gabnevis diapazonis mixedviT Cans, rom moswavle yovel dRes erTnairad datvir-
Tuli ar aris, saSualod 2 sT 17 wT mecadineobs. kviraSi ori dRea, roca moswavlis
mier davalebaze daxarjuli dro maqsimaluria.
8 etapebis saSualo sigrZe 195 km-ia.
9 saSualo daswreba 22612-ia.
10 aseTi gamoangariSebis Catareba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic SeiZleba daWirdes

axalgazrdas.
pirvel sam gamocdaze miRebuli qulebis jami aris 195 qula. oTx gamocdaSi sa-
Sualo _ 70 qulis SemTxvevaSi, oTxi gamocdis qulebis jami iqneba 280.
maSasadame, meoTxe gamocdaze saWiroa 85 qulis miReba. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba saSualo qulis 5 quliT gazrda, sainteresoa gansxvavebuli msjelobac
_ 70 qula saSualo maSinac iqneba, Tu yovel gamocdaze miRebuli qula 65-ze 5-iT
meti iqneba, maSasadame, moswavlem me-4 gamocdaze 65-ze 20 quliT meti unda miiRos.
moswavleebis nawils Zalian uyvars aseTi zepiri angariSis gamoyeneba _ movusminoT
maT da wavaxalisoT aseTi versiebis warmodgenisTvis.
11 saSualo _ 21,8,
moda _ 25,
gabnevis diapazoni _ 8.
analizisTvis davsvaT SekiTxvebi _ didia, Tu ara sxvaoba saSualosa da modas

Soris? ras migviTiTebs es sxvaoba? ramdenad `gabneulia~ monacemebi?
12 A monawile: saSualo _ ≈ 3,4, moda _ 4

B monawile: saSualo _ ≈ 1,8, moda _ 2
C monawile: saSualo _ ≈ 1,2, moda _ 1
D monawile: saSualo _ ≈ 3,6, moda _ 4.
mivceT saSualeba moswavleebs, gamoTqvan TavianTi azri monawileTa adgilebis

mixedviT ganawilebis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba saerTo azri aseTi iyos: C monawile _ I
adgili, B monawile _ II adgili, A monawile _ III adgili, D monawile _ IV adgili.
13 b) 3920 g) 4000 d) 3800.
pirveli 9 dRe momdevno 6 dRe

gabnevis diapazoni 2000 10 000
moda 4000 900
momdevno 6 dRes monacemebi Zalian `gabneulia~, gabnevis diapazoni didia. pir-
don’t copy
vel 9 dRes daswreba, daaxloebiT Tanabari iyo.
279
1 2 3 4 5
1 4 3 2 2
7 moda diapazoni saSualo

I monawile 5,7 0,4 ≈ 5,7
II monawile 5,5 da 5,4 0,5 5,6
8 diapazoni _ 8 lari,
saSualo _ 21,5 lari,
moda _ 25 lari.
9 yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli fasi (modaa _ 149,95 lari, saSualo _ 157,45

lari.
zaza faCulias mier dagrovili qulebi _ 127; TiTo TamaSSi saSualod _

10
12,7 qula, saSualod moedanze dayo _ ≈ 30 wuTi.
kalaTburTiT dainteresebul moswavleebs SeiZleba davavaloT, rom moiZion in-
ternetSi faCulias maCveneblebi bolo TamaSebSi, romel gundSi TamaSobs zaza faC-
ulia, ra sidideebis saSualoebiT axasiaTeben kalaTburTSi moTamaSeebs (qulebis
saSualo, blokebis saSualo, moxsnebis saSualo, bolo zusti gadacemebis saSualo).
romeli axalgazrda qarTveli kalaTburTeli gamoirCeva amJamad evropaSi? ro-
goria misi saSualo maCveneblebi? es davaleba SeiZleba arCeviTi iyos (Sesruldeba
moswavlis survilis mixedviT).
8.2. samkuTxedis saxeebi gverdebis mixedviT.

tolferda samkuTxedi
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebisa da proeqtuli davalebis ganxilvas eTmoba


sakiTxebi: samkuTxedis saxeebi gverdebis zomebis mixedviT. tolferda sam-
kuTxedis Tvisebebi.
amocnoba, maTi saxeobebis Sedareba da klasificireba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7); geome-
triuli obieqtebis warmodgena amocanis konteqstis Sesabamisad (maT. sab. 4,. 5, 6).
winare codna: samkuTxedi, samkuTxedebis klasifikacia kuTxeebis mixedviT.
gakveTils viwyebT winare codnis gaaqtiurebiT. es procesi SeiZleba ganmaviTa-

rebeli Sefasebis ganxorcielebisTvisac gamoviyenoT; SekiTxvebze pasuxebis ganxil-
visas vakvirdebiT da viniSnavT moswavleTa aqtiurobas.
280
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_ romel geometriul figurebs icnobT? daasaxeleT ramdenime brtyeli da siv-
rculi figura, romlebsac Tqven icnobT.
_ gaixseneT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi zogierTi brtyeli figuris modelis ni-
muSebi.
_ axla gavixsenoT samkuTxedis kuTxeebis klasifikacia zomebis mixedviT.
aq Cven vixmareT sityva _ klasifikacia, SeiZleba zogierT moswavles am sity-
vis mniSvneloba ufro naklebad axsovdes, vidre is, rom arsebobs maxvili kuTxe,
romlis zoma 900-ze naklebia, arsebobs marTi kuTxe da arsebobs blagvi kuTxe. ami-
tom kiTxvebis dasmis Semdeg zogierT maswavlebels SeiZleba mouwios magaliTebis
ganxilvis gamoyenebiT cnebis Sinaarsis ganmarteba.
_ kuTxeebis mixedviT ra saxis samkuTxedebs icnobT? maSasadame, kuTxeebis mi-
xedviT ra saxisaa samkuTxedebis simravlis klasifikacia?
_ SeiZleba Tu ara samkuTxedi erTdroulad maxvilkuTxac iyos da marTkuTxac?
erTdroulad marTkuTxac iyos da blagvkuTxac? erTdroulad maxvilkuTxac iyos
da blagvkuTxac?
am kiTxvebis mixedviT Cven gvsurs xazi gavusvaT imas, rom samkuTxedebis simra-
vle iyofa sam qvesimravled, romelTa gaerTianeba aris TviT samkuTxedebis simra-
vle da samkuTxedebis am qvesimravleebs saerTo elementi ara aqvs. ar moeridoT
simravluri terminologiis gamoyenebas, moswavleTaTvis gasagebi unda iyos `kla-
sifikaciis~ Sinaarsi.
moswavleebi male darwmundebian, rom samkuTxedebis dayofa gverdebis mi-
xedviT _ tolgverda, tolferda, sxvadasxvagverda _ ar aris samkuTxedebis
klasifikacia, radgan tolferda samkuTxedebisa da tolgverda sakuTxedebis
saerTo elementebi tolgverda samkuTxedebia; yoveli tolgverda samkuTxedi
tolferda samkuTxedic aris. am niSniT samkuTxedebis klasifikacias warmoadgens
samkuTxedebis dayofa tolferda da sxvadasxvagverda samkuTxedebad. SeiZleba ase-
Ti klasifikaciac warmovadginoT: tolgverda, mxolod ori toli gverdis mqone
tolferda da sxvadasxvagverda samkuTxedebi.
kuTxeebis mixedviT samkuTxedebis klasifikaciis ganxilviT mimdinareobs ara
marto winare codnis gaaqtiureba, aramed axali sakiTxis Seswavlisadmi moswavleTa
motivaciis aRZvrac _ gverdebis mixedviT ra saxis samkuTxedebis ganxilva SeiZ-
leba? aq SeiZleba moviSvelioT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi samkuTxedebis amocnobis
magaliTebic _ xSirad am samkuTxedebs ori gverdi aqvs toli, aseTi samkuTxedebi
simetriulobis gamo ufro lamazadac gamoiyureba, amitom vxvdebiT ase xSirad na-
gebobebSi. tolferda samkuTxedis Tvisebebis ganxilvamde SeiZleba saxelmZRvane-
loSi warmodgenil suraTebze vimsjeloT.
axali masalis ganxilva moswavleTa aqtiuri monawileobiT unda mimdinareobdes.
SeiZleba tolferda samkuTxedis qaRaldis maketi gamoviyenoT, gadavkecoT fuZi-
sadmi gavlebul biseqtrisaze da vimsjeloT figuris simetriulobaze. am proce-
duras mohyveba moswavleebis mier tolferda samkuTxedis Tvisebebis aRmoCena da
Camoyalileba, aRniSnuli Tvisebebis dasabuTebac samkuTxedis tolobis niSnebiT
moswavleebis mier unda mimdinareobdes.
es procesi xels uwyobs Sefasebis indikatorebis moTxovnebis donis miRwevas:
moswavlem unda SeZlos msjelobis xazis ganviTareba; ganzogadebiT an deduqciiT
miRebuli daskvnebis dasabuTeba (maT. sab. 2).
don’t copy 281

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4 3 1 1 2 1 1
yuradReba gavamaxviloT 2 da 5 `testebze~. 2 : venis diagramebidanac Cans,

rom samkuTxedebis simravlis dayofa tolferda, tolgverda da sxvadasxvagverda
samkuTxedebad ar aris am simravlis urTierTaragadamkveT qvesimravleebad dayo-
fa (klasifikacia). 5 -Si: tolgverda samkuTxedi tolferdac aris, yoveli gverdi
SeiZleba fuZed mivCnioT da masTan mdebare kuTxeebi tolia. maSasadame, yvela kuT-
xe tolia.
8
fuZe = 2x–25
2x–25 + 2x = 43
x x
4x = 68
x = 17 (sm)
fuZe = 9 (sm). 2x–25
am amocanis amoxsnis dros moswavlem unda SeZlos: tolferda samkuTxedis Tvi-

sebebis, perimetris Sesaxeb codnaTa gamoyeneba, verbalurad aRwerili situaciis
formulebiT gamosaxva, gantolebis SedgeniT amocanis amoxsna.
amocana klasSi SeiZleba sxva aRniSvniTac amoixsnas:
fuZe _ x, ferdebis sigrZeTa jami _ x + 25, perimetri _ x + x + 25,
x + x + 25 = 43
2x = 18
x = 9.
ferdebis jami _ 9 + 25 = 34 (sm)
TiToeuli ferdi _ 17 (sm).
9 SemTxvevebi:
davukvirdeT:
orive SemTxvevaSi mocemuli sigrZeebis gverdebis mqone samkuTxedi arsebobs.
10 BD biseqtrisaa, BD = 3,5 sm AB = BC,

maSasadame, samkuTxedi tolferdaa; AC = 2AD.
2AB + AC = 18,4
2AB + 2AD = 18,4
AB + AD = 9,2
AB + AD + BD = 9,2 + 3,5
P∆ABD = 12,7 sm.
282
don’t copy
11 DB = AB = AD = 8
AC = 20-2⋅8
AC = 4 sm.
12 ∆ABD = ∆BDC sami gverdiT, amitom ∠ABD = ∠DBC;

∆AOB = ∆BOC ori gverdiT da maT Soris mdebare kuTxiT (BO
saerToa);
amitom AO = OC.
∆AOD = ∆DOC sami gverdiT.
2
13 2x + 3 x = 40
8 x = 40
3
x = 15 (sm).
14 3x = 27
x = 9
3AC = 30
AC = 10
P∆ABC = 18 + 10 = 28 (sm).
moswavlem unda SeZlos verbalurad aRwerili situaciis mixedviT naxazis Sed-

gena, tolferda da tolgverda samkuTxedebis Tvisebebis gamoyeneba.
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 3 4 4 3 2
7 fuZe _ 84
7 ⋅3 = 36 (sm).
moswavlem unda gaiazros, rom sul 7 nawilia, fuZes 3 nawili Seesabameba.
8 fuZe _ 15 sm
perimetri _ 18 + 18 + 15 = 51 (sm).
9 aq saWiroa msjeloba _ ra sigrZis SeiZleba iyos ferdi? 5,2 sm? 5,2 + 5,2<20,3

_ ara. 20,3 sm? 20,3 + 5,2>20,3 _ SeiZleba.
P = 20,3 + 20,3 + 5,2 = 45,8 (sm).
10 BD biseqtrisaa, maSasadame, BD simaRlecaa da medianac. 80 = 2AB + 2AD,

AB + AD = 40, AB + AD + BD = 60, maSasadame, BD = 20 (sm).
11 AM, BK da CN monakveTebi am samkuTxedis, Sesabamisad, A, B da C wer-

tilebidan gavlebuli biseqtrisebia. amave dros simaRleebic aris da medianebic.
7 - 8 amocanebi advilia, 9 - 10 amocanebis amoxsnebi sxvadasxva codna-

Ta integrirebul gamoyenebas moiTxovs _ samkuTxedis utoloba, perimetris for-
mula, tolferda samkuTxedis Tvisebebi, samkuTxedebis TvalsaCino warmodgena amo-
canis konteqstis Sesabamisad. amasTanave, moswavlem unda SeZlos amocanis martiv
don’t copy 283

amocanebad dayofa da etapobrivad gadaWra (maT. sab. 8). amave indikatoris moTx-
ovnebs ukavSirdeba Semdegi amocanebic.
12 2x⋅ 14 = 18
x = 36
P = 2x + 2x = 72 + 18 = 90 (sm). 2x⋅ 1
4
13 (3x– 3x
5 ):2 = 96
maSasadame, 6x
5 = 9,6
6x = 5⋅9,6
x = 5⋅1,6
x = 8 (sm).
saSinao davalebis ramdenime amocanis garda, moswavleebs evalebaT proeqtuli

davalebis Sesruleba.
144-e gakveTili
sakiTxebi: moqmedebebi racionalur ricxvebze, racionalur ricxvebze moq-

medebebis gamoyeneba xarjTaRricxvasTan dakavSirebuli amocanebis amoxsnisas, sam-
kuTxedebis tolobis niSani.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos racionalur ricxvebze mo-
qmedebebis sxvadasxva xerxiT Sesruleba (maT. sab. 1, 2). geometriuli obieqtebis
warmodgena amocanis konteqstis Sesabamisad (maT. sab. 4, 5, 6). samkuTxedTan dakav-
Sirebuli cnebebisa da faqtebis gamoyeneba praqtikuli amocanebis amoxsnisas (maT.
sab. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9).
winare codna: moqmedebebi racionalur ricxvebze, samkuTxedebis tolobis niS-
nebi.
saSinao davalebis Semowmebis Semdeg gadavdivarT proeqtul davalebaze. Sesa-

bamisi aqtivobis Sesruleba moiTxovs sxvadasxva codnaTa integrirebulad gamoy-
enebas. monacemebis Segroveba da xelsayreli formiT warmodgena, xarjTaRricxvis
dasagegmad racionalur ricxvebze moqmedebebis Sesruleba, saSualos cnebis gam-
oyeneba, samkuTxedebis TvalsaCino warmodgena amocanis konteqstis Sesabamisad,
samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnis gamoyeneba praqtikuli amocanis Sesasruleblad. es
ukanaskneli dakavSirebulia, magaliTad, raime maRali sve-
tis an sxva obieqtis simaRlis, an mis zeda wveromde man-
Zilis gansazRvrasTan. dagvWirdeba kuTxis mzomi xelsawyo.
vTqvaT, vimyofebiT C wertilSi da gvsurs AB maRali svetis
simaRlis da svetis B wveromde BC manZilis dadgena, kuTxis
mzomi xelsawyoebiT davadgenT ∠ACB-sa da ∠BAC-s zomebsac.
mosalodnelia, rom ∠BAC marTi kuTxe iyos. Semdeg AC mon-
akveTis sigrZisa da am ori kuTxis saSualebiT dedamiwis zedapirze unda avagoT
ABC samkuTxedis toli samkuTxedi. amas mivaRwevT Semdegnairad:
284
don’t copy
C wertilidan miwaze gavavlebT CM da AN sxivebs ise, rom gvqondes: ∠ACM = ∠BCA,
∠CAN = ∠BAC.
am sxivebis gadakveTis wertili aRvniSnoT B′-iT.
maSin ∆ABC = ∆AB′C (II niSnis Tanamad). amitom AB = AB′, CB = CB′.
amrigad, dedamiwis zedapirze AB′ da CB′ monakveTebis sigrZeebis povnis Semdeg
gvecodineba AB-s da BC-s sigrZeebi.
Semdegi gakveTilisTvis moswavleebs vTxovoT, yuradRebiT moisminon videoga-
kveTili internetis gamoyenebiT. www.silkschool.ge, saSinao skola, maTematika, VI kla-
si, wrewiri, wre.
8.3. monakveTis SuamarTobis Tviseba.

wrewiris qorda da mxebi
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebisa da proeqtuli davalebis ganxilvas eTmoba


winare codna: geometriuli figurebi: wrewiri, monakveTi, samkuTxedi, wrfeTa
marTobuloba.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavles SeuZlia geometriuli obieqtebis (monak-
veTi, wrewiri, wre, samkuTxedi) amocnoba, maTi saxeobebis Sedareba da klasifici-
reba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7); geometriuli obieqtebis warmodgena amocanis konteqstis
mixedviT (maT. 4, 5, 6).
gakveTils viwyebT moswavleTa winare codnis gaaqtiurebiT, raTa maqsimalu-

rad SeuwyoT xeli axali codnis konstruirebas da swavla-swavlebam moicvas
codnis samive kategoria: deklaraciuli, proceduruli da pirobiseuli. pro-
cesi mimdinareobs moswavleTa aqtiuri monawileobiT, Cvens kiTxvebze pasuxebis
gacemis saSualebiT.
_ romeli geometriuli figurebis dasaxeleba SegiZliaT? gamosaxeT isini dafaze.
moswavleebi asaxeleben: wertils, monakveTs, wrfes, ^samkuTxeds, oTxkuTxeds.
_ romeli geometriuli figura iyo ganxiluli videogakveTilze? (wrewiri).
_ daasaxeleT wrewirTan dakavSirebuli geometriuli figurebis saxelwodebebi
(qorda, radiusi, centri, diametri). SeecadeT, dafaze gamosaxoT es figurebi.
_ gavixsenoT ori wrfis urTierTganlagebis yvela SemTxveva (wrfeebs saerTo
wertili ara aqvs, erTi saerTo wertili aqvs). gaixseneT TiToeul SemTxvevaSi wr-
feebis dasaxelebebi (paraleluri wrfeebi, gadamkveTi wrfeebi).
_ ori wrfis gadakveTisas ramdeni kuTxe miiReba? romel kuTxes ewodeba wr-
feebs Soris kuTxe? ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom ori wrfe marTobulia?
don’t copy 285

_ ras ewodeba samkuTxedis kuTxeebi? ekuTvnis samkuTxedis kuTxis yvela wer-
tili samkuTxeds?
es mniSvnelovani momentia. samwuxarod, es sakiTxi zogierTi wignis avtorsac
eSleba. amJamad internetSi devs me-7 klasis saxelmZRvanelo (aragrifminiWebuli),
romelSic samkuTxedis kuTxe asea ganmartebuli: `∆ABC-Si moqceuli BAC kuTxis
nawils samkuTxedis BAC kuTxe ewodeba~. gamodis, rom samkuTxedis yoveli kuTxe
samkuTxeds emTxveva. amitom gvsurs, vurCioT maswavleblebs internetiT sargeblo-
bisas gamoiCinon sifrTxile. videogakveTilebi, romlebsac Cven vuTiTebT, sandoa;
zemoT miTiTebuli wesiT winare codnis gaaqtiurebas mosdevs axal masalaze
gadasvla. procesi SeiZleba warimarTos saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili teqstis
mixedviT.
paragrafSi ar Semogvaqvs wertilTa geometriuli adgilis cneba, veridebiT ze-

dmet terminebs. Tumca, dawvrilebiTaa garCeuli SuamarTobis Tviseba da monakveTis
boloebidan tolad daSorebuli wertilebis Tviseba. sasurvelia Sebrunebuli de-
buleba mopirdapire debulebis formiTac Camoyalibdes da SevecadoT moswavleeb-
Tan erTad vimsjeloT maT ekvivalentobaze. es sakiTxi msjelobisa da dasabuTebis
unaris CamoyalibebisTvis sasargeblo masalas Seicavs.
paragrafi ramdenime nawilisgan Sedgeba. I nawilSi SuamarTobis Tvisebebia Ca-
moyalilebuli da dasabuTebuli.
meore nawilSi warmodgenilia wertilidan wrfemde manZilis,
marTobisa da daxrilis cnebebi, manZilis Tvisebis dasabuTeba
eyrdnoba samkuTxedis utolobas.
MN marTobia, M-dan NK wrfemde manZili MN-is tolia. suraT-
ze moniSnulia toli monakveTebi, romelic NK wrfis mimarT
RerZuli simetriiT miiReba _ MN = NM′, MK = M′K. samkuTxedis
utolobis Tanaxmad, 2MN<MK + M′K. aqedan moswavleebi daaskvni-
an, rom marTobis sigrZe naklebia daxrilis sigrZeze da Camoay-
alibeben manZilis Tvisebas.
am debulebas eyrdnoba mxebis Tvisebac.
viZaxebT dafasTan moswavles da vTxovT, gamosaxos wrewiri, romlis radiusia AB
da B wertilze gaavlos AB-s marTobuli wrfe. mivmarTavT moswavleebs:
_ risi tolia A wertilidan BC-sadmi gavlebuli marTobi?
_ aris Tu ara es marTobi A-dan gavlebul nebismier, vTqvaT,
AC daxrilze naklebi?
_ SeiZleba Tu ara BC wrfes kidev erTi wertili hqondes
saerTo wrewirTan?
amis Semdeg vayalibebT gansazRvrebas _ wrfes, romelsac wrewirTan mxolod
erTi saerTo wertili aqvs, mxebi ewodeba.
_ ramdeni saerTo wertili SeiZleba hqondes raime wrfes wrewirTan?
_ warmoadgineT yvela SemTxveva.
_ Tu wrfe kveTs wrewiris, maSin gadakveTis ramdeni wertili
arsebobs?
286
don’t copy
_ a wrfis wrewirTan gadakveTis wertilebis SemaerTebel monakveTs ra ewodeba?
_ iqneb sxva sityvebiT CamoayaliboT _ ra aris wrewiris qorda.
_ daukvirdiT suraTs da daasabuTeT, rom diametri udidesi
qordaa. ra Tvisebas gamoviyenebT?
wrewirTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi SeiZleba meore gakveTilze
ganvixiloT. am sakiTxebis ganxilviT iwyeba wrewirTan dakavSirebuli
cnebebis Camoyalibeba.
videogakveTilSi kargad aris warmodgenili wrewiris, radiusis, diametris,
seqtoris cnebebi. samkuTxedis utolobis gamoyenebiT dasabuTebulia: diametri
udidesi qordaa. moswavleebma unda SeZlon am dasabuTebis warmodgena.
calke gakveTili (me-3) davuTmoT praqtikuli amocanebis ganxilvas. maTematikis
praqtikuli gamoyenebebis warmodgena zrdis maTematikis Seswavlisadmi moswavleTa
motivacias.
zogierTma maswavlebelma SeiZleba es praqtikuli amocanebi gakveTilis dasawy-
isSi warmoadginos da daainteresos moswavleebi Semdegi sityvebiT:
_ axla Cven SeviswavliT im maTematikur debulebebs, romlebic dagvexmareba
CamoTvlili praqtikuli amocanebis amoxsnaSi.
am praqtikuli amocanebis amoxsna, cxadia, moswavleTa monawileobiT, me-3 ga-
kveTilze mimdinareobs. magaliTad, moswavle SeiZleba Tavad mixvdes ( a) amocana),
rom A da B punqtebamde tolad daSorebuli wertili AB monakveTis SuamarTobze
unda iyos. amitom aucilebelia AB monakveTis SuamarTobis ageba: SuamarTobis ga-
dakveTa CD wrfesTan (`saavtomobilo gza~) mogvcems saZiebel wertils CD wrfeze.
analogiur mosazrebebs ukavSirdeba b) amocana, romelic samkuTxedze Semoxazuli
wrewiris centris povnis propedevtikad SeiZleba miviCnoT. moswavleebi damatebiT
kiTxvazec advilad upasuxeben: Tu sami saxli erT wrfezea, maSin SuamarTobebi ar
gadaikveTeba. aq maT intuicia daexmareba. momavalSi isini am faqtis dasabuTebasac
SeZleben. g) praqtikuli amocanis amoxsna wertilidan wrfemde manZilis cnebisa da
samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebis gamoyenebas emsaxureba.
mravalferovani aqtivobebi, romlebic saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenil praq-
tikul amocanebTan, sakontrolo kiTxvebTan, `testebsa~ da saSinao/saklaso
davalebebTan aris dakavSirebuli, xels uwyobs, sakvanZo SekiTxvebze pasuxebis
gacemas (magaliTad, rogor gamoiyenebT geometriul figurebsa da maT Tvisebebs
garemomcveli obieqtebis aRwerisas?), Sefasebis indikatorebis moTxovnaTa da-
kmayofilebas.
calke gvinda gamovyoT zemoT miTiTebuli erTi indikatori (maT. sab. 6): moswav-
lem unda SeZlos cxovrebaSi arsebul obieqtebsa da procesebSi maTematikuri obi-
eqtebis modelebisa da mimarTebebis SemCneva da maTi Tvisebebis gamoyeneba modelis
agebisas, praqtikuli amocanis amoxsnisas.
don’t copy 287

pasuxebi, miTiTebebi, komentarebi (mimarTebebi Sefasebis indikatorebTan)
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 3 3 2 2 3
am `testebSi~ pasuxebis SerCevas sWirdeba monakveTis SuamarTobis Tvisebis, ko-

ordinatTa meTodis, wrewirTan dakavSirebuli monakveTebis, wertilidan wrfemde
manZilis codna.
SuamarTobis Tvisebis Tanaxmad, ∆ABD tolferdaa, ami-

7
tom ∠ABD = ∠A = 400.
amocana Seicavs davalebas, romlis Sesruleba dakavSire-
bulia SuamarTobis Tvisebisa da tolferda samkuTxedis
Tvisebis codnasTan.
wina amocanis analogiuri amocanaa; ∆ABD tolferdaa, am-

8
itom BD = AD
AD = 12+2,4
2 , AD = 7,2.
AD `zepiri angariSiT~ vipoveT.
cxadia, SeiZleba sxva xerxis gamoyenebac.
AC = 8 sm, BC = 6 sm.

9
cxadia, AC = AD + DC = BD + DC = 8
PDBC = BD + DC + BC = 8 + 6 = 14 (sm)
10 A = (6; 0)
P = (3; 0)
cxadia, MP aris OA monakveTis SuamarTobi da
MO = MA = 5. P = 6 + 5 + 5 = 16 (erTeuli).
es amocana Seicavs davalebas, romelic moiTx-
ovs sxvadasxva codnaTa integrirebulad gamoyene-
bas: koordinatebi sibrtyeze da wrfeze, monakve-
Tis SuamarTobis Tviseba, tolferda samkuTxedis
Tvisebebi, orientacia sakoordinato sibrtyeze.
am ukanasknels ukavSirdeba naxazis Sedgena da M
wertilis SerCeva. SeiZleba mogviwios damatebiTi kiTxvebiT sxvadasxva SemTx-
vevis SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswineba.
_ SeiZleba Tu ara, rom M wertili ekuTvnodes II, an III meoTxeds?
_ SeiZleba Tu ara, rom M wertili IV meoTxeds ekuTvnodes?
_ ganixileT is SemTxvevac, roca M wertili IV meoTxeds ekuTvnis.
288
don’t copy
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 2
5 ∠C = 500, OD SuamarTobia
∠OAC = ?
∆AOC tolferdaa, amitom ∠OAC = ∠C = 500.
AC = 8,5 sm
6
BC = 6,5 sm
P∆BOC = ?
O Zevs AB gverdis SuamarTobze, amitom AO = OB.

P∆BOC = BO + OC + BC = AO + OC + BC = AC + BC = 15 (sm).
7 A = (8; 0)
P = (4; 0).
MP SuamarTobia, amitom ∆MOA tolferdaa,
MO = MA = AO.
P∆MOA = 10 + 10 + 8 = 28 (erTeuli).
am amocanis Semowmebisas, unda vikiTxoT, ganixiles Tu ara moswavleebma M wer-
tilis mdebareobis sxvadasxva SemTxveva. romeli SemTxvevaa kidev SesaZlebeli? es
procesi ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis ganxorcielebaSi dagvexmareba.
8 OA wrfe marTobulia A wertilze gavlebuli mxebis, OA radi-

usia, OA iqneba manZili O wertilidan mxebamde, OA = 5 sm.
9 vaCvenoT, rom AB = AC. analogiurad SeiZleba imis Cveneba,

rom EB = ED, FD = FC (mxebis monakveTebi Sexebis wertilebamde to-
lia). marTlac,
∠ABO = 900
∠ACO = 900
AO saerToa
OB = OC (radiusebia).
marTkuTxa samkuTxedebs toli aqvs kaTeti da hipotenuza. sam-
kuTxedebis tolobis niSnebis ganxilvis dros Cven mier aRniSnuli
iyo, rom am SemTxvevaSi samkuTxedebi tolia. amitom AB = AC.
analogiurad, EB = ED daD DF = FC.
maSasadame,
P∆AEF = AE + ED + DF + AF = AE + BE + FC + AF = AB + AC = 2AB = 20 (sm).
es amocana Seicavs davalebas, romlis Sesruleba moiTxovs sxvadasxva codnaTa

integrirebul gamoyenebas: wrewiris mxebis Tviseba (mxebisa da radiusis marTobu-
loba), marTkuTxa samkuTxedebis tolobis niSani, samkuTxedis perimetris Tviseba.
don’t copy 289

es amocana SeiZleba gamoviyenoT klasSi jgufuri muSaobis Catarebis dros,
roca gvsurs diferencirebuli swavleba. SeiZleba amocanis ganxilvaSi Cvenc
CaverToT (damxmare kiTxvebis dasmiT).
Semdegi gakveTilisTvis moswavleebs vavalebT proeqtuli davalebisa (refera-
tis momzadebas) da TviTSefasebis `testis~ Sesrulebas. amisTvis maT dasWirdebaT
monacemTa Segrovebisa da TvalsaCinod warmodgenis xerxebis, diagramebis analizis,
monacemTa Semajamebuli maxasiaTeblebisa da tolferda samkuTxedis Tvisebebis ga-
meoreba. sasurvelia, referati eleqtronuli formiT iyos warmodgenili.
148-e gakveTili
sakiTxebi: monacemTa warmodgenis xerxebi, monacemTa Semajamebeli ricxviTi

maxasiaTeblebi, samkuTxedis elementebi, tolferda samkuTxedis Tvisebebi, koor-
dinatebi sibrtyeze.
winare codna: samkuTxedis elementebi; monacemTa organizeba; monacemTa Sema-
jamebeli ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebi; tolferda samkuTxedis Tvisebebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos geometriuli figurebis amoc-
noba, maTi saxeobebis Sedareba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7); geometriuli obieqtebis war-
modgena amocanis konteqstis Sesabamisad (maT. sab. 4, 5, 6), koordinatTa meTodis
gamoyeneba.
moswavleebi warmoadgenen referatebs davalebuli proeqtebis Sesaxeb: mos-

wavles dasWirdeba internetiT informaciis moZiebis, svetovani diagramebis
analizis unaris gamovlena. moswavleebs mouwevT erTmaneTis naSromebis opon-
ireba. Semdeg isini isaubreben sakuTari codnis Semowmebis Sedegebze. Cveni
gulisxmieri damokidebuleba, maTTan TanamSromlobis gancda saSualebas aZlevs
maT, sworad aRiqvan TviTSefasebis testze maTi muSaobis Sedegebi, gaakeTon
aqcentebi jer kidev gaugebar sakiTxebze. Cven ki gveqneba saSualeba xarvezebis
aRmofxvris mizniT CavataroT damatebiTi muSaoba.
1.-5. amocanebi monacemTa Semajamebeli maxasiaTeblebis dadgenas exeba; moswav-

lem unda icodes saSualos, modis, diapazonis cnebebis Sinaarsi.
6.-11. amocanebiT moswavle amowmebs sakuTar codnas tolferda da tolgverda
samkuTxedis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb; tolferda samkuTxedSi wverodan gavlebuli simaR-
le da biseqtrisa erTmaneTs emTxveva; Tu samkuTxedi tolferdaa da ar aris tol-
gverda, maSin mas erTi simetriis RerZi aqvs.
8. vTqvaT, ABC samkuTxedSi AB = BC da K wertili AC fuZes

ekuTvnis, maSin AKB da BKC samkuTxedebs toli aqvs or-ori gver-
di (KB saerToa, AB = BC) da TiTo kuTxe _ ∠A = ∠C. Tu AK≠KC, es
samkuTxedebi toli ar aris. pasuxi: SeiZleba.
290
don’t copy
10. fuZe : ferdi = 1:3
fuZe : ferdi : ferdi = 1:3:3
ferdi _ 35 7 ⋅ 3 = 15 (sm).
11. romelia fuZe? samkuTxedis utolobis Semowmebis Semdeg davadgenT: fuZe 9,1
sm-ia.
12.-15. amocanebi SuamarTobis, erTi wertilidan gavlebuli marTobisa da daxri-

lis Tvisebebis gamoyenebiT ixsneba.
14. Tu AB udidesi gverdia, maSin misi mopirdapire ACB

kuTxea udidesi da is metia BAC kuTxeze (ABC kuTxezec).
15. am wertilidan Oy RerZamde manZili 7 erTeulia.

Oy RerZisadmi gavlebuli MO daxrilis sigrZe meti
unda iyos M-dan am RerZamde manZilze, 7-ze. amrigad,
MO≠6.
8.4. kuTxis biseqtrisis Tviseba
am paragrafis aqtivobebisa da Semajamebeli weris Sedegebis ganxilvas eTmoba


sakiTxebi: kuTxis biseqtrisa, kuTxis biseqtrisis Tviseba.
winare codna: kuTxe, samkuTxedi, kuTxis biseqtrisa,^ manZili wertilidan wr-
femde.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: geometriuli debulebebis dasabuTeba, geometriuli
amocanebis amoxsna samkuTxedTan dakavSirebuli cnebebisa da faqtebis gamoyenebiT
(maT. sab. 1,^2, 3, 7, 8, 9).
winare codna, romlis gaaqtiureba saWiroa axali codnis konstruirebisaTvis,

dakavSirebulia kuTxis biseqtrisisa da wertilidan wrfemde manZilis cnebebTan.
sakiTxis mravalmxrivi ganxilviT, moswavleTa SemoqmedebiTi CarTulobiT
unda mivaRwioT (iseve, rogorc sxva sakiTxebis SemTxvevaSi), rom swavla-swa-
vleba moicavdes codnis samive kategorias: deklaraciuls, procedurulsa da
pirobiseuls.
mivmarTavT moswavleebs kiTxvebiT. maT ar unda gauWirdeT pasuxebis gacema;
don’t copy 291

_ sibrtyis ra nawilia kuTxe? ras ewodeba kuTxis biseqtrisa? ras ewodeba wer-
tilidan wrfemde manZili? ra mimarTebaa wertilidan wrfemde manZilsa da am wer-
tilidan wrfisadmi gavlebul nebismier daxrilis sigrZes Soris?
Zalian mniSvnelovania monakveTis SuamarTobis Tvisebis Camoyalibeba da am
Tvisebis dasabuTeba. es Tviseba acxadebs wertilTa ori simravlis tolobas _
SuamarTobis, anu wrfis, romelic monakveTis Sua wertilze gadis da sibrtyis im
wertilTa simravlis, romlebic monakveTis boloebidan toladaa daSorebuli. Tu,
pirobiTad pirvel simravles aRvniSnavT A-Ti, meores _ B-Ti, maSin A = B tolobis
damtkiceba mimdinareobs Semdegi ori mimarTebis dasabuTebiT:
1) A⊂B: SuamarTobis yoveli wertili aris monakveTis boloebidan tolad daSo-
rebuli wertili;
2) B⊂A: monakveTis boloebidan tolad daSorebuli yoveli wertili aris Suama-
rTobis wertili.
aq ar gamoviyeneT wertilTa geometriuli adgilis cneba, radgan ukve gvaqvs
simravlis cneba da simravluri mimarTebebi. Cven ar varT winaaRmdegi, rom gamo-
viyenoT xolme es Zveli cneba. igi gvxvdeboda Zvel standartSic. monakveTis Sua-
marTobis Tvisebisa da am ori (urTierTSebrunebuli) debulebis ekvivalentobis
analogiurad ganvixilavT kuTxis biseqtrisis Tvisebis dasabuTebas. maswavlebelma
SeiZleba Cven mier zemoT miTiTebuli simravluri mimarTebebic gamoiyenos, rom
cxadi gaxdes orive debulebis dasabuTebis aucilebloba. amjerad A-s rolSi aris
biseqtrisis wertilTa simravle, B-s rolSi aris kuTxis gverdebidan tolad daSo-
rebuli wertilebis simravle da A = B toloba ori debulebis saxiT CamovayalibeT:
1. kuTxis biseqtrisis nebismieri wertili Tanabrad aris daSorebuli kuTxis
gverdebidan; anu, yoveli wertili, romelic ekuTvnis kuTxis biseqtrisas, Tanab-
rad aris daSorebuli kuTxis gverdebidan (ekuTvnis kuTxis gverdebidan Tanabrad
daSorebul wertilTa simravles).
2. nebismieri wertili, romelic ekuTvnis mocemul kuTxes da am kuTxis gverde-
bidan Tanabrad aris daSorebuli, mocemuli kuTxis biseqtrisas ekuTvnis.
orive winadadebis dasabuTeba mimdinareobs samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebis ga-
moyenebiT da igi unda Catardes moswavleebis aqtiuri monawileobiT. Cven SeiZleba
kiTxvebis saSualebiT `swor gzaze~ davayenoT:
_ AD sxivi CAB kuTxis biseqtrisaa, daasaxeleT toli
kuTxeebi. romeli monakveTebis tolobis dasabuTeba gvsurs? ra
ageba unda Sesruldes (unda vipovoT D-dan manZilebi gverdebam-
de, gavavloT DB da DC marTobebi da unda damtkicdes DC = DB).
_ romel samkuTxedebs ekuTvnis es monakveTebi?
_ ra aqvs toli am samkuTxedebs?
_ romeli niSnis Tanaxmadaa es samkuTxedebi toli?
_ samkuTxedebis tolobidan romeli monakveTebis toloba gamomdinareobs?
_ ra daskvnas vakeTebT?
analogiurad ganixileba meore winadadeba. amjerad marTkuTxa samkuTxedebs ka-
Teti da hipotenuza aqvs toli. es SemTxveva Cven wina mecadineobazec gavixseneT
(marTkuTxa samkuTxedebis toloba kaTetiTa da hipotenuziT).
292
don’t copy
aseTi erToblivi ganxilvis Semdgom sasurvelia mimarToT moswavleebs xe-
laxla, mxolod maTi CarTulobiT, daamtkicon es ori debuleba. waaxaliseT
isini am aqtivobis Casatareblad. amiT Tqven miaRwevT maTi codnis pirobiseul
kategorias.
rogorc xedavT, zogierT geometriul faqts (monakveTis SuamarTobis Tviseba,
kuTxis biseqtrisis Tviseba) vasabuTebT; zogierTs _ dasabuTebis gareSe, intuici-
iT, aRweris gamoyenebiT warmovadgenT (magaliTad, samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebi,
kaTeti da hipotenuziT marTkuTxa samkuTxedebis tolobis niSani).
amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom wina wlebTan SedarebiT me-7 klasis
Teoriuli masala Semcirebulia. Cven veTanxmebiT wliuri programebis sarekomen-
dacio CamonaTvals da samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebi wrfeTa paralelurobis niS-
nebTan erTad VIII klasSi gadagvaqvs.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi, `testebi~, klasSi da Sin Sesasrulebeli amocanebi sa-
Sualebas gvaZlevs yvela is aqtivoba CavataroT, romelic saWiroa Sefasebis ind-
ikatorebis moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad.
1 2
2 3
pirveli `testis~ pasuxi iZebneba pirveli winadadebis mixedviT (Tu wertili bis-
eqtrisas ekuTvnis, maSin am wertilidan gverdebamde manZilebi tolia); meore tes-
tisa _ meore winadadebis mixedviT (Tu wertili toli manZilebiTaa daSorebuli
kuTxis gverdebidan da kuTxes ekuTvnis, maSin es wertili biseqtrisazea).
3 kompleqsuri davalebaa, romlis Sesruleba sxvadasxva codnaTa integrire-

bul gamoyenebas moiTxovs. moswavleebi msjeloben, ganixilaven samkuTxedebs, iyene-
ben samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebs, kuTxis biseqtrisis Tvisebas da asabuTeben
samive debulebas.
ganvixiloT ∆BME da ∆BMF.
FM = EM (radiusebi tolia),
BE = BF (pirobis Tanaxmad), BM saerToa.
maSasadame, ∆BME = ∆BMF.
_ aris Tu ara MBF da NBE kuTxeebi tol sam-
kuTxedebSi toli gverdebis mopirdapire kuTxeebi?
am kiTxvaze dadebiT pasuxs mosdevs Semdegi debu
lebis dasabuTebaze gadasvla. ganvixiloT ∆BEK da ∆BFK.
analogiur msjelobas mosdevs daskvna: ∠KBF = ∠KBE. maSasadame, M, K da B wer-
tilebi erT sxivs ekuTvnis, es sxivi aris samkuTxedis biseqtrisa.
umjobesia, am ori debulebis dasabuTebisas sxvadasxva suraTi gamoviyenoT,
xolo imis Semdeg, rac dasabuTdeba, rom BK aris biseqtrisa da BM sxivic biseqtri-
saa, gakeTdes erTi naxazi da Camoyalibdes mesame debuleba. ar viCqaroT am amocanis
amoxsnisas. igi ukavSirdeba Semdegi mniSvnelovani indikatoris moTxovnas: moswav-
lem unda SeZlos geometriuli debulebis dasabuTeba samkuTxedebTan dakavSirebu-
don’t copy
li cnebebisa da faqtebis gamoyenebiT (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8,^9).
293
4AK da BD biseqtrisebia amitom M wertili toli
manZilebiTaa daSorebuli BC da AC gverdebidan (I wina-
dadeba). M wertili toli manZiliTaa daSorebuli C
kuTxis gverdebidan da am kuTxes ekuTvnis, amitom M wer-
tili C kuTxis biseqtrisas ekuTvnis (II winadadeba). aqve
SeiZleba miRebuli Sedegi asec CamovayaliboT: samkuTxedis samive biseqtrisa
erT wertilSi ikveTeba.
5B wertili toli manZilebiTaa daSorebuli kuTxis

gverdebidan; Tu B = (x; y), maSin x = y = –7.
6 B da C wertilebidan tolad daSorebuli wer-

tilebi BC monakveTis SuamarTobs ekuTvnis, am Suama-
rTobis biseqtrisasTan gadakveTis, D wertili akmayo-
filebs amocanis pirobas.
7 MK = MN,
OE aris MK-s SuamarTobi.
∆MON = ∆MOK (I niSani) amitom ON = OK, ∠N = ∠K.
O wertilidan gavavloT OF, romelic marTobulia MN-is.
∆OEK = ∆OFN (hipotenuziT da maxvili kuTxiT).
maSasadame, FN = EK = 12 MK = 12 MN.
6 da 7 amocanebi samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebis gamoyenebasTan aris dakav-

Sirebuli _ roca gvsurs raime monakveTebis, kuTxeebis toloba vaCvenoT, xSirad
xelsayrelia isini tol samkuTxedebs davukavSiroT.
1 2
2 1
3 D wertili kuTxis gverdebidan Tanabrad aris daSo-

rebuli (biseqtrisis Tviseba).
4 kuTxis gverdebidan Tanabrad daSorebuli M wertili am kuTxis biseqtri-

sazea. MB biseqtrisaa, ∠ABC = 400.
5 aqac biseqtrisis Tvisebas viyenebT.
6 III meoTxedis wertilis orive koordinati uaryofiTia, amasTanave, maTi

modulebi tolia (biseqtrisis Tviseba). amitom B wertilis ordinatic aris –5.
moswavleebs vucxadebT, rom Semdeg gakveTilze Catardeba Semajamebeli wera,
romlis Tema ukavSirdeba: monacemTa ricxviT maxasiaTeblebs, samkuTxedebis saxeeb-
sa da maT zogierT Tvisebas, monakveTis SuamarTobisa da kuTxis biseqtrisis Tvise-
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bebs, wrewiris qordasa da mxebs.
294
Tema: monacemTa Semajamebeli ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebi; samkuTxedis saxeebi

gverdebis mixedviT; tolferda samkuTxedi da misi Tvisebebi; monakveTis Suamar-
Tobis Tviseba; wrewiris qorda da mxebi; kuTxis biseqtrisis Tviseba.
mizani: moswavleTa mier gavlili masalis aTvisebis donis Semowmeba-Sefaseba;
moswavleTa saWiroebebis identifikacia da saswavlo gegmis Sesabamisi koreqcia. am
aqtivobebis, rogorc ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis instrumentebis aqtiuri gamoyeneba.
amocanebis nimuSebi
1. Tu monacemTa erTobliobaSi yoveli monacemi gaizrdeba 2-iT, maSin romeli

Sedegi ar iqneba swori?
a) saSualo gaizrdeba 2-iT
b) Tu moda arsebobs, is gaizrdeba 2-iT
g) diapazoni gaizrdeba 2-iT
d) diapazoni ucvleli darCeba.
2. aTkacian gundSi 20 wlis erTi moTamaSe Secvales 25 wlis moTamaSiT. saSualo

asaki gaizarda
a) 5 wliT b) 0,5 wliT g) 4,5 wliT d) 2 wliT.
3. tolferda samkuTxedis perimetri 42 sm-ia. misi gverdebi ise Seefardeba erT-

maneTs, rogorc 3:2:2. ipoveT am samkuTxedis ferdis sigrZe.
a) 12 sm b) 18 sm g) 24 sm d) 36 sm.
4. M(–6; 5) wertilidan sakoordinato RerZebamde manZilebis jamia

a) –1 b) 1 g) 11 d) 5,5.
5. ABC samkuTxedSi ∠B = 320. BC gverdis SuamarTobi AB gverds K wertilSi kveTs.

ipoveT BCK kuTxis gradusuli zoma.
a) 320 b) 160 g) 640 d) 1480.
6. Tu wrewiris radiusia 7 sm, maSin udidesi qordis sigrZea

a) 7 sm b) 3,5 sm g) 14 sm d) 10,5 sm.
amoxseniT amocanebi
7. ABC da AMC tolferda samkuTxedebia saerTo AC fuZiT. ABC samkuTxedis pe-

rimetri 94 sm-ia, AMC samkuTxedisa ki _ 56 sm.
daadgineT, ra kavSiria BC da AM gverdebis sigrZeebsa da AC gverdis sigrZes
Soris da ipoveT BC–AM.
don’t copy 295

8. AB da MC wrewiris mxebebia, M wertili AB mo-
nakveTzea. ipoveT AC monakveTis sigrZe, Tu AB mo-
nakveTis sigrZe 14 sm-ia, rac AMC samkuTxedis peri-
metris 23 -ia.
1 2 3 4 5 6
g b a g a g
7. pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
BC = (94–AC):2 = 47–0,5⋅AC
AM = (56–AC):2 = 28–0,5⋅AC
maSasadame, BC–AM = 47–0,5⋅AC–28 + 0,5⋅AC = 19 (sm).
8. gaviTvaliswinoT, rom MB = MC, rogorc M wertilidan gavlebuli mxebebi. ma-

Sin
CM + MA = AB = 14 sm. pirobiT,
(AC + CM + MA)⋅ 23 = 14
(AC + 14)⋅ 23 = 14
AC + 14 = 21, AC = 7 (sm).
Sefasebis rubrika
7. amocanis swori amoxsna Sefasdes 2 quliT. Tu moswavlem ver amoxsna amocana,

magram amoxsnis gzaze gadadga racionaluri nabi-
jebi, SeiZleba, gamoviyenoT nawilobrivi Sefasebac.
magaliTad, samkuTxedebis ganlagebis orive SesaZ-
lo SemTxvevis warmodgenisTvis SeiZleba daiweros
0,5 qula.
AM da BC gverdebis warmodgena AC gverdiT (Ti-
Toeulis) Sefasdes 0,5-0,5 quliT.
8. amocanis swori amoxsna Sefasdes 2 quliT. Tu moswavlem ver miiyvana amoxsna

bolomde, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT nawilobrivi Sefaseba. magaliTad, Tu SeniSna, rom
BM = MC, daiweros 0,5 qula; Tu mixvda, rom AMC samkuTxedis perimetria AC + 14 sm,
Sefasebaa 1 qula.
weris analizi
analizisas mivaqcioT yuradReba amocanebis Tematikis mravalferovnebasa da

integracias, rac sayuradRebo davalebad gvesaxeba moswavleebisTvis. Sedegebis
296
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swori analizi saSualebas mogvcems, Temebze muSaobis daskvniTi nawili ufro efe-
qturi gavxadoT.
Sedegebis garCevas, rogorc wesi, erT mecadineobas vuTmobT. Tumca, amjerad,
SesaZlebelia sarezervo gakveTilis gamoyenebac. es garCeva, upirvelesad, moswa-
vleTa aqtiuri, SemoqmedebiTi CarTulobiT unda warimarTos.
8.5. geometriuli amocanebi agebaze
am paragrafis Sesabamisi aqtivobebis, TviTSefasebis testis, VI Tavis Semajamebeli

amocanebisa da damatebiTi amocanebis ganxilvas eTmoba 153-e _ 159-e gakveTilebi

sakiTxebi: agebis umartivesi amocanebi: mocemuli samkuTxedis toli samkuTxe-
dis ageba, monakveTis SuamarTobis ageba, kuTxis biseqtrisis ageba.
winare codna: samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebi, monakveTis SuamarTobis Tviseba,
kuTxis biseqtrisis Tviseba.
amocnoba, maTi saxeobebis Sedareba da klasificireba (maT. sab. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7); geome-
triuli obieqtebis warmodgena amocanis konteqstis Sesabamisad (maT. sab. 4, 5, 6).
farglisa da saxazavis saSualebiT geometriuli figurebis agebis amocanebis

Tema saskolo maTematikis tradiciuli Temaa. `... maTematikis swavlebis procesSi
agebis amocanebis CarTva gamarTlebulia, radgan isini geometriuli figurebis
gacnobisa da amocanebis amoxsnebis gzebis Ziebis saqmeSi Zalian mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs~ ([31], gv. 26). miTiTebul saxelmZRvaneloSi cnobili maTematikosi
da meTodisti dierd poia did yuradRebas uTmobs geometriis agebebis Sesaxeb Te-
oriis gadmocemas. miuxedavad imisa, rom es Tema yovelTvis iyo saskolo maTema-
tikis programebSi, bevri maswavleblisTvis moulodneli aRmoCnda sasertifikacio
gamocdis bileTebSi agebaze amocanebis Sesaxeb sakiTxebis gamoCena.
Cven ganvixilavT mxolod martiv geometriul agebebs, romlebic gaTvaliswine-
bulia maTematikis standartis safuZvelze Sedgenil wliur programebSi da rom-
lebsac sarekomendacio saxe aqvs.
axali codnis konstruirebisaTvis aucilebelia saWiro winare codnis gaaqti-
ureba;
_ ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom ori samkuTxedi tolia? CamoayalibeT samkuTxe-
debis tolobis niSnebi.
_ ra SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom ori kuTxe tolia? kuTxeebis tolobis dasamt-
kiceblad rogor gamoviyenoT samkuTxedebis toloba? (Tu aRmoCnda, rom kuTxeebi
don’t copy 297

ekuTvnis tol samkuTxedebs da isini toli gverdebis mopirdapirea, maSin es kuTxee-
bi tolia).
_ ras ewodeba monakveTis SuamarTobi? CamoayalibeT SuamarTobis Tviseba. ra
debulebebs vasabuTebT SuamarTobis Tvisebis dasamtkiceblad?
_ ras ewodeba kuTxis biseqtrisa? CamoayalibeT kuTxis biseqtrisis Tviseba. ra
debulebebis dasabuTebaa saWiro kuTxis biseqtrisis Tvisebis dasamtkiceblad?
es sakiTxebi agebaze samive amocanas exeba. ar iqneba zedmeti, maT Sesaxeb codna
gakveTilis dasawyisSi gaaqtiurdes (agebaze yoveli amocanis ganxilvamde _ saTa-
nado codnis gaaqtiureba). winare codnis gaaqtiurebis procesi, romelic zemoT
CamoTvlil kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemiT mimdinareobs, ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis
ganxorcielebis saSualebasac iZleva.
amis Semdeg SeiZleba avxsnaT _ ras niSnavs farglisa da saxazavis saSulebiT
geometriuli agebis amocanis Sesruleba. am SemTxvevaSi dagvWirdeba Sesabamisi wi-
nare codnis gaaqtiureba: saxazaviT SeiZleba mocemul or wertilze erTi wrfis
gavleba, fargliT SeiZleba mocemuli radiusis wrewiris Semoxazva, mocemuli mo-
nakveTis toli monakveTis moniSvna-gadadeba.
pirveli amocana SeiZleba ganvixiloT saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemulisgan gansxva-
vebuli formiTac _ meti interaqtiulobis gamoyenebiT.
amiT viwyebT e.w. `strategiebis modelirebas~, romlis drosac erTad, `xmamaRla
vfiqrobT~ imaze, Tu rogor SevasruloT es aqtivoba.
_ mocemuli gvaqvs ABC samkuTxedi. unda avagoT misi toli A1B1C1 samkuTxedi.
ras niSnavs, rom DA1B1C1 toli unda iyos DABC-si? (unda gvqondes: AB = A1B1, BC = B1C1,
AC = A1C1, ∠A1 = ∠A, ∠B1 = ∠B, ∠C1 = ∠C).
_ saWiroa am eqvsive pirobis Sesruleba? xom ar aris sakmarisi am eqvsi piro-
bidan romelime 3 pirobis SesrulebiT eqvsive Sesruldes?
magaliTad, pirveli sami pirobis Sesruleba Tu aris sakmarisi?
_ modi, daviwyoT AC-s toli A1C1 monakveTis agebiT. rogor avagoT wrfeze AC-s
toli A1C1 monakveTi? (gadavzomoT fargliT).
_ axla gvsurs vipovoT iseTi B1 wertili, romlisTvisac Sesruldeba ori piro-
ba: A1B1 = AB, B1C1 = BC. rogor vipovoT B1 wertili? romel or wrewirs unda ekuTv-
nodes B1 wertili? (wrewirebs: centriT A1 da AB-s toli radiusiTa da centriT C1
da CB-s toli radiusiT).
Semdeg unda mivuTiToT _ samkuTxedebis tolobis romeli niSnis mixedviT aris
agebuli samkuTxedi _ mocemuli samkuTxedis toli.
unda aRiniSnos, rom es amocana Zalian sainteresod aris ganxiluli zemoT nax-
seneb saxelmZRvaneloSi ([31]). iq agebis Sesrulebis am meTods ewodeba wertilTa
geometriuli adgilis meTodi; B1 unda ekuTvnodes wertilTa geometriul adgils,
romlebic mocemuli manZiliTaa daSorebuli A1 wertilidan (wrewirs) da wertilTa
geometriul adgils, romlebic mocemuli manZiliTaa daSorebuli C1 wertilidan
(meore wrewiri); maSasadame, B1 am ori wrewiris gadakveTis wertili unda iyos. uyur-
adRebod ar datovoT sakiTxebi: yovelTvis ikveTeba Tu ara es wrewirebi? ramdeni
gadakveTis wertili SeiZleba hqondes am wrewirebs?
meore da mesame amocanebi interaqtiuli meTodiT aris gadmocemuli, amitom
SeiZleba saxelmZRvanelos teqstis mixedviT iyos ganxiluli.
298
don’t copy
sxvadasxvas (`s~) rubrikiT gadmocemulia sakiTxis mokle istoria. SeiZleba mov-
ifiqroT am sakiTxze proeqtuli davalebis micemac.
miTiTebebi, komentarebi
1 moswavlem unda imuSaos rveulSi. gamoiyenos fargali da saxazavi. gaavlos

wrfe, wrfeze orjer gadados a sigrZis monakveTi; Semdeg 2b da 2c sigrZis radi-
usebiani wrewirebis ageba dasWirdeba. amisTvis unda analogiurad aagos 2b da 2c
sigrZis monakveTebi.
2 aq moswavlem tolferda samkuxedis Tviseba unda gaixsenos: tolferda sam-

kuTxedSi wverodan gavlebuli simaRle, mediana da biseqtrisa erTi da igive mon-
akveTia.
avagoT B kuTxis BD biseqtrisa. aq moswavlem unda gaimeoros yvela is moqmedeba,

rac kuTxis biseqtrisis agebas sWirdeba. kuTxis biseqtrisis agebis Semdeg miviRebT
sxivs, romlis gadakveTis D wertili AC-sTan iqneba ABC kuTxis biseqtrisis meore
bolo. ABC samkuTxedSi BD simaRlecaa.
3 radgan 1 + 2 = 3, amitom samkuTxedi, romlis gverdebis sigrZeebi mocemuli Se-

fardebisaa, ar arsebobs (yoveli gverdi naklebi unda iyos danarCeni oris jamze).
Sesabamisad, aseTi samkuTxedis ageba SeuZlebelia.
4 es amocana 2 amocanis analogiurad ixsneba.
5 moswavlem dawvrilebiT unda warmoadginos kuTxis toli kuTxis agebis yve-

la safexuri.
1 moswavlem unda SeniSnos, rom 2 + 3 = 5 da imsjelos klasSi Sesrulebuli 3

amocanis amoxsnisas Catarebuli msjelobis analogiurad.
2 mocemuli monakveTis sigrZis monakveTi unda gamovsaxoT

wrfeze, miRebuli monakveTi aRvniSnoT AB-Ti. Semdeg dagvWirde-
ba ori erTnairradiusiani wrewiris gavleba, erTis centri unda
iyos A, meoris _ B, radiusi _ AB. wrewirebis gadakveTis C wer-
tili iqneba saZiebeli tolgverda samkuTxedis mesame wvero. aqve
SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom am gziT Cven, faqtobrivad, ori samkuTxe-
dis agebas SevZlebT: ABC da ABC1 samkuTxedebis.
3 - 4 amocanebis amoxsnisas moswavlem unda gaimeoros yvela msjeloba, ro-

melic agebis Catarebas sWirdeba.
5 mocemuli samkuTxedis toli samkuTxedis ageba zemoT ukve iyo ganxiluli.

axla unda vipovoT BC-s Sua wertili. amisTvis viyenebT SuamarTobis agebis amoca-
nas. aucilebelia, rom moswavlem dawvrilebiT ganixilos SuamarTobis agebis pro-
cedurisTvis saWiro yvela gza. SuamarTobis agebas mosdevs Sesabamisi monakveTis
Sua wertilis povnac. am wertilis A wertilTan SeerTebis Semdeg (am wertilsa da
A wertilze saxazavis saSualebiT gavavlebT wrfes) miviRebT medianas, romelic
gavlebuli wrfis nawilia _ A wertilidan BC-s Sua wertilamde.
don’t copy 299

6 am amocanis amoxsna moiTxovs sxvadasxva codnaTa integrirebul gamoyene-
bas (SuamarTobis ageba, medianis ageba, tolferda samkuTxedis Tvisebebi, tolfer-
da samkuTxedis ageba).
sasurvelia, rom ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi.
1) AB = BC 2) AB≠BC.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivad, B wverodan biseq-
trisis gavleba gviwevs. meore SemTxvevaSi, wina amocanis
analogiurad, vagebT BD medianas. BK simaRlis asage-
bad saWiroa, rom moswavlem moifiqros AB ferdis mqone
tolferda samkuTxedis ageba: B wertilidan AB-s toli
radiusiT SemovxazavT wrewirs. miviRebT BAA1 tolferda samkuTxeds. dagvWirdeba am
samkuTxedis ABA1 kuTxis biseqtrisis gavleba. es amocana araerTxel iyo ganxiluli.
maswavlebelma yuradRebiT unda miadevnos Tvali moswavleTa mier interne-
tresursebis gamoyenebiT Sesrulebuli agebis amocanebs _ martiv, magram ganmavi-
Tarebeli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan aqtivobebs, daexmaros moswavleebs miTiTeb-
iTa da komentarebiT.
sakiTxebi: monacemTa Semajamebeli ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebi, tolferda sam-

kuTxedis Tvisebebi, monakveTis SuamarTobisa da kuTxis biseqtrisebis Tvisebebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos maTematikuri obieqtebis gan-
sazRvrebebis, terminebis, aRniSvnebis, maTematikur debulebaTa koreqtulad gam-
oyeneba, amocanis Sinaarsis aRqma, amocanis monacemebisa da saZiebeli sidideebis
gaazreba-gamijvna (maT. sab. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7).
TviTSefasebis `testisa~ da Semajamebeli amocanebis gamoyenebiT mimdinareobs

Seswavlili sakiTxebis gameoreba da codnis ganmtkiceba, grZeldeba muSaoba Sefase-
bis indikatorebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebaze.
codnis gameorebis, gaRrmavebisa da ganmtkicebis procesi grZeldeba 2 gakveTi-
lis ganmavlobaSi. amocanebis nawili Sin sruldeba, danarCeni _ klasSi. mimdinare-
obs muSaoba VI TavSi ganxilul sakiTxebze. Semajamebeli amocanebis nawili kompleq-
sur davalebebs Seicavs da sxvadasxva codnaTa integrirebul gamoyenebas moiTxovs
(magaliTad, 2 , 3 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ).
(miTiTebebi, komentarebi)
1 68+x
7 = 11, x = 9.
aq SeiZleba daisvas damatebiTi kiTxvebi:
• SeiZleba Tu ara, rom x-is raime dadebiTi mniSvnelobisTvis saSualo iyos 9,5?
(ar SeiZleba).
• x-is nebismieri mTeli dadebiTi mniSvnelobisTvis ra umciresi mTeli ricxvi
SeiZleba iyos am ricxvebis saSualo? (10; im SemTxvevaSi, roca x = 2).
300
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a) saSualo _ 670
2
b) diapazoni _ 1000-450 = 550
g) moda – 450.
3 pirveli oTxi Sefasebis jami _ 36.

Svidi Sefasebis saSualo iqneba 9,5-ze meti, Tu darCenili sami Sefasebis jami
iqneba (7⋅9,5-36)-ze meti, anu 30,5-ze meti, rac SeuZlebelia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 10.
34,8:3 = 11,6 (sm).
4 5 ferdebis jami _ 28 sm
ferdi _ 14 sm.
gverdebi: 11,5x; 11,5x; x.

6 7 (24–8)⋅2 = 32 (sm)
23x + x = 24
x = 1 (sm) _ fuZe
11,5x = 11,5 (sm) _ ferdi.
7 , 8pasuxobs moTxovnebs: verbalurad aRwerili situaciis gamosaxva naxa-

ziT, saSualos codna.
8 gverdebi: x, x + 2, x + 4

saSualo x + 2 = 90
x = 88 sm.
9 9x–6x = 42 10 4x = 6,4
x =
14 x = 1,6
PABC = 6⋅14 = 84 (sm). 3x = 4,8 (sm).
4x–3x = 4,2
11
x = 4,2
3x = 12,6 (dm).
AC = 12 sm, CE = 10 sm

12
DE SuamarTobia, amitom AE = EC = 10 sm.
P∆AEC = 10 + 10 + 12 = 32 (sm).
13 A = (–4; 4)
aq saWiroa biseqtrisis Tvisebis, koordinatTa sistemis Sesaxeb codnaTa integ-
rirebuli gamoyeneba.
14 aq saWiroa biseqtrisis gansazRvrebis, biseqtrisis Tvisebis, samkuTxedis el-

ementebis Sesaxeb codnaTa integrirebuli gamoyeneba.
AD biseqtrisaa, ∠BAD = ∠DAC = 400, ∠BAC = 800.
15 ∆ABC = ∆NKM (marTkuTxa samkuTxedebis toloba kaTetiTa da hipotenuziT).

tol samkuTxedebSi toli gverdebis mopirdapire kuTxeebi tolia: ∠A = ∠N.
∆ACD = ∆NMP (marTkuTxa samkuTxedebis toloba kaTetiTa da maxvili kuTxiT).
amitom CD = MP.
don’t copy 301

amocanebi TviTSefasebisTvis
am amocanebis amoxsnisas moswavle afasebs sakuTar codnas ricxviTi monaceme-

bis maxasiaTebeli sidideebis, biseqtrisisa da SuamarTobis Tvisebebis codnisa da
gamoyenebis unaris Sesaxeb.
`testis~ Sedegebis detaluri, erToblivi ganxilvis Semdeg SeiZleba Cava-
taroT jgufuri muSaoba aRmoCenil xarvezebze muSaobis mizniT. es aqtivoba
karg instrumentad SeiZleba vaqcioT ganmaviTarebeli SefasebisTvis.
sakiTxebi: monacemTa Semajamebeli ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebi, tolferda sam-

kuTxedis Tvisebebi, monakveTis SuamarTobisa da biseqtrisis Tviseba, pirdapirpro-
porciuli damokidebuleba, proporcia, moqmedebebi simravleebze.
Sefasebis indikatorebi: moswavles SeuZlia geometriuli obieqtebis warmod-
gena amocanis konteqstis mixedviT, amocanebis amoxsna samkuTxedebTan dakavSire-
buli cnebebisa da faqtebis gamoyenebiT, raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi monacemebis
analizi Semajamebeli ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebis saSualebiT (maT. sab. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9);
zomis erTeulebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba (maT. sab. 7).
damatebiTi amocanebis gamoyenebiT vimeorebT VII klasSi gavlil masalas, vemza-

debiT daskvniTi Semajamebeli werisTvis.
aq warmovadgenT komentarebs, miTiTebebs damatebiTi amocanebis amoxsnisTvis.
1amocana dakavSirebulia ricxvebze moqmedebis gaazrebasa da am moqmedebis

Sesabamisi wrfivi gantolebis amoxsnasTan.
moswavlem unda SeZlos, ganazogados da gamoiyenos mis mier SeZenili codna
ricxvebs Soris moqmedebebsa da maT gamoyenebebze, asoiTi gamosaxulebis ricxviTi
mniSvnelobis povnaze. radgan a*b = a2 + (b–1), amitom 3*2 = 9 + (2–1) = 10.
(–3)*(–5) = 9 + (–5–1) = 3
3*x = 10 ase gadaiwereba:
32 + (x–1) = 10
x–1 = 1
x = 2.
2 moswavlem unda SeZlos siCqaris erTeulebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba:
SeiZleba vimsjeloT:
60 km/sT niSnavs 1 saaTSi 60 km-is gavlas, 1 saaTSi 60⋅1000 metris gavlas, 1 wm-Si
60⋅1000 m-is gavlas; 60 ⋅ 5 = 50 ; 60 km/sT = 50 m/wm = 16 2 m/wm.
3600 18 3 3 3
15 km/wT = 15⋅60 km/sT = 900 km/sT

8 m/wm = 8⋅ 3600
1000 km/sT = 8⋅3,6 km/sT = 28,8 km/sT.
302
don’t copy
3
wina _ 2 amocanaSi warmodgenili Sedegis gaTvaliswinebiT viRebT:
1 km/sT _ 5/18 m/wm
9 km/sT _ x
5 = 2,5
x = 9⋅ 18 (m/wm).
4
zemoT, 2 amocanaSi warmodgenili Sedegis gaTvaliswinebiT vRebulobT:
1 m/wm _ 3,6 km/sT
12 m/wm _ x
x = 12⋅3,6 = 43,2 (km/sT).
5 ricxvis dayofa proporciul nawilebad. gamoviyenoT `zepiri angariSis~ xe-

rxi.
x m3 narevis 0,4 nawili narCenebia, 0,6 nawili _ betoni.
x⋅0,6 = 840
x = 1400 (m3).
cementi _ 14005 = 280 m ;
3
sila _ 14005 ⋅2 = 560 (m )

3
RorRi _ 1400 5 ⋅2 = 560 (m ).

3
6 a:b = 5:7 a:b = 20:28
b:c = 4:5 b:c = 28:35
a:b:c = 20:28:35.
7 I:II = 5:6 I:II = 10:12
II:III = 4:9 II:III = 12:27
I dRe: 1470
49 ⋅10 = 300;
II dRe: 1470
49 ⋅12 = 360;
III dRe: 1470
49 ⋅27 = 810. 8
1800 ⋅2 = 40,
9
1800 ⋅7 = 1400.
9
a) 10
9 5 ⋅4 = 8 (kg) (spilenZi I-Si)
16
b) 4 ⋅3 = 12 (kg) (TuTia, II-Si)
g) I-Si TuTia: 10–8 = 2 (kg), II-Si spilenZi: 16–12 = 4 (kg).
8+4+x 3
2+12 = 2
saidanac, 24 + 2x = 42
2x = 18
x = 9.
10 SevadgenT proporcias da amovxsniT (miaxloebiT)

510 000 000 _ 100%
150 000 000 _ P% P% = 15 5
51 ⋅100% = 17 ⋅100% = 29,4%.
don’t copy 303

11 a = 0,3b
a) ba = 10
3
3
b) ab = 10 g) a+b b 10 13
a =1+ a =1+ 3 = 3 d) a+b = 13 .
b 10
12 6 sT _ 15% radgan darCa 85% da sabolood unda darCes

x _ 50% 35%, amitom asaRebi yofila 50%.
x = 50⋅6
15 = 20 (sT).
13 1,2-jer met baraTs sWirdeba 1,2-jer meti qaRaldi _ 14,4⋅1,2 = 17,28 kg; 18 kg

sakmarisi iqneba.
14 rveulebi _ 40
gayiduli nivTebi _ 150
40 ⋅100%≈26,7%
a) 150 30 ⋅100% = 20%
b) 150
g) 20
50 ⋅100% = 40% d) 50
90 ⋅100%≈55,6%.
15 simravleebi warmovadginoT venis diagramiT:
orive enas: 85% + 40%–100% = 25%. 150
skolaSi swavlobs: 600 moswavle (150 aris 600-is 25%)

45%
mxolod rusuls swavlobs 600⋅40
85%
100 –150 = 90 moswavle. inglisuri
rusuli
16 marcvleuli _ 100%-(20% + 45%) = 35%
bostneuli 45% _ 4,8 t
marcvleuli 35% _ 35⋅4,8
45 ≈ 3,7 (t)
xili 20% _ 20⋅4,8
45 ≈ 2,1 t.
17 am SemTxvevaSi gavlili manZili siCqaris pirdapirproporciulia; maTi Se-

fardeba warmoadgens moZraobis dros: vTqvaT, siCqare iyo x km/sT, manZili _ 5x km.
5x+30 = 5(x+6) = x + 6.
5 5
siCqare unda iyos 6 km/sT-iT meti.
18 AOB tolferda samkuTxedia, OK simaRlea, OK medianac

iqneba. AK = KB. es Sedegi AOK da BOK marTkuTxa samkuTxedebis
tolobidanac gamomdinareobs.
19 amoixsneba wina amocanis analogiurad _ AOB tolferda

samkuTxedis OK mediana aris simaRlec.
20 centrze gavavloT raime wrfe, miviRebT AB diametrs,

O wertili misi Sua wertilia. gavavloT AB-s SuamarTobi, mi-
viRebT meore CD diametrs. SuamarTobis Tvisebis Tanaxmad,
AD = DB = AC = CB; e. i. ACBD oTxkuTxedi rombia. (oTxkuTxedebis
Tvisebebis Seswavlis kvalobaze moswavleebi Semdgom daadgenen,
rom es rombi kvadratia da SeuZlebelia kvadratisgan gansxvave-
don’t copy
buli rombis Caxazva wrewirSi).
304
Tema: monacemTa Semajamebeli ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebi; tolferda samkuTxedis

Tvisebebi; monakveTis SuamarTobis Tviseba; kuTxis biseqtrisis Tviseba; geometri-
uli agebebi.
mizani: moswavleTa mier gavlili masalis aTvisebis donis Semowmeba-Sefaseba; we-
ris Sedegebis sajaro ganxilviT ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis gamokveTa; moswavleTa
saWiroebebis identifikacia da saswavlo wlis Semajamebeli etapis gegmis koreqcia.
amocanebis nimuSebi
SearCieT swori pasuxi
1. cnobilia, rom 42,4; 36,6; x; 72,4 monacemTa erTobliobis modaa 36,6. ipoveT am
erTobliobis saSualo.
a) 42 b) 66 g) 47 d) 72.
2. tolferda samkuTxedis fuZe perimetris mexuTedia da ferdze 18,21 sm-iT mok-

lea. ipoveT am samkuTxedis gverdebis saSualo sigrZe.
a) 6,07 sm b) 30,35 sm g) 12,14 sm
d) gverdebis saSualo sigrZis dadgena SeuZlebelia.
3. ABC samkuTxedis BC gverdis SuamarTobi AC gverds D wertilSi kveTs.

∠BCA = 280. ipoveT ∠BDC.
a) 560 b) 840 g) 1520 d) 1240.
4. EF aris MNK samkuTxedis NK gverdis SuamarTobi.

PNFK = 72 sm, PEFK = 48 sm. ipoveT EF monakveTis sigrZe.
a) 12 sm b) 16 sm g) 20 sm
d) EF monakveTis sigrZis dadgena SeuZlebelia.
5. vTqvaT, AB monakveTis boloebidan, rogorc centrebidan, Semoxazuli ori

toli wrewiri ikveTeba M da N wertilebSi. maSin araa swori, rom
a) AMB da ANB samkuTxedebi tolia
b) AMB samkuTxedi aucileblad tolferdaa
g) MBN samkuTxedi aucileblad tolgverdaa
d) MN wrfe AB monakveTis SuamarTobia.
6. vTqvaT, BAC kuTxea da AB = AC. Tu B da C wertilebidan, rogorc centrebidan,

Semoxazuli toli wrewirebi erTmaneTs D wertilSi exeba, maSin aucileblad
a) AD sxivi BAC kuTxis biseqtrisaa
b) ABD samkuTxedi tolferdaa
g) ABC samkuTxedi tolgverdaa maSinac ki, roca ∠BAC≠600.
d) AD monakveTis sigrZe A-dan BC wrfemde manZilis gaorkecebulia.
don’t copy 305

amoxseniT amocanebi
7. A da O sakoordinato sibrtyis wertilebia, A(-5; 5) da O(0; 0). ipoveT OA mon-

akveTis SuamarTobis ordinatTa RerZTan gadakveTis wertilis koordinatebi (pa-
suxi axseniT).
8. ABC tolferda samkuTxedia. BAC kuTxis mosazRvre kuTxe 1300-ia. ipoveT ABC
kuTxis zoma (ganixileT SesaZlo SemTxvevebi).
1 2 3 4 5 6
g b d a g a
7. A wertili Tanabrad aris daSorebuli sakoordinato Re-

rZebidan (|5| = |–5|); maSasadame, OA sxivi II meoTxedis biseqtri-
saa da ordinatTa RerZTan 450-ian kuTxes qmnis. Tu saZiebeli
wertilia D, maSin ∠DOA = ∠DAO = 450, Sesabamisad, ∠ADO = 900. A
wertilidan ordinatTa RerZze daSvebuli marTobi ki RerZs
(0; 5) wertilSi kveTs. pasuxi: (0; 5).
es amocana SeiZleba asec amoixsnas: B(–5; 0) wertili Tanabradaa daSorebuli A
da O wertilebidan. amitom is AO monakveTis SuamarTobzea. meore mxriv ∠ABO = 900,
AB = BO, amitom ∠BAO = ∠AOB = 450, maSin ∠CBO = 450. amrigad, BC SuamarTobis saZiebe-
li D wertili warmoadgens DOB marTkuTxa samkuTxedis wveros. maSin ∠BDO = 450 da
DO = OB. miviReT, rom D wertili aris (5; 0) wertili.
8. pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ∠BAC = 1800–1300 = 500, Sesa-

Zlebelia ori SemTxveva _ an ∠BAC tolferda samkuTxedis
ferdebs Soris kuTxea, an _ ferdsa da fuZes Soris kuTxea:
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, ∠ABC = ∠ACB = (1800–500):2 = 650.
meore SemTxvevaSi, samkuTxedis danarCeni kuTxeebis

(A-s garda) zomebia 500 da 1800-(500 + 500) = 800. amasTanave,
∠ABC-s zoma SeiZleba iyos rogorc erTi, ise meorec:
pasuxi: ∠ABC-s SesaZlo zomebia 500, 650 an 800.
Sefasebis sqema:
7. Tu moswavlem aago naxazi da gaavlo OA monakveTis SuamarTobi an SeniSna,
rom OA sxivi II meoTxedis biseqtrisaa, Sesabamisad, A, O da gadakveTis wertili
marTkuTxa samkuTxedis wveroebia, Sefasebaa 1-1,5 qula; aseve 1-1,5 quliT Sefasdeba
naxazis ageba da BDO samkuTxedis kvleva. amocanis amoxsnaSi iwereba maqsimaluri 2
qula mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moswavle miuTiTebs swor pasuxs da daasabuTebs
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mas.
306
8. Tu moswavlem warmoadgina yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevis Sesabamisi suraTi, magram
ver ipova B kuTxis gradusuli zomebi an ipova SesaZlo mniSvnelobebis mxolod naw-
ili, Sefasebaa 1 qula, an 1,5 qula. maqsimaluri Sefaseba 2 qula daiwereba mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miRebuli da dasabuTebulia samive SesaZlo SemTxveva.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom es saswavlo wlis daskvniTi Semajamebeli weraa. Sesa-

bamisad, moswavleTa problemebis zusti identifikacia, weris Sedegebis sajaro
ganxilva, saSualebas mogcemT, saswavlo wlis bolo gameorebisTvis gankuTvni-
li gakveTilebi ufro efeqtianad dagegmoT da CaataroT.
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maTematikuri terminebis leqsikoni da maTematikuri niSnebi
maTematikis saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnisa da Sefasebisadmi miZRvnil literatura-

Si (ix., mag., [36]) miTiTebulia, rom maTematikuri terminebis leqsikoni moswavlis
saxelmZRvanelos aucilebeli nawili unda iyos. Cven viziarebT am Tvalsazriss da
ZiriTadi cnebebis mokle gansazRvrebebi wigns boloSi davurTeT.
cxadia, Cveni leqsikoni mxolod im terminebs moicavs, romelic VII klasis maTe-
matikis saxelmZRvaneloSia gamoyenebuli. ufro farTo leqsikonebisTvis maswavle-
bels Cven mier citirebul literturaSi miTiTebul wignebs vurCevT.
saxelmZRvaneloSi calke gamovyaviT gamoyenebuli maTematikuri niSnebis Camo-
naTvali saTanado ganmartebebiT.
axali maTematikuri cnebebis Seswavlisas, maswavlebelma unda Seaxsenos xolme
moswavleebs saxelmZRvaneloSi maTematikuri leqsikonis arseboba. es maSinac SeiZ-
leba, roca axali masalis axsnisas ukve Seswavlili cneba an maTematikuri niSani
gvxvdeba _ wina gverdebze Sesabamisi adgilis Zebnis magivrad SeiZleba sagnobri-
vi saZiebeli gamoviyenoT. aq maTi povna gacilebiT advilia. leqsikonSi mocemuli
zogierTi gansazRvreba SeiZleba wignSi Sesabamisi teqstis zusti gameoreba arc ki
iyos. moswavleebi amiTac eCvevian Sinaarsis Seucvlelad erTi da imave gansazRvre-
bis sxvadasxvanairad gamoTqmas.
308
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literatura
1. a. benduqiZe. maTematika, seriozuli da saxaliso, Tbilisi, 1988.

2. T. gegelia. maTematikis specialuri kursi, Tbilisi, ganaTleba, 1985.
3. T. gegelia. saskolo maTematikis fundamenturi cnebebi. Tbilisi, 1985.
4. g. gogiSvili, T. vefxvaZe. maTematikis swavlebis reforma da misaRebi gamoc-
debi. fizika da maTematika skolaSi, 1977, #4.
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6. T. vefxvaZe. maematikis rCeuli Tavebi. I naw., Tbilisi, 1997.
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8. r. kuranti, h. robinsi. ra aris maTematika. Targmani rusuli gamocemidan,
Tbilisi, 1961.
9. h. melaZe, n. sxirtlaZe. gamoyenebiTi maTematikis sawyisebi, Tbilisi, 2000.
10. axali erovnuli saswavlo gegma (dawyebiTi da sabazo safexuri), 2018-2024.
11. S. fxakaZe. gantolebaTa Teoriis zogierTi sakiTxi, Tbilisi, 1974.
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математика в школе, 1968, №1.
15. Б. В. Гнеденко. Из истории науки о случайном, «Знание», 1978, №6.
16. Диофант, Арифметика, Москва, 1975.
17. В. А. Добровольский. Даламбер. «Знание», Москва, 1968.
18. Евклид. Начала. Москва, 1950.
19. М. Клайн. Математика. Поиск истины. Москва, 1988.
20. Ф. Клайн. Элементарная математика с точки зрения высшей, т. 1, т. 2, 1972.
21. А. Н. Колмогоров. Математика наука и профессия, Москва, 1968.
22. Ю. А. Макаренков, А. А. Столяр. Что такое алгоритм, Минск, 1989.
23. Математика в понятиях, определениях и терминах, т. 1, 2. Москва, 1978.
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25. Методика преподавания математики в средней школе, Москва, 1977.
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28. Ж. Пиaже и др. Преподавание математики, пер. с франц. Москва, 1960.
29. Д. Пойа. Математика и правдоподобные рассуждения, пер. с англ., Москва, 1975.
30. Д. Пойа. Как решить задачу. Перв. с анг., Москва, 1963.
31. Д. Пойа. Математическое открытие, Пер. с англ., Москва, 1976.
32. Д. Пидоу. Геометрия и искусство, Москва, 1960.
33. А. В. Погорелов. Геометрия 7-11. Москва, 1990.
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34. А. Пуанкаре. О науке, Москва, 1963.
35. В. Серве. Аксиоматики и элементарная геометрия. Мат. в школе, №6, 1967.
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участии Кристиан Боснан и др., Москва, 1993.
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38. Г. Фройденталь. Математика как педагогическая задача, Москва, ч. 1. 1982, ч. II, 1983.
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43. K. Rosen, Elementary Number Theory and its Applications, Reading (Mass.). Addision Wesley,
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47. Middle Grades, Mathematics an Interactive Approach. Printed in the USA, 1995.
48. Precalculus. Larson/Hostetler. Printed in the USA. 1996.
damatebiTi beWduri da eleqtronuli resursebi
saswavlo procesSi did daxmarebas gagiwevT beWduri da eleqtronuli resurse-

bi:
1. rogor vaswavloT moswavleebs azrovneba, meTodologiuri saxelmZRvanelo,
Tbilisi, 2007
2. ekaterine korZaZe, `maTematikuri wigniereba~, samoqalaqo ganviTarebis ins-
tituti, Tbilisi, 2012
3. terminologiuri leqsikoni, www.ncp.ge (erovnuli saswavlo gegmebis porta-
li).
4. `maTematika~, samecniero-popularuli Jurnali, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba-
Ta fakulteti, samecniero-kvleviTi instituti maTematikur ganaTlebaSi,
(Jurnalis ufasod miReba SeiZleba misamarTze, Tsu, XI korpusi, 206 oTaxi).
5. giorgi nozaZe, moswavleTa saWiroebani da miznebi maTematikis swavlis dros,
13 marti, 2017 weli, www.mastsavlebeli.ge.
6. www.silkschool.ge. `saSinao skola~, gakveTilebi, maTematika, VI da VII klasebi.
7. Robert J. Marzano, Debra T. Pickering, Jane E. Pollock. Classrom Instruction That Works:
Research-Based Strategies for Increasing Student Achievement, ASCD, USA, 2003. (arsebobs
am wignis qarTuli Targmanic: robert j. marzano, debra j. fiqeringi, jein i.
foloqi. efeqturi swavleba skolaSi. maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTare-
bis centri, 2009).
8. internetresursi geogebra.org
9. internetresursi desmos.com
310
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boloTqma
originaluri saxelmZRvanelos Seqmna rTuli da xangrZlivi procesia. Cven eqs

pertebTan erTad vmonawileobdiT 2018-2024 wlebis wliuri saswavlo gegmebisa da
standartis SedgenaSi; axali, meore Taobis kurikulumebze muSaobaSi. amitom kar-
gad vicnobT im ZiriTad moTxovnebsa da gamowvevebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia ax-
ali standartis danergvasTan. ZiriTadi problema, romelsac Cven viziarebT, aris
is, rom swavla-swavleba damaxsovrebaze ki ar unda iyos orientirebuli, aramed
naswavlis siRrmiseul gaazrebasa da praqtikaSi gamoyenebis unarebis ganviTarebaze.
axali moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, Cven warmovadgineT sruliad axali, mravalfero-
vani davalebebiT aRWurvili saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic amocanebis amoxsna swav-
lebis, unarebis ganviTarebis saSualebaa da ara Seswavlis sagani.
imeds gamovTqvamT, rom es wigni sasargeblo rekomendaciebs miawvdis maswavle
bels swavla-swavlebis uaRresad mniSvnelovan da rTul sakiTxebSi.
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guram gogiSvili, Teimuraz vefxvaZe

ia mebonia, lamara qurCiSvili

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturisa

redaqtori Teimuraz vefxvaZe

damkabadonebeli viola tuRuSi

teqstis amkrefi marTa wiklauri

saxelmZRvanelo agebulia sabazo safexuris 2018-2024 wlebis standartisa da

zogadi informacia saxelmZRvanelos Sesaxeb

saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarss gansazRvravs rogorc praqtikuli moTxovnebi, aseve

maswavlebelis wignis mokle mimoxilva 7

I Tavi. gameoreba. geometriuli figurebi

1.1. arapoziciuri sistemebi. Zveli qarTuli numeracia. 21

II Tavi. racionaluri ricxvebi. monacemTa analizi da statistika.

2.1. mTeli ricxvebi 82

III Tavi. cvladiani gamosaxuleba

3.1. cvladiani gamosaxuleba. cvladiani gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobis povna 130

4.1. mravalwevris mamravleblad daSla 148

V Tavi. amocanebis amoxsnis xerxebi.

5.1. amocanebis amoxsna gantolebis saSualebiT 170

VI Tavi. sidideebs Soris damokidebulebebi

6.1. Sefardeba 219

VII Tavi. samkuTxedebis tolobis niSnebi. procenti

7.1. samkuTxedi. samkuTxedis saxeebi kuTxeebis mixedviT 238

Tavi VIII. statistikis elementebi. geometriuli amocanebi

8.1. monacemTa Semajamebeli ricxviTi maxasiaTeblebi 277

maTematikuri terminebis leqsikoni da maTematikuri niSnebi 308

maswavlebelis wignis mokle mimoxilva

maswavlebelis wigni Seicavs meTodikur rekomendaciebs maTematikis 2018-2024

maTematikis swavlebis miznebi; miznebis, standartis

sabazo safexuris standarti, romlis mixedviTac aris Cveni saxelmZRvanelo

maswavlebeli kargad unda icnobdes 2018-2024 wlebisTvis gankuTvnil standart-

standartis Sedegebis miRwevisa da Sinaarsis urTierTkavSiris matrica

miznebi: Sinaarsis gardaqmna miznad; stand-

mTel ricxvebze moqmedebebis sxvadasxva xerx-

naturalurmaCvenebeliani xarisxis praqtiku-

samizne asakis Taviseburebebi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos maTe-

maTematikuri kvlevis meTodebi _ dakvirveba, cda, Sedareba, analizi da sin-

ganmsazRvreli da ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebebi. skolaSi gamoiyeneba ori tipis

informacia moswavlis saxelmZRvanelos Sesaxeb. saxelmZRvanelo moswavlis

waikiTxeT es rCevebi da gaecaniT specialuri simboloebis daniSnulebas.

saxelmZRvanelos TiToeuli Tavi masSi mocemuli ma-

es simbolo klasSi amosaxsneli amocanebis ganxilvis

es simbolo Sin muSaobisTvis gankuTvnil amocanebs

am simbolos mosdevs amocanebi, romelTa amosaxsnelad

es simbolo axlavs davalebebs, romelTa Sesruleba

SemogTavazebT jgufuri muSaobis proeqtebs, rom-

teqstis ukeT gagebis mizniT saWirod CavTvaleT zo-

am simboloTi drodadro SegaxsenebT, rom yvela amo-

cana unda amoixsnas rveulSi. wignSi Canawerebi ar

me-7 klasis saxelmZRvanelo Seqmnilia erovnuli saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebis

(2) mTeli ricxvebi (5) arauaryofiTi racionaluri

(3) racionaluri ricxvebi (6) arauaryofiTi namdvili

(4) algebruli ricxvebi (7) namdvili ricxvebi

(8) kompleqsuri ricxvebi

algebris TvalsazrisiT ganzogadebis bunebrivi gza aseTia:

Cveni rekomendaciiT am paragrafSi warmodgenili masalis damuSavebas, Teori-

1-li da me-2 gakveTilebi

Tema: ricxvebi da maTi gamoyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da mecnierebis sxva

maswavleblebs kargad moexsenebaT, rom saswavlo procesisTvis mzadebis zoga-

1) saswavlo wlis dawyebamde Catarebul muSaobas, 2) gakveTilebis sistemis gaa-

Tema: ricxvebi da maTi gamoyeneba.

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli mravalferovani davalebebidan proeqtze muSaoba

amasTanave, 4 amocanaze pasuxis gacemis Semdeg SeiZleba saubari gavagrZe-