Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION III-CENTRAL LUZON

SPAQuarter
MEDIA ARTS
1 - Module 1 7
Elements and Principles of Arts
(Week 1 & 2)

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 DISCLAIMER

The Department of Education (DepEd) Region III confronts educational issues and challenges
brought about by COVID-19 as it moves forward through Learning Continuity Plan (LCP) with
“Sulong Edukalidad” battle cry.

LCP is DepEd Region III’s response to health, well-being, and other safety protocols for learners,
teachers, and personnel in ensuring that education progresses through appropriate modes of
learning amidst pandemic where no one is spared.

As DepEd Region III embraces blended learning as main mode of learning, the modular
approach promises to be as an efficient and effective modality that students and teachers can
make use of.

Under DepEd's printed modular learning system, students shall be provided with self-learning
materials (SLMs) for all subject areas per quarter, while not discounting online, radio, television
and broadcast media as other suitable learning and teaching modalities as options.

While quality assured Self-Directed Learning Modules for Special Programs in the Arts (SPA) are
yet to release from the DepEd Central Office, DepEd RO III has taken the initiative to develop
contextualized SPA Modules.

The Curriculum and Learning Management Division (CLMD), through education supervisors,
select writers from SPA implementers across Schools Division Offices of Region III, sought
technical help and support from National Commission for Culture and Arts (NCCA) artists and
experts to develop, validate, and finalize contextualized SPA modules for Region III learners.

The forgoing module is one of the several outputs of the Webinars in the Development of
Contextualized Instructional Guides/Videos and Supplementary Learning Resources for Special
Program in the Arts (SPA) on September 28-30 and October 1, 2020 and the Online Workshop
on the Validation and Finalization of the Contextualized Self-Directed Modules for Special
Program in the Arts (SPA) on November 23-27, 2021.

Said modules are developed based on the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs)
identified by DepEd. Select SPA coordinators and writers led the writing of the modules that went
beyond schedules of said webinars. It is also noteworthy to mention that the NCCA experts and
artists went out of their time and busy schedules just to extend technical support to validate and
quality assure the said modules.

Should there be any mistake, error, misrepresentation found in the foregoing module,
suggestions for corrections and improvements are welcome gestures. The public is ensured of an
immediate and prompt action to correct such errors and inform those areas affected.

This contextualized module implores the Fair Use Policy as it is intended for education use and
not for any commercial purpose or intent; hence, the sources are properly quoted, mentioned and
referred to in this material for copyright and credit reference.

Parents, guardians, and those who wish to help improve this material or those who believe that
any part of the module appeared infringed or was used in any authorized manner and not
properly referred to may contact CLMD via region3@deped.gov.ph.

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 Module Development Team
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Head/Lead Writers: Rogelio O. Ladiero
Bernabe S. Castillo

SPA Writers/Authors: Celso Q. Alcantara Jr.

Content Editors & NCCA Evaluators/Validators:

Jag Antonio Garcia
Imee Ramos-Garcia

English Critics/Editors: Mailyn Dela Cruz EdD (Local)

Daiza Mae G. Pimentel

SPA MEDIA ARTS Rachelle Pecson-Musngi

Illustrator: Quarter 1
Celso Q. Alcantara Jr.

Elements andRogelio
Layout Artist:
Principles
O. Ladiero
of Arts
Management Team:

Regional Director: (Week 1&

May Batenga-Eclar, PhD,2)
CESO III

Asst. Regional Director: Rhoda T. Razon, EdD, CESO V

CLMD Chief: Librada M. Rubio, PhD

Regional Supervisor (SPA): Engelbert B. Agunday, EdD

Department of Education Region III Office – Central Luzon

Office Address: Matalino St., D. M. Government

Center, Maimpis,

City of San Fernando, Pampanga

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 Elements and Principles of
Arts
LESSON
LESSON

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OBJECTIVES:

● A. Content Standards

- Demonstrate understanding of Art as portrayed by Filipino Artists in their

works through visual communication.

● B. Performance Standards

- Creates *electronic visual presentations showing appreciation of art works of

the Filipino artists as reflective of the Filipino culture.

● C. Most Essential Learning Competencies

1. Defines the meaning of Art, elements, principles, its significance and uses.
2. Relates popular works of Filipino artists with current events and realities.

REVIEW:
How many elements and principles of art do you see in each images below?

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INITIAL TASK:
CAN YOU DRAW OR PAINT?

 Directions: Create a poster for a local festival using natural materials that you have at home
and
try some of these homemade draw/paint options:

● Painting with Coffee

● Fruit and Vegetable Paint
● Paint Made with Spices
● Food Coloring Watercolors

INTRODUCTION:
What is Art?

Art has no universally recognized or accepted definition. Before we define it, let us first
identify the different names and phrases which have been developed to describe its various
forms; a.) Fine Arts; b.) Liberal Arts; c.) Visual Arts; d.) Decorative Arts; e.) Applied Arts; f.)
Design; g.) Crafts; and h.) Performing Arts.

Art has many classifications and labels based on the materials used to like, drawing,
painting, sculpture, glass art, metal art, illuminated gospel manuscripts, aerosol art, fine art
photography, and animation. Its categories vary which may include painting in oils, watercolors,
acrylics, sculpture in bronze, stone, wood, and porcelain. Another genre of art also includes
narrative, portrait, genre-works, landscape, and still life.

Furthermore, a new form of art has occurred during the 20th century, such as assemblage,
conceptualism, collage, earthworks, installation, graffiti, and video, as well as the broad
conceptualist movement which disputes the fundamental value of an objective work of art.

It is also important to know that the definition of art is limited by era and culture have
given the fact that it reflects and belongs to the period and culture from which it is created. For
example, the pre-historic murals like stone cave painting, and tribal arts that show their everyday
life experiences.

The idea of art as an imitation, that dominated throughout centuries of art history, dates to
ancient Greece. But for Aristotle art is not mere copying, it represents not the outward
appearance of things, but their inward significance. At the beginning of the 19th century, the idea
of art as an imitation started to fade away and much greater emphasis was placed on the
expression of the artist’s emotions.

The earliest classical definition of art is derived from the Latin word ars which means
"skill" or "craft". This idea led art to be defined as the product of a body of knowledge, most often

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 using a set of skills. To broaden its definition art is something that is created with imagination and
skill and that is beautiful or that expresses important ideas or feelings.

Thinkers influenced by Martin Heidegger have interpreted art as to how a community

develops for itself a medium for self-expression and interpretation. Likewise, according to Toltoys,
art, like speech, is a means of communication whereas by words a man transmits his thoughts to
another, utilizing art he transmits his feelings. We can all agree that as a way of expressing
emotions and ideas, art is also a powerful means of communication.

DISCUSSION OF THE LESSON:

What are the Elements of Art and Principles of Art?

The visual art terms separate into the elements and principles of art. The elements of art
are color, form, line, shape, space, and texture. The principles of art are scale, proportion, unity,
variety, rhythm, mass, shape, space, balance, volume, perspective, and depth.

ELEMENTS OF ART

COLOR

Color derives from the spectrum of light

and has three main characteristics – hue,
value, and saturation.

The photo is one of Elmer Borlongan’s

masterpiece entitled, “Quiapo (2004)”. Will you name the
hue or the colors he used to convey his message to his
audience? Hue refers to the different name of colors (i.e
Green, blue, yellow).

Did you noticed the quality of colors he applied

on his artwork? When we say quality, we are talking
about saturation or the intensity of colors. High
intensities were applied when the color is strong and
bright while, low intensity was applied when the color is

Colors aid to communicate the feelings in a

work of art. The artists control the use of colors to
establish a mood or feelings.

Look at Francisco de Goya y Lucientes’ oil in

canvas painting, how did he use color and its three
main characteristics to express the state of mind
and feelings in his artwork?

Francisco de Goya y Lucientes, The Third of May, 1808,

1814. Oil on canvas. The Prado Museum, Madrid.
Image via lumenlearning.com
(Licensed under Creative Commons)

LINE

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 A line is an element of art characterized by a point moving in space. It begins with just a
plain dot in space, the dots form a line, which can differ in texture, color, and shape that
transforms into drawings. A line may be two-or three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or
abstract.

Possible features: horizontal, vertical,

Look at how Ang kiukok used sharpness to
emphasize different features of line in his diagonal, zigzag, wavy, thick, thin, straight, curved,
masterpiece titled, “Fish Green” directional, one-dimensional, pathfinding, implying
movement, broken, angular, loopy.
(https://verafiles.org/articles/14-national-artists-
unpacking-art-early-modernists)

Horizontal lines: implies calmness.

Vertical lines: implies strength and power.
Diagonal lines: implies dynamic movement.

Look and try to analyze Vincent Van

Gogh’s, The Red Vineyard at Arles, can you
identify the characteristics of lines did he use in
his masterpiece?

Vincent Van Gogh, “The Red Vineyard at

SHAPE Arles” 1888.
(foxvalleysymphony.com/)

The shape is characterized by having some sort of outline or boundary, having two
dimensions—width and height—and is often defined by lines.

The shape of
As you can see in the illustration, the shape can be geometric
the artwork can have
(mathematical shapes such as circles, cubes, spheres, cones, squares, rectangles, many meanings that
and triangles) or organic (free form and found in nature and can be irregular). can play important
roles in the concept of
In Photos: Shapes in the form of animals and Animals in the Style of drawings and
Fortunato Deperro via arteascuola.com and pinterest.com
paintings. 

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 Look at Ang Kiukok’s painting, titled “Door (2000)”, How many doors do you see? Did you
notice the strongly colored subjects of oil-on-canvas made up of prominent lines and geometric
figures?

Ang Kiukok, Door (2000)

(https://nolisoli.ph/57702/national-artist-art-
fair-abulan-20190222/)

FORM

Form offers shape to a piece of art, whether

it is the limitations of a line in a painting or the edge
of the sculpture.

The form is an element of art that is three-

dimensional and encloses volume, including height,
width, and depth. It is a shape in three dimensions,
and, like shapes, can be geometric or organic.
Can you name different forms in your community?

Geometric forms are forms that are mathematical,

detailed, and can be named, as in the fundamental
geometric forms: sphere, cube, pyramid, cone, and
cylinder. A circle turns into a sphere in three dimensions,
a square turns out to be a cube, a triangle turns into a
pyramid or cone. Geometric forms are most often
observed in architecture and sculpture form example
is the famous Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Building.

Organic forms are those that are free flowing, curved,

strong, and asymmetrical. Look at the photo above, what did
you notice? Always remember that organic forms typically occur
in nature, as in the shapes of flowers, branches, leaves,
puddles, clouds, animals, and the human figure.
(Photo via kimcheyennephoto.weebly.com/)

VALUE

The lightness or darkness of tones or

colors. White is the lightest value; black is the
darkest. The value midway between these
extremes is called middle gray.

Value is very vital to the design and

success of a painting because it is used to

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 create a key point within an artwork (see illustration). How about in photography? How do you
apply value? (see the photo).

The human eye is directly drawn to a light element against a dark element. This
establishes the focal point of interest. Likewise,
value is used to build the impression of depth,
and gradations are also used. Lastly, segments
of light and dark give a three-dimensional
sense of form to subject matter. Can you
identify the focal point of interest in the photo
below?

Photo via masterclass.com

SPACE

Space is a basic art element that refers

to the distance between the area around and within
shapes, forms, colors, and lines. Space can be positive
or negative. Both positive and negative space can play
vital roles in the whole success
When you take photos of landscape, and even flora and fauna images, it’s of a work of art. Positive space
essential to have a strong foreground, middle ground, and background to combine is the tangible objects or
a sense of depth to the image. For landscapes, it’s important to have these layers shapes within an artwork, and
(see illustration). negative space is the space
around and between those
The foreground element lets the viewer to go through the picture. The
middle ground enhances an element that retains the viewer’s attention. The first
objects. It includes the
two layers must be in the prime lead on the observer to the background element background, foreground, and
to complete the image. To have all three elements work in harmony helps enhance middle ground.
the photograph. Photo via pinterest.ph
Take a moment and look at the poster of the blockbuster movie, “Blackswan.” Can you identify
the positive and negative space?

As you can see there’s a relative amount of positive

space to negative space that affects, strengthens, and outlines
how the design is seen.

Positive and negative space ties a design together. The

sensible use of space attracts the eye away from attention on
negative or positive, and instead helps both to give a balanced
and consistent design.

TEXTURE

An element of art that refers

to the way things feel or look as if they might feel if touched.
Texture can be rough or smooth to the touch, imitating a

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particular feel or sensation. There are two types of texture, the tactile texture, and the visual
texture.

Tactile texture is the real

thing. It is the actual way
a surface feels when it is
felt or touched, such as
rough, smooth, soft, hard,
silky, oily, and or sticky.
Three-dimensional art
such as sculpture and
architectural structures

Visual texture is not actual

texture. Look at the 3D painting by
Justin Gaffrey, how did he made it
looks like an actual texture? Artists
can create the illusion of texture in
their paintings by simulation or
implying it using various art
PRINCIPLES OF ART
elements such as line, shading,

BALANCE

The process of uniting elements to add a

feeling of symmetry or steadiness to a work of art.
Main types are symmetrical, asymmetrical, and radial.
Symmetrical balance also known as formal balance
is used when feelings of order, formality, rationality,
and stability should be induced, and it is often applied
in institutional architecture and religious and secular
art.

In contrast to symmetrical which can make

works to be too stiff, imitative, and dull, asymmetrical
balance also known as informal balance deals greater
meaningful and creative freedom to the artists.
Asymmetrical balance in art can be attained through a
variety of elements that share complementary
graphical principles—smaller, lighter, darker, or empty
forms and spaces are always contrasted and
balanced by their complements.

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 Radial balance is a type of symmetrical
Look at the picture above and analyze how
balance where elements within an image emanate
symmetrical balance is achieved? Remember that by
outwards from a central point. Thus, creating an
arranging the different elements of arts on both side of
even pattern, adding depth and visual movement
the middle of the structure in uniformly or evenly to the picture. It can help bring the viewer’s eyes
weighted approach symmetrical balance can be to a subject placed in the center.
attained. Just like an image in the mirror, it would look
the same on either side of the center. Photo via

Prints of Japanese artist Hiroshige (see illustration above) can

Take a moment and analyze the photo above, how did the
artist applied radial symmetry in the masterpiece?
As you can see, although different colors and details are
used in different directions, the geometric shapes grouped
around a central point create an arrangement that feels
perfectly balanced. That is because radial symmetry
be taken as one of the examples where asymmetry in
balance creates visual works of great artistic value. The print
Man on Horseback Crossing a Bridge can be taken as an
artwork of this principle. A huge tree overshadows the other
part of the print where only empty space and shadows of
bridge and mountains are shown, but nevertheless, the print is
a dynamic and successful artwork. Photo via

HARMONY

It is a process of fusing similar elements in an

artwork, complementing each other to create a coherent
visual art. It is about repetition and the relationship
between elements. This creates a sense of connection
between the objects, creating a sense of flow. One
should note that harmony is not the same as unity. A set
of colors that relate according to a specific scheme
creates harmony.

Harmony does,
however, enhance unity in a
work of art. Harmony
uses the elements of
art (color, line, shape, A different way to indicate harmony is to choose
form, value, space, creative work components that are similar in shape
texture) to create a sense and contour. Look at the illustration, can you identify
of togetherness
the different elements of art used by the architect to
amongst otherwise
create the impression of harmony? Photos via
separate parts.
designcurial.com/

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 Look at the outfits worn by the fashion models in
the photo, in what aspects does it show harmony?

In fashion, harmony occurs when the overall

design, garment, or ensemble achieves visual unity.
Wolfe (2011) asserted that when the elements of
design such as color, shape, line, and texture are used
effectively within the parameters of the principles of
design like balance, proportion, emphasis, and rhythm
harmony is created.

MOVEMENT

Movement is a principle of design used

to build the look and feel of action and to guide
the viewer’s eye throughout the work of art.
Visual movement is the principle of art used to
create the impression of action in a work of art.
Movement can apply to a single
component in a composition or the whole
composition at once. Visual movement is
reliant on the other elements and principles of In dance, movement adds excitement, thrill, and drama
art. Rhythm, line, color, balance, and space (see illustration). Moving your body in a rhythmic pattern
are all examples of elements and principles of usually to music and within a given space, to express an
art that can play a major role in developing idea or emotion. What elements and principles of art would
movement in a work of art. you consider if you create a dance movement? Photo via
laquilatangofestival.com/contemporary-dance/

Movement can be easily seen or identify in

dance but how about in an artwork? How can
movement create the impression of action in an
artwork?

Rhythm, line, color, balance, and space play a

major role in creating the feeling of movement
or an action in an artwork. Look at the image
and analyze how the artist’s work is largely
based upon varied lines and colors.
PATTERN

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 Patterns are made by repeating an object throughout the composition. By including
patterns, we can use them to draw focus and emphasis on our subject.  Patterns are all about
repeated elements throughout a design.

Pattern is the replication of more than

one design element. While repetition focuses
on a single element being repeated, pattern
refers to multiple elements repeated
throughout a design. 
In the photo, you can observe that the pattern was
designed from edge to edge creatively with respect to the
different elements and principles of art. Thus, pattern is
composed of multiple elements with varying sizes and
depths. Photo via

Have you seen buildings, houses or any landmarks in your area that shows repetitive or recurring colors, lines, or
design? What do you think is the principle of design applied or used by the architect? Patterns in architecture is the
repetition of a single element. The building in the image above shows pattern by repeating the same element on the
façade. Have you seen it? Photo via Pinterest.ph

PROPORTION

A principle of design that refers to the relationship

of elements to the whole and to each other. Proportion
is the principle of art that refers to relative size. It is
about the relationship of the size of one element when
compared to another. When drawing or painting
realistically, proportion is important. If the proportions are
incorrect, then the resulting image will look less realistic
or abstracted.

Alternatively, artists used proportion for effect. By
employing proportion, the artist makes his/her subject
seem strong, weak, funny, or even mysterious. We can
amplify proportions to put emphasis on a meaning or an
element within the scene.
Proportion does not refer to total size, but
rather the connection of the sizes of two or
more subjects or elements. In art, the size of
an element is referred to as scale.
For example, look at the image of the ball
above, it differs in scale but share the same in
proportion. Image via Pinterest.ph

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 Proportion referred to as the relative size of objects within the work of art. Look at the two images above, how did the
artists applied proportion in their masterpiece? In the painting of bedroom, the artist has created a bizarre condition
simply by manipulating the proportions of common objects. If you can notice, there are no clues that tell the audience or
viewer if he/she is in a normal-sized room or a dollhouse. On the other hand, the artist in the other image has used the
proportion very otherwise - the small farmhouse against the size of the field created a sense of isolation. Photo via

RHYTHM

A principle of design that indicates

In Vincent Van Gogh’s Starry Night, you may perceive
his ferocious brushstrokes aided the presentation of
the unstable and dynamic rhythm suggesting changes
of emotions. Image via upload.wikimedia.org
movement, designed by the precise
arrangement of repeated elements in a work of
art to cause a visual tempo or beat. Certain
compositions seem more static, calmer, and
more relaxed, producing the feeling of peace,
order, and structure, while on the other hand,
certain works produce a sense of chaos,
disorder, and loss of balance, that most of us
would connect to the innermost expressions of
the artists’ soul.

Three (3) Primary Types of Rhythm

Regular rhythm occurs when the intervals between

elements, or the elements themselves, are similar in size or
length. Look at how regular rhythm applied on the designs of
façade and windows on the image above (left), you will notice
that elements are repeated exactly in an evenly spaced
arrangement.
Flowing rhythm movement is suggested through repeating
organic shapes or through irregular repetition of repeating
elements. Look at the stairs on the image above (right), have you
seen the flowing rhythm in it? Is it obvious that the organic and
natural patterns are used by the artist to create a feeling of
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movement? Remember that for you to create the flowing rhythm,
the elements could be organic over each interval or the interval
itself could be organic.
Progressive rhythm occurs when a sequence of forms or
 VARIETY

A principle of design is concerned with diversity or contrast. Variety is achieved by using

different shapes, sizes, lines, textures, perspectives and/or colors in a work of art. One of the
best examples of variety is the Sistine Chapel (see illustration).

A lot of variety can make artwork look busy or overwhelming. When paired with unity and
harmony, variety offers the viewer points of interest.

“Sistine Chapel”
Image from gilbertsunnews.com

Look at the photos of the three postmodern architectures, can you identify the different elements and principles of arts
applied in it? Variety also refers to how artists and designers add sophistication and visual interest to their work. All
artists and designers need to consider how they balance unity and variety in their work. How did they achieve variety
on their very creative and fantastic masterpiece? Unity is essential so that a masterpiece will be seen as one
integrated work rather than just separate elements. On the other hand, variety is needed to build interest and to avoid
a work from being dull or monotonous. Photos via architecturaldigest.com

INDEPENDENT PRACTICE:
For this subject, you will be required to have your portfolio. You may opt to select from the
two (2) types of portfolios to be submitted at the end of the lesson or the end of the grading
period.

1. Portfolio Folder (Artist’s Portfolio) – this is intended for printed-based learners to

compile the collection of their artwork in a folder, or a creative scrapbook.

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 2. Digital Portfolio – this is intended for digital-based learners. It is like an online
scrapbook (via google classroom or google drive) that will showcase all their
masterpiece.

Independent Activity 1
The Basic Building Blocks of an Artwork

A. For Printed-Based Learners

Choice 1: Elements of Art Collage

1. Using the images from your old magazine, books, flyers, brochures, or any materials
available, create a collage that uses all the elements of art.
2. Divide paper into 7 sections.
3. Organize your images into the 7 elements.
4. Creatively and neatly cut and glue them into the artwork.
5. On the back, write a paragraph explaining how you used each element.

Choice 2: Elements of Art

1. Drawing in your sketchbook, bond paper, or Oslo paper make an artwork (drawing)
that utilizes all elements of art of art.
2. Build your artwork to include the context of your choice.
3. Think of a name for your artwork.
4. On the back, write a paragraph explaining how you used each element.

Note: Arrange your artwork creatively on your Art portfolio.

B. For Digital-Based Learners

1. You may use PowerPoint (ppt), Canva, or any application, software available to create a
masterpiece showcasing the 7 elements of art.
2. Think of a name for your artwork.
3. Write a paragraph explaining how you used each element.

Note: Upload your artwork on your digital portfolio.

Choice 3: Elements and Principles of Art 2.0

1) Think of an artwork or visual art that best represent your province or municipality.
2) In an Oslo paper or sketch pad/, draw or outline a landmark in your province or
municipality.
3) Create/divide picture in 7 parts (fold) fill it in with techniques that will highlights the
elements and principles of art
4) In each part fill in the 7 elements or principles of art (either digital or printed).

Independent Activity 2.
FOR PRINTED-BASED LEARNERS:

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STEP ONE: On a 10” x 10” paper with a 1”
border, trace the template which divides your
paper into 7 even sections.  Outline with black
marker.

STEP TWO: Lightly sketch out your design

with pencil. Draw the contours only! Strive to
fill most of the box. 

STEP THREE // LINE

Divide this area into at least 6 sections. In
each section, create a different, intricate
entangle pattern. Explore different line weight
(thick to thin) and different types of lines (zig
zag, curvy, straight) Use black marker to
finalize.

STEP FOUR // COLOR:

Use colored pencils to create a gradient of
cool colors (i.e. purple, blue, green) inside
your subject. Then, create a gradient of warm
colors (i.e. pink, red, orange, yellow) outside
of your subject. Fill the entire section. 

STEP FIVE // VALUE

Use pencil to shade in your subject as realistic
as you can -or- create a value scale inside
your design that blends from light to dark. 

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STEP SIX // TEXTURE
Use yarn and fabric to create actual textures
on your box. Use a glue bottle to attach the
fibers to the paper. Explore contrasting colors
and fill the entire area. 

STEP SEVEN // SHAPE

Create a geometric shape paper mosaic using
cut pieces of colored paper. Glue down with a
glue stick. Keep the spacing uniform between
each shape, so you don’t have big “empty”
chunks. Avoid overlapping shapes. Explore
contrasting colors to define your design.

STEP EIGHT // SPACE

Use a tool of your choice to create a sense of
space in this area by creating overlapping.
Include one subject that sits on top of your
design, and one that is behind your design.
With this method, you just “sandwich” your
image in between two other things. 

STEP NINE // FORM

Use a tool of your choice to render the illusion
of 3-dimensionality on your subject. Explore
shadows, highlights, and depth. 

Note: Arrange your artwork creatively on your

Art portfolio.

FOR DIGITAL-BASED LEARNERS:

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 Follow the same process/procedure given for printed-based learners but you may use
PowerPoint (ppt), Canva, or any application, software available to create your
masterpiece.

Note: Upload your artwork on your digital portfolio.

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY:

FOR PRINTED-BASED LEARNERS:

PAPER SETUP //

Use 11″ x 11″ sized drawing paper (or any

available drawing paper at home). Draw a 1″
border on the edges. Inside the 9″ x 9″ box,
draw your tiles. Each tile will be 3″ x 3.”
However, this could be modified to fit a variety
of paper sizes big and small.

TILE 1 // RHYTHM

Draw a design that illustrates the principle of

design: RHYTHM. Rhythm can be created by
using repetitious lines/shapes to create a
sense of action and movement.

One way to illustrate rhythm is by drawing an

op art design with a predictable pattern.
TILE 2 // CONTRAST

Draw a design that illustrates the principle of

design: CONTRAST. Contrast can be created
in an artwork by showing two different
elements next to each other (such as light vs.
dark, warm colors vs. cool colors, bumpy vs.
smooth, geometric vs. organic).
One way to illustrate contrast is to draw a

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squiggly line down the middle of your tile and
create an interpretation of a yin-yang design.
This shows great contrast with the light and
dark colors.

TILE 3 // VARIETY

Draw a design that illustrates the principle

of design: VARIETY. Variety can be created in
an artwork by using a variety of shapes,
colors, lines, and more!
One way to illustrate variety is to draw at
least 10 different types of lines. Vary the line
weight, line style, line direction. Get creative!
TILE 4 // BALANCE

Draw a design that illustrates the principle

of design: BALANCE. Balance is how the
visual elements are arranged in an artwork.
There are three types of balance:
asymmetrical, symmetrical, and radial.

One way to illustrate a tile to show balance

is to render a symmetrical “ink blot.” Strive for
the “ink” look and be sure the left side mirrors
the right side.

21
TILE 5 // EMPHASIS

Draw a design that illustrates the principle

of design: EMPHASIS. Emphasis can be
employed in an artwork by making one
element stand out amongst other elements.
The element that really POPS out at the
viewer is often referred to as the focal point.
Artists can make elements POP out by
making them larger, brighter, bolder, and
more!
One way to illustrate emphasis is to draw a
bunch of shapes all the same size but have
one shape be larger and more dramatic.

TILE 6 // UNITY & HARMONY

Draw a design that illustrates the principle

of design: UNITY & HARMONY. Unity and
harmony can be achieved in artwork by
making all the elements go together visually to
achieve a sense of connectedness.

One way to illustrate unity and harmony is

to draw a design that all uses one type of
shape. By repeating this shape over and over,
it will help to achieve a feel that they all go
together visually.
TILE 7 // MOVEMENT

Draw a design that illustrates the principle

of design: MOVEMENT. Movement can be
achieved in an artwork by guiding the viewer’s
eye around the artwork or suggesting a sense
of motion.

One way to illustrate movement is to draw

a bunch of tightly woven, repeated curvy lines
over and over. This will create a sense of
visual movement.

22
TILE 8 // PATTERN & REPETITION

Draw a design that illustrates the principle

of design: PATTERN & REPETITION. Pattern
can be created by repeating an element in a
predictable manner. Patterns can be created
with shapes, lines, colors and more!
One way to illustrate a pattern is to show a
predictable repetition of an element, such as
three lines vertical… three lines horizontal…
three lines vertical… and so on.

TILE 9 // SCALE & PROPORTION

Draw a design that illustrates the principle

of design: PROPORTION & SCALE.
Proportion is how the parts of an artwork
relate to the whole. Scale can be used in an
artwork by exploring how the varying size of
objects, from tiny to large.

One way to illustrate scale in an artwork is

to draw a variety of shapes from small to
large.

INCORPORATING COLOR //

When all your tiles are finished, you may wish

to incorporate color. In this example, only one
color is added to the black and white and it
really helps to achieve a sense of unity.

Get creative with how you finalize your

design.

Note: Arrange your artwork creatively on your Art portfolio.

FOR DIGITAL-BASED LEARNERS:

Follow the same process/procedures given for printed-based learners but you may use
PowerPoint (ppt), Canva, or any application software available to create your
masterpiece.

Note: Upload your artwork on your digital portfolio.

There’s More!

Watch the link below to gain more innovative and creative activities applying the different
elements and principles of arts and design:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWM-J97Ym4o
23
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SP_Qg1w_J8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRASdXFrJpc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NQftgeWx8o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOnGkjihUB0

REFLECTION:

Directions: Complete the learning log. Explain each of your answers.

I have learned that. . .

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Knowing about this topic helps me . . .

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

This topic reminds me of . . .

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

The part of the lesson that I know the most about is . . .

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

The part of the lesson that is the most confusing is. . .

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

I would like to know more about. . .

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

24
ASSESSMENT 1 (Written Assessment):
DIRECTIONS: Read and analyze the questions carefully. Write your answer on your paper.

1. What is characterized by having an outline or boundary and having two dimensions (width
and height)?
A. Shape C. Color
B. Line D. Form
2. What is derived from the spectrum, of light and has three main characteristics mainly hue,
value, and saturation?
A. Shape C. Color
B. Line D. Form
3. What is referred to as a process of fusing similar elements in an artwork, complementing
each other to create a coherent visual art?
A. Movement C. Proportion
B. Harmony D. Variety
4. What is an element of art characterized by a point moving in space?
A. Form C. Space
B. Line D. Perspective
5. What is achieved by using shapes, sizes, lines, textures, perspectives, and color in a
masterpiece?
A. Harmony C. Rhythm
B. Color D. Variety
6. What are made by repeating an object throughout the composition and can be used to
draw focus and emphasis on the subject?
A. Values C. Pattern
B. Balance D. Movement
7. What is the process of uniting elements to add a feeling of steadiness to a work of art?
A. Texture C. Space
B. Balance D. Value
8. What test is referred to the lightness or darkness of tones or colors?
A. Value C. Form
B. Harmony D. Color
9. What is the principle of design that indicates movement, designed by the precise
arrangement of repeated elements in masterpiece to cause a visual tempo or beat?
A. Pattern C. Rhythm
B. Movement D. Proportion
10. What is an element of art that refers to the way things feel or look as if they might feel or
touched?
A. Texture C. Balance
B. Space D. Variety

25
ASSESSMENT 2 (Performance Task):
SITUATION: You are asked to organize an art show/art display.
GOAL: Presentation of your creative masterpiece.

DIRECTIONS: Prepare a three to five minutes video presentation or slides showcasing all your
best artworks compiled in your portfolio.

For printed-based learners: Note: Write a narrative of your compilation and attach your
photo. Arrange your output creatively on your Art portfolio.
For digital-based learners: Note: Upload the photos and videos of your performance on your
digital portfolio.

Filipino Art
LESSON Masters
26

2
LESSON

The Philippines is home to a long and rich history of excellence in arts. It is reflective on
the variety, richness, and uniqueness of Filipino culture. It began during the pre-historic era which
is represented by the countless paintings and artworks found on the walls of the caves.

Philippine artists have continued to contribute to contemporary art of the world while
experimenting with modern ways of expression. Here’s a list of the greatest names of Filipino
artists and their popular works and masterpiece:

VISUAL ARTS

Visual arts are forms of art that you can see, it include mediums such as drawing,
painting, sculpture, architecture, printmaking, photography, video, and filmmaking. Likewise,
fashion design, industrial design, graphic design, and decorative art (i.e ceramics, furniture
making, textiles, interior design, jewelry making, metal crafting, and woodworking) are also
considered visual arts identified as applied arts.

Here are some lists of renowned Filipino visual artists:

FERNANDO
AMORSOLO
(1892-1972)

Branded the
country’s first
National Artist in
1972 by then
President Marcos,
Fernando
Amorsolo is often
Fernando Amorsolo, Father of Philippine Landscapeand one of his masterpieces, known as the
The  ‘Planting Rice with Mayon Volcano, exhibits the happiness across from the difficulties ‘Grand Old Man of
in planting rice. Photos from pinoyartshub.wordpress.com and Philippine Art’. The
(https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/art/) Spanish-trained
realist developed a backlighting technique, where his colorful depictions of local people reflect the
radiance of the Philippine sun. The figures and illuminated landscapes magically glow on the
canvas.

Lauded for his skill in depicting light and form, Amorsolo is well known for his paintings of
idyllic Philippine rural life. He rejected Western ideals of beauty and sought to promote Filipino
beauty instead, and his use of chiaroscuro became an artistic trademark that set his work apart
from the rest. Some of his most famous pieces include Maiden in a Stream (1921), The
Mestiza (1943), Fruit Gatherer, (1950), Fruit Pickers Harvesting Under the Mango Tree (1939),
Afternoon Meal of the Workers (Noonday Meal of the Rice Workers) (1939) and Planting
Rice (1946).

27
 Despite his deteriorating health and failing eyesight, he remained prolific until the end,
producing up to 10 paintings a month until his death at the age of 80. Amorsolo’s creativity
defines the nation’s culture and heritage to this day.

Guillermo Tolentino, GUILLERMO TOLENTINO (1890-1976)

Father of Philippine
Arts He is a product of the Revival period in Philippine art
(theurbanroamer.com) and known as the “Father of Philippine Arts”.
Returning from Europe (where he was enrolled at
the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Rome) in 1925, he
was appointed as professor at the UP School of Fine
Arts where the idea also of executing a monument
for national heroes struck him. The result was
the UP Oblation that became the symbol of freedom
at the campus. Acknowledged as his masterpiece
Bonifacio Monument
and completed in 1933, The Bonifacio Monument in
(ncca.gov.ph)
Caloocan stands as an enduring symbol of the
Filipinos’ cry for freedom.

Other works include the bronze figures

of President Quezon at Quezon Memorial, life-size
busts of Jose Rizal at UP and UE, marble statue
of Ramon Magsaysay in GSIS Building; granolithic of
heroic statues representing education, medicine,
forestry, veterinary science, fine arts, and music at UP.

He also designed the gold and bronze medals for the Ramon Magsaysay Award and did
the seal of the Republic of the Philippines.

LAURO ALCALA (1926-2002)

He is famous for his cartoons. His

infamous “Slices of Life” presented a
light-hearted commentary in a single
tableau that conveys ordinary Filipino
lives with witty illustrations executed
throughout his 56 years of cartooning. He
was awarded National
Larry Arcala, “Dean of Filipino Cartoonists”, “Dog Vet, part of his Artist for Visual Art in
Slice of Life Series. (Photo from upd.edu.ph and pinterest.ph) 2018. He created over
500 characters and 20
comic strips in widely circulated publications.
His iconic works span decades of Filipino comics, which produced strips such as,
Kalabog en Bosyo, Asiong Aksaya, Mang Ambo, and Islaw Palitaw. He also pioneered the use of
animated cartoons for TV commercials. His works boosted the local illustration industry and
made him arguably the most idolized cartoonist in the Philippines.

28
 NAPOLEON ABUEVA (1930-2018)

One of the youngest to ever be awarded the

Order of National Artist, Napoleon Abueva
had the award at the young age of 46. He is
known as the “Father of Modern Philippine
Sculpture”. Abueva was influential in shaping
sculpture in the Philippines. He was
renowned for being skilled at a variety of
forms and materials. In fact, he was equally
as comfortable with classical sculpture as he
was with more abstract forms, and his work
In photo: Napoleon Abueva, “Father of Modern Philippine
is made from anything from local hardwood
Sculpture”, and his famous “The Transfiguration in Eternal
to coral to brass.
Gardens Memorial Park”
(Photo from news.abs-cbn.com)

In photo: Victorio Edades, “Father of Modern Painting”, and

one of his masterpiece “The Sketch”
(Photo from llearnodo-newtonic.com and geringerart.com/ )

VICTORIO EDADES

Some of his major works include Kaganapan (1953), Kiss of Judas (1955), Thirty Pieces

of Silver, The Transfiguration (1979), Eternal Garden Memorial Park, UP Gateway (1967), Nine
Muses (1994), UP Faculty Center, Sunburst (1994)-Peninsula Manila Hotel, the bronze figure
of Teodoro M. Kalaw in front of National Library, and murals in marble at the National Heroes
Shrine, Mt. Samat, Bataan.

A key figure in the history of Philippine art counted as one of the revolutionary Thirteen
Moderns and later called the Father of Modern Philippine Painting. Edades moved away from the
scenic landscapes of his contemporary Amorsolo and instead preferred to paint a more sobering
picture of Philippine society.

His works employed dark and somber colors and were focused on depicting the dirt and
sweat of laborers, factory workers, and the Philippine proletariat. Edades became Dean of the
Department of Architecture at the University of Santo Tomas, later instituting an art degree
program. He invited Carlos Francisco and Galo B. Ocampo to become professors at the
university, and the three were later known as the Triumvirate.

29
 Among his works are, The Sketch, The Artist and the Model, Portrait of the
Professor, Japanese Girl, Mother and Daughter, The Wrestlers, and Poinsettia Girl.

ARCHITECTURE

A profession of designing buildings, open

areas, communities, and other artificial
constructions and environments, typically with
some respect to aesthetic effect is known as
architecture. It is often including design or
selection of furnishings and decorations,
supervision of construction work, and the
examination, restoration, or remodeling of existing buildings. The lists of remarkable Filipino
architect include:

JUAN F. NAKPIL (1899 – 1986)

Awarded as the first National Artist for

Architecture in 1973 and considered as the
Father of Philippine Architecture. Juan F.
Nakpil is an architect, teacher, and civic
leader. He is a pioneer and innovator in
Philippine architecture. In essence,
Nakpil’s greatest contribution is his belief
that there is such a thing as Philippine
Architecture, espousing architecture
reflective of Philippine traditions and
In photo: Juan Felipe Nakpil, National Artist for culture. It is also largely due to his zealous
Architecture and the UP Carillon and a photo of Nakpil
representation and efforts that private
Filipino architects and engineers, by law, are now able to participate in the design and execution
of government projects. He has integrated strength, function, and beauty in the buildings that are
the country’s heritage today. He designed the 1937 International Eucharistic Congress altar and
rebuilt and enlarged the Quiapo Church in 1930 adding a dome and a second belfry to the
original design.

Among others, Nakpil’s major works are the Geronimo de los Reyes Building, Magsaysay
Building, Rizal Theater, Capitol Theater, Captain Pepe Building, Manila Jockey Club, Rufino
Building, Philippine Village Hotel, University of the Philippines Administration and University
Library, and the reconstructed Rizal house in Calamba, Laguna.

PABLO S. ANTONIO (1902-1975)

Born at the turn of the century, National Artist in

In photo: Pablo Locsin, National Artist in Architecture
and Galaxy Theater
(peaceababonsite.wordpress.com and
jacoblaneria.wordpress.com/tag/pablo-antonio/)
Architecture Pablo S. Antonio pioneered modern
Philippine architecture. His basic design is
grounded on simplicity, with no clutter. The lines
are clean and smooth, and where there are
curves, these are made integral to the structure.
Pablo Jr. points out, "For our father, every line
must have a meaning, a purpose. For him,
function comes first before elegance or form".
30
 The other thing that characterizes an Antonio structure is the maximum use of natural
light and cross ventilation. Antonio believes that buildings "should be planned with austerity in
mind and its stability forever as the aim of true architecture, that buildings must be progressive,
simple in design but dignified, true to a purpose without resorting to an applied set of aesthetics
and should eternally recreate truth".

Antonio's major works include the following: Far Eastern University Administration and
Science buildings; Manila Polo Club; Ideal Theater; Lyric Theater; Galaxy Theater; Capitan Luis
Gonzaga Building; Boulevard-Alhambra (now Bel-Air) apartments; Ramon Roces Publications
Building (now Guzman Institute of Electronics).

LEANDRO V. LOCSIN (1928 – 1994)

Leandro V.
Locsin reshaped the urban
landscape with a
distinctive architecture
reflective of Philippine Art
and Culture. Every Locsin
Building is original and
identifiable as a Locsin
with themes of floating
volume, the duality of light
In photo: Leandro Locsin, National Artist for Architecture and Cultural Center of and heavy, buoyant and
the Philippines (CCP). (Photo via philippineculturaleducation.com and massive running in his
ncca.gov.ph) major works. From 1955
to 1994, Locsin has produced 75 residences and 88 buildings, including 11 churches and
chapels, 23 public buildings, 48 commercial buildings, six major hotels, and an airport terminal
building. He was awarded National Artist for Architecture in 1990.

Locsin’s largest single work is the Istana Nurul Iman, the palace of the Sultan of Brunei,
which has a floor area of 2.2 million square feet. The CCP Complex itself is a virtual Locsin
Complex with all five buildings designed by him — the Cultural Center of the Philippines, Folk
Arts Theater, Philippine International Convention Center, Philcite, and The Westin Hotel (now
Sofitel Philippine Plaza). A prime example of green architecture and landscape.

ILDEFONSO P. SANTOS, JR. (1929 – 2014)

In photo: Ildefonso Paez Santos, Jr, National Artist for Landscape Architecture and Tagaytay
Highlands Golf and Country Club). (Photo via rappler.com and writtenbykeziah.tumblr.com)

31
 Awarded National Artist for Architecture in 2006, Ildefonso Paez Santos, Jr., was an
architect by education, an artist in his passion, and a landscape architect by profession.
He distinguished himself by pioneering the practice of landscape architecture–an allied field of
architecture–in the Philippines and then producing four decades of exemplary and engaging work
that has included hundreds of parks, plazas, gardens, and a wide range of outdoor settings that
have enhanced contemporary Filipino life.

Santos, Jr., who grew up in Malabon, made his first mark with the Makati Commercial
Center where he introduced a new concept of outdoor shopping with landscaped walks,
fountains, and sculptures as accents. Santos, Jr.’s contribution to modern Filipino landscape
architecture was the seminal public landscape in Paco Park.

Santos, Jr.’s most recent projects were the Tagaytay Highland Resort, the Mt. Malarayat
Golf and Country Club in Lipa, Batangas, and The Orchard Golf and Country Club in Imus,
Cavite.

JOSÉ MARÍA V.
ZARAGOZA
(1912 – 1994)

Awarded National
Artist for
Architecture in
2014, José María
V. Zaragoza’s
In photo: Jose Maria Zaragoza, National Artist for Architecture and Sto. Domingo place in Philippine
Church and Meralco Building). (Photo via thepowerofapparel.wordpress.com, architecture history is
defined by a significant body of modern edifices that address spiritual and secular requirements.
Zaragoza’s name is synonymous to modern ecclesiastical architecture. Notwithstanding his
affinity to liturgical structures, he greatly excelled in secular works: 36 office buildings, 4 hotels, 2,
hospitals, 5 low-cost and middle-income housing projects; and more than 270 residences – all
demonstrating his typological versatility and his mastery of modernist architectural vocabulary.

Zaragoza graduated from the University of Santo Tomas in Manila in 1936, passing the
licensure examinations in 1938 to become the 82nd architect of the Philippines. With growing
interest in specializing in religious architecture, Zaragoza also studied at International Institute of
Liturgical Art (IILA) in Rome in the late 1950s, where he obtained a diploma in liturgical art and
architecture. His training in Rome resulted in innovative approaches, setting new standards for
the design of mid-century Catholic churches in the Philippines. His prolificacy in designing
religious edifices was reflected in his body of work that was predominated by about 45 churches
and religious centers, including the Santo Domingo Church, Our Lady of Rosary in Tala, Don
Bosco Church, the Convent of the Pink Sisters, the San Beda Convent, Villa San Miguel, Pius XII
Center, the Union Church, and the controversial restoration of the Quiapo Church, among others.

Zaragoza is a pillar of modern architecture in the Philippines buttressed by a half-century

career that produced ecclesiastical edifices and structures of modernity in the service of God and
humanity. His notable works includes: Meralco Building (Pasig Cty), Sto. Domingo Church and
Convent (Quezon City), Metropolitan Cathedral of Cebu City, Villa San Miguel, Mandaluyong. 

32
 CINEMA

Cinema is the art or technique of making

movies. It is primarily visual arts based on the
art of moving images used to convey ideas,
stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or
atmosphere. Notable Filipino artists in Cinema
include:

JOSE NEPOMUCENO (1893 – 1959)

He was one of the pioneering directors of the

Jose Nepomuceno, “Father of Philippine Cinema” and
the poster of the first Filipino Film, “Dalagang Bukid”
(Photo via: manilatimes.net and morgan-
Gerardo De Leon, “National Artist for Cinema” and
the poster of one of his film, “Dyesebel”
(Photo via: imdb.com and siningfactory.com)
cinema of the Philippines. Nepomuceno was
hailed as the Father of Philippine Movies
because he was the one who started it all. As
the remarkable figure of the Philippine silent
cinema era, he produced and directed
“Dalagang Bukid” starring Atang de la Rama and
Marceliano Ilagan, the first Filipino-produced and
directed feature films.

He also directed Un (El) Capullo Marchito (A

Wilted Rosebud) in 1920. It starred Luisa Acuña, who then became a famous leading lady in
Filipino silent films.

GERARDO DE LEON (1913 – 1981)

Gerardo “Gerry” De Leon, film director, grew up in an

atmosphere rich in theater. He was awarded as
National Artist for Cinema in 1982. Significantly, De
Leon’s first job — while in still in high school — was
as a piano player at Cine Moderno in Quiapo playing
the musical accompaniment to the silent films that
were being shown at that time.

The silent movies served as De Leon’s “very good” training ground because the pictures
told the story. Though he finished medicine, his practice did not last long because he found
himself “too compassionate” to be one, this aside from the lure of the movies. His first directo rial
job was “Ama’t Anak” in which he directed himself and his brother Tito Arevalo. The movie got
good reviews. De Leon’s biggest pre-war hit was “Ang Maestra” which starred Rogelio de la Rosa
and Rosa del Rosario with the still unknown Eddie Romero as writer.

In the 50s and 60s, he produced many films that are now considered classics including
“Daigdig ng Mga Api,” “Noli Me Tangere,” “El Filibusterismo,” and “Sisa.” Among a long list of
films are “Sawa sa Lumang Simboryo,” “Dyesebel,” “The Gold Bikini,” “Banaue,” “The Brides of
Blood Island.”.

LINO BROCKA (1939 – 1991)

Catalino “Lino” Ortiz Brocka, director for

film and broadcast arts, espoused the

33
term “freedom of expression” in the Philippine Constitution. He was awarded as National Artist for
Film and Broadcast Arts in 1997. Brocka took his social activist spirit to the screen leaving behind
66 films which breathed life and hope for the marginalized sectors of society — slum-dwellers,
prostitutes, construction workers, etc. He also directed for theater with equal zeal and served in
organizations that offer alternative visions, like the Philippine Educational Theater Association
(PETA) and the Concerned Artists of the Philippines (CAP). At the same time, he garnered
awards and recognition from institutions like the CCP, FAMAS, TOYM, and Cannes Film Festival.
Lino Brocka has left behind his
masterpieces, bequeathing to our
country a heritage of cinematic harvest;
a bounty of stunning images, memorable conversations that speak volumes on love, betrayal and
redemption, pestilence and plenty all pointing towards the recovery and rediscovery of our nation.

To name a few, Brocka’s films include the following: “Santiago” (1970), “Wanted: Perfect
Mother” (1970), “Tubog sa Ginto” (1971), “Stardoom” (1971), “Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang”
(1974), “Maynila: Sa Kuko ng Liwanag” (1975), “Insiang” (1976), “Jaguar” (1979), “Bona” (1980),
“Macho Dancer” (1989), “Orapronobis” (1989), “Makiusap Ka sa Diyos” (1991).

ISHMAEL BERNAL (1938 – 1996)

A filmmaker of the first

order and called a
maestro. Critics have
hailed him as “the
genius of Philippine
cinema.” He was
awarded National
Artist for Cinema in
2001. He is
In photo: Ismhael Bernal, “National Artist for Cinema” and a scene and poster
recognized as a
from his infamous film, “Himala” featuring the actress Nora Aunor
(Photo via: ejumpcut.org, and tumgir.com)
director of films that
serve as social commentaries and bold reflections on the existing realities of the struggle of the
Filipino. His art extends beyond the confines of aesthetics. By polishing its visuals, or innovating
in the medium, he manages to send his message across to fight the censors, free the artists, give
justice to the oppressed, and enlighten as well as entertain the audience.

Among his notable films are “Pahiram ng Isang Umaga” (1989), “Broken Marriage”
(1983), “Himala” (1982), “City After Dark” (1980), and “Nunal sa Tubig” (1976). He was
recognized as the Director of the Decade of the 1970s by the Catholic Mass Media Awards; four-
time Best Director by the Urian Awards (1989, 1985, 1983, and 1977); and given the ASEAN
Cultural Award in Communication Arts in 1993.

34
 KIDLAT TAHIMIK (1942 – 2022)
Kidlat Tahimik has continually invented
himself through his cinema, and so his
cinema is as singular as the man. He
was awarded National Artist for Film in
2018. His debut film, Mababangong
Bangungot (1977), was praised by critics
and filmmakers from Europe, North
America, Asia, and Africa and is still
considered by many as a pioneering
In photo: Kidlat Tahimikl, “National Artist for Cinema” and a scene and
postcolonial essay film. Tahimik’s intense
poster from his infamous film, “Balikbayan #1 Memories
independence as an artist and, at the
of Overdevelopment Redux (2015)” (Photos via: nziff.co.nz, and
same time, the film itself called for
Filipinos to actively live out their independence and not allow their culture to be imperialized by
the west.

Kidlat’s “imperfect” film is an exemplar of what is worldwide known as “Third Cinema,” a

cinema that is critical of neocolonial exploitation and state oppression. But, unlike other Third
Cinema films, Kidlat’s work does not glory in ugliness. His films, even those that lament injustice
and violence, are premised on the hope of possible, though yet unrealized, triumph. His constant
claim is that whatever “progress” has relegated to the realm of sadness and poverty should never
remain self-referentially sad or poor.

THEATER ARTS

Theatre is the branch of performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an
audience, using a combination of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound, and spectacle.  It is a
collaborative art form which combines words, voice, movement, and visual elements to express
meaning. The field of theater encompasses not only live improvised and scripted work, but also
dramatic forms such as film, television, and other electronic media. Here are some of the most
distinguished Filipino artists in Theater arts:

HONORATA “ATANG” DELA (1902 – 1991)

35
 Honorata “Atang” Dela Rama was formally honored as
the Queen of Kundiman in 1979, then already 74 years
old singing the same song (“Nabasag na Banga”) that she
sang as a 15-year-old girl in the sarsuela Dalagang Bukid.
She was awarded National Artist for Theater and Music in
1987. Atang became the very first actress in the very first
locally produced Filipino film when she essayed the same
role in the sarsuela’s film version. As early as age seven,
Atang was already being cast in Spanish zarzuelas such
as Mascota, Sueño de un
In photo: Honorata “Atang” Dela Rama, “National Artist for National Artist for
Vals, and Marina. She counts
Theater and Music” and a poster of her 1956 film Buhay at Pag-ibig ni Dr. Jose
the role though of an orphan
Rizal (Balatbat & Bagumbayan Pictures). (Photos via: theaterfansmanila.com and
https://pelikulaatbp.blogspot.com/2008/04/atang-de-la-rama-reyna-ng-
in Pangarap ni Rosa as her
most rewarding and satisfying
role that she played with realism, the stage sparkling with silver coins tossed by a teary-eyed
audience. Atang firmly believes that the sarswela and the kundiman expresses best the Filipino
soul, and even performed kundiman and other Filipino songs for the Aetas or Negritos of
Zambales and the Sierra Madre, the Bagobos of Davao and other Lumad of Mindanao.

Atang firmly believed that the sarswela and the kundiman express best the Filipino soul,
and had even performed kundiman and other Filipino songs for the Aetas or Negritos of
Zambales and the Sierra Madre, the Bagobos of Davao and other Lumad of Mindanao.

Among the kundiman and the other songs she premiered or popularized were Pakiusap,
Ay, Ay Kalisud, Kung Iibig Ka and Madaling Araw by Jose Corazon de Jesus, and Mutya ng
Pasig by Deogracias Rosario and Nicanor Abelardo. She also wrote her own sarswelas: Anak ni
Eba, Aking Ina, and Puri at Buhay.

DAISY H.
AVELLANA
(1917 – 2013)

Daisy H. Avellana, “National Artist for Theater and The First Lady of
Philippine Theater” and the Iconic scenes from Portrait of the Artist as
Filipino. (Photos via: rappler.com and emaze.com)

Daisy H. Avellana, is an actor, director and writer. Born in Roxas City, Capiz on January
26, 1917, she elevated legitimate theater and dramatic arts to a new level of excellence by
staging and performing in breakthrough productions of classic Filipino and foreign plays and by
encouraging the establishment of performing groups and the professionalization of Filipino
theater. She was awarded National Artist for Theater 1999.

Together with her husband, National Artist Lamberto Avellana and other artists, she co-
founded the Barangay Theatre Guild in 1939 which paved the way
for the popularization of theatre and dramatic arts in the country,
utilizing radio and television.

AMELIA LAPEÑA-BONIFACIO (1930 – 2020)

36
 Known as the Grand Dame of Southeast Asian children’s theatre and was awarded
National Artist for Theater in 2018. Tita Amel is the founder and playwright-director of the
Teatrong Mulat ng Pilipinas, which has placed the Philippines on the artistic map of world theater.

She has written most of the plays performed by the group based on materials culled from
painstaking research. She has also been involved in the production and design of puppets. All in
all, what she has achieved is an indigenous fusion of puppetry, children’s literature,
folklore, and theater.
Amelia Lapeña-Bonifacio, “National
Artist for Theater”
(Photos via: pressreader.com)

SALVADOR F. BERNAL (1945 – 2011)

Salvador F. Bernal was awarded

National Artist for Theater Design in
2003. He designed more than 300
productions distinguished for their
originality. Sensitive to the budget
limitations of local productions, he
harnessed the design potential of
inexpensive local materials, pioneering
or maximizing the use of bamboo, raw
abaca, and abaca fiber, hemp twine,
rattan chain links and gauze cacha.
Salvador F. Bernal, “National Artist for Theater Design” and a set
design for “Lapu-Lapu,” trailblazing in its use of “three huge waves
As the acknowledged guru of
undulating across the CCP stage,”
(Photos via: musicplayphilippines.com and wordpress.com)
contemporary Filipino theater design,
Bernal shared his skills with younger designers through his classes at the University of the
Philippines and the Ateneo de Manila University, and through the programs he created for the
CCP Production Design Center which he himself conceptualized and organized.

To promote and professionalize theater design, he organized the PATDAT (Philippine

Association of Theatre Designers and Technicians) in 1995 and by way of Philippine Center of
OISTAT (Organization Internationale des Scenographes, Techniciens et Architectes du Theatre),
he introduced Philippine theater design to the world.

LAMBERTO V. AVELLANA (1915 – 1991

Lamberto V. Avellana, director for theater and film, has the

distinction of being called “The Boy Wonder of Philippine Movies” as early as 1939. He was the
first to use the motion picture camera to establish a point-of-view, a move that revolutionized the
techniques of film narration. He was awarded National Artist for Theater and Film in 1976.
Avellana, who at 20 portrayed Joan of Arc in time for Ateneo’s diamond jubilee, initially set out to

37
establish a Filipino theater. Together with Daisy Hontiveros, star of many UP plays and his future
wife, he formed the Barangay Theater Guild which had, among others, Leon Ma. Guerrero and
Raul Manglapus as members. It was after seeing such plays that Carlos P. Romulo, then
president of Philippine Films, encouraged him to try his hand at directing films. In his first
film Sakay, Avellana demonstrated a kind of visual rhythm that established a new filmic language.

Sakay was declared the best

picture of 1939 by critics and
journalists alike and set the tone for
Avellana’s career in film that would be
capped by such distinctive achievements as the Grand Prix at the Asian Film Festival in Hong
Kong for Anak Dalita (1956); Best Director of Asia award in Tokyo for Badjao, among others.

Avellana was also the first filmmaker to have his film Kandelerong Pilak shown at the
Cannes International Film Festival. Among the films he directed for worldwide release
were Sergeant Hasan (1967), Destination Vietnam (1969), and The Evil Within (1970).

DANCE

Dance is a performing art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human

movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value and is acknowledged as dance by
performers and observers within a particular culture. Dance can be categorized and described by
its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period or place of origin.

Some prominent Filipino dance

artists include:
LUCRECIA REYES-URTULA
(1929 – 1999)

Lucrecia Reyes-Urtula,
choreographer, dance educator
and researcher, spent almost four
decades in the discovery and
Lucrecia Reyes – Urtula, “National Artist for Dance” and a picture of study of Philippine folk and ethnic
dancers with their interpretation of “Singkil”. This dance was researched, dances. She was awarded National
interpreted and staged by the Bayanihan Dance Company of Lucrecia Artist for Dance 1988. She applied
Reyes-Urtula.
her findings to project a new
example of an ethnic dance culture that goes beyond simple preservation and into creative
growth.

Over a period of thirty years, she had choreographed suites of mountain dances,
Spanish-influenced dances, Muslim pageants and festivals, regional variations and dances of the
countryside for the Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company of which she was the dance director.
These dances have all earned critical acclaim and rave reviews from audiences in their world
tours in Americas, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Africa.

Among the widely acclaimed dances she had staged were the following: Singkil, a
Bayanihan signature number based on a Maranao epic poem; Vinta, a dance honoring Filipino
sailing prowess; Tagabili, a tale of tribal conflict; Pagdiwata, a four-day harvest festival
condensed into a six-minute breath-taking spectacle; Salidsid, a mountain wedding dance; Idaw,
Banga and Aires de Verbena.

38
 RAMON OBUSAN (1938 – 2006) Ramon Obusan was a dancer, choreographer, stage
designer, and artistic director. He achieved
phenomenal success in Philippine dance and cultural
work. He was awarded National Artist for Dance in
2006. He was also acknowledged as a researcher,
archivist and documentary filmmaker who broadened
and deepened the Filipino understanding of his own
cultural life and expressions. Through the Ramon
Obusan Folkloric Group (ROFG), he had affected
cultural and diplomatic exchanges using the
Ramon Obusan, “National Artist for Dance”
multifarious aspects and dimensions of the art of
dance.

Among the full-length productions he choreographed are the following:

▪ “Vamos a Belen! Series” (1998-2004) Philippine Dances Tradition

▪ “Noon Po sa Amin,” tableaux of Philippine History in song, drama and dance

▪ “Obra Maestra,” a collection of Ramon Obusan’s dance masterpieces

▪ “Unpublished Dances of the Philippines,” Series I-IV

▪ “Water, Fire and Life, Philippine Dances and Music–A Celebration of Life
Saludo sa Sentenyal”
▪ “Glimpses of ASEAN, Dances and Music of the ASEAN-Member Countries”

▪ “Saplot (Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group): Philippines Costumes in Dance”

ALICE REYES (1942 – Present)

Alice Reyes, “National Artist for Dance”. She was the founder of Ballet Philippines and was chiefly responsible in
popularizing contemporary dance with Alice Reyes Dance Company.
(Photos via: artsandculture.google.com)

Alice Reyes is a dancer, choreographer, teacher, and a director. She was awarded
National Artist for Dance in 2014. She has made a lasting impact on the development and
promotion of contemporary dance in the Philippines. Her dance legacy is evident in the dance
companies, teachers, choreographers, and the exciting Filipino modern dance repertoire of our
country today.

Reyes’ dance training started at an early age with classical ballet under the tutelage of
Rosalia Merino Santos. She subsequently trained in folk dance under the Bayanihan Philippine
39
 National Dance Company and pursued modern dance and jazz education and training in the
United States. Since then, during a professional dance career that spanned over two decades,
her innovative artistic vision, firm leadership and passion for dance have made a lasting mark on
Philippine dance.

Her biggest contribution to Philippine dance is the development of a distinctly Filipino

modern dance idiom. Utilizing inherently Filipino materials and subject matters expressed through
a combination of movements and styles from Philippine indigenous dance, modern dance and
classical ballet she has successfully created a contemporary dance language that is uniquely
Filipino. From her early masterpiece Amada to the modern dance classic Itim-Asu, to her last
major work Bayanihan Remembered which she staged for Ballet Philippines, she utilized this
idiom to promote unique facets of Philippine arts, culture, and heritage.

By introducing the first modern dance concert at the CCP Main Theater on February 1970
featuring an all contemporary dance repertoire and by promoting it successfully to a wide
audience, she initiated the popularization of modern dance in the country. She followed this up by
programs that developed modern dancers, teachers, choreographers, and audiences. By
organizing outreach tours to many provinces, lecture-demonstrations in schools, television
promotions, a subscription season and children’s matinee series, she slowly helped build an
audience base for Ballet Philippines and modern dance in the country. Among her major works:
Amada (1969), At a Maranaw Gathering (1970) Itim-Asu (1971), Tales of the Manuvu (1977),
Rama Hari (1980), Bayanihan Remembered (1987).

LEONOR OROSA GOQUINGCO (1917 – 2005)

Awarded National Artist for Dance in 1976. Dubbed the

“Trailblazer”, “Mother of Philippine Theater Dance” and “Dean of Filipino
Performing Arts Critics”, Leonor Orosa Goquingco, pioneer Filipino
choreographer in balletic folkloric and Asian styles, produced for over 50
years highly original, first-of-a-kind choreographies, mostly to her own
storylines. These include “TREND: Return to Native,” “In a Javanese
Garden,” “Sports,” “VINTA!,” “In a Concentration Camp,” “The Magic
Garden,” “The Clowns,” “Firebird,” “Noli Dance Suite,” “The Flagellant,”
“The Creation…” Seen as her most ambitious work is the dance epic
“Filipinescas: Philippine Life, Legend and Lore.”

Ryan Cayabyab, “National Artist Orosa brought native folk dance, mirroring Philippine culture
for Dance” from pagan to modern times, to its highest stage of development. She
(Photos via: rappler.com) was the Honorary Chair of the Association of Ballet Academies of the
Philippines (ABAP), and was a founding member of the Philippine Ballet Theater.

FRANCISCA REYES AQUINO (1899 – 1983)

40
Francisca Reyes Aquino, “National Artist for Dance” and a photo of an animated Doodle
depicting various Philippine traditional dances Reyes-Aquino helped discover and document
(Photos via: rappler.com and news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/)
 Francisca Reyes Aquino is acknowledged as the Folk Dance Pioneer. She was awarded
National Artist for Dance in 1973. She began her research on folk dances in the 1920s making
trips to remote barrios in Central and Northern Luzon. Her research on the unrecorded forms of
local celebration, ritual, and sport resulted into a 1926 thesis titled “Philippine Folk Dances and
Games,” and arranged specifically for use by teachers and playground instructors in public and
private schools.

In the 1940s, she served as supervisor of physical education at the Bureau of Education
that distributed her work and adapted the teaching of folk dancing as a medium of making young
Filipinos aware of their cultural heritage. In 1954, she received the Republic Award of Merit given
by the late Pres. Ramon Magsaysay for “outstanding contribution toward the advancement of
Filipino culture”, one among the many awards and recognition given to her.

Her books include the following: Philippine National Dances (1946); Gymnastics for

Girls (1947); Fundamental Dance Steps and Music (1948); Foreign Folk Dances (1949); Dances
for all Occasion (1950); Playground Demonstration (1951); and Philippine Folk Dances, Volumes
I to VI.

MUSIC

Music is the pleasing sound created by voices or instruments following some tonal
structure. If you sing, whistle, or play an instrument, you are making music. You can also
write music using the specific language of notes. Here are some notable musical artists in the
country:

RYAN CAYABYAB (1954 – Present)

He is commonly known as Mr. C

and one of the most
accomplished composer,
arranger, and musical director in
the Philippine music industry
since this bloomed beginning
1970s. He was awarded National
Ryan Cayabyab, “National Artist for Music”
Artist for Music in 2018. His
(Photos via: lionheartv.net and learned, skillful, and versatile
cnnphilippines.com) musical style spans a wide range
of genres: from conservatory or art compositions
such as concert religious music, symphonic work, art song, opera, and concerto to mainstream
popular idioms in the music industry and in live contemporary multimedia shows (musical theater,
dance, and film). Being very visible in the national media (once a TV host of a long-running arts
and culture series and recently a judge in reality TV singing competitions), Cayabyab is a
household name. His compositions reflect a perspective of music that extols the exuberance of
life and human happiness, thus capturing the very essence of our Filipino soul.

Notable Works:

● Rama-Hari (Two-act musical ballet, 1980)

● Katy! The Musical (Two-act musical, 1988)

● Smokey Mountain (Pop CD album, 1990)

41
 ● One Christmas (Christmas Album, 1993)

● Noli Me Tangere (Tele-sine musical, 1995)

● Spoliarium (Three-act opera, 2003)

● Ignacio Of Loyola (Film Score, 2016)

● Larawan: The Musical (Full-length musical film, 2017)

● Da Coconut Nut

● Kay Ganda Ng Ating Musika

● Nais Ko

● Paraiso

● Kahit Ika’y Panaginip Lang

● Kailan

● Tuwing Umuulan at Kapiling Ka

LUCRECIA R. KASILAG (1918 – 2008)

She is an educator, composer,

performing artist, administrator and
a cultural entrepreneur of national
and international caliber. She was
awarded National Artist for Music in
1989. She had involved herself
wholly in sharpening the Filipino
audience’s appreciation of music.
Lucrecia Kasilag, “National Artist for Music” Kasilag’s pioneering task to
(Photos via: alchetron.com and discover the Filipino roots through
philippineart.com) ethnic music and fusing it with
Western influences has led many Filipino composers to experiment with such an approach. She
dared to incorporate indigenous Filipino instruments in orchestral productions, such as the prize-
winning “Toccata for Percussions and Winds, Divertissement and Concertante,” and the scores
of the Filiasiana, Misang Pilipino, and De Profundis. “Tita King”, as she was fondly called, worked
closely as music director with colleagues Lucresia Reyes-Urtula, Isabel Santos, Jose Lardizabal
and Dr. Leticia P. de Guzman and made Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company one of the
premier artistic and cultural groups in the country.

Her orchestral music includes Love Songs, Legend of the Sarimanok, Ang

Pamana, Philippine Scenes, Her Son, Jose, Sisa and chamber music like Awit ng mga Awit
Psalms, Fantaisie on a 4-Note Theme, and East Meets Jazz Ethnika.

JOVITA FUENTES (1895 –

1978)

42
 Awarded as National Artist for Music in 1976. Long before Lea Salonga’s break into
Broadway, there was already Jovita Fuentes‘ portrayal of Cio-cio san in Giacomo Puccini’s
Madame Butterfly at Italy’s Teatro Municipale di Piacenza. Her performance was hailed as the
“most sublime interpretation of the part”. This is all the more significant because it happened at a
time when the Philippines and its people were scarcely heard of in Europe. Prior to that, she was
teaching at the University of the Philippines Conservatory of Music (1917) before leaving for
Milan in 1924 for further voice studies. After eight months of arduous training, she made her
stage debut at the Piacenza. She later embarked on a string of music performances in Europe
essaying the roles of Liu
Yu in Puccini’s Turan Jovita Fuentes, “National Artist for Music” dot, Mimi in Puccini’s La
Boheme, Iris in Pietro (Photos via: rappler.com and Mascagni’s Iris, the title role
of Salome (which filipinaslibrary.org.ph) composer Richard Strauss
personally offered to her including the special role of Princess Yang Gui Fe in Li Tai Pe). In
recognition of these achievements, she was given the unprecedented award of “Embahadora de
Filipinas a su Madre Patria” by Spain.

Her dream to develop the love for opera among her countrymen led her to find the Artists’
Guild of the Philippines, which was responsible for the periodic “Tour of Operaland” productions.
Her life story has been documented in the biography Jovita Fuentes: A Lifetime of Music (1978)
written by Lilia H. Chung, and later translated into Filipino by Virgilio Almario.

ANTONIO MOLINA (1894 – 1980)

Antonio J. Molina, versatile musician, composer, music

educator was the last of the musical triumvirate, two of whom were
Nicanor Abelardo and Francisco Santiago, who elevated music
beyond the realm of folk music. At an early age, he took to playing the
violoncello and played it so well it did not take long before he was
playing as orchestra soloist for the Manila Grand Opera House. Molina
is credited with introducing such innovations as the whole tone scale,
pentatonic scale, exuberance of dominant ninths and eleventh cords,
and linear counterpoints. As a member of the faculty of the UP
Conservatory, he had taught many of the country’s leading musical
Antonio Molina, “National personalities and educators like Lucresia Kasilag and Felipe de Leon.
Artist for Music” He was awarded as National Artist for Music in 1973.
(Photos via: wordpress.com)
Molina’s most familiar composition is Hatinggabi, a serenade
for solo violin and piano accompaniment. Other works are (orchestral music) Misa Antoniana
Grand Festival Mass, Ang Batingaw, Kundiman- Kundangan; (chamber music) Hating
Gabi, String Quartet, Kung sa Iyong Gunita, Pandangguhan; (vocal music) Amihan, Awit ni Maria
Clara, Larawan Nitong Pilipinas, among others.

LEVI CELERIO (1910 – 2002)

Levi Celerio is a prolific

lyricist and composer for
decades. He effortlessly
translated/wrote anew the
lyrics to traditional

43
melodies: “O Maliwanag Na Buwan” (Iloko), “Ako ay May Singsing” (Pampango), “Alibangbang”
(Visaya) among others.

Born in Tondo, Celerio received his scholarship at the Academy of Music in Manila that
made it possible for him to join the Manila Symphony Orchestra, becoming its youngest member.
He made it to the Guinness Book of World Records as the only person able to make music using
just a leaf. He was awarded
National Artist for Literature / Music
in 1997.

A great number of his songs have been written for the local movies, which earned for him
the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Film Academy of the Philippines. Levi Celerio, more
importantly, has enriched the Philippine music for no less than two generations with a treasury of
more than 4,000 songs in an idiom that has proven to appeal to all social classes.

LITERARY ARTS

Literary or literary art is something in the form of writing or stories that have artistic and
cultural value that displays the beauty of speech and language to convey certain meanings.

Some distinguished Filipinos in literary arts include:

BIENVENIDO LUMBERA (1932 – 2021)

Bienvenido Lumbera, is a
poet, librettist, and
scholar. He was awarded
National Artist for
Literature in 2006. As a
poet, he introduced to
Tagalog literature what is
now known as Bagay
poetry, a landmark
aesthetic tendency that
Bienvenido Lumbera, “National Artist for Literature” and some of his literary works “ Sa
has helped to change the
Sariling Bayan, Apat na Dulang May Musika” and : Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa”. (Photos
vernacular poetic
via: ncca.gov.ph and goodreads.com)
tradition. He is the author
of the following works: Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa (poems in Filipino and English),
1993; Balaybay, Mga Tulang Lunot at Manibalang, 2002; Sa Sariling Bayan, Apat na Dulang May
Musika, 2004; “Agunyas sa Hacienda Luisita,” Pakikiramay, 2004.

As a librettist for the Tales of the Manuvu and Rama Hari, he pioneered the creative
fusion of fine arts and popular imagination. His major books include the following: Tagalog
Poetry, 1570-1898: Tradition and Influences in its Development; Philippine Literature: A History
and Anthology, Revaluation: Essays on Philippine Literature, Writing the Nation/Pag-akda ng
Bansa.

AMADO V.
HERNANDEZ (1903 –
1970)

44
 Amado V. Hernandez is a poet, playwright, and novelist. He is among the Filipino writers
who practiced “committed art.” In his view, the function of the writer is to act as the conscience of
society and to affirm the greatness of the human spirit in the face of inequity and oppression.
Hernandez’s contribution to the development of Tagalog prose is considerable — he stripped
Tagalog of its ornate character and wrote in prose closer to the colloquial than the “official” style
permitted. His novel Mga Ibong Mandaragit, first written by Hernandez while in prison, is the first
Filipino socio-political novel that exposes the ills of the society as evident in the agrarian
problems of the 50s. He was awarded National Artist for Literature in 1973.

Hernandez’s other works include Bayang Malaya, Isang Dipang Langit, Luha ng

Buwaya, Amado V.
Amado Hernandez, “National Artist for Literature” and some of his distinguished literary Hernandez: Tudla at
works “Isang Dipang Langit” and “Luha ng Buwaya”. (Photos via: wordpress.com, Tudling: Katipunan ng mga
dlsu.edu.ph and goodreads.com) Nalathalang Tula 1921-
1970, Langaw sa Isang Basong Gatas at Iba Pang Kuwento ni Amado V.
Hernandez, Magkabilang Mukha ng Isang Bagol at Iba Pang Akda ni Amado V. Hernandez.

NICK JOAQUIN (1917 – 2004)

Nick Joaquin, “National Artist for Literature” and some of his notable literary
works”Almanacs for Manilenos” and “Candido’s Apocalypse”. (Photos via: poemhunter.com,
flickr.com and arkipelagobooks.com)

Nick Joaquin is regarded by many as the most distinguished Filipino writer in English
writing so variedly and so well about so many aspects of the Filipino. Nick Joaquin has also
enriched the English language with critics coining “Joaquinesque” to describe his baroque
Spanish-flavored English, or his reinventions of English based on Filipinisms. Aside from his
handling of language, Bienvenido Lumbera writes that Nick Joaquin’s significance in Philippine
literature involves his exploration of the Philippine colonial past under Spain and his probing into
the psychology of social changes as seen by the young, as exemplified in stories such as Doña
Jeronima, Candido’s Apocalypse and The Order of Melchizedek. Nick Joaquin has written plays,
novels, poems, short stories and essays including reportage and journalism. As a journalist, Nick
Joaquin uses the nom de plume Quijano de Manila but whether he is writing literature or
journalism, fellow National Artist Francisco Arcellana opines that “it is always of the highest skill
and quality”. He was awarded National Artist for Literature in 1976.

Among his voluminous works are The Woman Who Had Two Navels, A Portrait of the
Artist as Filipino, Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young, The Ballad of the Five Battles, Rizal
in Saga, Almanac for Manileños, Cave and Shadows.

45
 RESIL B. MOJARES (1943 - )

Resil Mojares, “National Artist for Literature” and some of his remarkable literary works”The Feast of Sto. Nino”, “Waiting for
Mariang Makiling” and “House of Memories” (Photos via: newsinfo.inquirer.net, worldcat.org and goodreads.com)

A teacher and scholar, essayist and fictionist, and cultural and literary historian, Resil
Mojares is acknowledged as a leading figure in the promotion of regional literature and history.
As founding director of the Cebuano Studies Center—an important research institution which
placed Cebu in the research and documentation map—he pioneered Cebuano and national
identity formation. As a leading figure in cultural and literary history, he networked actively in
many organizations. For over 50 years, Mojares has published in diverse forms (fiction, essay,
journalism, scholarly articles, and books) across a wide range of discipline (literature, history,
biography, cultural studies, and others). To date, he has 17 published books (3 more in the
press) and edited, co-edited, or co-authored 11 books, and written numerous articles for popular
and scholarly publications. He was awarded National Artist for Literature in 2018.

Some of his Notable Works:

● Origins and Rise of the Filipino Novel: A Generic Study of the Novel Until 1940
(Quezon City, UP Press, 1983; second ed. 1998)
● The Man Who Would Be President: Serging Osmeña and Philippine Politics
(Cebu: Maria Cacao, 1986)
● Waiting for Mariang Makiling: Essays on Philippine Cultural History
(Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2002)
● Theater in Society, Society in Theater: Social History of a Cebuano Village, 1840-1940
(Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1985)
● The War Against the Americans: Resistance and Collaboration in Cebu, 1899-1906
(Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1999)
● House of Memory: Essays (Metro Manila: Anvil Publishing, 1997)

● Brains of the Nation: Pedro Paterno, T.H. Pardo de Tavera, Isabelo de los Reyes and the
Production of Modern Knowledge (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press,
2006)
● Isabelo’s Archive (Metro Manila: Anvil Publishing, 2013).

46
LAZARO FRANCISCO (1898 – 1980)

Lazaro Francisco, “National Artist for Literature” and some of his notable literary works ”Maganda Pa Ang Daigdig”, “Daluyong”
and “Sugat ng Alaala” (Photos via: manilatimes.net, prezi.com and goodreads.com)

Prize-winning writer Lazaro A. Francisco developed the social realist tradition in Philippine

fiction. His eleven novels, now acknowledged classics of Philippine literature, embodies the
author’s commitment to nationalism. He was awarded National Artist for Literature in 2009.

Francisco gained prominence as a writer not only for his social conscience but also for his
“masterful handling of the Tagalog language” and “supple prose style”. With his literary output in
Tagalog, he contributed to the enrichment of the Filipino language and literature for which he is a
staunch advocate. He put up an arm to his advocacy of Tagalog as a national language by
establishing the Kapatiran ng mga Alagad ng Wikang Pilipino (KAWIKA) in 1958.

His reputation as the “Master of the Tagalog Novel” is backed up by numerous awards he
received for his meritorious novels, and for his contribution to Philippine literature and culture in
general. His masterpiece novels—Ama, Bayang Nagpatiwakal, Maganda Pa Ang
Daigdig and Daluyong—affirm his eminent place in Philippine literature. In 1997, he was honored
by the University of the Philippines with a special convocation, where he was cited as the
“foremost Filipino novelist of his generation” and “champion of the Filipino writer’s struggle for
national identity.”

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FASHION DESIGN

Fashion design is a form of art dedicated to the creation of clothing and other lifestyle
accessories. Modern fashion design is divided into two basic categories: haute couture and
ready-to-wear. The haute couture collection is dedicated to certain customers and is custom
sized to fit these customers exactly. To qualify as an haute couture house, a designer must be
part of the Syndical Chamber for Haute Couture and show a new collection twice a year
presenting a minimum of 35 different outfits each time.

Ready-to-wear collections are standard sized, not custom made, so they are more
suitable for large production runs. They are also split into two categories: designer/creator and
confection collections. Designer collections have a higher quality and finish as well as a unique
design. They often represent a certain philosophy and are created to make a statement rather
than for sale. Both ready-to-wear and haute-couture collections are presented on international
catwalks. Ramon Valera is the only Filipino artists awarded as National artist for fashion design.

RAMON VALERA (1912 – 1972)

Ramon Valera, “National Artist for Fashion Design” and some of his models and sketches for a fashion show (Photos via:
atlerasia.com/style/fashion/ and esquiremag.ph/)

Awarded as National Artist for Fashion Design in 2006. The contribution of Ramon Valera
lies in the tradition of excellence of his works, and his commitment to his profession, performing
his magical seminal innovations on the Philippine terno.

Valera is said to have given the country its visual icon to the world via the terno. In the
early 40s, Valera produced a single piece of clothing from a four-piece ensemble consisting of a
blouse, skirt, overskirt, and long scarf. He unified the components of the baro’t saya into a single
dress with exaggerated bell sleeves, cinched at the waist, grazing the ankle, and zipped up at the
back. Using zipper in place of hooks was already a radical change for the country’s elite then.
Dropping the panuelo–the long-folded scarf hanging down the chest, thus serving as the
Filipina’s gesture of modesty–from the entire ensemble became a bigger shock for the women
then. Valera constructed the terno’s butterfly sleeves, giving them a solid, built-in but hidden
support. To the world, the butterfly sleeves became the terno’s defining feature.

Even today, Filipino fashion designers study Valera’s ternos: its construction, beadworks,
AND applique. Valera helped mold generations of artists and helped fashion to become no less
than a nation’s sense of aesthetics. But more important than these, he helped form a sense of
the Filipino nation by his pursuit of excellence.

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INDEPENDENT PRACTICE:

Directions: You may choose at least three (3) to do or perform from the given activities below:
Independent Activity 1
Visual Arts
Directions: The theme for this activity is current issue/event. Use any materials available at
home and choose any activity from the following:

1. Comics
2. Poster
3. Editorial Cartooning

For printed-based learners: Note: Arrange your artwork creatively on your Art portfolio.

For digital-based learners: Note: Upload the photos and videos of your artwork on your digital
portfolio.

Here’s a video link you could watch to get some ideas:

Comics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyYy9-Dj7co
Poster: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnvcspWrFLA
Editorial Cartooning: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3b-e39ux3M

Independent Activity 2.

Architecture

Directions: Using available materials at home, you may draw, paint, or build your favorite
landmark or landmark that you want to visit (In your community, in other country)

Here’s a video link you could watch to get some ideas:

Architecture Doodles for Architecture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBWnwLwPMgA

Architecture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKoNaqxqhf8
Draw: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9kW-wr8kYI
Paint: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hy79XDkSsIA

For printed-based learners: Note: Arrange your artwork creatively on your Art portfolio.

For digital-based learners: Note: Upload the photos and videos of your artwork on your digital
portfolio
Independent Activity 3.

Dance

Directions: Showcase your talent in dancing. Perform a dance of any genre. You are free to
create your own choreography.

Here’s a video link you could watch to get some ideas:

Folkdance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2a_BANzGmbU
Ballroom Dance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzccoV4EUeE
Contemporary Dance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5nir2xVHrU

For printed-based learners: Note: Write a narrative of your performance and attach your photo.
Arrange your output creatively on your Art portfolio.

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For digital-based learners: Note: Upload the photos and videos of your performance on your
digital portfolio

Independent Activity 4.

Music

Directions: Play music using common household objects or compose a song relevant to the
current issues and trends in our society nowadays.

Here’s a video link you could watch to get some ideas:

Improvised musical instrument: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1S9o8PaI2bc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmKLWgS1Pgc

For printed-based learners: Note: Write a narrative of your performance and attach your photo.
Arrange your output creatively on your Art portfolio.

For digital-based learners: Note: Upload the photos and videos of your performance on your
digital portfolio

Independent Activity 5.

Literary Arts

Directions: Compose a poem or an infographic (printed or video) about the important issues in
our society.

For printed-based learners: Note: Arrange your artwork creatively on your Art portfolio.

For digital-based learners: Note: Upload the photos and videos of your artwork on your digital
portfolio.

Independent Activity 6.

Cinema/Theater

Directions: Using available materials/medium at home, create a story board (favorite scene) or
poster of your favorite movie or a theater play.

Here’s a video link you could watch to get some ideas:

Story board: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPrkxj2MyZI&t=4s

Poster: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLfuDaA_NGM

For printed-based learners: Note: Arrange your artwork creatively on your Art portfolio.

For digital-based learners: Note: Upload the photos and videos of your artwork on your digital
portfolio

Independent Activity 7.

Fashion Design

Directions: Using available materials/medium at home, create your own clothing design or do a
photoshoot/fashion show while wearing your most fashionable attire.

Here’s a video link you could watch to get some ideas:

50
Fashion Design: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCEOJwUaEIA

For printed-based learners: Note: Write a narrative of your performance and attach your
photo. Arrange your output creatively on your Art portfolio.
For digital-based learners: Note: Upload the photos and videos of your performance on your
digital portfolio.

REFLECTION:

Directions: Complete the learning log. Explain each of your answers.

I have learned that. . . .

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Knowing about this topic helps me . . .

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

This topic reminds me of . . .

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

The part of the lesson that I know the most about is . . .

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

The part of the lesson that is the most confusing is. . .

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

I would like to know more about. . .

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

ASSESSMENT 1 (Written Assessment):

DIRECTIONS: Read and analyze the questions carefully. Write your answer on your paper.

1. Who was born at the turn of the century and pioneered modern Philippine Architecture?
A. Pablo Antonio C. Juan Nakpil
B. Leandro Locsin D. Ildefonso Santos
2. Who was considered as the Father of Philippine Cinema and was remarkable figure of the
silent cinema era?
A. Gerardo De Leon C. Jose Maria Zaragoza
B. Lino Brocka D. Jose Nepomuceno
3. His works employed dark and somber colors and were focused on depicting the dirt and
sweat of laborers. He was also considered as the Father of Modern Painting.

51
 A. Lauro Alcala C. Napoleon Abueva
B. Victorio Edades D. Leandro Locsin
4. She was honored as the Queen of Kundiman in 1979 and was awarded National Artist for
Theater and Music in 1987.
A. Daisy Avellana C. Honorata “Atang” Dela Rama
B. Amelia Lapeña-Bonifacio D. Francisca Reyes-Aquino
5. She was conferred National Artist for Dance in 1976 and was dubbed as “Trailblazer,
“Mother of Philippine Theater Dance” and “Dean of Filipino Performing Arts Critics”,
A. Leonor Orosa Goquingco C. Lucrecia Reyes-Urtula
B. Alice Reyes D. Daisy Avellana
6. Who was the first conferred as National Artist and often known as the “Grand Old Man of
Philippine Art”?
A. Leandro Locsin C. Ishmael Bernal
B. Fernando Amorsolo D. Guillermo Tolentino
7. Who was acknowledged as the Folk Dance Pioneer and was conferred as National for
Dance in 1973?
A. Alice Reyes C. Amelia Lapeña-Bonifacio
B. Honorata “Atang” Dela Rama D. Francisca Reyes-Aquino
8. Who was known as a leading figure in the promotion of regional literature and history and
was awarded National Artist for Literature in 2018?
A. Resil Mojares C. Ramon Valera
B. Lazaro Francisco D. Lino Brocka
9. He was the only Filipino artists awarded as National artist for fashion design.
A. Nick Joaquin C. Ramon Valera
B. Amado Hernandez D. Resil Mojares
10. Who made it to the Guinness Book of World Records as the only person able to make
music using just a leaf and was awarded National Artist for Literature and Music in 1997?
A. Levi Celerio C. Bienvenido Lumbera
B. Ryan Cayabyab D. Antonio Molina

ASSESSMENT 2 (Performance Task):

SITUATION: You are aspiring to become or to be recognized as National Artist.
GOAL: Create a ‘masterpiece’ that you want to be famous of or known for if you were to become

a National Artist.

DIRECTIONS: Based on the given situation and goal, choose only one (1) genre from the
previous lesson/topic and use all possible materials you have at home:

1. Visual Arts 6. Fashion Design

2. Architecture 7. Music
3. Dance 8. Theater Arts
4. Cinema
5. Literary Arts

52
For printed-based learners: Note: Write a narrative of your performance and attach your
photo. Arrange your output creatively on your Art portfolio.
For digital-based learners: Note: Upload the photos and videos of your performance on your
digital portfolio.

Review

Answers may vary

Lesson 1 Assessment

Lesson2 Assessment

RUBRICS FOR INDEPENDENT PRACTICE ACTIVITIES

INDICATORS
The student independently demonstrates Outstanding**
ability to create, add value, and transfer (90-100)
his/her understanding to life situations in form
of products and performances. *
The student independently demonstrates Very Satisfactory**
ability to create, add value, and transfer (85-89)
his/her understanding to life situations in form
of products and performances, but the
product or performances can still stand
53
improvement. *
The student strives to use understanding or Satisfactory**
learning creatively in producing products or (80-84)
performances. *
The student shows inadequacy in using Fairly Satisfactory**
understanding or learning creatively in (75-79)
producing products or performances. *
The student shows great difficulty in using Did Not Meet Expectations**
understanding or learning creatively in (Below 75)
producing products or performances. *
*Derived from enclosure No. 2 to DepEd No, 73, s 2012
**Derived from DepEd Order No. 8, s 2015 a.k.a Policy Guidelines on Classroom Assessment for K to 12 Basic Education Program

REFERENCES

Annie, L. (2021). How Do You Apply Color Theory in Photography? Learn About Color
Value,Hue,and Saturation in Photography [Blog]. Retrieved 7 February 2022, from
http://masterclass.com/articles/learnabout-color-value-hue-and-saturation-in
photography#what-is-color-value

Order of National Artists. Retrieved 7 February 2022, from https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and

arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-philippines/

Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved 7 February 2022, from https://www.philamuseum.org/

Visual Arts - Painting, Drawing, Printmaking, Photography, Sculpture. Retrieved 7 February 2022,
from https://www.english-online.at/art-architecture/visual-arts/visual-art-forms.htm

Wolfe, M. (2010). Fashion! Tinley Park, IL: Goodheart-Wilcox.

54
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
55
Department of Education – Region III, Curriculum and Learning Management
Division (CLMD)

NCCA Evaluators
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