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Table 1 Herbs used for treatment of skin

hyperpigmentation
From: Skin hyperpigmentation and its treatment with herbs: an alternative method

S. Herbs Part Mechanism of action Phytoconstituents Ref

N used ere
o nce
1 Glycyrrhiza Root UVB protection Glycyrrhizic acid, Glycyrrhizin, [14,
glabra Glabridin 15]
[Fabaceae] Moisturing agent
2 Vitex negundo Root Tyrosinase inhibitory Negundin A, [+]-lyoniresinol- [16]
[Verbenaceae] 3a-O-b-D-glucoside
3 Aloe- LeafMosituring agent Aloesin, 2"-Feruloylaloesin [17,
barbadensis 18]
[Asphodelace Tyrosinase inhibitory
ae]
4 Morus alba Fruit Tyr. 7 inhibitor Apigenin, umbelliferone, [15,
[Moraceae] astragalin, Moranoline, 1- 19]
ROS scavenger deoxynojirinmycin, resveratrol
5 Panax ginseng Root Antioxidant, and skin whitening Ginsenoside, p-Coumaric acid [20,
[Araliaceae] 21]
Agent
6 Gingko Flower Tyrosinasse inhibitor Ginkgolide A, bilobalide [13,
[Ginkgoaceae] 22]
7 Azadirachta Leaf, Antioxidant Oleic Acid, Azadirachtin, [17]
indica Bark isomeldenin, nimbin, nimbinene,
[Meliaceae] Antibactrical 6-desacetyl lnimbinene,
nimbandiol
S. Herbs Part Mechanism of action Phytoconstituents Ref
N used ere
o nce
8 Santalum Wood Antioxidant, zskin whitening Alpha- and beta-santalol [23,
album property 24]
[Santalaece]
9 Muntingia Flower, Antityrosinase and antioxidant Stigmasterol, triglyceride, α- [25,
calabura Leaf, activity linolenic acid 26]
[Muntigaceae] Fruit
10 Blumea Leaves Antityrosinase, lipid peroxidation 3-O-7W-Biluteolin, [25,
balsamifera inhibitory activities, liver- 27]
[Asteraceae] protective
11 Magnolia Bark Melanogenesis inhibition Magnoloside Ia, crassifolioside, [28,
officinalis magnoloside Va 29]
[Magnoliaceae
]
12 Pueraria Root Melanogenesisinhibition Schaftoside, puerarin, genistin [30,
thunbergiana 31]
[Leguminosae
]
13 Emblica Fruit Antioxidant, skin whitening Quercetin, Kaempferol, Gallic [32,
officinalis property acid, Methyl gallate, Ellagic acid, 33]
[Phyllanthacea Trigallayl glucose, Phyllantine,
e] Phyllembein
14 Curcuma Root Antioxidant, skin whitening Curcuminoids [23]
longa property
[Zingiberacea
e]
15 Camellia Leaves Antioxidant Epigallocatechin gallate, [23,
sinensis epicatechin, gallocatechin 34]
[Theaceae]
16 Nelumbo Flower Antioxidant, tyrosinaseinhibotry Pronuciferine, Armepavin, [35,
nucifera activity Kaempferol-3-o-glucoside, 36]
Gaertn Luteolinglucoside
[Nelumbonace
ae]
17 Crocus sativus Dried tyrosinaseinhibotry activity Crocin, picrocrocin, β- carotene, [37,
L.[Iridaceae] stigmas safranal. 38]
18 Hemidesmus Root Antioxidant, tyrosinaseinhibotry Hemidesminine, Lupeal, vanillin [39,
indicus activity 40]
[Asclepiadace
ae]
19 Vitis vinifera Seed Tyrosinaseinhibotry activity Gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, [17,
[Vitaceae] and leaf syringic and ellagic acids 41]
20 Euphorbia Leave, Antioxidant, skin lighting agent Protocatechuic acid, nodakenin, [42
supina flowers 3-O-glucoside ]
S. Herbs Part Mechanism of action Phytoconstituents Ref
N used ere
o nce
[Euphorbiacea and
e] tubers
21 Brillantaisia Leaves Hyperpigmentation, leprosy, Alkaloids, glycosides, [43,
cicatricose vermifuge, emetic, eczema, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, 44]
Lindau snakebite, lactogenic tannins and saponins
[Acanthaceae]
22 Chenopodium Stem, Tyrosinase inhibitory Phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, [44
uganda leaves and triterpenoids ]
[Chenopodiac and
eae] flower
23 Sesamum Leaves hyperpigmentation, dysentery Terpenoids and steroids [43
angolense ]
Welw.
[Pedaliaceae]
24 Proteamadien Root, Skin disease, hyperpigmentation Terpenoids and steroids [43
sis Oliv. bark ]
[Proteaceae]
25 Carica papaya Leaves Moisturing agent, antioxidant, Papain, chymopapain A and B [45
L. ]
[Caricaceae]
26 Acacia Bark Antioxidant activity, Skin Catechin, catechutannic acid. [46
catechu whitening property ]
[Mimosaceae]
27 Arnica Flower Inhibitor in B16 melanoma cells Triterpene, essential oils, fatty [47]
Montana acids, thymol,
[Asteraceae] pseudoguaianolidesesquiterpen
e lactones
28 Artemisia Leaves inhibit melanocyte-stimulating Isobutyl and piperidiyl [48
dracunculus hormone ]
[Asteraceae]
29 Glycine max Seed Antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitory Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor and [49
[Fabaceae] activity Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor ]
30 Thymelaea Leaves, Antioxidant property, Genkwadaphnin, gnidicin [50
hirsuta Stem antimelanogenesis effect ]
[Thymelaeace and
ae] flower
31 Betula Bark, tyrosinase inhibitory activity Phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, [51]
pendula leaves saponins, glycosides, sterols
[Betulaceae] and terpene derivatives
32 Caesalpinia Wood Inhibit melanogenesis and Homoisoflavanone, sappanone [52]
sappan cellular tyrosinase activity A
[Fabaceae]
33 Callicarpa Leaves Inhibits melanin production [53
longissima ]
S. Herbs Part Mechanism of action Phytoconstituents Ref
N used ere
o nce
[Lamiaceae]
3 Carthamus Seeds Melanogenesis inhibitory activity Essential oils contains palmitic [54,
4 tinctorius L. acid, palmitoleic acid, margaric 55]
[Asteraceae] acid, margaroleic acid
35 Coccoloba Antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase Titratable acid [56,
uvifera activities, inhibited the 57]
[Polygonaceae production of IL-1a, TNF-a and a- Ascorbic acid
] MSH in melanocytes
3 Colocasia Root Inhibits the melanogenesis Colocasinol A [58
6 antiquorum and bark ]
[Araceae]
37 Crataegus Leaves Effect on B16F10 melanoma cells vitexin-200-O-rhamnoside [59
azarolus L. ]
[Rosaceae]
3 Juniperus Fruit Inhibition of tyrosinase and Amentoflavone-7-O-D- [60
8 chinensis L. melanogenesis glucoside ]
[Cupressacea
e]
3 Glechoma Stem Reduced the cellular melanin Germacrene D [61,
9 hederacea L. content and tyrosinase activity 62]
[Lamiaceae] Ursolicacid, oleanic acid
4 Garcinia Bark Inhibit melanin production Amentoflavone [63,
0 livingstonei T 64]
[Clusiaceae] 3βhydroxyeupha-5 ,22-diene
O-methylfukugetin
Morelloflavone
Volkensiflavone
41 Viola odorata Leaves Anti-melanogenic activity Vitamin C, methyl salicyte [65,
[Violaceae] 66]
42 Passiflora Seed Inhibits melanogenesis Piceatannol [67]
edulis
[Passifloracea
e]
4 Stewartia Bark and anti-melanogenic activity deoxystewartianol-40 -O- [68
3 pseudocamelli fruit arabinoglucoside stewartianol- ]
a [Theaceae] 3-O-glucoside
4 Cyperus Rhizome TRPV1 Channel Inhibition and Valencene camphene [69
4 rotundus s ORAI1Channel Inhibition. ]
[Cyperaceae]
 S. Herbs Part Mechanism of action Phytoconstituents Ref
N used ere
o nce
4 Cudrania Fruit Inhibition of L-DOPA Auto- Flaniostatin [70,
5 tricuspidata Oxidation 71]
[Moraceae]
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