TRIGONOMETRY

02

1
Other Circular Functions
• Examples: Complete the following table:

Angle Degrees (°) Radians (𝑟𝑎𝑑) Revolutions

(𝑟𝑒𝑣)
A 5
−
4
B 108

C 7𝜋
3
 Other Circular Functions
• Examples: Complete the following table:

Angle Reference Quadrant sinθ cosθ tanθ cscθ secθ cotθ

(θ) angle
-120°

7𝜋
6
5𝜋
−
4
Outline
• Identities and Equations Involving Circular
Functions I
• Identities and Equations Involving Circular
Functions II
• Trigonometric Functions and Triangle Solution
Identities and Equations
Involving Circular Functions I
• Reciprocal, Quotient, Pythagorean Identities
• Proving Identities
• Sum and Difference Identities
Reciprocal, Quotient,
Pythagorean Identities
• Identity – it is an equation that is always true,
given that the expressions are defined.

• Reciprocal Identities
1
1. sec 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
1
2. csc 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
1
3. cot 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
Reciprocal, Quotient,
Pythagorean Identities

• Identity – it is an equation that is always true,

given that the expressions are defined.

• Quotient Identities
sin 𝜃
1. tan 𝜃 = cos 𝜃

cos 𝜃
2. cot 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
Reciprocal, Quotient,
Pythagorean Identities

• Identity – it is an equation that is always true,

given that the expressions are defined.

• Pythagorean Identities
1. cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
2. 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
3. cot 2 𝜃 + 1 = csc 2 𝜃
 Reciprocal, Quotient,
Pythagorean Identities
𝜃 Quadrant IV
cos 𝜃 + • Example:
5
sin 𝜃 − • If cot 𝜃 = − and cos 𝜃 > 0, solve for sin 𝜃 and
12
tan 𝜃 − cos 𝜃.
sec 𝜃 +
csc 𝜃 − • If cot 𝜃 is negative, then 𝜃 is either in Quadrant II
or Quadrant IV. If cos 𝜃 is positive, then 𝜃 is either
cot 𝜃 −
in Quadrant I or Quadrant IV. The angle 𝜃 being in
Quadrant IV satisfies both of these conditions.
• If angle 𝜃 is in Quadrant IV, then sin 𝜃 is negative
and cos 𝜃 is positive.
Reciprocal, Quotient,
Pythagorean Identities
• Example:
5
• If cot 𝜃 = − and cos 𝜃 > 0, solve for sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃.
12

• Using identity P-3: cot 2 𝜃 + 1 = csc 2 𝜃

2
5
− + 1 = csc 2 𝜃
12
25 169
csc 2 𝜃 = +1=
144 144

169 13
csc 𝜃 = − =−
144 12
Reciprocal, Quotient,
Pythagorean Identities
• Example:
5
• If cot 𝜃 = − and cos 𝜃 > 0, solve for sin 𝜃 and
12
cos 𝜃.

1
• Using identity R-2: csc 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
1 1
sin 𝜃 = =
csc 𝜃 − 13
12
12
sin 𝜃 = −
13
Reciprocal, Quotient,
Pythagorean Identities
• Example:
5
• If cot 𝜃 = − and cos 𝜃 > 0, solve for sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃.
12

• Using identity P-1: cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1; cos 2 𝜃 = 1 −

sin2 𝜃
2
2
12 144 25
cos 𝜃 = 1 − − =1− =
13 169 169
25
cos 𝜃 =
169
5
cos 𝜃 =
13
Proving Identities
• Choose the more complicated side of the equation to
manipulate.
• Use algebraic operations, simplify fractions, separate
fractions, multiply by expressions equal to 1
• Manipulate only one side of the equation at a time
o Do not multiply or add expressions to both sides of
the equation at the same time
• If not sure on what to do, express other circular functions
in terms of sine and cosine

• Note: The numbering of the identities in this module are

not universal and are just used here for easier reference.
Proving Identities
• Example:
• Prove the identity: sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2 𝜃
sin 𝜃
• Using identity Q-1: tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2 𝜃
cos 𝜃
sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2 𝜃
• Using identity P-1: cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1;
sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2 𝜃
1 − cos 2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2 𝜃 ∎
Proving Identities
• Example:
• Prove the identity: cos 4 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥

(cos 2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥)(cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥) = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥

• Using identity P-1: cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
(1)(cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥) = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥
• Using identity P-1 again: cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1; cos 2 𝜃 = 1 −
sin2 𝜃
1 − sin2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥
1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 ∎
Proving Identities
• Example:
csc 𝑥−cot 𝑥 2 +1
• Prove the identity: = −2 csc 𝑥
cot 𝑥−csc 𝑥

(csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)(csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥) + 1

= −2 csc 𝑥
cot 𝑥 − csc 𝑥
csc 2 𝑥 − 2 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + cot 2 𝑥 + 1
= −2 csc 𝑥
cot 𝑥 − csc 𝑥
• Using identity P-3: cot 2 𝜃 + 1 = csc 2 𝜃
csc 2 𝑥 − 2 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + csc 2 𝑥
= −2 csc 𝑥
cot 𝑥 − csc 𝑥
2
2csc 𝑥 − 2 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
= −2 csc 𝑥
cot 𝑥 − csc 𝑥
Proving Identities
• Example:
csc 𝑥−cot 𝑥 2 +1
• Prove the identity: = −2 csc 𝑥
cot 𝑥−csc 𝑥

2 csc 𝑥 (csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)

= −2 csc 𝑥
cot 𝑥 − csc 𝑥
2 csc 𝑥 (csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)
= −2 csc 𝑥
−(csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)
2 csc 𝑥
= −2 csc 𝑥
−1
−2 csc 𝑥 = −2 csc 𝑥 ∎
Sum and Difference Identities
• Sum and Difference Identities
1. cos(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ∓ sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
a. cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
b. cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
2. sin(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ± cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
a. sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
b. sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
tan 𝛼±tan 𝛽
3. tan(𝛼 ± 𝛽) =
1∓tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
tan 𝛼+tan 𝛽
a. tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) =
1−tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
tan 𝛼−tan 𝛽
b. tan(𝛼 − 𝛽) =
1+tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
 tan 𝛼±tan 𝛽
• tan(𝛼 ± 𝛽) =
1∓tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
Sum and Difference Identities
• Example:
𝜋
• Evaluate cos
12
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos = cos −
12 3 4
• Using identity SAD-1b: cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos = cos cos + sin sin
12 3 4 3 4
𝜋 1 2 3 2
cos = +
12 2 2 2 2
𝜋 2 6
cos = +
12 4 4
𝜋 2+ 6
cos =
12 4
Any
questions?