CHEN 20112

One and a half hours

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER

Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer

Chemical Engineering, 2nd year

[Date of Examination]

[Time of Examination]

Answer ALL three questions in this exam paper

Total 75 marks

All numerical working must be shown.

Tables of mathematical formulae are available and may be used without

restriction.

Unless indicated otherwise, the nomenclature is the same as that given in the
lecture notes.

Electronic calculators may be used in accordance with the University

regulations.

A list of equations is available on pages 2 to 6.

Exam questions begin on page 7.

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 CHEN 20112

© The University of Manchester, 2019

Useful Equations

Drag force on a sphere

Fd = 3πµ dv

Gas constant

82.06 atm cm3 mol-1 K-1

Gravitational constant

g = 9.81 m s−2

Hyperbolic functions

exp(𝑥) − exp (−𝑥)

sinh(𝑥) =
2

exp(𝑥) + exp (−𝑥)

cosh(x) =
2

exp(𝑥) + exp (−𝑥)

coth(𝑥) =
exp(𝑥) − exp (−𝑥)

Equation of continuity in cylindrical coordinates

∂ρ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
+ ( ρ rvr ) + ( ρ vθ ) + ( ρ vz ) = 0
∂t r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z

Equation of continuity in spherical coordinates

∂ρ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂
+ 2 ( ρ r 2 vr ) + ( ρ vθ sin θ ) + ( ρ vϕ ) = 0
∂t r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ

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 CHEN 20112

Equation of motion in rectangular coordinates for a Newtonian fluid with constant

r and µ:

x-component

æ ¶v x ¶v x ¶v x ¶v x ö ¶p æ ¶ 2vx ¶ 2vx ¶ 2vx ö

rç
ç
¶t
+ vx
¶x
+ vy
¶y
+ vz
¶ z ÷ = - ¶x + µ çç ¶x 2 + ¶y 2 + ¶z 2
÷ ÷÷ + rg x
è ø è ø

y-component

æ ¶v y ¶v y ¶v y ¶v y ö ¶p æ ¶ 2v y ¶ 2v y ¶ 2v y ö
r çç + vx + vy + vz ÷÷ = - + µ ç + + ÷ + rg y
ç ¶x 2 ÷
è ¶t ¶x ¶y ¶z ø ¶y è ¶y 2 ¶z 2 ø

z-component

æ ¶v z ¶v ¶v ¶v ö ¶p æ ¶ 2v ¶ 2v ¶ 2v ö
r çç + vx z + v y z + vz z ÷÷ = - + µ çç 2z + 2z + 2z ÷÷ + rg z
è ¶t ¶x ¶y ¶z ø ¶z è ¶x ¶y ¶z ø

Equation of motion in cylindrical coordinates for a Newtonian fluid with constant

r and µ:

r-component

æ ¶vr ¶vr vq ¶vr vq2 ¶v ö ¶p

rç ç + vr + - + v z r ÷÷ = -
è ¶t ¶r r ¶q r ¶z ø ¶r
é ¶ æ1 ¶ ù
(rvr )ö÷ + 12 ¶ v2r - 22 ¶vq + ¶ v2r ú + rg r
2 2
+ µê ç
ë ¶r è r ¶r ø r ¶q r ¶q ¶z û
q -component

æ ¶vq ¶v v ¶v vv ¶v ö 1 ¶p
rç + vr q + q q + r q + v z q ÷ = -
è ¶t ¶r r ¶q r ¶z ø r ¶q
é ¶ æ1 ¶ ö 1 ¶ vq
2
2 ¶vr ¶ 2 vq ù
+ µê ç (rvq )÷ + 2 2 + 2 + 2 ú + rgq
ë ¶r è r ¶r ø r ¶q r ¶q ¶z û
z-component

æ ¶v z ¶v v ¶v ¶v ö ¶p é 1 ¶ æ ¶v z ö 1 ¶ 2 v z ¶ 2 v z ù
rç + vr z + q z + v z z ÷ = - + µ ê çr ÷+ 2 + 2 ú + rg z
è ¶t ¶r r ¶q ¶z ø ¶z ë r ¶r è ¶r ø r ¶q
2
¶z û

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 CHEN 20112

Equation of motion in spherical coordinates for a Newtonian fluid with constant r

and µ:

r-component

æ ¶v r ¶v r vq ¶v r
2
vf ¶v r vq + vf
2
ö
r ç + vr + + - ÷ = - ¶p
ç ¶t ¶r r ¶q r sin q ¶f r ÷ ¶r
è ø
é 1 ¶2 ¶ æ ¶vr ö ¶ 2 vr ù
+ µê 2 2 ( )
r 2 vr + 2
1
ç sin q ÷ +
1
ú + rg r
ë r ¶r r sin q ¶q è ¶q ø r 2 sin 2 q ¶f 2 û

q -component

æ ¶vq ¶vq vq ¶vq vf ¶vq v r vq vf cot q ö

2

r ç + vr + + + - ÷ = - 1 ¶p
ç ¶t ¶r r ¶q r sin q ¶f r r ÷ r ¶q
è ø
é 1 ¶ æ 2 ¶vq ö 1 ¶ æ 1 ¶ ö 1 ¶ 2 vq 2 ¶vr 2 cosq ¶vf ù
+ µê 2 çr ÷+ 2 ç (vq sin q )÷ + 2 2 + - ú
ë r ¶r è ¶r ø r ¶q è sin q ¶q ø r sin q ¶f r 2 ¶q r 2 sin 2 q ¶f û
2

+ rgq

f -component

æ ¶vf ¶vf vq ¶vf vf ¶vf vf v r vq vf ö 1 ¶p

r çç + vr + + + + cot q ÷÷ = -
è ¶t ¶r r ¶q r sin q ¶f r r ø r sin q ¶f
é 1 ¶ æ 2 ¶vf ö 1 ¶ æ 1 ¶ ¶ vf
2
¶v r 2 cos q ¶vq ù
+ µê 2 çç r ÷÷ + 2 ç (vf sin q )ö÷ + 2 1 2 + 2
2
+ 2 ú
êë r ¶r è ¶r ø r ¶q è sin q ¶q ø r sin q ¶f
2
r sin q ¶f r sin 2 q ¶f úû
+ rg f

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 CHEN 20112

Components of the stress tensor for a Newtonian fluid in rectangular

coordinates

é ¶v x 2 ! ! ù
t xx = - µ ê2 - 3 Ñ×v ú ( )
ë ¶x û

é ¶v y 2 ! ! ù
t yy = - µ ê2 - 3 Ñ×v ú ( )
ë ¶y û

é ¶vz 2 ! ! ù
t zz = - µ ê2 ( )
- 3 Ñ×v ú
ë ¶z û

é ¶v ¶v ù
t xy = t yx = - µ ê x + y ú
ë ¶y ¶x û

é ¶v ¶v ù
t yz = t zy = - µ ê y + z ú
ë ¶z ¶y û

é ¶v ¶v ù
t zx = t xz = - µ ê z + x ú
ë ¶x ¶z û

Components of the stress tensor for a Newtonian fluid in cylindrical coordinates

é ¶v r 2 ! ! ù
t rr = - µ ê2 (
- 3 Ñ×v ú )
ë ¶r û

é æ 1 ¶vq vr ö 2 ! ! ù
t qq = -µ ê2ç + ÷ - 3 Ñ×v ú ( )
ë è r ¶q r ø û

é ¶v z 2 ! ! ù
t zz = - µ ê2 (
- 3 Ñ×v ú )
ë ¶z û

é ¶ æ vq ö 1 ¶vr ù
t rq = t qr = - µ êr ç ÷+ ú
ë ¶r è r ø r ¶q û

é ¶v 1 ¶v ù
t qz = t zq = - µ ê q + z
ú
ë ¶z r ¶q û

é ¶v ¶v ù
t zr = t rz = - µ ê z + r ú
ë ¶r ¶z û

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 CHEN 20112

Components of the stress tensor for a Newtonian fluid in spherical coordinates

é ¶v r 2 ! ! ù
t rr = - µ ê2 (
- 3 Ñ×v ú )
ë ¶r û

é æ 1 ¶vq vr ö 2 ! ! ù
t qq = -µ ê2ç ( )
+ ÷ - 3 Ñ×v ú
ë è r ¶q r ø û

é æ 1 ¶vf vr vq cot q ö 2 ! ! ù
t ff = -µ ê2çç + + ÷ - Ñ×v ú
r ÷ø 3
( )
ë è r sin q ¶f r û

é ¶ æ vq ö 1 ¶vr ù
t rq = t qr = - µ êr ç ÷+ ú
ë ¶r è r ø r ¶q û

é sin q ¶ æ vf ö 1 ¶vq ù
t qf = t fq = -µ ê çç ÷÷ + ú
êë r ¶q è sin q ø r sin q ¶f úû

é 1 ¶vr ¶ æ vf öù
t fr = t rf = -µ ê + r çç ÷÷ú
ë r sin q ¶f ¶r è r øû

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 CHEN 20112

1. Answer all parts of this question

a) Express each of the following dimensionless numbers in terms of

density r, heat capacity Cp, viscosity µ, thermal conductivity k,
diffusion coefficient DAB, velocity v, and diameter d. Use only one
sentence to describe the meaning of each dimensionless group.

i) Reynolds number
[2 marks]

ii) Prandtl number

[2 marks]

iii) Schmidt number

[2 marks]

b) Consider the steady-state absorption of pure component gas A in a

liquid solvent composed of B as shown by the schematic in Figure 1.
When dissolved in the liquid, A undergoes an irreversible first order
reaction 𝐴 + 𝐵 → 𝐶. The kinetics are described by a first-order rate
equation 𝑟! = −𝑘𝑐! where 𝑘 is a rate constant, 𝑟! is the rate of
reaction, and 𝑐! is the concentration of 𝐴 in the liquid. The
concentration profile is given by 𝑐! = 𝑐!" cosh[(𝛿 − 𝑧)/𝑙]⁄cosh(𝛿/𝑙)
where 𝑙 # = 𝒟$% ⁄𝑘, 𝒟$% is the diffusion coefficient for 𝐴 in 𝐵, 𝑐!" is
the concentration of A at the gas-liquid interface, and 𝛿 is the thickness
of the liquid film.

impermeable wall

gas liquid solvent, B

pure A
A+B C

z=0 z=d
Figure 1: Absorption of A from gas phase into a liquid solvent composed of B. In the
solvent, A reacts with B to form C.

i) Explain the meaning of the dimensionless group 𝛿/𝑙.

[4 marks]

ii) Determine the flux of 𝐴 at the gas-liquid interface, 𝑁!,' |'(" .

[4 marks]

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 CHEN 20112

iii) Calculate the average rate of reaction 𝑟!,)*+ = −𝑘𝑐!,)*+ where

𝑐!,)*+ is the average concentration of A in the liquid film.
[4 marks]

iv) Show that the average rate of reaction can also be calculated
from the expression for 𝑁!,' |'(" derived in part (ii) above.
[3 marks]

v) Determine 𝑁!,' |'(" in the limit of 𝛿/𝑙 → 0. Explain the

physical meaning of the result.
[4 marks]

End of Question 1

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 CHEN 20112

2. Consider a long electrical wire of length 𝐿 with radius 𝑅, surrounded by an

annular layer of insulation with outside radius 𝑅- . The rate of energy
production per unit volume in the electrical wire is a constant equal to 𝑆. . The
outside surface of the insulation is at a temperature equal to 𝑇/ . The thermal
conductivities of the electrical wire and the insulation are 𝑘, and 𝑘- ,
respectively. All answers should be written in terms of 𝐿, 𝑆. , 𝑅, , 𝑅- , 𝑇/ , 𝑘,
and 𝑘- . Answer all parts of this question.

a) Write out the four boundary conditions using 𝑞, and 𝑇0 and 𝑞- and 𝑇1 to
denote the flux of heat and temperature in the electrical wire and the
insulation, respectively.
[4 marks]

b) Determine an expression for the rate of heat transfer 𝑞, within the

electrical wire as a function of 𝑟.
[4 marks]

c) Determine an expression for the rate of heat transfer 𝑞- within the

insulation as a function of 𝑟.
[4 marks]

d) Determine the temperature profile 𝑇- within the insulation as a function

of 𝑟.
[4 marks]

e) Determine the temperature profile 𝑇, within the electrical wire as a

function of 𝑟.
[4 marks]

f) Calculate the rate of heat loss to the surroundings through the surface of
the insulation.
[3 marks]

g) Calculate the maximum temperature in the electrical wire.

[2 marks]

End of Question 2

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 CHEN 20112

3. Consider the pressure-driven flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid in

the annular region between two coaxial cylinders in the horizontal direction as
shown by Figure 2 below. The pressure drop over a length 𝐿 of the pipe is
given by 𝛥𝑃2 and the viscosity of the fluid is 𝜇. The radii of the inner and
outer cylinders are 𝜅𝑅 and 𝑅, respectively. Under laminar flow conditions,

𝛥𝑃2 𝑅 𝑟 𝑅
𝜏3' = OP Q − 𝜆# S TU
2𝐿 𝑅 𝑟

where the constant 𝜆 is determined by the condition that 𝜏3' = 0 at 𝑟 = 𝜆𝑅.

Show all work.

r=R fluid

r = kR
fluid

L
Figure 2: Fluid flowing in the annular region formed between two co-axial cylinders.

a) What are the boundary conditions for this problem?

[2 marks]

b) Derive an expression for the velocity profile 𝑣' in terms of 𝐿, 𝜅, 𝑅, 𝑟,

𝜇, and 𝛥𝑃2 .
[10 marks]

c) Determine the maximum velocity 𝑣',4)5 in terms of 𝐿, 𝜅, 𝑅, 𝜇, and

𝛥𝑃2 .
[3 marks]

d) Calculate the force exerted by the fluid on the inner cylinder and on
the outer cylinder. The final answer should be expressed in terms of
𝑅, 𝜅, and 𝛥𝑃2 .
[5 marks]

e) Determine the volumetric flowrate 𝑄 in terms of 𝐿, 𝜅, 𝑅, 𝜇, and 𝛥𝑃2 .

[5 marks]

End of Question 3

End of Examination Paper

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