Lat, TJ A.

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Fundamentals of Criminal investigation And Intelligence.

1.Intelligence
Intelligence or intel gives information on solving crimes and to protect the people. There many types of
intelligence that are provided from the police system internally and some information is given externally
by members of the public.
https://www.northyorkshire.police.uk/news/north-yorkshire/news/news/2022/06-june/the-power-of-
intelligence--an-insight-into-the-world-of-intelligence-in-policing/
During criminal investigations, police intelligence operators depend on human analysts to look for,
understand and make sense of the information. It is a time-consuming task, wherein quick response is
vital in pursuing criminals.
https://www.earticle.net/Article/A158911
Intelligence is information collected or obtained by Police. The information could be about, drug dealing,
drunk driving or other suspicious activities. Then a group of specialist officers will evaluate the
information to determine the risk to a person. They then decide if they shall act on this information.
Https://www.essex.police.uk/police-forces/essex-police/areas/essex-police/au/about-us/intelligence/
Intelligence is an organized attempt to gather information to assist, it slowly piece things together until it
creates a wider and clearer pattern.
Https://www.bigwas.com/2014/09/police-intelligence-reviewer.html?M=1
Intelligence is described as information collected, used, and protected by law enforcement institutions in
order determine on and serve criminal investigations.
Https://www.google.com/url?Sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.unodc.org/
documents/organized-crime/Law-Enforcement/
Criminal_Intelligence_for_Front_Line_Law_Enforcement.pdf&ved=2ahukewiviphxh-
kaaxuhg2mghb44dugqfnoecbyqbg&usg=aovvaw1d6ti7bwvoi2idapkathnp

2.History of Intelligence-
According to John and Marguire (2007) the way the police utilize intelligence has changed over time.
Initially there was some hesitation, in granting the police authority during the 19th century. However as
time passed this reluctance diminished and criminal intelligence became a part of police work. At first it
was primarily used by units like the CID. Eventually became utilized by mainstream police operations as
well. In the 1990s there was an increase, in the operational utilization of intelligence.
Https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203118177-15/criminal-intelligence-national-
intelligence-model-tim-john-mike-maguire
The intelligence system origins are traced back to private intelligence operations conducted by prominent
American industrial corporations during the 19 th century the subsequent historical periods and events that
influenced evolution of this intelligence are the red scare, prohibition, organized crime, radical political
groups, the cold war, and various instances of political and social unrest.
Https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/history-police-intelligence-operations-1880-1975-
final-draft

3.Types of intelligence-
Based on Rossy and Ribaux (2014), there is a growing of interest in connecting criminal investigation and
forensic investigation to sole crimes, but there is a lack of effective collaboration method. Three
propositions are borrowed from crime intelligence methods to close the gap: (a) intelligence process (b)
analyses of investigative problems along principal perspectives (c) visualization methods as a mode of
expression of a problem in these dimensions.

Https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1355030613000890
There are at least three types of intelligence: prospective, retrospective, and applied. And they are
patterned in police work, particularly the role of patrol officer.
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/449197
4.Intelligence process
Intelligence process in the United States has 7 steps: (1) requirements, (2) collection, (3) processing and
exploitation, (4) analysis and production, (5) dissemination, (6) consumption and (7) feedback
Https://www.e-education.psu.edu/sgam/node/15

5.intelligence cycle
Intelligence cycle, which refers to the general process of intelligence gathering, analysis, and
dissemination in various context such as civilian or military intelligence agencies and law enforcement.
The cycle is depicted as a closed loop of activities
Https://www.e-education.psu.edu/sgam/node/15
Intelligence cycle has been the foundation used by practitioners in defense, national security and the
criminal environment produced intelligence that is use to aid decision-makers to forewarn of threats of
strategic, and tactical importance. The process in the intelligence cycle enabled practitioners to research,
identify, analyses and give intelligence.

Https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.351366069431608
Intelligence cycle is a process of converting initial data to polished intelligence. (1)direction, (2)collection
(3)processing, (4)analysis, (5)dissemination, (6)feedback.
Https://criminologyboardexamreviewer.weebly.com/intelligence-and-secret-service.html

6.Qualities of a good intelligence analyst

Based on the study of Evans & Kebbell (2011) certain skills and abilities could contribute in being an
effective analyst, they need to be productive, seeking out work, have a “can do” attitude and a high-level
commitment. Physical and personal attributes like age and gender, were included that define effectiveness
Https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10439463.2011.605130
An effective intelligence analyst must be aware with global issues and a voracious reader. Intelligence
analysts look for patterns and inconsistencies. Even in a tough situation they must have the desire to find
the solution. An effective intelligence analyst know that a single source of information is not 100%
reliable. They must be patient to look at numerous sources, evaluate data, use their experience in making
assessments and recommendations.

Https://www.ziprecruiter.com/e/What-Makes-a-Good-Intelligence-Analyst

7.Strategic intelligence
Ratcliffe (2008) stated that some see the use of strategic intelligence in law enforcement as a way to make
decisions on strategy and policy more objective by employing incomplete or complicated data sets.
Https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1756061611000243
Strategic intelligence is information concerning trends of criminal behavior made to help in apprehending
criminals and in controlling crime for short and long term investigative tools.
Https://criminologyboardexamreviewer.weebly.com/intelligence-and-secret-service.html

8.Information
Information is factual data with context that is applied and then becomes communicated knowledge.
Https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/information
Information are data that can be gather from, observation, reports, rumors, imagery, and other sources in
which intelligence is formed.

Https://www.bigwas.com/2014/09/police-intelligence-reviewer.html?M=1
9.elicitation
Elicitation is a covert way of gaining information from someone without questioning them directly
Https://www.prinz-lawfirm.com/our-blog/2022/may/elicitation-what-is-it-and-how-can-you-use-it-to/
Elicitation is used in getting information that is not easily available at the same time not attracting
suspicion that a certain information are being seek.
Https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/elicitation-brochure.pdf/view

10.Interview
Interview is question and answer session with the witness, victim, or suspect in a non-accusatory manner.
The purpose of an interview is piece together information and determine the credibility of the subject
Https://financialcrimeacademy.org/interviews-and-interrogations/
An Investigative Interview, is a type of interview that is done with the purpose to extract or get
information and evidence from a suspect, witness, victim, complainant, during the investigation.
Https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-dictionary-of-policing/n70.xml
11.Background investigation
A background investigation is a very time consuming and lengthy procedure, requiring to collect a variety
of documents, contacts, and many others.
Https://police.ucla.edu/employment/background-investigation
12.Modus operandi
Modus operandi is used as a basis for admitting evidence of other crimes and is permitted by Rule 404(b)
(2) of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
Https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/modus_operandi
The modus operandi (MO) is refered to as the action done by the criminal to commit that crime. MO is set
of behaviors learned by the criminal and the use them in criminal acts because they work. MO is
interchangeable and it will evolve with the criminal.
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-13007-001

13.Informant
Informants are people who secretly give law enforcement officers information about an illegal activity
Https://definitions.uslegal.com/i/informants/
Informants any person who hand over information to the agents which Is relevant to the subject.
Https://www.bigwas.com/2014/09/police-intelligence-reviewer.html?M=1

14.Eyewitness 2
An Eyewitness is an individual that saw a crime occur and later takes the stand to recall the details of the
witnessed crime. The police will also conduct an interview with the eyewitness to determine the identity
of the perpetrator.
Https://nobaproject.com/modules/eyewitness-testimony-and-memory-biases
The criminal justice system depends on eyewitnesses to get evidences in the crime that happened.
Eyewitnesses may recall conversations, identify culprits, and other important details. An eyewitness that
has no motive to lie is a great evidence. With a lack of solid proof, the eyewitness’s explanation is largely
accepted by the police.
Eyewitness Evidence: Improving Its Probative Value
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00027.x

15.Surveillance 1
Surveillance is the stealthily observing of certain people, vehicle and place, that is in suspicion of illegal
behavior by law enforcement agencies. These surveillances can range from the use of electronic
monitoring to physical observation. Detection of the investigator will be a compromise and may result in
injury and death.
Https://work.chron.com/types-surveillance-criminal-investigations-9434.html
Surveillance is a stealthy observation of place and people with the goal of getting information, such as
identity or activities of the target.
Https://www.bigwas.com/2014/09/police-intelligence-reviewer.html?M=1

14.Roping (surveillance)
Roping is a form investigation technique where in the investigator hides there real identity and uses a role
to get information

Https://www.academia.edu/34685006/
Notes_on_FUNDAMENTAL_TO_CRIMINAL_INVESTIGATION
16.Accessory accomplice to the crime
Accessories are the often the people who conceal the crime after it took place. The accessories themselves
are not present in the crime scene, but accomplices are, they play a vital role in the crime
Https://johntottenlaw.com/understanding-the-difference-between-an-accomplice-and-an-accessory/
17.Crime scene sketch 2
Brizer and Robetson 2008 stated a sketch of the crime scene gives a record of the items, conditions, and
distance correlations
Birzer and Roberson (2008), Introduction to CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Https://books.google.com.ph/books?
Hl=en&lr=&id=6CHSBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA35&dq=crime+scene+search+&ots=39NO-
qfigl&sig=du1iammbsnf_ydceltsh6todsrs&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=crime%20scene
%20search&f=false
W. JERRY Chisum (2000) stated the sketch of the crime scene is an essential aspect, it aid in
comprehending the position and correlation that is in the items of evidence.
W. Jerry Chisum (2000), Crime Scene Sketch (From Atlas of Crime: Mapping the Criminal Landscape, P
229-235, 2000, Linda S. Turnbull, Elaine Hallisey Hendrix, eds, et al., -- See NCJ-193465
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/crime-scene-sketch-atlas-crime-mapping-criminal-
landscape-p-229-235
18.Crime scene search 2
The goal of a crime scene search is to find evidences that could connect to a suspect or victim, and to
questions such as; who, when, and how was the crime committed. Police crime screen search are
conducted to find evidences like items or objects that could link to a suspect to determine their modus
operandi. (Oster-burg and Ward 20014; Swason Chamelin).

Http://what-when-how.com/police-science/crime-scene-search-and-evidence-collection-police/
#:~:text=The%20primary%20purpose%20of%20a,the%20crime%2C%20and%20why%20the
Maha Ghanem & Zahraa Khalifa Sobh(2022) stated searching and recovering evidence is the foundation
of reconstructing a crime that is why the crime scene needs to be search thoroughly. There are different
strategies in searching such as lane, line, grid, spiral and zone method. The appropriate searching
approach depends on the crime scene and the evidence being search.
Crime Scene Searching: An Exploration of Forensic Evidence,
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-4091-9_3

Questions
Intelligence
1. How does intelligence have a crucial role in solving crimes and protecting people? What are the
different sources wherein various types of intelligence are obtained by the police system?

2. How vital is quick response time for human analysts working with police intelligence operators
during criminal investigations, considering their obligation to find, understand, and derive
meaning from information?
 3. How does the process of intelligence collection by the police, followed by evaluation from
specialist officers to assess risks to individuals involved in activities like drug dealing or drunk
driving, impact the decision-making on whether to take action based on the gathered information?

History of Intelligence
1. How has the use of criminal intelligence by the police in the UK change over time, according to
John and Maguire (2007)?

2. Could you elaborate on the observed increase in operational utilization of criminal intelligence
during the 1990s, as discussed in John and Marguire's (2007) work, and its impact on the overall
approach of law enforcement agencies?

3. When was the traced origins of intelligence and what are the events that swayed it’s evolution?

Types of intelligence
1. Based on Rossy and Ribaux (2014), What are the Three propositions borrowed to solve the lack
of effective collaboration method, what are those borrowed methods?
2. What are the 3 types of intelligence patterned in police work, particularly the role of patrol
officer?
3. How do these 3 propositions borrowed from crime intelligence method aim to close the gap
between criminal and forensic investigations?

Intelligence process
1. In the United States there are 7 intelligence process, what are those 7 intelligences process?
2. What are the improtance of each step in the intelligence process, how do they enable a systematic
approach in handling intelligence information?
3. How does the intelligence process, aid government agencies and security organizations in the
United States improve their decision-making and respond more efficiently to arising threats and
challenges?

Intelligence cycle

1. What is the importance of the Intelligence cycle, its depiction as a closed loop of activities, and
how does it relate to processes within civilian and military intelligence agencies as well as law
enforcement contexts?
2. How has Intelligence cycle aided decision-makers in anticipating and addressing threats of
strategic and tactical significance?
 3. Can you please elaborate on the six stages of the Intelligence cycle - direction, collection,
processing, analysis, dissemination, and feedback - and how they work together to turn raw data
into intelligence?

Qualities of a good intelligence analyst

1. In the study of Evans & Kebbell (2011) what are the certain skills and abilities could contribute in
being an effective analyst?
2. What are the key qualities and skills that an effective intelligence analyst should possess?
3. How does the being of aware global issues and a strong reader contribute to a good intelligence
analyst and why is this skill crucial?
Strategic intelligence
1. Explain the role of strategic intelligence in law enforcement, how it tackels the potential biases
and subjectivity that might occur when dealing with incomplete or convoluted data during the
decision-making process?
2. How does strategic intelligence help in apprehending criminals and in controlling crime for short
and long term.?
3. What are examples of how law enforcement agencies use strategic intelligence to address
criminal behavior trends, and how does this approach improve their ability to develop proactive
strategies for crime control and prevention?
Information
1. What are the different sources that information can be gathered from?

2. How does information become communicated knowledge?

3. How does sources such as observations, reports, rumors, imagery, and more, and contribute to the
production of intelligence?
Elicitation
1. How does elicitation acquire information from individuals without questioning them directly?
2. In what situations where elicitation help obtain information from individuals without choosing to
a direct questioning, and how does this concealed method be a factor to the success of
information gathering?
3. How is elicitation used to get information that is not easily available while not attracting
suspicion about the intention of seeking that certain information.?
Interview
1. Define interview and how does it piece together information and determine the credibility of the
subject?
 2. What distinguishes Investigative Interview from other forms of interviews?
3. What could be the specific techniques and strategies used in an Investigative Interview to
successfully obtain information different individuals related in an investigation?
Background investigation
1. Could you elaborate on the extensive nature of a background investigation, including the specific
types of documents, individuals, and aspects of personal history that are typically involved in the
process?
2. How does the process of conducting a background investigation involve collecting a wide range
of information from official documents, personal contacts, and various sources, and why is this
comprehensive approach necessary?
3. In what ways does the labor-intensive nature of a background investigation, which includes
checks on multiple aspects of personal history and interactions with various individuals,
contribute to ensuring a thorough and accurate assessment of an individual's background?
Modus operandi
1. What are examples of how the concept of modus operandi has been utilized to admit evidence
from other crimes?
2. How can law enforcement agencies use modus operandi to enhance their methods of crime
prevention and apprehension?
3. Can you elaborate on how modus operandi contributes to the criminal's effectiveness in
committing a crime?

Informant
1. How does informants contribute to investigations involving illegal activities, what does their role
do law enforcement?
2. Can you elaborate on the importance of informants within law enforcement, how their secretive
way of distributing information contributes to the general effectiveness of law enforcement
efforts?
3. Can you discuss the ethical considerations surrounding the use of informants in law enforcement,
especially when it comes to the pursuing justice while hidding the identity of people who are
providing information?

Eyewitness 2
 1. How important is the role of an eyewitness in a criminal trial?

2. Could you explain the significance of the police's interview with an eyewitness when it comes to
identifying the perpetrator of a crime? What techniques are used to confirm the truth of the
provided information?

3. What are the factors that can affect the reliability and accuracy of the testimony of an eyewitness,
and how do law enforcement personnel work to address potential biases such as memory
inconsistencies that may occur during the trial process?

Surveillance 1
1. Can you explain the different methods used in surveillance by law enforcement, have
advancements in technology affected the efficiency of these methods?
2. How do law enforcement agencies balance the need for effective surveillance with the potential
risks of detection that will give away the investigators' identities and safety?
3. What tactics and protocols are normaly used by law enforcement agencies to decrease the risk of
detection during surveillance operations?

Roping (surveillance)
1. Can you elaborate the concept of "roping" as an investigation technique, what are scenarios
wherein this technique might be used?
2. In what ways does the roping technique differ from other investigative methods?
3. How do law enforcement agencies ensure that they don’t cross line between gathering
information and deceiving individuals with their assumed?

Accessory accomplice to the crime

1. How do accessories and accomplices differ from each other, considering that accessories
themselves are not present at the crime scene?
2. What particular roles do accessories typically do in hiding a crime after it has been committed,
and how do these roles differ from of accomplices who are present in crime scene?
3. What are the legal implications surrounding accessories in criminal cases, and how are they held
accountable for their involvement in concealing a crime?
Crime scene sketch 2
 1. What advantages does a sketch give over photographs in crime scene investigations?
2. How does W. Jerry Chisum emphasize the value of sketches in crime scene investigations?
3. How does W. Jerry Chisum's view on sketches as an integral part of crime scene investigations
connects with the goal of presenting evidence effectively in legal proceedings?
Crime scene search 2
1. What is the main goal of a crime scene search, and how does it answering key questions related to
the crime, such as finding the perpetrator and comprehending the details of the crime?
2. How does a thorough search of crime scene led by the police can give vital evidence that might
connect a suspect to the crime?
3. How does the using the appropriate method of searching affect the success of recovering
evidence, and how do these different strategies made for specific scenarios, eventually help in
accurately recreating the sequence of events in a criminal case?