Lat, TJ A.

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Fundamentals of Criminal investigation And Intelligence.

1.Intelligence
Intelligence in policing simply means information. Internally it can be known as “intel”. Intelligence
provides information to solve crime and protect people. There are many different types of intelligence
some of which is provided internally from police systems and some information is provided externally by
members of the public. 
Intelligence or intel gives information on solving crimes and to protect the people. There many types of
intelligence that are provided from the police system internally and some information is given externally
by members of the public.
https://www.northyorkshire.police.uk/news/north-yorkshire/news/news/2022/06-june/the-power-of-
intelligence--an-insight-into-the-world-of-intelligence-in-policing/
Police intelligence operations rely on human analysts to search, comprehend and make sense of
information during criminal investigations. This is a long and laborious task, in a situation where a quick
and effective response is crucial to the prosecution of the offenders.
During criminal investigations, police intelligence operators depend on human analysts to look for,
understand and make sense of the information. It is a time-consuming task, wherein quick response is
vital in pursuing criminals.
https://www.earticle.net/Article/A158911
Intelligence is information which the police receive or collect. It could be information about drug dealing
in your community. It could be information about suspicious behavior. Or it could be information about a
possible drink driver. Specialist officers look at the information and assess the risk to a person. We then
decide if, and when, we need to act on this information.
Intelligence is information collected or obtained by Police. The information could be about, drug dealing,
drunk driving or other suspicious activities. Then a group of specialist officers will evaluate the
information to determine the risk to a person. They then decide if they shall act on this information.
Https://www.essex.police.uk/police-forces/essex-police/areas/essex-police/au/about-us/intelligence/
Intelligence is the organized effort to collect information, to assist
it Little by little, and piece it together until it forms larger and
clear pattern.
Intelligence is an organized attempt to gather information to assist, it slowly piece things together until it
creates a wider and clearer pattern.
Https://www.bigwas.com/2014/09/police-intelligence-reviewer.html?M=1
Intelligence may be defined as information gathered, utilized, and kept safe through the operations of law
enforcement organizations in order to decide on and support criminal investigations.
Intelligence is described as information collected, used, and protected by law enforcement institutions in
order determine on and serve criminal investigations.
Https://www.google.com/url?Sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.unodc.org/
documents/organized-crime/Law-Enforcement/
Criminal_Intelligence_for_Front_Line_Law_Enforcement.pdf&ved=2ahukewiviphxh-
kaaxuhg2mghb44dugqfnoecbyqbg&usg=aovvaw1d6ti7bwvoi2idapkathnp

2.History of Intelligence-
John and Maguire (2007) argued that the history of the police use of criminal intelligence in the UK has
been characterized by a long period of evolution followed by rapid recent change. Initial reluctance in the
nineteenth century to allow the police to perform investigative, and particularly covert investigative,
functions gradually thinned, allowing the use of criminal intelligence to develop, at first within specialist
units and the CID, and more recently into mainstream uniform work. The tactical, operational use of
intelligence has grown considerably since the early 1990s, but – arguably more important – strategic
intelligence has increasingly been used as the basis for managerial decision-making and prioritization of
the use of resources. Intelligence-led decision-making frameworks, as exemplified by the National
Intelligence Model, are also beginning to broaden out from the police into the multi-agency partnership
activities (especially the work of local Crime and Disorder Partnerships) that are evolving as a major
component of current responses to crime problems.
According to John and Marguire (2007) the way the police utilize intelligence has changed over time.
Initially there was some hesitation, in granting the police authority during the 19th century. However as
time passed this reluctance diminished and criminal intelligence became a part of police work. At first it
was primarily used by units like the CID. Eventually became utilized by mainstream police operations as
well. In the 1990s there was an increase, in the operational utilization of intelligence.
Https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203118177-15/criminal-intelligence-national-
intelligence-model-tim-john-mike-maguire
The roots of the present police intelligence system are traced to the private intelligence operations of
leading American industrial corporations during the late nineteenth century through the red scare,
prohibition, organized crime, radical political groups, the cold war, and political and social unrest. Legal
principles involved in the acquisition and use of intelligence data and intelligence gathering and
dissemination techniques including automated data banks, use of undercover operatives, and electronic
surveillance are examined. Recent investigations of police abuse of intelligence gathering powers and
misuse of information are briefly discussed as are the efforts of some individual departments to develop
guidelines for intelligence operations.
The intelligence system origins are traced back to private intelligence operations conducted by prominent
American industrial corporations during the 19 th century the subsequent historical periods and events that
influenced evolution of this intelligence are the red scare, prohibition, organized crime, radical political
groups, the cold war, and various instances of political and social unrest.
Https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/history-police-intelligence-operations-1880-1975-
final-draft
3.Types of intelligence-
Based on Rossy and Ribaux (2014), There is an increasing awareness that the articulation of forensic
science and criminal investigation is critical to the resolution of crimes. However, models and methods to
support an effective collaboration between the partners are still poorly expressed or even lacking. Three
propositions are borrowed from crime intelligence methods in order to bridge this gap: (a) the general
intelligence process, (b) the analyses of investigative problems along principal perspectives: entities and
their relationships, time and space, quantitative aspects and (c) visualization methods as a mode of
expression of a problem in these dimensions.
Based on Rossy and Ribaux (2014), there is a growing of interest in connecting criminal investigation and
forensic investigation to sole crimes, but there is a lack of effective collaboration method. Three
propositions are borrowed from crime intelligence methods to close the gap: (a) intelligence process (b)
analyses of investigative problems along principal perspectives (c) visualization methods as a mode of
expression of a problem in these dimensions.

Https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1355030613000890
There are at least three types of police information (primary, secondary, and tertiary), intelligence
(prospective, retrospective, and applied), and operational strategies (preventive, prospective, and
reactive), each of which interacts in a complex fashion with technology. These processes are importantly
patterned by police work, especially the role of the patrol officer, and the occupational cultures of
policing. Technology is embedded in social organization; it shapes organizations and is shaped by them.
There are at least three types of intelligence: prospective, retrospective, and applied. And they are
patterned in police work, particularly the role of patrol officer.
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/449197
4.Intelligence process
Intelligence process” refers to the steps of the cycle. Intelligence, as practiced in the United States, is
commonly thought of as having five steps. Lowenthal (2006, p 55) added two phases for seven phases of
the intelligence process as (1) requirements, (2) collection, (3) processing and exploitation, (4) analysis
and production, (5) dissemination, (6) consumption, and (7) feedback.
Intelligence process in the United States has 7 steps: (1) requirements, (2) collection, (3) processing and
exploitation, (4) analysis and production, (5) dissemination, (6) consumption and (7) feedback
Https://www.e-education.psu.edu/sgam/node/15

5.intelligence cycle
The Intelligence Cycle is a concept that describes the general intelligence process in both a civilian or
military intelligence agency or in law enforcement. The cycle is typically represented as a closed path of
activities. Problems with a closed loop include an overall process that is no better than its weakest
component and stove piping. In the traditional intelligence use of the term, stove piping keeps the output
of different collection systems separated from one another. Stove piping prevents one discipline from
cross-checking another and bypassing the regular analysis of raw intelligence by sending only raw
intelligence that supports a particular position to the leadership.
Intelligence cycle, which refers to the general process of intelligence gathering, analysis, and
dissemination in various context such as civilian or military intelligence agencies and law enforcement.
The cycle is depicted as a closed loop of activities
Https://www.e-education.psu.edu/sgam/node/15
Intelligence cycle has provided the fundamental basis by which practitioners engaged in Defense, national
security and criminal environments have produced intelligence to inform decision-makers and thereby
forewarn of threats of strategic, operational and tactical importance. The steps involved in the intelligence
cycle allow practitioners to elementally identify, research, analyses and provide intelligence across
diverse topics of high interest to their relevant clients.
Intelligence cycle has been the foundation used by practitioners in defense, national security and the
criminal environment produced intelligence that is use to aid decision-makers to forewarn of threats of
strategic, and tactical importance. The process in the intelligence cycle enabled practitioners to research,
identify, analyses and give intelligence.

Https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.351366069431608
Intelligence Cycle - is the process of developing unrefined data into polished intelligence for the use of
policy makers. 1. Direction, 2. Collection, 3. Processing, 4. Analysis, 5. Dissemination – 6. Feedback
Intelligence cycle is a process of converting initial data to polished intelligence. (1)direction, (2)collection
(3)processing, (4)analysis, (5)dissemination, (6)feedback.
Https://criminologyboardexamreviewer.weebly.com/intelligence-and-secret-service.html

6.Qualities of a good intelligence analyst

Based on the study of Evans & Kebbell (2011)Three clusters of variables were identified that indicate an
effective analyst; they would have skills and abilities that could contribute to the development and
dissemination of an analytical product, they would have an attitude that included being productive,
seeking out work, having a high-level commitment and pride and having a ‘can do’ attitude. Some
physical and personal attributes, like gender and age, were included that characterize effectiveness. The
findings are discussed in relation to earlier descriptions of the skills needed to be an analyst. The findings
illustrate a change from the analyst being seen as a technical specialist to a growing understanding of the
analyst as part of a support structure for decision-makers.
Based on the study of Evans & Kebbell (2011) certain skills and abilities could contribute in being an
effective analyst, they need to be productive, seeking out work, have a “can do” attitude and a high-level
commitment. Physical and personal attributes like age and gender, were included that define effectiveness
Https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10439463.2011.605130
A good intelligence analyst is familiar with global issues, is a voracious reader, and has a passion for data.
Intelligence analysts find patterns and incongruities in information and apply knowledge of past threats to
this new data. As an intelligence analyst, you must have a strong desire to find the answer, even in
difficult situations, and understand how complex political systems and international relations affect
different scenarios. Good intelligence analysts know that no single source of information is 100% reliable
in all circumstances. They must have the ability and patience to look at multiple sources, analyze the data,
and utilize their expertise to make assessments and recommendations.
An effective intelligence analyst must be aware with global issues and a voracious reader. Intelligence
analysts look for patterns and inconsistencies. Even in a tough situation they must have the desire to find
the solution. An effective intelligence analyst know that a single source of information is not 100%
reliable. They must be patient to look at numerous sources, evaluate data, use their experience in making
assessments and recommendations.

Https://www.ziprecruiter.com/e/What-Makes-a-Good-Intelligence-Analyst

7.Strategic intelligence
The application of strategic intelligence in law enforcement has been viewed by some as the means by
which decision making on strategy setting and policy, using incomplete or complex data sets, can be
made more objective (Ratcliffe, 2008a, Ratcliffe, 2008b). In this situation intelligence is used to make
‘sense’ of a dearth of information.
Ratcliffe (2008) stated that some see the use of strategic intelligence in law enforcement as a way to make
decisions on strategy and policy more objective by employing incomplete or complicated data sets.
Https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1756061611000243
Information concerning existing patterns or emerging trends of criminal activity designed to assist in
criminal apprehension and crime control strategies for both short and long term investigative tools. 
Strategic intelligence is information concerning trends of criminal behavior made to help in apprehending
criminals and in controlling crime for short and long term investigative tools.
Https://criminologyboardexamreviewer.weebly.com/intelligence-and-secret-service.html

8.Information
Information is factual data with context that is applied and then becomes communicated knowledge.

Https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/information
Information – all evaluated materials of every description Including those derived from observation,
reports, rumors, imagery and other sources from which intelligence is produced.
Information are data that can be gather from, observation, reports, rumors, imagery, and other sources in
which intelligence is formed.
Https://www.bigwas.com/2014/09/police-intelligence-reviewer.html?M=1
9.elicitation
Elicitation is the subtle art of obtaining desired information from a person without posing direct
questions.
Elicitation is a covert way of gaining information from someone without questioning them directly
Https://www.prinz-lawfirm.com/our-blog/2022/may/elicitation-what-is-it-and-how-can-you-use-it-to/
Elicitation is a technique used to collect information that is not readily available and do so without raising
suspicion that specific facts are being sought.
Elicitation is used in getting information that is not easily available at the same time not attracting
suspicion that a certain information are being seek.
Https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/elicitation-brochure.pdf/view

10.Interview
An interview is a non-accusatory question and answers session with a suspect, victim, or witness. The
goal of an interview is to put together information and/or make an assessment of the subject’s credibility.
Interview is question and answer session with the witness, victim, or suspect in a non-accusatory manner.
The purpose of an interview is piece together information and determine the credibility of the subject
Https://financialcrimeacademy.org/interviews-and-interrogations/
An ‘investigative interview’ is an interview conducted to elicit evidence or information from a person
(i.e., witness, victim, complainant or suspect) during the process of an investigation. 
An Investigative Interview, is a type of interview that is done with the purpose to extract or get
information and evidence from a suspect, witness, victim, complainant, during the investigation.
Https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-dictionary-of-policing/n70.xml
11.Background investigation
Background investigation is a very time and labor-intensive process, requiring the collection of a variety
of official documents, contacts with relatives, friends, employers and many others, and checks of almost
every aspect of your personal history.
A background investigation is a very time consuming and lengthy procedure, requiring to collect a variety
of documents, contacts, and many others.
Https://police.ucla.edu/employment/background-investigation
12.Modus operandi
Modus operandi is used as a basis for admitting evidence of other crimes and is permitted by Rule 404(b)
(2) of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
Https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/modus_operandi
Actions taken by an offender during the perpetration of a crime in order to perpetrate that crime form the
modus operandi (MO). MO is a learned set of behaviors that the offender develops and sticks with it
because it works, but it is dynamic and malleable. In any criminal career, no matter what the
circumstances, the MO will evolve with the criminal.
The modus operandi (MO) is refered to as the action done by the offender to commit that crime. MO is
set of behaviors learned by the offenders and the use them in criminal acts because they work. MO is
interchangeable and it will evolve with the offender.
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-13007-001

13.Informant
Informants are those who covertly provide information about criminal activity to law enforcement
officers.
Informants are people who secretly give law enforcement officers information about an illegal activity
Https://definitions.uslegal.com/i/informants/
Informants any person who hand over information to the agents which Is relevant to the subject.
Https://www.bigwas.com/2014/09/police-intelligence-reviewer.html?M=1

14.Eyewitness 2
Eyewitness testimony is what happens when a person witnesses a crime and later gets up on the stand and
recalls for the court all the details of the witnessed event. It includes what happens during the actual crime
to facilitate or hamper witnessing, as well as everything that happens from the time the event is over to
the later courtroom appearance. The eyewitness may be interviewed by the police and numerous lawyers,
describe the perpetrator to several different people, and make an identification of the perpetrator, among
other things.
An Eyewitness is an individual that saw a crime occur and later takes the stand to recall the details of the
witnessed crime. The police will also conduct an interview with the eyewitness to determine the identity
of the perpetrator.
Https://nobaproject.com/modules/eyewitness-testimony-and-memory-biases
The criminal justice system relies heavily on eyewitnesses to determine the facts surrounding criminal
events. Eyewitnesses may identify culprits, recall conversations, or remember other details. An
eyewitness who has no motive to lie is a powerful form of evidence for jurors, especially if the eyewitness
appears to be highly confident about his or her recollection. In the absence of definitive proof to the
contrary, the eyewitness's account is generally accepted by police, prosecutors, judges, and juries.
The criminal justice system depends on eyewitnesses to find evidences in the crime that happened.
Eyewitnesses may recall conversations, identify culprits, and other important details. An eyewitness that
has no motive to lie is a great evidence. With a lack of solid proof, the eyewitness’s explanation is largely
accepted by the police.
Eyewitness Evidence: Improving Its Probative Value
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00027.x

15.Surveillance 1
Surveillance is the covert observation of people, places and vehicles, which law enforcement agencies
and private detectives use to investigate allegations of illegal behavior. These techniques range from
physical observation to the electronic monitoring of conversations. Surveillance also carries major risks,
however. The detection of a private investigator's presence in an area will compromise his future
activities there. For undercover officers, any unmasking of their identity and purpose may result in injury
or death.
Surveillance is the stealthily observating of certain people, vehicle and place, that is in suspicion of illegal
behavior by law enforcement agencies. These surveillances can range from the use of electronic
monitoring to physical observation. Detection of the investigator will be a compromise and may result in
injury and death.
Https://work.chron.com/types-surveillance-criminal-investigations-9434.html
Surveillance – is the covert, discreet observation of people and Places for the purpose of obtaining
information concerning the Identities or activities of subjects.
Surveillance is a stealthy observation of place and people with the goal of getting information, such as
identity or activities of the target.
Https://www.bigwas.com/2014/09/police-intelligence-reviewer.html?M=1

14.Roping (surveillance)
Roping”. An investigation technique whereby the operative conceals his true identity and adopts an
assumed role to obtain information
Roping is a form investigation technique where in the investigator hides there real identity and uses a role
to get information

Https://www.academia.edu/34685006/
Notes_on_FUNDAMENTAL_TO_CRIMINAL_INVESTIGATION
16.Accessory accomplice to the crime
Accessories are usually people who cover up the crime after it has been committed. Accessories are not
present at the crime scene, while accomplices are present and usually have an integral part in the criminal
act.
Accessories are the often the people who conceal the crime after it took place. The accessories themselves
are not present in the crime scene, but accomplices are, they play a vital role in the crime
Https://johntottenlaw.com/understanding-the-difference-between-an-accomplice-and-an-accessory/
17.Crime scene sketch 2
A sketch or diagram of the crime scene establishes a permanent record of items, conditions, and
distance/size relationships (Birzer and Roberson, 2008)
Brizer and Robetson 2008 stated a sketch of the crime scene gives a record of the items, conditions, and
distance correlations

Birzer and Roberson (2008), Introduction to CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

Https://books.google.com.ph/books?
Hl=en&lr=&id=6CHSBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA35&dq=crime+scene+search+&ots=39NO-
qfigl&sig=du1iammbsnf_ydceltsh6todsrs&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=crime%20scene
%20search&f=false
W. Jerry Chisum (2000) stated that the sketch is an integral part of the crime scene investigation,
invaluable in courtroom presentations, assists in understanding the locations and relationships that exist
between items of evidence, and eliminates the detail and clutter that exist in a photograph.
W. JERRY Chisum (2000) stated the sketch of the crime scene is an essential aspect, it aid in
comprehending the position and correlation that is in the items of evidence.
W. Jerry Chisum (2000), Crime Scene Sketch (From Atlas of Crime: Mapping the Criminal Landscape, P
229-235, 2000, Linda S. Turnbull, Elaine Hallisey Hendrix, eds, et al., -- See NCJ-193465
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/crime-scene-sketch-atlas-crime-mapping-criminal-
landscape-p-229-235
18.Crime scene search 2
The primary purpose of a crime scene search is to develop associative evidence that could link a suspect
to the scene or a victim, and to answer questions crucial to the investigation, such as who perpetrated the
crime, how the crime was committed, the circumstances surrounding the commission of the crime, and
why the crime was committed. Additionally, police search crime scenes to identify evidence through
which a psychological profile of the suspect can be developed, to identify an object(s) that does not
logically belong at the crime scene and that could potentially be linked to a suspect, and to identify the
suspect’s modus operandi (MO), or motive for committing the crime (Oster-burg and Ward 2004;
Swanson, Chamelin, and Territo 2003).
The goal of a crime scene search is to find evidences that could connect to a suspect or victim, and to
questions such as; who, when, and how was the crime committed. Police crime screen search are
conducted to find evidences like items or objects that could link to a suspect to determine their modus
operandi. (Oster-burg and Ward 20014; Swason Chamelin).

Http://what-when-how.com/police-science/crime-scene-search-and-evidence-collection-police/
#:~:text=The%20primary%20purpose%20of%20a,the%20crime%2C%20and%20why%20the
Maha Ghanem & Zahraa Khalifa Sobh (2022) stated Recovery of evidence from the crime scene is the
first step towards crime reconstruction. Therefore, searching for materials of significant evidential value
is a cornerstone of any crime investigation. Scenes should be searched systematically and thoroughly for
relevant evidence. Various standardized searching strategies could be applied such as lane (strip), line,
grid, circle (spiral), and zone method. The nature of the crime scene and the evidence being searched
govern the selection of the appropriate searching approach.
Maha Ghanem & Zahraa Khalifa Sobh(2022) stated searching and recovering evidence is the foundation
of reconstructing a crime that is why the crime scene needs to be search thoroughly. There different
strategies in searching such as lane, line, grid, spiral and zone method. The appropriate searing approach
depends on the crime scene and the evidence being search.
Crime Scene Searching: An Exploration of Forensic Evidence,
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-4091-9_3

Questions
Intelligence
1. How does Brody's (2009) assertion about the changes in intelligence over the lifespan, including
its decline with age and the increasing congruence between IQ phenotype and genotype, shed
light on the interplay between genetic factors, cohort-specific influences, and formal education in
shaping an individual's intelligence development?

2. How does the concept of intelligence, as presented in the paragraph, encompass a range of
information that law enforcement receives or collects, including details about criminal activities
such as drug dealing and suspicious behavior within a community?

3. How does the comprehensive process outlined in the paragraph, which involves collecting,
evaluating, analyzing, and sharing data related to both local criminal activity and potential
negative influences from external jurisdictions, contribute to the overall effectiveness of crime
prevention and law enforcement strategies within the city?

History of Intelligence
1. How has the utilization of criminal intelligence by the police in the UK evolved over time,
according to John and Maguire (2007), and what were the key stages of this evolution?

2. In what ways did the attitude towards the police's investigative functions change in the UK from
the nineteenth century to the present day, as outlined by John and Maguire (2007), and how did
this impact the development of criminal intelligence usage?

3. According to John and Maguire (2007), how has the role of strategic intelligence transformed in
the UK's law enforcement, and how is it influencing managerial decision-making and resource
allocation within the police force and multi-agency partnership activities?
Types of intelligence
1. How do Rossy and Ribaux (2014) highlight the importance of integrating forensic science and
criminal investigation for crime resolution, and what challenges arise from the lack of effective
collaboration between these domains?
2. How does the process described in the paragraph, which involves collecting, evaluating,
analyzing, and disseminating data related to criminal activity within a city, extend its scope to
encompass criminal activity in external jurisdictions that could potentially impact the city
adversely?
3. In the context of the article by Rossy and Ribaux (2014), how do the concepts of the general
intelligence process, the analysis of investigative problems from various perspectives, and the use
of visualization methods work together to facilitate a more effective articulation between forensic
science and criminal investigation?

Intelligence process
1. How is the "intelligence process" defined and structured, particularly in the context of
intelligence practices in the United States, and what are the additional phases proposed by
Lowenthal (2006) to expand the traditional five-step model?
2. According to Lowenthal (2006, p 55), what are the seven distinct phases that constitute the
intelligence process, and how do these phases contribute to the overall cycle of generating and
utilizing intelligence?
3. Could you provide an overview of the phases outlined by Lowenthal (p 55) in the intelligence
process, including details about requirements, collection, processing, analysis, dissemination,
consumption, and feedback, and explain how these phases work in concert to facilitate effective
intelligence operations?

Intelligence cycle

1. How is the Intelligence Cycle structured, and what are the five distinct stages that make up this
cycle, starting from the initial planning and direction stage as explained in the provided
information?
2. In the context of the Intelligence Cycle, what is the significance of the planning and direction
stage, and who are the primary customers involved in this stage, particularly in the case of
national security intelligence?
3. Could you elaborate on the transition from the planning and direction stage to the collection stage
within the Intelligence Cycle, and how does the process unfold once the customers' intelligence
requests are directed and collection activities commence?

Qualities of a good intelligence analyst 2

 1. What are the three clusters of variables identified by Evans & Kebbell (2011) that contribute to
the effectiveness of an analyst, and how do these variables encompass skills, attitudes, and
attributes relevant to the development and dissemination of analytical products?
2. How do the findings of Evans & Kebbell's (2011) study challenge earlier notions of the analyst's
role and skill set, and what is the significance of the shift from viewing analysts as technical
specialists to recognizing them as integral components of a decision-makers' support structure?
3. What are some key qualities and skills that a proficient intelligence analyst should possess,
according to the information provided, and how do these attributes contribute to their ability to
make accurate assessments and recommendations in the face of complex global scenarios?
Strategic intelligence
1. How does the utilization of strategic intelligence in law enforcement address the challenge of
making objective decisions regarding strategy and policy when working with incomplete or
intricate data sets, as described by Ratcliffe (2008a, 2008b)?
2. According to Ratcliffe's perspective, how does the application of strategic intelligence help law
enforcement professionals navigate situations where there is a scarcity of information, and how
does it contribute to bringing coherence and understanding to complex data scenarios?
3. How does the utilization of information about current criminal patterns and emerging trends
contribute to the development of effective strategies for criminal apprehension and crime control,
encompassing both short-term and long-term investigative approaches?
Information
1. How does the transformation of factual data into applied and communicated knowledge highlight
the role and significance of context in the process of information dissemination and
understanding?
2. How does the comprehensive definition of information, encompassing various sources like
observation, reports, imagery, and rumors, emphasize its role as the foundational material from
which intelligence is generated?
3. In the context of intelligence analysis, how does the inclusion of diverse sources such as
observation, reports, imagery, and rumors in the definition of information contribute to the
creation of a holistic and well-rounded intelligence picture?
Elicitation
1. Could you explain how the concept of elicitation involves obtaining specific information from
individuals without using straightforward or direct questioning techniques?
2. In what ways does the skill of elicitation allow practitioners to gather the information they need
from individuals without resorting to overt or direct questioning methods?
3. How does the technique of elicitation enable the collection of information that is not easily
accessible, all while avoiding the suspicion that the gatherer is seeking out particular facts?
Interview
 1. How does an interview, characterized as a non-accusatory exchange of questions and answers
with individuals like suspects, victims, or witnesses, serve the dual purpose of gathering
information and evaluating the credibility of the subject?
2. Could you elaborate on how the process of conducting an interview achieves the objectives of
information gathering and credibility assessment, particularly when dealing with different
subjects such as suspects, victims, or witnesses?
3. How does the concept of an 'investigative interview,' described as a method to extract evidence or
information from individuals involved in an investigation, contribute to the overall process of
gathering pertinent data for further inquiry?
Background investigation
1. Could you elaborate on the extensive nature of a background investigation, including the specific
types of documents, individuals, and aspects of personal history that are typically involved in the
process?
2. How does the process of conducting a background investigation involve collecting a wide range
of information from official documents, personal contacts, and various sources, and why is this
comprehensive approach necessary?
3. In what ways does the labor-intensive nature of a background investigation, which includes
checks on multiple aspects of personal history and interactions with various individuals,
contribute to ensuring a thorough and accurate assessment of an individual's background?
Modus operandi
1. How is the concept of "modus operandi" utilized within the legal context, specifically in relation
to the admission of evidence from other crimes, as outlined in Rule 404(b)(2) of the Federal
Rules of Evidence?
2. Could you explain how Rule 404(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Evidence allows for the use of
"modus operandi" as a foundation for introducing evidence related to other crimes, and what
considerations are taken into account when employing this approach?
3. In what manner does the inclusion of "modus operandi" as a basis for admitting evidence from
other crimes under Rule 404(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Evidence impact the legal process and
the presentation of relevant information during legal proceedings?

Informant
1. How would you define the role of informants in the context of law enforcement, particularly
focusing on their covert provision of information regarding criminal activities to law enforcement
officers?
2. Could you elaborate on the significance of informants within law enforcement, highlighting how
their covert sharing of information about criminal activity contributes to the overall effectiveness
of law enforcement efforts?
 3. How does the act of providing relevant information to agents, as described in the paragraph, play
a crucial role in contributing to the understanding and resolution of the subject under
investigation?

Eyewitness 2
1. How does eyewitness testimony encompass not only the recollection of the witnessed crime itself
but also the entire process from the crime scene to the courtroom appearance, involving
interactions with various individuals and multiple stages of information sharing, as described in
the paragraph?

2. How does the criminal justice system place significant reliance on eyewitnesses to provide crucial
information about criminal events, and why is an eyewitness who appears to have no motive to lie
considered a powerful form of evidence for jurors?

3. Could you elaborate on how the confidence displayed by an eyewitness in their recollection of
events contributes to the probative value of their testimony, and why is the account of an
eyewitness generally accepted by various components of the criminal justice system, as described
in the paragraph?

Surveillance 1
1. How does surveillance, defined as the discreet monitoring of individuals, locations, and vehicles,
serve as a tool for both law enforcement agencies and private detectives to delve into potential
instances of unlawful conduct?
2. Could you provide more insight into how surveillance contributes to the investigative process by
aiding law enforcement agencies and private detectives in uncovering and gathering evidence
related to allegations of illegal behavior, as described in the paragraph?
3. How does surveillance, characterized as the discreet and covert observation of individuals and
locations, play a crucial role in gathering information about the identities and activities of
subjects, as outlined in the paragraph?

Roping (surveillance)
1. Could you elaborate on the concept of "roping" as an investigative technique, specifically
focusing on how operatives adopt assumed roles to conceal their true identity and gather
information, as described in the paragraph?
2. How does the strategy of "roping," involving the adoption of assumed roles to hide the true
identity of operatives, facilitate the process of obtaining information during investigations, and
what are the potential advantages of using this technique?
 3. In what ways does the technique of "roping," which involves operatives adopting deceptive roles
to gather information, impact the dynamics of investigations and influence the accuracy and
depth of the information acquired?

Accessory accomplice to the crime

1. How do accessories and accomplices differ in their roles within criminal activities, where
accessories typically engage in covering up crimes after they occur, and accomplices are directly
involved and play a significant role in the criminal act, as outlined in the paragraph?
2. Could you provide further clarification on the distinctions between accessories and accomplices
in terms of their presence at the crime scene and their respective roles in criminal acts,
particularly emphasizing the varying degrees of involvement described in the paragraph?
3. In what ways do accessories and accomplices contribute to the overall dynamics of criminal
activities, with accessories being post-crime cover-up participants and accomplices having a more
active and integral role in the commission of the crime, as explained in the paragraph?
Crime scene sketch 2
1. How does creating a sketch or diagram of a crime scene, as highlighted in the paragraph, serve
the purpose of establishing a lasting record that captures essential details such as items,
conditions, and distance/size relationships, according to the work of Birzer and Roberson (2008)?
2. Could you provide more insight into the significance of utilizing sketches or diagrams to
document a crime scene, particularly in terms of preserving crucial information about items,
conditions, and distance/size relationships, as noted by Birzer and Roberson (2008)?
3. How does W. Jerry Chisum's assertion, as outlined in the paragraph, underscore the importance of
sketches in crime scene investigations, especially in terms of their contribution to courtroom
presentations, aiding in comprehending spatial relationships between evidence items, and
addressing limitations present in photographs due to detail and clutter?
Crime scene search 2
1. How does a crime scene search, as described in the paragraph, play a crucial role in addressing
key investigative questions, such as identifying the perpetrator, understanding the circumstances
and methods of the crime, and potentially uncovering motives, through the development of
associative evidence and analysis of various elements?
2. Could you explain the multifaceted objectives of a crime scene search, including the
identification of evidence for psychological profiling, the recognition of items not logically
belonging to the scene, and the determination of the suspect's modus operandi and motive, as
discussed in the paragraph and supported by the works of Osterburg and Ward (2004) and
Swanson, Chamelin, and Territo (2003)?
3. How does the assertion by Ghanem & Zahraa Khalifa Sobh (2022) that the recovery of evidence
from a crime scene serves as the initial step towards crime reconstruction emphasize the
significance of systematically and thoroughly searching for materials with significant evidential
value, and what are some standardized searching strategies, such as lane, line, grid, circle, and
zone methods, that can be employed based on the nature of the crime scene and the evidence
being sought?