MODULE 4

ETHERNET SPECIFICATIONS

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 Introduction to Ethernet

The MAC address

• Ethernet Media Access Control address – the “physical” address of a network adapter
• Unique to a device 48 bits / 6 bytes long and displayed in hexadecimal

Duplex
• Half-duplex - a device cannot send and receive simultaneously
• All LAN hubs are half-duplex devices •
• Switch interfaces can be configured as half-duplex, but usually only when connecting
to another half-duplex device •
• Full-duplex - data can be sent and received at the same time •
• A properly configured switch interface will be set to full-duple

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Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection
CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD is known as a contention method because

computers on the network contend, or compete, for an
opportunity to send data.
The more computers there are on the network, the more
network traffic there will be.
With more traffic, collision avoidance and collisions tend to
increase, which slows the network down, so CSMA/CD can be
a slow-access method.

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 CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD is used by all implementations of

Ethernet regardless of the media or the data
throughput.

CSMA/CD working without a collision:

1.Listens to check media to see if it is clear

2.If clear then a host will place data on the media

3.Then listens to see if data sent has a collision

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 CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD working with a collision:

1.Listens to check media to see if it is clear

2.If clear then a host will place data on the media

3.Then listens to see if data sent has a collision

4.Collision occurs

5.Both devices send a jam signal

6.Both devices start a timer (back off algorithm)

7.First host whose timer expires repeats steps 1-3

8.Then the second node will perform steps 1 - 3

9.Then operation returns to normal and all devices have equal access to the media

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 CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance)

Used on Wireless Networks

Nodes must ‘listen’ out to detect if network
is busy before sending
Optionally may be implemented with
Request To Send/Clear To Send (RTS/CTS)

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 Ethernet Standards 802.3

Ethernet descriptive labels

Eg: 10Base5
Equates to:
10 Mbps
Baseband signalling (one channel of communication at
any time)
500 Metres maximum length

10Base2 (runs for 185 Metres)

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 Common Ethernet Cable Types
Ethernet Name Cable Type Max Distance Notes
10Base5 COAX 500m Thicknet
10Base2 COAX 185m Thinnet
10BaseT UTP 100m
100BaseTX UTP/STP 100m Cat5 upwards
10BaseFL FIBER 500-2000m Ethernet over
Fiber
100BaseFX MMF 2000m
1000BaseT UTP 100m Cat5e upwards
1000BaseSX MMF 550m SC Connector
1000BaseCX Balanced Shielded 25m Special Connector
Copper
1000BaseLX MMF/SMF 550m (Multi) SC and LC
/2000m(Single) Connector

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 Common Ethernet Cable Types

Ethernet Name Cable Type Max Distance Notes

10GBaseT UTP 100m
10GBaseSR MMF 300m
10GBaseLR SMF 10km
10GBaseER SMF 40km
10GBaseSW MMF 300m
10GBaseLW SMF 10km Used with SONET
10GBaseEW SMF 40km

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 Ethernet over other standards

Ethernet over Power Line (Broadband over

Power Line (BPL))
Ethernet over HDMI

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