Natural hair

movement

The natural hair movement is a

movement which aims to encourage
people of African descent to embrace
their natural, afro-textured hair. It
originated in the United States
during the 1960s, and resurged in
popularity in the 2000s.[1][2]
Definition and features
The movement is centered around
Black people who wear afro-textured
hair in its natural, coiled, or tight,
curly state.
These individuals of African descent
choose not to relax their hair,
allowing it, instead, to grow in its
natural texture. To relax one's hair
means to use chemicals to straighten
it. This can be done professionally, or
through a kit purchased at a grocery
store for home use.[3] Afro-textured
hairstyles can vary and may include
the adoption of hair twists, braids or
even dreadlocks.[4][5] Not all people
that wear their hair naturally will
choose to do without all (non-
chemical) forms of straightening or
styling. Additionally, for many
members of the movement, "being
natural" does not necessarily indicate
a strict adherence to any particular
type of product or styling regimen;
nor is it exclusively tied to certain
social or political beliefs.[6]
The word nappy, historically used as
a derogatory term to describe the
hair of Black people, has been
positively reappropriated by
Afrodescendants.[7] In Francophone
countries, nappy is often used as a
portmanteau of 'natural' and
'happy'.[4][8][9][10] In the past, the
word was subject to denigration,
having origins that stretch back to
the Atlantic slave trade. It is surmised
that nappy may have originated as a
pejorative reference to the frizzy
texture of cotton picked by Black
slaves.[7]
History
In the ancestral traditions,
hairdressing was "an activity during
which the genealogies' history and
many other cultural features were
taught to children. Every African
hairdressing was codified according
to the ethnic group and by status."[11]

An Ashanti African
comb (Ghana).

During the Atlantic slave trade, the

conditions of servitude did not allow
black people to take care of their
hair, as these people were subjected
to denigration by their master:
'Nappy' became a pejorative
term.[12][13] Thus, the sale of millions
of Africans into slavery forced them
to separate from their originally
aesthetic activities regarding hair
care.[14] After the American abolition
of slavery in 1865, black populations
looked to straighten their hair, so as
to move closer to the dominant
aesthetics in an effort to obtain work.
At the time, the most used
instrument for hair smoothing was
the hot comb, prior to Garrett A.
Morgan's invention of a relaxer cream
in 1909.[11][8][15][14]
In the period between the 1960s–
1970s, racial segregation between
blacks and whites reigned in the
United States. Angela Davis, a young
human rights activist and member of
the 1966 revolutionary movement
Black Panthers, made the Afro
hairstyle famous. This dense and
spherical hairdressing thus
symbolized the emancipation and
cultural affirmation of African
Americans. It was adopted by
multiple celebrities, such as Diana
Ross and the Jackson 5 band
members.[16][11][8][10][17]
During the 1970s–1980s, popularized
especially by some celebrities, the
"Jheri curl," a newer technique to
loosen tightly curled hair, became
fashionable in the African American
community; it can be seen in Michael
Jackson's hair in the music video of
his song Thriller.
During these same years, dreadlocks
were also introduced into popular
culture and popularized through
reggae music, especially by Bob
Marley's hair style and by the
Rastafarian movement. This hairstyle
can be a mark of social and spiritual
distinction: "The adoption of long or
very atypical hair [can reflect]
rebellion or a refusal of the dominant
values."[10][15]
Hair straightening was considered
mainstream and performed
frequently throughout the 1980s and
1990s.[9]
The return to natural hair in the
organic era has been encouraged by
the awareness of the harmful effects
of relaxers on the scalp, ranging from
itchiness, red patches, and burns to
alopecia.[18][19]
Present day

Internet presence
Since the emergence of Web 2.0, a
growing number of creators have
been sharing their beauty advice via:
 Blogs: Black Girl Long Hair,[1][20][21]
Naturally Curly,[1][20][22] Curly
Nikki,[1][23][24] Hair Lista,[20][25]
Afrobella,[1][26][27] Un-
ruly.com[28][29][30] in the US; Black
Beauty Bag,[10][31][32][33]
Afrobelle,[34][35] Ivy-Mag[36][37] in
France
Web-zines: Naturally Happy Hair[38]
in the US; FashizBlack,[4][39]
Afrosomething[40][41][42] in France;
Afro Style Magazine[43] in the
Netherlands
These websites have expanded the
natural hair movement around the
world so as to highlight the beauty of
natural hair.[4][16][14]
Events and festivals
In 2014 The Curly Girl Collective[44]
held their first CurlFest, a festival
now held annually in Brooklyn, New
York, that celebrates natural hair.
Outside the US, several events have
developed in order to accompany the
natural hair movement, particularly in
France and in Africa:
The salon Boucles d'ébène: A
demonstration, has existed for ten
years, dedicated to the black
hairdressing and beauty.[4][45][46][47]
The Miss Nappy Paris′ competition:
The election of "Miss Nappy" so as to
promote the Afro hair beauty.[4][48]
The Massalia Nappy Days: Lectures,
projections of documentaries and
fashion shows.[49]
The Crépue d'ébène Festival at
Abidjan (Ivory Coast): Dedicated to
the natural beauty of the African
woman and to the highlighting of the
nappy hair.[50]
The Natural Hair Academy: Event to
better understand the nappy hair,
days of advice by speakers.[4][51]
 The AfricaParis Festival: Dedicated to
the "Afropean" culture.[4]
Presence in feminist culture
Each woman has her own reason to
retrieve her authenticity; some want
to preserve their hair against
aggressive hair styling methods such
as weaves being too tight or harmful
straightening chemical products,
while others simply prefer their
natural hair in spite of the pressure
from the dominant aesthetics.[11][8][9][52]
The natural hair movement has been
encouraged by some female stars
who have abandoned straightening,
allowing their natural hair to make a
comeback, such as Erykah Badu,
Lupita Nyong'o, Solange Knowles,
Janelle Monáe, and Viola Davis.

Erykah Badu at a concert in July 2008.

Aïssa Maïga during the 2007 Cannes
Film Festival.

Lupita Nyong'o at the 2015 Cannes Film

Festival.
Beyoncé sporting braids during the
Formation world tour.

Solange Knowles at the 2013 Cannes

Film Festival.
Inna Modja during a concert at Vaux-
sur-Mer 9 August 2012.
Janelle Monáe sang live at the Austin
Music Hall on the occasion of SXSW in
March 2009.
Presence in law
On 3 July 2019, California became
the first US state to prohibit
discrimination over natural hair.
Governor Gavin Newsom signed the
CROWN Act into law, banning
employers and schools from
discriminating against hairstyles such
as afros, braids, twists, and
dreadlocks.[53] Likewise, later in 2019
Assembly Bill 07797 became law in
New York state; it "prohibits race
discrimination based on natural hair
or hairstyles."[54]
"Ethnic" hair care industry
With the popularity of "going
natural", hair care suppliers have
seen a rapid decrease in the
purchase of relaxers, the harsh
chemical hair straightener. An
industry that was once worth an
estimated $774 million, relaxer sales
have gone down 26% over the last
five years, 2013 numbers report.[55]
Relaxer sales have fallen to 38%
between 2012 and 2017. Sales are
estimated to decrease to 45% by
2019.[55]
Women who wear their hair natural
are now spending more money on
chemical-free products that bring
out the best result for their hair in its
natural state. Hair care suppliers and
markets are taking note, as Black
consumers represent a lucrative
market for hair care suppliers, so the
brands now have to adjust for the
new hair movement.[55] Brands have
greatly lowered their production of
relaxers and instead now produce
more natural-friendly products. In
choosing what products to consume,
black consumers rely heavily on
social media to measure results from
others who have gone natural. They
have done this by the use of YouTube
videos as tutorials on how to use
products efficiently, and create
reviews for potential consumers to
watch. Popular brands and products
include Shea Moisture, DevaCurl, and
Carol's Daughter.[56]
Objections and opposition
Many women of African descent have
faced opposition from wearing their
hair in naturally curly styles or other
non-straight, protective styles.
Many women have found that they
are treated unjustly based on having
naturally afro-textured hair. Natural
hair can be deemed "unprofessional",
turning it into a fireable offense.[57]
For example, a 12-year-old student
at a Florida Christian school with
natural hair "was given one week to
decide whether to cut her hair or
leave the academy that she has
attended since third grade" after she
complained to school officials about
being bullied by other students.[58] In
March 2014, the United States
Department of Defense issued a set
of guidelines that banned all afros,
dreadlocks, braids, and twists that
were greater than 1⁄4" in diameter.
Guidelines such as these clearly
disproportionately affect and target
those of African descent.[59] They
later rolled back the guidelines that
same year in August by allowing two-
strand twists. The Army increased the
size of permissible braids and
removed the word "unkempt" from
their guidelines.[60] In April 2016, a
female Zara employee in the
Canadian city of Toronto was
reprimanded for wearing her hair in a
braided hairstyle, which resulted in
her filing a complaint with the
Ontario Human Rights Commission.[61]
Hair appropriation/cultural
appropriation has been an issue
within the natural hair community.
Many non-women of color, especially
celebrities, often wear African-
American hairstyles, which some
have found offensive. Giuliana Rancic
apologized to actress Zendaya—who
wore dreadlocks on the 2015 Oscar's
red carpet—after commenting that
Zendaya's hair must have smelled of
"patchouli oil or weed".[62]
Kim Kardashian wore Fulani braids
(originating from the Fulani tribe of
West Africa) on three different
occasions, without acknowledging
the origin of these braids.[63] She
referred to them as 'Bo Derek' braids'
after Bo Derek, an actress from the
1980s who wore Fulani braids in the
1979 film 10. Kardashian received
backlash, especially from the black
community, but did not acknowledge
the response. The idea of non-black
women wearing natural hair styles
remains controversial.
Terminology
Several words are frequently used in
the vocabulary of the natural hair
movement:[16][5][64][65][66]
Afro: A hairstyle created by combing
the hair away from the scalp,
allowing the hair to extend out from
the head in a large, rounded-shape,
much like a cloud or ball.
Bantu knot: Hairstyle that consists of
twisted hair rolled up into small buns.
See Jada Pinkett Smith as Niobe in
The Matrix series.
Big chop: Cutting one's chemically
straightened hair to let it grow in its
natural texture.
Braids: Hairstyle where hair is
braided with extensions or with
natural hair.
Box braids: A form of protective
styling done through braiding
synthetic hair along with real hair.
This promotes hair growth and
protects hair from breakage and
other damaging factors.
Braid out: Braids are unraveled.
Creamy crack: Chemical relaxers. The
term was coined with the thought
that the use of relaxers is addictive
for those women who strive for a
permanently straight hair texture.
Coils: A hairstyle achieved by taking
small sections of wet or very damp
hair and smoothing, while rotating
the sections, one by one, from root to
tip. Tiny styling combs or a finger are
typically used.
Coily: The texture characteristic of
natural Type 4 hair, whereby the
configuration of the strand resembles
a small-diameter ink pen spring.
Cornrows: A style of braiding/plaiting
hair into narrow strips to form
geometric patterns on the scalp. A
form of protective styling.
Co-wash: Washing one's hair with
conditioner instead of shampoo.
Detangling: The process of using
fingers or a wide-tooth comb to get
out knots in curly textured hair.
Dreadlocks: Matted or sculpted ropes
of hair.
Fro-hawk: Hairdressing similar to the
mohawk hairstyle.
Hair porosity: Natural hair can have
low, high, or medium porosity. Low
porosity hair cuticles are very tightly
closed and do not absorb water or
product easily. High porosity hair
cuticles are very open and absorb
water and product easily. Medium
porosity is more balance and absorbs
water, product, and moisture easily.
In order to best treat naturally curly
hair, celebrity hairstylist Andre Walker
created a hair typing system. This
categorizes hair into four categories
based on how tight curls are coiled.
Kinky hair:

Kinky hair is hair

with tight curls, tight
coils, or no defined
curls.

Tightly curled hair, tightly coiled hair

or hair without defined curls.
Protective hairstyle: Any coiffure
configuration that keeps hair ends
safely tucked away to keep the
natural hair protected from the
elements. These hairdos require very
little daily upkeep and help strands
stay moisturized.[67] Includes braids,
extensions, wigs, and weaves. See
Janet Jackson in Poetic Justice.
Senegalese twists: Also known as
rope twists where synthetic hair is
used and twisted in with the natural
hair.
Shrinkage: Because natural hair is
typically has different types of curls
and textures, in its natural state it
appears shorter than it would
straightened.
Transition: Period of time when one is
transitioning from straightening their
hair with heat/and or chemical
products to wearing hair in its natural
state.
TWA (Teeny Weeny Afro): Short Afro
haircut. See Viola Davis in the film
Suicide Squad.
Twist out: Hairstyle where twists are
unraveled. See Corinne Bailey Rae.
Twists: Double strands of hair
wrapped around each other.
Wash and go: wash one's hair and
going on about one's day. This means
there is no drying or styling involved
and the application of product is
 minimal (usually a moisturizer or
anti-frizz serum). The wash and go is
also sometimes referred to as the
"shake and go" which further
emphasizes the lack of actual styling
involved. The goal of a wash and go
is to define natural curls.[68]
Filmography
, movie directed by
Nappily Ever After
Haifaa Al-Mansour in 2018.[69]
Good Hair, movie directed by Jeff
Stilson and produced by Chris Rock in
2009.
My Nappy Roots: A Journey Through
Black Hair-itage , movie directed and
 produced by Regina Kimbell in 2008.
Hair Love, Oscar-winning short,
created by Matthew A.
Cherry[70][71][72][73][74][75]
See also
Society
portal
Fashion
portal
United
States
portal
Europe
portal
Africa
portal

Afro
Afro-textured hair
Afrocentrism
 Black is beautiful
Discrimination based on hair texture
Black Panthers
Black feminism
Blaxploitation
Curly Girl Method
Internalized racism
Nappturality
Postcolonialism
List of hairstyles
References
1. Dr. Josephine Metcalf and Dr. Carina
Spaulding, African American Culture
and Society After Rodney King:
Provocations and Protests, Progression
and "Post-Racialism" (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=02gdCgAAQBAJ&dq
=%22Natural+Hair+Movement%22&pg=
PA132) Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20230516155737/https://books.
google.com/books?id=02gdCgAAQBAJ&
dq=%22Natural+Hair+Movement%22&p
g=PA132) 16 May 2023 at the
Wayback Machine, Ashgate Publishing
Limited, 25/06/2015
2. Bustle, The History Of Natural Black
Hair, Plus How 2014's Afro Has A Whole
New Meaning (http://www.bustle.com/
#/articles/27404-the-history-of-natural
-black-hair-plus-how-2014s-afro-has-
a-whole-new-meaning) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/201310240453
29/http://www.bustle.com/#/articles/27
404-the-history-of-natural-black-hair-
plus-how-2014s-afro-has-a-whole-ne
w-meaning) 24 October 2013 at the
Wayback Machine, 20/06/2014
3. "Permanent Hair Straightening &
Chemical Relaxers | Philip Kingsley" (http
s://www.philipkingsley.com/hair-guide/c
hemical-hair-processing-and-colourin
g/chemical-straightening-relaxing-your
-hair) . www.philipkingsley.com. 31
January 2016. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20190506014958/https://
www.philipkingsley.com/hair-guide/che
mical-hair-processing-and-colouring/c
hemical-straightening-relaxing-your-ha
ir) from the original on 6 May 2019.
Retrieved 28 February 2019.
4. Le Monde, Crépues et fières de l’être (htt
p://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/201
5/02/05/crepues-et-fieres-de-l-etre_45
70832_3224.html) , 05/02/2015
5. L'Express, Parlez-vous le nappy? (http://
www.lexpress.fr/styles/coiffure/cheveux-
afro-parlez-vous-le-nappy_1168609.ht
ml) Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20160124124100/http://www.lexpre
ss.fr/styles/coiffure/cheveux-afro-parlez
-vous-le-nappy_1168609.html) 24
January 2016 at the Wayback Machine,
3 October 2012
6. Wilkerson, Kamina (Spring 2017). "The
Natural Hair Movement An Understated
Revolution" (http://digitalcommons.auct
r.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&
context=continuum) . Continuum
Undergraduate Research Journal: 57–
63. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20190522090346/http://digitalcomm
ons.auctr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article
=1007&context=continuum) from the
original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved
5 May 2019.
7. "nappy hair" (https://www.dictionary.co
m/e/slang/nappy-hair) . dictionary.com.
9 April 2019. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20220521181926/https://w
ww.dictionary.com/e/slang/nappy-hai
r/) from the original on 21 May 2022.
Retrieved 8 June 2022.
8. RFI, Le mouvement Nappy : défrisage et
cheveux crépus (http://www.rfi.fr/emissio
n/20130116-2-le-mouvement-nappy-d
efrisage-cheveux-crepus) Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20151214193
410/http://www.rfi.fr/emission/2013011
6-2-le-mouvement-nappy-defrisage-ch
eveux-crepus) 14 December 2015 at
the Wayback Machine, released on
16/01/2013
 9. France Ô, La beauté noire, un marché
porteur (https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=0RFpOfc1Aho) Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170407024106/ht
tps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RFpO
fc1Aho) 7 April 2017 at the Wayback
Machine, released in 2014
10. TV5 Monde, Dépigmentation de la peau
et phénomène Nappy (https://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v=oJTvr05mksA)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0170407021838/https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=oJTvr05mksA) 7 April
2017 at the Wayback Machine, January
2015
11. Jeune Afrique, Juliette Smeralda : « Le
modèle de beauté qu'on vend aux
femmes du continent n'est pas africain »
(http://www.jeuneafrique.com/41020/so
ciete/juliette-smeralda-le-mod-le-de-b
eaut-qu-on-vend-aux-femmes-du-con
tinent-n-est-pas-africain/) Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/2016022107
2937/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/410
20/societe/juliette-smeralda-le-mod-le-
de-beaut-qu-on-vend-aux-femmes-du
-continent-n-est-pas-africain/) 21
February 2016 at the Wayback
Machine, 6 November 2014
12. Maxine Leeds Craig, Ain't I a Beauty
Queen?: Black Women, Beauty, and the
Politics of Race (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=hyd-BwAAQBAJ&dq=napp
y+pejorative&pg=PA21) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/202305161609
32/https://books.google.com/books?id=
hyd-BwAAQBAJ&dq=nappy+pejorative
&pg=PA21) 16 May 2023 at the
Wayback Machine, Oxford University
Press, 2002
13. Common Dreams NewsCenter, "Why
'Nappy' Is Offensive (http://www.commo
ndreams.org/views/2007/04/12/why-na
ppy-offensive) Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20151217120652/http://
www.commondreams.org/views/2007/0
4/12/why-nappy-offensive) 17
December 2015 at the Wayback
Machine", 12/04/2007
14. Madame Figaro, Nappy hair : la
revanche des femmes noires (http://mad
ame.lefigaro.fr/beaute/nappy-hair-reva
nche-femmes-noires-250714-899118)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0151230141613/http://madame.lefigar
o.fr/beaute/nappy-hair-revanche-femm
es-noires-250714-899118) 30
December 2015 at the Wayback
Machine, 25/07/2014
15. Juliette Sméralda, Peau noire, cheveu
crépu : l'histoire d'une aliénation (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=qku5AA
AAIAAJ&q=Peau+noire+cheveu+cr%C
3%A9pu,) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20230516155739/https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=qku5AAAAIA
AJ&q=Peau+noire+cheveu+cr%C3%A9p
u,) 16 May 2023 at the Wayback
Machine, Jasor, 2004
16. Le Point, Nappy, ce mouvement
conquérant de la planète afro (http://afr
ique.lepoint.fr/life-style/nappy-le-mouv
ement-qui-conquiert-la-planete-afro-1
5-12-2014-1889905_2259.php)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0160529193644/http://afrique.lepoint.f
r/life-style/nappy-le-mouvement-qui-co
nquiert-la-planete-afro-15-12-2014-1
889905_2259.php) 29 May 2016 at the
Wayback Machine, 19 December 2014
17. Marie Claire,Le nappy hair, nouvelle
tendance des cheveux Afro (http://www.
marieclaire.fr/,le-nappy-hair-nouvelle-te
ndance-des-cheveux-afro,736904.asp)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0160121131445/http://www.marieclair
e.fr/,le-nappy-hair-nouvelle-tendance-d
es-cheveux-afro,736904.asp) 21
January 2016 at the Wayback
Machine30/04/2015
18. Madame Figaro, Les cheveux ont faim
(http://madame.lefigaro.fr/beaute/cheve
ux-ont-faim-111107-10122) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20151006
041524/http://madame.lefigaro.fr/beaut
e/cheveux-ont-faim-111107-10122) 6
October 2015 at the Wayback Machine,
11 November 2007
19. INA, La phytothérapie (http://www.ina.f
r/video/3484550001031) Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20151008104
518/http://www.ina.fr/video/348455000
1031) 8 October 2015 at the Wayback
Machine, 7 November 2007
20. Dr. Johnson Elizabeth, Resistance and
Empowerment in Black Women's Hair
/Styling (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=nfLKVB_JuKEC&dq=blackgirllongh
air&pg=PT169) Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20230516160936/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=nfLKVB
_JuKEC&dq=blackgirllonghair&pg=PT16
9) 16 May 2023 at the Wayback
Machine, Ashgate, 28/07/2013
21. Huffington Post, Leila Noelliste's Life
May Be Unconventional, But It's
Awesome (http://www.huffingtonpost.co
m/2014/06/13/black-girl-long-hair-leil
a-noelliste-mater-mea_n_5492889.htm
l) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20160303224703/http://www.huffingt
onpost.com/2014/06/13/black-girl-long
-hair-leila-noelliste-mater-mea_n_5492
889.html) 3 March 2016 at the
Wayback Machine, 13/06/2014
22. Business Wire, Ultra/Standard Acquires
TextureMedia (http://www.businesswire.
com/news/home/20150921005926/en/
UltraStandard-Acquires-TextureMedia#.
VgQ0LPntlBd) Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20151229204429/http://
www.businesswire.com/news/home/201
50921005926/en/UltraStandard-Acquir
es-TextureMedia#.VgQ0LPntlBd) 29
December 2015 at the Wayback
Machine, 21/09/2015
23. Huffington Post, CurlyNikki Responds To
Ebony.com's Rejection Of White Women
Joining #TeamNatural (http://www.huffi
ngtonpost.com/2014/07/07/curlynikki-r
esponds-to-eb_n_5564976.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0151031152532/http://www.huffington
post.com/2014/07/07/curlynikki-respon
ds-to-eb_n_5564976.html) 31 October
2015 at the Wayback Machine,
07/07/2014
24. Ayana Byrd and Lori Tharps, Hair Story:
Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in
America (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=iYhEAwAAQBAJ&dq=curlynikki&p
g=PA211) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20230516155741/https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=iYhEAwAAQB
AJ&dq=curlynikki&pg=PA211) 16 May
2023 at the Wayback Machine, St.
Martin's Press, 12/01/2002
25. Lola Akingbola, 8 Weeks to Longer
Hair!: A Guide for the Afro-Caribbean
Woman. Discover Your Hair's Growth
Potential! (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=jkGmBAAAQBAJ&dq=longhairca
reforum&pg=PT103) Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20230516155737/
https://books.google.com/books?id=jkG
mBAAAQBAJ&dq=longhaircareforum&p
g=PT103) 16 May 2023 at the
Wayback Machine, Xlibris, 15/07/2013
26. Jeffery A. Riley, 2011 Social Media
Directory: The Ultimate Guide to
Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn
Resources (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=xl3Dhps3vA8C&dq=afrobella&p
g=PT411) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20230516155742/https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=xl3Dhps3vA8
C&dq=afrobella&pg=PT411) 16 May
2023 at the Wayback Machine, Que
Publishing, 25/08/2010
27. Derald Wing Sue, Miguel E. Gallardo
and Helen A. Neville, Case Studies in
Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (h
ttps://books.google.com/books?id=lRlrA
AAAQBAJ&dq=afrobella&pg=PT31)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0230516160934/https://books.google.c
om/books?id=lRlrAAAAQBAJ&dq=afrob
ella&pg=PT31) 16 May 2023 at the
Wayback Machine, John Wiley & Sons,
12/08/2013
28. "Meet the Founder of Un-ruly: A Place
for Black Hair and Women – Man
Repeller" (http://www.manrepeller.com/2
016/02/antonia-opiah.html) . Man
Repeller. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20160401162447/http://www.m
anrepeller.com/2016/02/antonia-opiah.
html) from the original on 1 April 2016.
Retrieved 20 March 2016.
29. "Hair doc digs deep into black roots" (ht
tp://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/hai
r-doc-digs-deep-black-roots-article-1.
1489933) . NY Daily News. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20160331235
603/http://www.nydailynews.com/life-st
yle/hair-doc-digs-deep-black-roots-art
icle-1.1489933) from the original on 31
March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
30. "9 Must-Follow Beauty Blogs for Girls
With Natural Hair" (http://www.byrdie.c
o.uk/natural-hair-blogs) . Byrdie.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0160402194730/http://www.byrdie.co.u
k/natural-hair-blogs) from the original
on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 20 March
2016.
31. Le Parisien, Les nappys : afro, belles et
contentes (http://www.leparisien.fr/mag
azine/grand-angle/les-nappys-afro-bell
es-et-contentes-10-04-2014-3757229.
php) Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20160304034631/http://www.lepa
risien.fr/magazine/grand-angle/les-nap
pys-afro-belles-et-contentes-10-04-20
14-3757229.php) 4 March 2016 at the
Wayback Machine, 10/04/2014
32. Amina, Fatou N’diaye (http://www.amin
a-mag.com/?p=2140) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/201603031842
10/http://www.amina-mag.com/?p=214
0) 3 March 2016 at the Wayback
Machine, 26/04/2014
33. RFI, Le mouvement Nappy : défrisage et
cheveux crépus (http://www.rfi.fr/emissio
n/20130116-1-le-mouvement-nappy-d
efrisage-cheveux-crepus) Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20151214193
348/http://www.rfi.fr/emission/2013011
6-1-le-mouvement-nappy-defrisage-ch
eveux-crepus) 14 December 2015 at
the Wayback Machine, 16/01/2013
34. Alexa, Audience Afrobelle.com in France
(http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/afrobelle.
com) Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20160303210916/http://www.alex
a.com/siteinfo/afrobelle.com) 3 March
2016 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved
30/05/2015
35. Maxi, Cheveux afro : les coiffer sans
difficulté (http://www.maxi-mag.fr/cheve
ux/cheveux-afro-les-coiffer-sans-difficu
lte.html) Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20160303171253/http://www.m
axi-mag.fr/cheveux/cheveux-afro-les-co
iffer-sans-difficulte.html) 3 March 2016
at the Wayback Machine, 10/06/2015
36. Salon Boucles d'Ébène, Bloguer en
2015 : Une passion ou un métier (http://
www.salonbouclesdebene.com/bloguer-
en-2015---une-passion-ou-un-m-tier-
-.html) Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20160303180440/http://www.sal
onbouclesdebene.com/bloguer-en-2015
---une-passion-ou-un-m-tier--.html)
3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine,
30/05/2015
37. L'Express, Ivy Mag: « La beauté
d’aujourd’hui est multiple et diversifiée »
(http://blogs.lexpress.fr/styles/top-blogs
-styles/2013/02/15/ivy-mag-la-beaute
-daujourdhui-est-multiple-et-diversifie
e) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20160219185855/http://blogs.lexpres
s.fr/styles/top-blogs-styles/2013/02/15/
ivy-mag-la-beaute-daujourdhui-est-m
ultiple-et-diversifiee/) 19 February
2016 at the Wayback Machine,
15/02/2013
38. Huffington Post, Open Letter to Allure,
The New York Times and Other
"Lamestream" Publications: If You Don't
Know, You Better Ask Somebody (http://
www.huffingtonpost.com/ama-yawson/
open-letter-to-allure-the_b_7956616.ht
ml) Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20151122170123/http://www.huffin
gtonpost.com/ama-yawson/open-letter
-to-allure-the_b_7956616.html) 22
November 2015 at the Wayback
Machine, 08/07/2015
39. Madame Figaro, Notre but : banaliser la
mode afro et la beauté ethnique. (http://
madame.lefigaro.fr/style/notre-but-ban
aliser-mode-afro-beaute-ethnique-260
112-212663) Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20160303235559/http://m
adame.lefigaro.fr/style/notre-but-banali
ser-mode-afro-beaute-ethnique-26011
2-212663) 3 March 2016 at the
Wayback Machine, 26/01/2012
40. Madame Figaro, Beautiful black blogs :
huit filles à suivre sur le Net (http://mad
ame.lefigaro.fr/beaute/beautiful-black-
blogs-huit-filles-a-suivre-sur-le-net-19
0615-97085) Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20151104203345/http://m
adame.lefigaro.fr/beaute/beautiful-blac
k-blogs-huit-filles-a-suivre-sur-le-net-
190615-97085) 4 November 2015 at
the Wayback Machine, 29/06/2015
41. Le Point, En images : top 10 des
meilleurs blogs féminins lifestyle (http://
afrique.lepoint.fr/life-style/en-images-to
p-10-des-meilleurs-blogs-feminins-lifes
tyle-05-09-2014-1862042_2259.php)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0160304111800/http://afrique.lepoint.f
r/life-style/en-images-top-10-des-meill
eurs-blogs-feminins-lifestyle-05-09-20
14-1862042_2259.php) 4 March 2016
at the Wayback Machine, 05/09/2014
42. Le Monde, A quand une femme noire en
couverture de "Elle" ? (http://www.lemon
de.fr/idees/article/2012/01/31/a-quand
-une-femme-noire-en-couverture-de-el
le_1636689_3232.html) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/201511190251
06/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/
2012/01/31/a-quand-une-femme-noire
-en-couverture-de-elle_1636689_3232.
html) 19 November 2015 at the
Wayback Machine, 31/01/2012
43. MediaUpdate, AfroStyle Magazine issue
11 out now (http://www.mediaupdate.c
o.za/media/78042/afrostyle-magazine-i
ssue-11-out-now) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20160304031845/htt
p://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/780
42/afrostyle-magazine-issue-11-out-n
ow) 4 March 2016 at the Wayback
Machine, 07/04/2015
44. "Curly Girl Collective | Celebrating the
Beauty of Natural Hair" (http://www.curl
ygirlcollective.com/) .
www.curlygirlcollective.com. Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/2018112613
1607/http://www.curlygirlcollective.co
m/) from the original on 26 November
2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
45. Réseau Outre-Mer première, Aline
Tacite, fondatrice du salon Boucles
d'Ébène : "Nous chérissons nos cheveux
crépus, frisés, bouclés et ondulés" (htt
p://www.la1ere.fr/2015/05/28/aline-taci
te-fondatrice-du-salon-boucles-d-ebe
nes-nous-cherissons-nos-cheveux-crep
us-frises-boucles-et-ondules-259601.h
tml) Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20160129164009/http://www.la1er
e.fr/2015/05/28/aline-tacite-fondatrice
-du-salon-boucles-d-ebenes-nous-che
rissons-nos-cheveux-crepus-frises-bou
cles-et-ondules-259601.html) 29
January 2016 at the Wayback Machine,
30/05/2015
46. Juliette Sméralda, Du Cheveu défrisé au
cheveu crépu (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=Wm1U69JgWcEC&dq=bou
cles+d%27ebene&pg=PA59) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20230516
160939/https://books.google.com/book
s?id=Wm1U69JgWcEC&dq=boucles+d%
27ebene&pg=PA59) 16 May 2023 at
the Wayback Machine, Broché,
December 2012
47. Le Monde, Salon Boucles d’ébène (30
May – 1st June) (http://www.lemonde.fr/
afrique/article/2015/05/27/salon-boucl
es-d-ebene-30-mai-1er-juin_4641419_
3212.html) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20160122182904/http://ww
w.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/05/2
7/salon-boucles-d-ebene-30-mai-1er-j
uin_4641419_3212.html) 22 January
2016 at the Wayback Machine, 27 May
2015
48. FashizBlack, Océane Lebubura élue Miss
NAPPY Paris 2015 (http://www.fashizbla
ck.com/beaute/oceane-lebubura-elue-
miss-nappy-paris-2015/) Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20151215001
429/http://www.fashizblack.com/beaut
e/oceane-lebubura-elue-miss-nappy-p
aris-2015/) 15 December 2015 at the
Wayback Machine, 4 December 2014
49. Mediapart, 1ères Massalia Nappy
Days : Marseille sous le signe de la
créativité et de la beauté au naturel (htt
ps://blogs.mediapart.fr/edition/visages-
de-marseille/article/170914/1eres-mass
alia-nappy-days-marseille-sous-le-sign
e-de-la-creativite-et-de-la-bea)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0160224120714/https://blogs.mediapar
t.fr/edition/visages-de-marseille/articl
e/170914/1eres-massalia-nappy-days-
marseille-sous-le-signe-de-la-creativite
-et-de-la-bea) 24 February 2016 at
the Wayback Machine, 17 September
2014
50. FashizBlack, Abidjan accueille « Crépu
d’Ebène », son 1er festival dédié aux
cheveux naturels (http://www.fashizblac
k.com/beaute/abidjan-accueille-crepu-
debene-son-1er-festival-dedie-aux-che
veux-naturels/) Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20160222053949/htt
p://www.fashizblack.com/beaute/abidja
n-accueille-crepu-debene-son-1er-festi
val-dedie-aux-cheveux-naturels/) 22
February 2016 at the Wayback
Machine, 12 August 2014
51. Elle Belgique, La Natural Hair Academy :
le rendez-vous des nappy girls (http://w
ww.elle.be/fr/31056-parlez-vous-le-nap
py-language.html) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20160217021233/htt
p://www.elle.be/fr/31056-parlez-vous-le
-nappy-language.html) 17 February
2016 at the Wayback Machine, 17
March 2014
52. Jeune Afrique, Mode : La vague
« Nappy » déferle en Afrique (http://ww
w.jeuneafrique.com/41021/societe/mode
-la-vague-nappy-d-ferle-en-afrique/)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0160221072941/http://www.jeuneafriqu
e.com/41021/societe/mode-la-vague-n
appy-d-ferle-en-afrique/) 21 February
2016 at the Wayback Machine, 6
November 2014
53. "California bans racial discrimination
based on hair in schools and
workplaces" (https://www.jurist.org/new
s/2019/07/california-bans-racial-discri
mination-based-on-hair-in-schools-an
d-workplaces/) . JURIST. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/202211290518
09/https://www.jurist.org/news/2019/0
7/california-bans-racial-discrimination-
based-on-hair-in-schools-and-workpla
ces/) from the original on 29 November
2022. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
54. "New York bans discrimination against
natural hair" (https://thehill.com/homen
ews/state-watch/452959-new-york-ba
ns-discrimination-against-natural-hai
r) . TheHill. 13 July 2019. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/202211290518
04/https://thehill.com/homenews/state-
watch/452959-new-york-bans-discrimi
nation-against-natural-hair/) from the
original on 29 November 2022.
Retrieved 18 July 2019.
55. "Hair relaxer sales decline 26% over the
past five years | Mintel.com" (http://ww
w.mintel.com/press-centre/beauty-and-
personal-care/hairstyle-trends-hair-rel
axer-sales-decline) . www.mintel.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0160501112815/http://www.mintel.co
m/press-centre/beauty-and-personal-c
are/hairstyle-trends-hair-relaxer-sales-
decline) from the original on 1 May
2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
56. "Products" (http://blacknaturalistas.wee
bly.com/products.html) . The Natural
Hair Movement. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20160513193358/http://
blacknaturalistas.weebly.com/products.h
tml) from the original on 13 May 2016.
Retrieved 18 April 2016.
57. Díaz, Alexa (27 June 2019). "California
set to be first state to protect black
people from natural hair discrimination"
(https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la
-pol-ca-hair-discrimination-bill-20190
627-story.html) . Los Angeles Times.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0190628174431/https://www.latimes.co
m/local/lanow/la-pol-ca-hair-discrimin
ation-bill-20190627-story.html) from
the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved
28 June 2019.
58. "Florida School Threatens to Expel
African-American Girl for Wearing
Natural Hair" (http://www.essence.com/
2013/11/26/florida-school-threatens-e
xpel-african-american-girl-wearing-na
tural-hair) . Essence.com. 26 November
2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20160423081905/http://www.esse
nce.com/2013/11/26/florida-school-thr
eatens-expel-african-american-girl-we
aring-natural-hair) from the original
on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 19 April
2016.
59. "Because Our Hair Is Always Political: 6
Black Women Fired For Their Hairstyles"
(http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2015/
09/women-fired-for-their-hairstyles/) .
Clutch Magazine. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20160505130322/htt
p://www.clutchmagonline.com/2015/09/
women-fired-for-their-hairstyles/)
from the original on 5 May 2016.
Retrieved 18 April 2016.
60. Rhodan, Maya. "U.S. Military Rolls Back
Restrictions on Black Hairstyles" (http://t
ime.com/3107647/military-black-hairst
yles/) . TIME.com. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20160419114859/htt
p://time.com/3107647/military-black-h
airstyles/) from the original on 19 April
2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
61. "Zara employee accuses store of
discrimination over her hairstyle" (http://
www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/balla
h-zara-discrimination-hairstyle-1.3527
977) . www.cbc.ca. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20160419161919/htt
p://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/b
allah-zara-discrimination-hairstyle-1.3
527977) from the original on 19 April
2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
62. "Giuliana Rancic Clarifies Apology to
Zendaya After Oscar Night Comments
About Her Dreadlocks" (http://www.peo
ple.com/article/zendaya-blasts-giuliana
-rancic-oscars-dreadlocks-fashion-poli
ce) . PEOPLE.com. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20160428005110/htt
p://www.people.com/article/zendaya-bl
asts-giuliana-rancic-oscars-dreadlocks
-fashion-police) from the original on
28 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
63. Robin, Marci (18 June 2018). "Kim
Kardashian West Is Being Dragged for
Wearing Fulani Braids to the MTV
Awards" (https://www.allure.com/story/k
im-kardashian-fulani-braids-2018-mtv
-movie-tv-awards) . Allure. Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/2018120410
2014/https://www.allure.com/story/kim-
kardashian-fulani-braids-2018-mtv-m
ovie-tv-awards) from the original on 4
December 2018. Retrieved 19 June
2020.
64. Hellocoton, Le lexique Nappy (http://ww
w.hellocoton.fr/to/wTTL#http://www.nat
uralbynoelly.com/lexique-capillaire-nap
py/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20150924025802/http://www.hello
coton.fr/to/wTTL#http://www.naturalby
noelly.com/lexique-capillaire-nappy/)
24 September 2015 at the Wayback
Machine, 21/0 April 2013
65. Audrey Davis-Sivasothy, The Science of
Black Hair: A Comprehensive Guide to
Textured Hair (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=WQAZAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22
big+chop%22+%22transition%22&pg=P
A219) Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20230516155738/https://books.
google.com/books?id=WQAZAgAAQBAJ
&dq=%22big+chop%22+%22transitio
n%22&pg=PA219) 16 May 2023 at the
Wayback Machine, SAJA Publishing
Company, 11 April 2014
66. Leslie DuBois, Natural Beauty (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=__CSBAAAQ
BAJ&dq=%22big+chop%22+%22transiti
on%22&pg=PT4) Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20230516155740/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=__CSBA
AAQBAJ&dq=%22big+chop%22+%22tra
nsition%22&pg=PT4) 16 May 2023 at
the Wayback Machine, Little Prince
Publishing, 21 September 2014
67. Cruel, Jessica. "29 Protective Styles That
Will Save You Hours of Styling Time" (htt
ps://www.popsugar.com/beauty/Protecti
ve-Style-Ideas-Natural-Hair-3590624
2) . POPSUGAR Beauty. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/201812041019
57/https://www.popsugar.com/beauty/P
rotective-Style-Ideas-Natural-Hair-359
06242) from the original on 4
December 2018. Retrieved 4 December
2018.
68. "Curly Only While Wet? Type 4 Wash And
Go Tips!" (http://www.curlynikki.com/201
5/08/curly-only-while-wet-type-4-was
h-and-go.html) . 10 August 2015.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0190402143754/http://www.curlynikki.c
om/2015/08/curly-only-while-wet-type
-4-wash-and-go.html) from the
original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved
5 May 2019.
69. "Nappily Ever After (2018)" (https://ww
w.imdb.com/title/tt0365545/) . IMDb.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0201129152409/https://www.imdb.co
m/title/tt0365545/) from the original
on 29 November 2020. Retrieved
19 November 2020.
70. "Chicago native Matthew Cherry wins
Oscar for short animated film 'Hair
Love' " (https://www.chicagotribune.co
m/lifestyles/ct-life-hair-love-oscar-win-
matthew-cherry-folo-tt-0210-2020021
0-qrenvaqwu5aa5e6va57fyh4nuy-stor
y.html) . Chicago Tribune. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/202206220420
52/https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifes
tyles/ct-life-hair-love-oscar-win-matth
ew-cherry-folo-tt-0210-20200210-qre
nvaqwu5aa5e6va57fyh4nuy-story.htm
l) from the original on 22 June 2022.
Retrieved 22 June 2022.
71. " "Hair Love" wins Oscar for best
animated short" (https://www.cbsnews.c
om/news/hair-love-wins-oscar-for-best
-animated-short-matthew-cherry-2020
-02-09/) . www.cbsnews.com. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20220622
042052/https://www.cbsnews.com/new
s/hair-love-wins-oscar-for-best-anima
ted-short-matthew-cherry-2020-02-0
9/) from the original on 22 June 2022.
Retrieved 22 June 2022.
72. "HAIR LOVE | Sony Pictures Animation"
(https://www.sonypicturesanimation.co
m/projects/shorts/hair-love) .
www.sonypicturesanimation.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0220622042245/https://www.sonypictur
esanimation.com/projects/shorts/hair-lo
ve) from the original on 22 June 2022.
Retrieved 22 June 2022.
73. Lisa Respers France (10 February 2020).
" 'Hair Love' went from a Kickstarter to
an Oscar winner" (https://www.cnn.com/
2020/02/09/entertainment/hair-love-ac
ademy-award/index.html) . CNN.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0220622042052/https://www.cnn.com/2
020/02/09/entertainment/hair-love-aca
demy-award/index.html) from the
original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved
22 June 2022.
74. Jacobs, Julia (10 February 2020). " 'Hair
Love' Receives a Lot of Love at the
Oscars for Best Animated Short Film" (ht
tps://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/09/mo
vies/hair-love-oscars-animated-short.h
tml) . The New York Times. ISSN 0362-
4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/03
62-4331) . Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20220622042052/https://ww
w.nytimes.com/2020/02/09/movies/hair
-love-oscars-animated-short.html)
from the original on 22 June 2022.
Retrieved 22 June 2022.
75. " 'Hair Love' wins Oscar for best
animated short film" (https://www.nbcne
ws.com/news/nbcblk/oscar-nominated-
hair-love-normalizes-celebrates-black-
hair-creators-say-n1132826) . NBC
News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20220622042052/https://www.nbc
news.com/news/nbcblk/oscar-nominate
d-hair-love-normalizes-celebrates-blac
k-hair-creators-say-n1132826) from
the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved
22 June 2022.

Bibliography
Aliona L. Gibson, Nappy: Growing Up
Black and Female in America (https://
books.google.com/books?id=wMv2PQ
AACAAJ&q=nappy) , Writers and
Readers Ltd, 1 July 2000
Juliette Sméralda, Peau noire, cheveu
crépu : l'histoire d'une aliénation (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=qku5
AAAAIAAJ&q=Peau+noire+cheveu+c
r%C3%A9pu,) , Jasor, 2004
Frantz Fanon, Peau noire, masques
blancs, Seuil, 1952
Willie Lee Morrow, 400 Years Without
a Comb (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=RfVCAAAAIAAJ&q=400+years
+without+comb) , Morrow's Unlimited
Inc., 1973
Ebony, Natural hair – new symbol of
race pride (https://books.google.com/
 books?id=PtsDAAAAMBAJ&q=nappy&
pg=PA139) , Johnson Publishing
Company, December 1967
Audrey Davis-Sivasothy, The Science
of Black Hair: A Comprehensive Guide
to Textured Hair (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=WQAZAgAAQBAJ&d
q=%22big+chop%22+%22transition%
22&pg=PA219) , SAJA Publishing
Company, 11/04/2014
External links
Look up nappy, coil, curly, frizzy,
kink, Afropean, or Afropeanity in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media
related to Afro-textured hair.
 Chinwe (12 January 2015). "The
Natural Hair Movement in the '60s
and '70s; How It Began and Why It
Ended" (http://blackgirllonghair.com/
2015/01/the-natural-hair-movement
-in-the-60s-and-70s-how-it-began-
and-why-it-ended/) . Black Girl with
Long Hair. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Natural_hair_movement&oldid=1169487
041"

This page was last edited on 9 August 2023,

at 10:57 (UTC). •
Content is available under CC BY-SA 4.0
unless otherwise noted.