CARBONATES

Carbonates are compounds that contain carbonate ion, CO 32-

Example: Calcium carbonate, which occurs naturally as limestone,chalk and
marble.
Properties of carbonates
1. They are insoluble in water – except for sodium,potassium and ammonium
cabonates which are soluble.
2. They react with acids to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide.
3. Most of them break down on heating, to an oxide and carbondioxide
CaCO3 (s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Exception: Potassium and sodium carbonates do not break down, as these
compounds are more stable
Uses of limestone
 In extraction of iron from iron ore
 To neutalise acidity in soil.
 Limestone when heated with clay by adding gypsum(hydrated calcium
sulfate) gives cement
 For road building

Manufacture of Lime (calcium oxide) from calcium carbonate (lime

stone)
Lime stone when heated, it breaks down to lime (or quick lime) in a lime kiln.
CaCO3 (s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Lime stone lime

This is thermal decomposition.

 LIME KLIN

Uses of lime
 To neutralise acidity in soil
 Neutralising acidic industrial waste products, that is flue gas
desulfurization(removal of sulfur dioxide from the waste gases
at power stations)
 In making steel from iron
 As drying agent in industry
Slaked lime - Ca(OH)2
 Slaked lime is formed when water is added to lime.
 This is an exothermic reaction
 In the lab, it is used to test carbon dioxide.
CaO(s) + H20  Ca(OH)2(s)

Uses of slaked lime

 Slaked lime is used to neutalise acidity in soil and in lakes affected by acid
rain
 For flue gas desulfurisation

Reaction of lime water with carbon dioxide

 It is used to test the presence of carbon dioxide.
 This is a neutralization reaction.

LIMESTONE CYCLE
CARBON CYCLE
Carbon moves between compounds in the atmosphere, living things, the soil, and
the ocean in a non-stop journey called the carbon cycle.
Removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
 By photosynthesis : The CO2 and water react in plant leaves to give glucose
and oxygen.
light
6CO2(g) + 6H2O (l) → C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2(g)
chlorophyll
 Plant uses this glucose to make other needed carbon compound
 The animals feed on plants.
 The carbon passes to the food chain
 By dissolving: CO2 from the air dissolves in the ocean.
Adding carbondioxide to the atmosphere
 By respiration

C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + energy

 By the combustion of fuels

Natural gas or methane burns like this
CH4(g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + energy