--a-

STRUCTURES MANUAL
commrsl8l*knn okkbn FASTENERS AND JOINTS 7.151
El

Note:
Pay particular attention to the following torque . When the mating surfaces are not in contact after the
parameters bm~~ally called out in applicable preload is applied the initial preload and the applied
speciiications~. tension load will add directly as shown in the sketch below

- When wing self-locking nuts the “run-up” torque is

added +,, the calculated torque values. The “run-up”
torque is the measured torque required ta overcome
the self-loeking feature (prior to seating of the nut on
material).
4”
- Allow for influence of special plating8 (i.e.. silver) on s
torque values and also define allowable number of nut 5
Preload is applied
installations and removals. g
5
- Define specific Lubrication requirements (if :
4
questionable, tests are required for critical
applications).

Limitations for Material Swaration

EXTERNAL APPLIED LOAD
For optimum conditions (and combined loading) sticient
prelaad should be applied such that the mating materials
do not separate under the maximum applied external
tension loads.

For combined tension and shear loads on the bolt the

interaction equationispresented inSectionl.2.2.6.1.
 STRUCTURES MANUAL
-7
lannemm-- FASTENERS AND JOINTS

TABLE 7.2.5.5-a. Torque Ratio Factors for Tension Applications

(Preloaded Bolts/Screws) (c)

Bolt/NutMatls (a) F, Min Diameter Sizes (in) Dry (As Lubricated Specification
(KSD reed)* WIL-T-5544) 208-13-233 Ref
Stress (f,;KSD
R Factors

see note (b)

1. Steel/steel (alloy or a-es) 125 3/16-5116 .165 .090 40

3/8-l l/8 ,170 .0731 40

2. Steel/steel (alloy or cres) 160 l/4-5/16 ,165 ,090 50.67

3/8-l l/8 ,170 .0731 50.67
3. Steel/steel (alloy or cres) 180 l/4-5/16 ,165 ,090 57.0
3/8-l l/8 ,170 .0731 57.0
4. TiMeel 160 l/4-5/16 ,180 ,090 50.67
3/8-l l/8 ,190 ,095 50.67

* The “as received” condition may vary from no lubricant (“dry”) to various degreesof unknown“light” lubricant such as machine oil.
Testing is required for unknown conditions when establishing preloads for critical applications.

Notes:

a) The ratio factors and torque equations are based an selection of a tension type nut having adequate strength to develop the
fastener with a proper margin of safety. Tensile strengths for common nut types are presented in Table 7.2.4.4-e,. Ultimate
tensile strengths ofthreaded fasteners and the thread root areas are presented in Table 7.2.4.4-c,.

bl The reference stresses shown are the preload tensile stresses for the standard torque values of specification 208-13-233. These
were used to develop the R factors using the equation

T=E (%J ft, (Aroot)

c) When determining desired room temperature torque values for other preload conditions the above equation (b) may be used
(with the desired ftuIRa values) or by substitution;

and Pz is the preload due to thermal expansion in the joint at service temperatures, ifapplicable.
 STRUCTURES MANUAL I I
-7 FASTENERS AND JOINTS 1 7.153 1

7.2.5.5.2 light Tension Clips The structure to which the clip i8 being attached must he
capable of taking the loads applied to it. Section 15.7
Ten& clips include several shapes such as formed angles, back describes the proper clip orientation relative to acceptable
t,, back formed angles, extruded angles, back to back extruded and unacceptable structural arrangements. Those termed
angles, and extruded tees. This section presents design unacceptable mean that the allowable loads of Figures
considerations for tension clip applications and the ultimate 7.2.5.5-4 and -5 are not applicable unless additional back-
allowable loads for the cmmn~n geometries and material up structure is added.
variations.
Prying load on bolts; when thick angles or tees are loaded
Design Considerations as shown in figure 7.2.5.5-3, there is an added tensile load
on the base fastener due to the prying action ofthe%e”.
1. Tension clips should be used with caution since they are
intended for applications having relatively light static
loads with little or no repeated (fatigue) loads. They are For cese (a), R = P (+) ;
normally used far bulkhead brackets or rib attachments to
support lightly loaded systems installations or to connect For secondary structure and the assumed distribution
axially loaded members to bulkheads where it is shown.
undesirable to provide access through the larger
structure. For ease(b). R = PfZ + Q:

2. Several limiting factors to be addressed when designing This load case (tee section) is redundant and the load Q is
clip attachments are: dependent upon element stiffnesses. Test data is
recommendedorelementmodelingmethods.
Failure will generally occur due to bending in the base
leg of the clip. However, for thick clips, particular
attention must he given to the base leg fastener
capabilities which will have additional prying loads
(see figure 1.2.5.5-3 ,.

For maximum strength. tension bolts are preferred in

the base leg. These should be located such that the bolt
head (or washer) is adjacent to the point of tangency of
the fillet or bend radius of the clip (if possible). Radius
block tillers should be considered if greater stillness is
desired.

Generous fillet radii on extruded clips and standard

bend radii in formed clips shall be used on all tension
clips.

High local stresses and large deflections m angle clips

prohibit their use in applications subject +asignificant
repeated or alternating fatigue loads. Also extruded
angles and tees will have adverse bending stresses in
the shorttransverse graindirection.
FIGURE 7.2.5.5-3. Bolt Prying Load
Do not use tension clips to join splices or other highly
loaded interrupted structure. These areas require
heavier. WilTer) machined fittings.
IVORIIIIIIY~-”
STRUCTURES MANUAL
cammwsw
hhmn Div*n FASTENERS AND JOINTS

Allowable Tension Loads . When two (2) angles (formed or extruded) are used
hack to back and loaded symmetrically in bath
Single Angles: outstanding flanges, the allowablea obtained from
Figures 7.2.5.5-4 or -5 respectively are to he multiplied
Figures 1.2.5.5-4 and-5 give the ultimate allowable loads by two andane-haU(2.5)asshown below.
for various gages of 2024.T3 al&d formed sheet and
2024.T4 extruded angles. Ultimate loads for angles of . When extruded tees are loaded symmetrically in both
other heat-treated aluminum alloys, titanium, steel. or outstanding flanges. the allowables obtained from
any material & magnesium alloys, may be obtained Figure 7.2.5.5-5 are to be multiplied by three (3) as
by direct ratioing with the MIL-HDBK-5 transverse yield shown below.
strength as noted in the figures.

Double Angles and Tees;

The allowables (and conditions1 used for single angles are

also used to derive allowables for double angles and tees
using the multiplying factors shown below:

1.5 P*

r 2.5 P l

* P from Figures 7.2.5.5-3 and -4

 STRUCTURES MANUAL I I
FASTENERS AND JOINTS
I 7.155

FIGURE 7.2.5.5-4. Ultimate Allow. Load for 2024-T3 Clad Sheet Metal Angles
 0
STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS
7.156

0 0.b 0.8 l.2 l.6 2.0

mfaw&eriiT,e (SM.) I

FIGURE 7.2.5.5-5. Ultimate Allow. Load for 2024-T4 Extruded Angle

 -zwn~an-
STRUCTURES MANUAL
/--
Co(NIIdll
*knriOIVWO” FASTENERS AND JO0INT.S 7.157
l-l

7.2.5.6 Fasteners in Bending bending modulus of ~pture stresses (F,,) and the shank section
modulus (I/C) shown in the table. For other materials the
The ultimate allowable bending moments for steel bolts and allowable moments can be determined by the methods shown in
screws are given in Table 7.2.5.6-a. These are based on the Section 5.2.1

TABLE 7.2.5.6-a. Ultimate Allowable Shank Bending Moments for Steel Bolts and Screws
(Room Temperature)

NK BENDING MOMENT

NOTES: 1. CRES steel is recommended when subjected to appreciable bending.

2. The use of bolts with an Ft, 2 180 ksi requires approval by Structures Technologies

3. The use of bolts and screws having 0.190 inch diameter or less is not recommended for bending
applications.
“oRnNa~~-
STRUCTURES MANUAL I I
/---
FASTENERS AND JOINTS

7.2.6 STIFFNESS OF FASTENED JOINTS

Stiffness information is required for complex joint Figure 7.2.6-l is used to obtain an effective spring
analysis to determine displacements and coefficient. CaeffXent K~u,L)is obtained using the ratio of
loading/stresses in each joint element. respective sheet thicknesses to the attachment diameter
t/D.
Empirical spring rate data is presented in this section
for hand calculations if desired. Parameters which influence joint spring rates are listed in
Table7.2.6-a in termsofcarreetionfactars.
A Hewlett-Packard 71B Spring Rate Program @PC) is
available in the Structural Mechanics Group to Single shear spring rates &,,,,) are then determined for
determine spring constants. A sample print out is both the upper and lower adjacent sheets ofthe joint.
shown in Table 7.2.6.2-a. This program will print the
Correction Factor Table (same as Table 1.2.6-a) ifuer Ku,, = E,x D Y K, XC, x 1.545 E-7 (uppersheet)
wishes. The curve of Figure 7.2.6-I is stared as
equations in the program and are automatically used Kt(L, = E, x ll x KLxCLx 1.545E-IWversheet)
in determining and printing spring rate information.
where:
7.2.6-l Spring Constants
E, = upper sheet modulus of elasticity
7.2.6.1.1 Sheet or Plate Spring Rates
E, = lowersheetmodulusofelasticity
. The spring rates of sheets or plates between the fastener
center lines are readily predictable with the standard D = attachment nominal diameter
formula as fallaws:
K, = springcanstantuppersheet(Fig.l.2.6-1)
AE
KPL = 7 K, = springconstantlowersheet(Fig.l.2.6-1)

where: C, = correetionfaetorforuppersheet(Table7.2.6-a)

A = Average area for complex joints (considers the CL = correetianfactorfarlowersheet(Table7.2.6-a)

width and thickness with tapers and steps)
l,545E-7 = eoeffieientdeveloped fromtestdata.
E = Plate arsheetmodulwofelasticity
The joint spring rate can then be calculated as:
L = Length ofplate between attachment center lines

7.2.6.1.2 Attachment/Plate Spring Rates

1
KJT = 1 1
. The spring rate of a fastener combined with the two -+-
K K
adjacent plates (or sheets) is not a straight-forward tcU) 1(L)
solution. An empirical method has been developed (based
This gives the spring rates ofthe attachment and adjacent
on test resulte) and has been verified for use on bolts,
plates.
screws, Hi-Locks, Lackbolts and solid rivets.

The spring rates K,, and KJ~ are then used to establish
the spring model for a complexjoint. See example problem.
 -n#moP~
STRUCTURES MANUAL
cmmnem,,a-c”” Dkuml FASTENERS AND JOINTS
7.159

TABLE 7.2.6-a. Fastener Ch?whion Factors (C(U.W)

FASTENER MATERIAL STANDARD HOLES CLOSE TOLERANCE HOLES

PROT. HEAD’ CSK PROT. HEAD’ CSK

ALUMINUM s9 29 .1x
TITANIUM 72 .48 .96 64
STEEL 1.00 .67 1.33 .87

‘PROT HEAD columns include factors far any bole having full cylindrical bearing (i.e. lower hole opposite CSK head).

When evaluating adjacent members in double shear use

l/2 the thickness oftbe middle sheet/plate with each of
the outer members as shown in sketch. See Footnote.

Sketth - Double Shear@)

1.6

.6
t. Da not use wkh blind attachments

2. Curve developed from test data

.4
3. D = Attachment nominal Dia.
t = sheet or plate thickness

.2
# 4. See sketcher for respective

0
0

FIGURE 7.2.6-l. Effective Spring Constants for Single and Double Shear Joints

Footnote: For double shear cases, previous designs using the full thickness ofthe middle plate are acceptable. The preferred method for
future designs is to use l/2 the middle member thickness with each adjacent member.
 -lnn~w-
STRUCTURES MANUAL
/--
camnnw-Dkti FASTENERS AND JOINTS

EXAMPLE PROBLEM (Hand calculations) Then; K,,o,,, = 4.35 LB/p-IN

The following is an example for determining the spring rates of

.25x 1.5x 10x 106
each element. This example uses the full thickness ofthe middle = 3.0 LB,
KPL,2.5) = p-IN
sheet. See sketch and Footnote of Figure 7.2.6-l for preferred 1.25~1~10~
method.

.125xl.5x16x106
= 2.4 LB/
KPL(l.4) = p-IN
1.25x 1 x 106

l PlatelAttachmentCombinationSprinpRBtes

(UsingTablesl.2.6-aandFigurel.2.G11

Nodes 2.3 and 5-6 (Same)

0 ‘/o = g = .4;

K, = .8 and C, = .61 for CSK Steel

FIGURE 7.2.6-2. Sample Joint

0 ‘/o = $ = 3;

Moduli (MatI.) All fasteners = ,312 steel

K, = 1.5 and CL = 1.00 for PROT Steel

E, = 29E6 -Standard Holes

E,, = lOE6 - CSK in Steel K t(U,L) = E Y D Y KcU,L)x Co,,, x 1.5453-l

E,; = 16E6 -Protruding in Aluminum

and Titanium @ Kw = 29E6 x ,312 x .8 x .6’, x 1.545E.7 = .75
LB/p--IN

W = 1.5” Width (“effective” far this example only); select

proper width for each joint geometry and surrounding @ Kw., = lOE6 x ,312 PI 1.5 x 1 x 1.545E-7 = ,723

structure. LB/p-IN

Note: A spring model of the joint should be developed as shown 1

K = .36l L‘Blp_lN
in Figure 1.2.6-3 to identify node points and types ofsprings. JT= 1

.75+&

Nodes 1-2 and 4-5 (Same)

AE LWE
@ Sameasbefore(exceptisnowupper)
KPL = I = - L

@ t,, = .4: K, = .8 and C, = 1.00 for PROT Steel

.125xL5x29E6
= 435OcalLBIIN
KPL(3.6) = 1.25
@I K,(,, = ,723 (Same 8s before)
Since these are very large numbers and became unwieldy to
work with, the we of spring rata expressed in LB/MICRO-IN @ K,ILI = 16E6 I ,312 x .8 x 1 x 1.5453-7 = .617
(LB/p-IN) is used. LB/p-IN
-7 STRUCTURES MANUAL I 1
c-IMI1DkyoII FASTENERS AND JOINTS

4.35

1-6 0

NODE POINT/I.D. NO.?.; All zero(O) Nodes

,367 ,367 + are reaction points where displacements
are zero.

2 3.0 Represents the plate spring rates

/ -15
10000#
f Represents the upper and lower plates
and attachment combination spring
.333 .333
rates.
l-

FIGURE 7.2.6-3. Spring Model of Joint

7.2.6.2 HP 718 Computer Routines; Spring Rate

. and Joint Loading

The handcalculated spring rates above can be accomplished

using the Hewlett Packard HP71B Spring Analysis

m
Computer Routine (SPG). A typical printout is shown in
Table7.2.6.2-a.

. These spring rates can be used in the HP71B SPAM.

SPGANA, or DOUBLER programs to determine model
2920 2588
displacements and element loading. For large joint
problems which exceed the HP71B capacity there are both
SPAM and SPGANA Programs on the VAX computer -T--r

system.

- A sample solution for the model displacements and

element loading is presented in Table 1.2.6.2-b and
Figure 7.2.6.2-I using the SPAM routine. This is a
continuation using the spring rates developed in the
earlier example. Positive load values indicate tension
and negative values are compression. This is
illustrated in the example.

- In the SPAM program the spring is identified by the

two adjacent nodes. To enter the spring rate data.
input the two node numbers followed by that spring
rate. The spring data may be entered in any order and
either node may be entered first. This feature is an
FIGURE 7.2.6.2-l. Spring Model Joint Loads
advantageoverthe specificorderrequirementsofthe
SPGANA routine.
 STRUCTURES MANUAL
conn*mu1mcnll Dhkbn FASTENERS AND JOINTS I 7.163

TABLE 7.2.6.2-b. Example of”SPAM”Joint Solution

SPAM

USER I.D. 87/05/28 10:00:56

NO. OF NODES NO. OF SPRINGS NO. OF LOADS

6 9 1

SPRING CONST.-LB/MICRO-IN.

Ar3:6i 4.x
A(6,0) 4.35
A(2;Z) ,367
A(2:5i 5
A(5;6! ,367
A( I :2 i ,333
A( I ;4i 2.4
A(4,5! ,333
A(4,0) 7.4

NODE AND LOAD, LB. NODE AND LOAD i LB.

B(2)= I0000 El<:>= -10000

DISPLACEMENTS ,MICRO-IN DISPLACEMENTS ;MICRO-IN

Xi I )= 2849. X! 1 )=-2849.
X(2)= 9895. X(2)=-9895.
X(33= 1937. X!Z!=-1937.
X(41= 1872. X!4)=-1872.
X(S)= 8317. X:5)=-8317.
x(6)= 1266. v(6j=-,1266,

LOAD ,LB L@A@ .LB

P(0,4)= 4492. P( 0 ;4 i=-4492.

P( 0 :6 )= 550a. P( 0 :6 )=-5508.
P( I ;z )= 2346. P( I ;2 )=-ZZ46.
Pi I ;4 )= 2346. P! I ,4 )=-1346.
pc2;:1= 2920. p( 2 ;3 ,=..2q20,
P( ,‘ ;5 != 4734. Pi : .5 J=-4734.
P(3:6)= 2920. P( 3.6 )=-2920.
Pi4;5)= 2146. P(4.5)=-2146.
P(5;6)= 2588. P( 5 ;6 +2588.

Note: See model joint loads of Figure 7.2.6.2-l

 STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS

7.2.7 FATlGUE BEHAVIOR OF FASTENED JOINTS

For information on fatigue of mechanically fastened joints refer

to Chapter 12 of this manual, SDM 111 (Revision A) and the
Structural Life Assurance @LA) Group.

7.3 SPECIAL MECHANICAL JOINT APPLICATIONS

.Temlon Pailme
7.3.1 LUG ANALYSIS

The section presents a basic method of analysis and design

procedure for:
Shear tesrout and bearing are closely related and we covered by
1. Axial loaded lugs shear-bearing calculations based on empirical data. Also, the
shear-bearing criteria precludes hoop tension failures and B
2. Transverse and oblique loading separate calculation is not required for hoop tension.

3. Pin bearing lug analysis Yielding of the lug is also e. consideration. It is considered
excessive at a permanent set of0.02 times the pin diameter. This
4. Press fit bushings in lugs condition must always be checked es it is frequently reached at a
lower load than would be anticipated from the ratio of the yield
5. Eccentric lug geometry and irregularities Stress to the ultimate stress

An accurate analysis of a lug-pin combination under load is

diffcult because the actual distributions of stresses in the lug for the material.
and pin involve a combination of shear, bending and tension of t”
varying amounts. The stress calculations ore handled
empirically and are usually a function of the ratio of lug edge Since lugs are elements having severe stres concentrations, the
distance or width to the hole diameter, lug thickness, shape of ductility and/ar impact strength of the material is of importance.
lug, number of lugs in a joint, material properties relative to For this reeson, attention should be paid to the longitudinal, long
graindirection,stressconeentrations, etc.. transverse and short transverse material properties and their
direction relative to the lug.
l The various modesoffailure for a lugare:
. Lugs are a small weight portion of e. structure and are
1. Bearingofthe lugorbuehing prone to fabrication errors and service damage. Since their
weight is usually insignificant relative to their
2. Tension across minimum net section. The full P/A,,, importance, the following criteria should be used.
stress cannot be carried because of the stress
concentration around the hole. 1. Design lugs for a minimum margin ofsafety of0.15 in
both yield and ultimate. Certain critical joints (such as
3. Hoop tension failure of the lug across the section in wing pivots or landing gear attach points) require a
line with the load. minimum MS. of 0.25. or as designated by the
particular aircraft design philosophy. Normally,
4. Shear tearout failure afthe lug. casting and fitting factors are not compounded and
only the larger of the two should he used. The
5. Shear and bending ofthe pin. application of these factors must also comply with the
aircraft design philosophy.

The minimum margin of safety of 0.15 or 0.25 is

required in addition to the applicable factors.
 ~STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS
7.165
I I
I I

2. If no bushing is included in the original design (for p’,, = Allowable ultimate tensile load
highly loaded or critical lugs). design the lug so that
one can be inserted in the future. However. express p’,, = Allowable ultimate tranwerse load
margins of safety with no bushings. Use the actual lug
hole diameter(D) for all lug calculations; the bushing Py’ = Allowable yield load of lug
andjoint are analyzed separately.
M,’ = Allowable plastic bending moment on pin
Also, when a bushing is included in the design provide
adequate material and strength so the next over-size A= Area; Abr is projected bearing area, A, is
bushing can be installed. In bath cases the minimum minimum net section for tension. For
margin of safety is maintained a&r installation. transverse and oblique loading; A,, A,, Aa,
A, and A,,, (weighted average) areas.
3. The lug design should allow far hole mislocation of .03
inches from the nominal hole center (or as specified on K= Efficiency factor; Kbr for shear-bearing. K,
the Engineering Drawing). for tension, K,,, for transverse load
(ultimate). kw for transverse load (yield).
4. Lug misalignment shall not exceed l/2 degree or ,005 Note: These terms are not to be confused with
inches per inch ofdepth. stress concentration factors.

5. Far repeated load conditions on a lug-pin combination c= Yield factor

which can result in a fatigue critical joint, see the
recommendations of chapter 12 and/or contact the R= Load ratio; R, for axial, %, for transverse
Structural Life Assurance @LA) Group.
t= Thickness of lug

D= Lug hole diameter; D, is pin diameter when

F,, = Ultimate tensile strength; F,, with grain, bushings are present.
F,, cross grain. When the plane of the lug
contains bath long and short transverse grain L,T,ST = Grain direction; (L) Longitudinal, (T)
directions, F,, is the smaller ofthe two. transverse and (ST) short transverse

Fty = Tensile yield strength; F,, with grain, F,, a= Angle of oblique load; a = 0’ for axial, a =
cross grain. When the plane of the lug 90’ for transverse snd 0” < a < 90’ for
contains both long and short transverse grain oblique.
directions, Ft,,, is the smaller afthe two.
Y= Pin bending moment reduction factor for
F, = Compression yield strength peaking

P, = Ultimate load
r= [e - DRM; parameter for peaking due to pin
Py = Yield load bending.

M_= Maximum bending moment on pin 7.3.1.1 Axial Load Lug Analysis
P,’ = Allowable ultimate load
The allowable ultimate and yield axial loads determined in this
P’bru = Allowable ultimate shear-bearing load section are applicable to uniform thickness lugs of the types
shown below. The data are not apphcable to severely “necked”
Plbry = Allowable yield bearing load on bushing dawn lugs such as rod ends or eye bolt types.
NonrHRoPa#ummuN
STRUCTURES MANUAL
colrmrsw
mcnnok*lon FASTENERS AND JOINTS

Design range:
0.8 5 Dm 5 D/r S 5.0
‘D recommended 30’minimum

*For higher efficiency designs

where ultimate tension
allowable is equal to ultimate
I I shear bearing allowable load.
t (uniform thickness,typical)

FIGURE 7.3.1.1-l. Lug Geometry Types

Axial Load Analysis 5. Yield allowable bearing load (an bushing)

1. Compute areas (net tension and bearing) and geometry P’bri = 1.85 F, Abrb
rat&;
where: F,, = compressive yield strength of bushing
& = (W-DX Ratios; W/D, em. D/t material

Abr = Dt Abrb = Smallest contact area of the pin on bushing or the

bushing outer diameter on the lug hole. The outer bushing
2. Ultimate allowable tension load (on lug) contact area may be smaller due to end chamfers in the
bushing at this location.
P’,, = K,F,, &;EnterFigure 7.3.1.1.2ar.3 withW/D and
obtain &for the proper material and grain direction. 6. Determine the minimum margins ofsafety for items 2,3,4
and 5 above. Additional items requiring analysis are:
3. Ultimate allowable shear-bearing load (on lug)
Pin shear and pin bending analysis methods are
P’bm = Kbr F,,. A,,?; Enter Figure 1.3.1.1-4 or -5 with e/D presented in Section 1.3.1.3.
and D/t and obtain Kbr for the material and conditions
shown (F, is minimum in the plane ofthe lug). Stresses due to press tit bushings are presented in
Seetionl.3.1.4.
4. Yield allowable load (an lug)
Correction factors for the allowable loads due to
eccentricities or lubrication holes are presented in
P’ section 7.3.1.5.
Y = ’ 2 (P’uCmin.)) -

Analysis of residual stresses in the lug clevis due ta

where; P’,c,~,, is the lower of P’bm or P’, (from 2. and 3.X clamp-up is presented in Section 1.3.1.6.
F,, and F,, are minimum values in the lug plane, “c” is a
yield factor obtained from Figure 7.3.1.1-6 by entering 7. Typical margins ofsafety;
with the ratio
p’ OllouNddo
MS. =
Pqopliod -’

where P applied is either the Design Ultimate Load (DULI

or the Design Limit Load (DLL) as applicable. Normally
 STRUCTURES MANUAL 1 I
FASTENERS AND JOINTS
I 7.167

NOTE:

1. L,TandST indicategrain inthe “C” direction

as shown in sketch.

L = Longitudinal

T = Long Transverse

ST = ShortTransverse

2. Values are for room temperature only

3. ContactStr”ct”ral Mecha”,crGro”pfor
factors
efficiency re,at,veto materials not
listed above.

FIGURE 7.3.1.1-2. Tension Efficiency Factors for Axially Loaded Aluminum and Steel Lugs
Non-an-
STRUCTURES MANUAL
co-~ lhnllDkwn FASTENERS AND JOINTS 7.168

Material (Ref.Figure7.3.1.1-3) a

C.P. Ti Type I Camp. B t 5 1.0 1

ii-6Al-4V Mill Ann. Plate t 2 4.0 2
Ti-6Al-4V Mill Ann. B &F t 5 3.0 2
Ti-6Al-4V Ann. Ext. 2
Ti-6Al-4V STA 8&F .5 2 t 2 2.0 3
Ti-6Al-4V STA B&F t 5 .5 4
Ti-6Al-4V STA E&F 2.02 t 2 3.0 5
Ti-6A1-4V STA Plate t 2 .75 6
Ti-6Al-4V STA Plate .75 c t c 2.0 8
- -
Ti-6Al-6V-2% Cond. A-l Die Forging t 2 2.0 4
Ti-6Al-6V-2% Ann. Ext. t 2 2.0 4
Ti-6Al-6V-2% Mill Ann. Plate t 2 2.0 7
Ti-6Al-6V-2% STA Plate t 5 1.5 7
Ti-6A1-6V-2% Cond. A-l Die Frg. 2.0 5 t 5 4.0 7
Ti-6Al-6V-2% STA Die Frg. t 2 1.0 8
Ti-6Al-6V-2% STA Plate 1.5 ( t ( 2.5 3
--
Ti-6Al-6V-2% STA Die Frg. 1.0 2 t 2 3.0 9
Ti-6Al-6V-2% Cond. A-l Die Frg. 4.0 2 t 2 8.0 9
Ti-6Al-6V-2% STA Die Frg. 3.0 2 t 2 4.0 10

1.0

.9

.8

.7
NOTE:

.6
1. L,TandSTindicategraininthe "C" direction.

.5 2. Valuesareforroomtemperat"reonly.

.4

.3

.2

.l

"
"1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

W/D

FIGURE 7.3.1.1-3. Tension Efficiency Factors for Axially Loaded Titanium Lugs
Non-w-
STRUCTURES MANUAL
cnmn@mu-DMlon FASTENERS AND JOINTS 7.169
l-l

FIGURE 7.3.1.1-4. Shear-Bearing Efficiency Factors of Axially Loaded Lugs for Aluminum
Alloys and Alloy Steel With Ft, 5 160 KS1
 STRUCTURES MANUAL
-7
conmw-Dkyon FASTENERS AND JOINTS

1. L.TandSTindicategraininthe”C”direction

FIGURE 7.3.1.1-5. Shear-Bearing Efficiency Factors of Axially Loaded Lugs

(Alloy Steel and Ti Alloys)

Where:
c
- P ‘” (min, is lower of P lbru or P IfY

-F,,. is minimum value in the lug plane

FIGURE 7.3.1.1-6. Yield Factor for Axially Loaded Lugs

“ORnfRee #name&UN
STRUCTURES MANUAL
A---
c0mm.nl.l m.xm*Dkwon FASTENERS AND JOINTS

7.3.1.2 Transverseand Oblique Loading (b) A3 is the leaa area on any radial section around the
hole.
The hasieluggeometriesandtgpesshown in Figuel.3.1.1-1 are
also applicable to lugs loaded transversely (a = SO’) or for 6
oblique loading (0” < a < 90”). (4 A
avg =
_L++++++
- For transverse loading the method of analysis involves A1 2 3 4
obtaining allowable ultimate and yield loads using an
area averaging method and empirically developed NOTE: For uniform thickness and symmetric lugs
efficiency factors (k,, and K,,). (as shown in Figure 7.3.1.2-l) the area ratio can be
obtained directly from e/D versus A,,$Ab, data
- For oblique loading the applied load is resolved into shown inFigure7.3.1.2-2.
axial and transverse components and then compared
with calculated allowables established for the axial
(d) Calculate bearing area: Abr = Dt
and transverse laad eases. Analvze the resolved load
eases separately and combine the results using the
interaction equation shown for oblique loading in Obtain ratio; A.,dAb, by calculations or from
Figure 1.3.1.2-6. Figure 7.3.1.2-2.

Transverse Load Analysis (a = SO*)

1. Calculate the following areas relative to Figure 7.3.1.2-l

(or, if lug is symmetric and of uniform thickness see Figure
7.3.1.2-2 foordirectarea ratio).

(a) Far symmetric lugs areas A,, AZ. and AI, are on the
planes shown in sketch (a) (perpendicular to the
axialcenterline).

For “necked down” lugs A, and A, are shown in

sketch(h).

_A, (Least area of any radial section)

* Reference Figure 7.3.1.2.2

fore, 4 t and width w when
obtaining Aavg/Abr
directly.

w
h ’
+A
-_ ‘\
+,1 --
Al
t
P

(a) (bi

FIGURE 7.3.1.2-1. Transverse Loaded Lugs and Area Relations

-woP~
STRUCTURES MANUAL I 1
/--
FASTENERS AND JOINTS

Ultimate allowable transverse load (on lug) Oblique Load Analysis W < a < 90’)

p’t, = 4, F, Abr; Enter Figure 7.3.1.2-3, -4. or -5, with
Aa&Ab and obtain K,,. Pay particular attention to
selection of Ft, so that it coincides with grain directions
shown. If P,, is < P,, (*a calculated in 3. below) use P,,
= Ptl,
In analyzing lugs with oblique loading it is necessary to resolve
the applied load into axial and tz*n*verse components (denoted
by the subscripts “a” and ‘tr” respectively). The two c*ses *re
then analyzed separately for ultimate and yield and combined
using the interaction equation:

k1.6 + qrl.* = 1; See Figure 1.3.1.2-6

Also, * check for cantilever beam action may be necessary
if the 4, values selected from the Figures are below (or
near) curve A noted in the Figures. Curve A i* *n
approximationofthe cantilever be*m*ctianduetooff.axis
loading as shown in the sketch below:

12
1. Resolve the applied loads (ultimate and yield) into
components Pa and P,,

--ineffectIve 2. Compute the yield and ultimate allowable axial loads P’,

-<yj-GJi&
and P’,, (P’,, is the smaller of P’, or P’,,) per Section
D
7.3.1.1.

3. Compute the yield and ultimate allowable transverse

loada(P’t, and P’,,) by the metbodsofS+ction 7.3.1.2.

Determinecritical secQon
(shaded region) where h’
4. Calculate the load ratios:
ranges fromWl2 to
(Wi2 - D/2)

NOTE: In no case should the allowable P P

tv
transverse load be less than that which could be R =p?:; R =_
w P’ try P’
carried by cantilever beam action. Obtain plastic Y w
bendingallowable Fb from Section 5.2.2.

Yield sllowable transverse load (on lug)

P P
tru
P’Q = bly Fty. Abr; Enter Figure 1.3.1.2-3 with A.,$Ab, R auR=-
..=p’-: tru p’
and obtain K,, from the curve noted yield (all materials). au tru

The method ofdetermining the allowable yield load on the
bushing is the same ** thst presented for axially loaded
lugs. See Section 7.3.1.1 items 5 and 9.
5. Determine the yield and ultimate margins of safety using
the interaction curve of Figure 7.3.1.2-6 or by hand
calculations using the equation below:

P P MS= (Ry + :,)o.m,

-l
MS =
P
tru
--l;andMS=--1
P
try

q&d @ied

Where P applied loads *r* Ultimate (DUL) and Limit

(DLL) respectively.
 cl
STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS
7.173

Transversely Loaded Lugs

FIGURE 7.3.1.2-Z. Area Ratio vs e/D (For Uniform Thickness Symmetfic Lugs)
IwRMm*Rlr*liLuIv
STRUCTURES MANUAL
I
Cmmm.rcl.,mrcm*DMh FASTENERS AND JOINTS

I
Reference Figure 1.3.,.2-3

Material t (in), A (i~?)Cu-reNo

2014~6 Plate t 5 .5 2
2014~T6 Plate .5<t 2 1.0
2014~l6 Plate t, 1.0 :
2014~'35Die Forging AU
zo14-r6 Hand Forging A < 36
2014-~6 lend ?,rging A ; 36 ii
2024-~4 Plate t< .5 1
2024-~4 Plate t> .5
2024-T4 Bar All z
2024~T4 & -‘I42 P&. AU 6
zu24-~6 PI&W All 6
70?5-~6 ?hte t5 .5 2
7075-~6 plate .5< t 5 1.0 5
7075-r6 Plate t > 1.0 7
7075~16 Extrusion All 5
7075-~6 Die Forging All 5
707596 Band Forging. A < 16 7
7075a6 Hand ?‘oI’l(ing A ? 16 8
356~16 casting All 4
~130.~3~0:1,.
a LS(IKSI9 9

rield, all matls.)

I+

FIGURE 7.3.1.2-3. Efficiency Factors for Transverse Loaded Lugs (Alum. and Alloy Steel)
NORTHROT an-
STRUCTURES MANUAL
Crnti.l Nsdk Dkuon FASTENERS AND JOINTS

Reference Figure 7.3.1.2-4

Material t (In.) CurveNo.
7075~'I73
Die Forging(L)* t< 3.0 1 *(See note 1.)
7075~ti351Plate (r) t < 2.0 2
7075-T73Die Forging(ST) ; $ 3.0 6
7075~I7651Plate,Bare & Clad
7075-~7651Plate,Bare & Clad .y t': 1.0 43
7075~T73Hand Forging (T t I; 3.0
7075~T73Hand Forging (TI 3.o<t< 4.0 2
7075~!l?3
Hand Forging(ST) t ( 3.0 6
7075~T73Hand Forging(ST) 3.0<t<4.0 7 I
J
NOTE: (For room temperature use only)

1. Curve No. 1 may be used only when the “L” grain direction is called out on
the drawing in the “F” direction shown in sketch.

2. L, T, and ST indicate grain in direction “F” in sketch.

L = Longitudinal
T = Long Transverse
ST = Short Transverse

3. Curve A is approximate cantilever beam action. If Ktru is below this

curve see item 2 of Section 7.3.1.2.

4. Contact Structural Mechanics Group for factors relative to materials

not listed above.

Ktrd

e .2 .4 .6 .a 1.0 1.2 1.4

&dA~,r

FIGURE 7.3.1.2-4. Efficiency Factors for Transverse Loaded Lugs (Ahminum Alloys)
 L
STRUCTURES MANUAL
-7
c-h, Ah-cdl
Dkblnn FASTENERSAND JOINTS 7.176

Reference
Figure7.3.1.2-5

Material t(in),A(sq.in) Curve MO.

.
Ti-6Al-4VAnn.Cocd.ADie Forging(T) t L 5.0 I
Ti-6Al-4VAnn.Cond.AHand Forging(T) A( 16 1
Ti-6U-4V Ann.Cond.AHand Forging(T) A >16 2
Ti-6Al.-4V
STA Die Forging (L)* t ( 5.0 2 ‘(See note 1.1
'Pi-6Al-4v
STA Die Forging (T) t ( 1.0 2
pi-6~1-4~STA Die Forging (T) 1.0<t i; 3.0 3
pi-6~1-4~STA Hand Forging (L T) t<2.0 1
Ti-6Al-4VSTA Hand Forging (Tj 2.0it< 3.0
Ti-6Al-6V-2SnAnn.?late(T) t< 2.0 :
~i-6~1-6v-2snAnn.DieFrg.(ST) t( 2.0
Ti-6Al-6V-2SnAnn.HandFrg. (T) ::
Ti-6fi-6vZSn Ann-Plate(T) 2.0<:: :::
Ti-6Al-6v-ZSnAnn.DieFrg. (ST) 2.0<t< 4.0 :
Ti-6Al-6v-2SnAnn.HandFrg.(T z.o<t< 4.0
Ti-6&-6v-2Sn STA Die Forg.(L!* Ali 2 wee note 1.)
hi-6~1-6v-2s~STA Die Forging (T) All
Ti-6fi-6v-2SnSTA Hand Forging (L,T) t< 4.0 :
Ti-6Al-6V-2SnSTA Hand Forging (T) t >4.0 7

NOTE: (For room temperature use only)

1. For die forgings having CL)* direction as noted above (for curves 2 and 61, the “L” direction
must be called out on the drawing in the “F” direction as shown in the sketch below.

2. L, T, and ST indicate grain in direction “F” in sketch.

L = Longitudinal ‘P’
T = LongTransverse
ST = Short Transverse $_
-Q
3. Curve A is approximate cantilever beam action. If K, is below this curve see item 2
of Section 7.3.1.2.

0
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4
A.JA,.
FIGURE Efficiency
7.3.1.2-5. Factors for Transverse Loaded Lugs (Titanium Alloys)
-lT#n~a?- STRUCTURES MANUAL
Y 7.177
COIIIIIWSI~
- Dk*len FASTENERS AND 1OlNTS
rl

0 .I .2 .3 .L .5 .6 .7 .3 .9 1.0

R.

FIGURE 7.3.1.2-6. Interaction Curve (Oblique Loading)

7.3.1.3 Pin Shearand Bending loads, the total applied load tP1 is distributed as shown
in Figure 7.3.1.3-l. The figure example is for a. nine-lug
1. Pin combination and loads for other combinations will be
spread similarly.
A. The pin shear allowables for solid pins are determined
in the normal manner. . The lug analysis and sizing of the inner and outer
lugs will be accomplished using the procedures of
l Table 7.2.4.4-b presents ultimate single shear Section7.3.1.1 andior7.3.1.2. Note that the pin isin
allawables (P,,) relative to the ultimate shear single shear on the outer lugs and double shear on
stress ofthe pin material (solid types). the inner.

l For hollow pins in single shear:

where F,, is the allowable transverse shear stress

of the pin material. The outside and inside pin P
diameter is d, and di.

Caution: For thin-wall hollow pins the shear area

may be limited to l/2 of the total area
because the loading may not he
distributed over the full pin area. Fine-
grid modeling or testing is required.
Where: P, = P/4; Pa = P/d: P% = P/S
ES. Multiple Shear Connections

When evaluating lug-pin combinations having

multiple shear connections and evenly distributed FIGURE 7.3.1.3-1. Multiple Shear Lugs
(Load Distribution)
 STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS

2. Pin Bending s When the pin-bearing load is assumed to be

concentrated on the edge ofthe inner lug a peaking
A. The pin allowable bending moment M’, is based on the reduction factor isobtainedasfallaws:
assumption of plastic bending as described in Chapter
5. Table 7.2.5.6-a presents ultimate allowable shank Calculate the value of r as shown below and
bending values and the respective bending modulus of illustrated in Figure 7.3.1.3-4.
rupture (F,,, for the more common steel fasteners.

. The pin strength snd deflection due to bending

should be controlled such that failures are not
initiated in the lug due to excessive peaking loads
Select the smaller of P’,, snd P’,, for the inner lug
on the lug-hole edges.
determined previously and denote this as (P’J min.
Calculate:
B. The applied pin bending moment is determined as
shown below:
(P’=)min.
M = z (b);
AbrFtu,
Using the two above parameters enter Figure
Where P, is the applied ultimate load on the lug and b 7.3.1.3-4 and obtain the peaking reduction factor y
is the moment arm for the assumed pin bearing far the inner lug. This is used in the moment arm
distribution. equation below:

C. Since the distribution of these pin bearing loads are

not specifically known several methods of computing
the moment arm are presented below along with
guidelines far their we. Nate that B fitting factor for
see Figure 7.3.1.3-3 fartbe bearingdistribution.
pin bending is not required for static load conditions
but a factor should be included when the pin
encountersrepeatedloadreversals.

. A conservative estimate of the bending moment

arm for a simple double clevis lug is shown in
Figure 7.3.1.3-2. This value of b is based on evenly
distributed bearing loads and does not consider
peaking stresses on the lug edges. (The
conservatism is estimated to be between zero and
25%)

Where g equals the gap dimensions (ifapplicable).

 STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS

P/2

PI2
P/2

P/2

FIGURE 7.3.1.3-2. Ideal Pin-Bearing Distribution

FIGURE 7.3.1.3-3. Pin-Bearing Peaking on Inner Lug

 STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS

D
e--
2
f=

t2
L!
2

Dotted lines indicate region where theoretical cuwes have not

been substantiated by test data

r 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

0.9

.O.E

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

P:(min)‘AbrFtux

FIGURE 7.3.1.3-4. Peaking Factor for Inner Lug Pi Bending Moment Arm
NOR-#?-
STRUCTURES MANUAL
conmu*, uunn Dkwan FASTENERS AND JOINTS 7.181
0

. If the above moment arm methods result in an pin. This method takes advantage of the excess lug
insut?iicientmargin for pin bending and there is an strength. The analysis involves trial and error selections of
excess of lug strength, the following analysis may be the active lug thicknesses (see Figure 7.3.1.3.5al and is
used to show acceptable margins for both the lugs and tahularized below:

Analysis Steps Calculations

Consider a portion afthe lug thickness to he inactive as For instance; to maintain the lug margins at approximately
shown in Figure 7.3.1.3-5a (shaded area). MS = +.15(ordesiredvalue);

- Select new active thicknesses t.,l and to2to carry the lug tl(1.15)
Pl
load.
t01 = y (p
bru Or P’tu’*
- For the inner lug the total active thickness is 2Xbz as
shown in the Figure 7.3.1.3.5(a).
t2u.15)
2toz=P
2 (P’br”o’ P’J

*smalleroforiginallugallowahles
Reduce original lug allowable8 (Pb, and P,,) by ratio of
respective thicknesses.
t01 tol
and-P’tu ;
- p’brul
? tl 1

2%2 no2
and- P’tti ;
- p’brI12
t2 % 2

Recalculate new peaking factor far inner lug and new Enter Figure7.3.1.3.4withnewvaluesforinnerlug.
moment arm h.
(p’ jmin
e - on
,.= -and2
2% % r Ftux

Obtain y and calculate:

L to2
h=l+g+y2

Determine new margins ofsafety for both lugs and pin Ifthe additive bending stresses are excessive this method is not
bending moment using new reduced allawables ofstep 2 and valid. In such cases, the pin must be strong enough to withstand
new value afb respectively. the IoadingafFigure 7.3.1.3-3.

- Also check additive bending stresses on adjacent

structureduetoeccentricityshowninFigure7.3.1.3-5h.
 STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS

(a) (b)

FIGURE 7.3.1.3-5. In-Active Lug Thickness (Shaded Area)

7.3.1.4 Press Fit Bushings WtlWC

A Minimum inside radius ofbushing

When bushings are pressed inta a ring or lug hole. maximum
tangential Choopl stresses occur at the inner surface ofthe ring or B Maximum outside radius ofbushing

lug hole. These stresses are dependent upon the respective C Minimum outside radius of lug material
material properties. geometry variations and the magnitude of
E, Modulusofelastieity ofbwhingmaterial
the interference tit. The basic equation far determining the
maximum tangential stress (f,) is given by the following Es Modulus ofelasticity oflugmaterial

equation: & Maximum radial interference; lBbushing- B,,, (or lugholei)

p, Poisson’ ratio far bushing material

f,S p2 Poisson’s ratio for lug material

-=
‘i ft Maximum tensile stress at inner radius ofring or lug hole

2 +2 Reference: &ark, R.I., “Formulas for Stress and Strain”,

Fourth Edition, 1965, Page 308. Additional formulas far thick
9 ?
wall pressure vessels are applicable to pressfit bushings.
+;(A~-pI)](Cz-Bz)
The above equation is plotted in Figure 7.3.1.4-1 far B steel
bushing pressed into an aluminum ring or lug. For other
material combinations the basic equation may be used.

f, = Tangential stress
at inner radius of
aluminum ring
--an-
STRUCTURES MANUAL
cmmllwcut
Uenn MruDn FASTENERS AND JOINTS 7.183
u

Allowable press fit stresses are based on the following criteria: 2. Brittle fracture of metals under sustained loading can
occur in high beat treat steels (F,, Z 220 ksi). This is
1. Stress corrosion cracking; Sustained surface tensile especially true ifthese materials are exposed ta hydrogen
stresses should be minimized for bare aluminum allays embrittlement. The recommended allowables tNavy and
and magnesium materials which are susceptible +.astress Air Farce speciiicationsl are 60%. 35%. and 15% of the
corrosion cracking. The maximum press fit stresses should materials yield strengths for L. LT. and ST grain
not exceed one-half of the stress corrosion threshold level directions respectively. Reference SD-24.
when these data are available (contact Materials and
Process Group). Also. certain design projects are required 3. The ultimate allowable material strength cannot be
to satisfy “eustomer”requirements (i.e. Navy, Air Force. or exceeded in any press fit application.
FAA Specifications) which present the allowable
sustained stresses in terms of percentages of the material 4. The tangential (hoop) stresses resulting from the press fit
yield strength. of a bushing in a lug will reduce the stress range for
oscillating loads. Thus an improvement in fatigue life is
expected.

ft = Tangential stress ‘at

inner radius of
aluminum rin
B/A

2.0

;:;

1.5
(0
1.4
,o
x
‘4
1
‘-a
Pl

FIGURE 7.3.1.4-1. Tangential Stresses for Pressed Steel Bushings in Aluminum Rings
 STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS

7.3.1.5 Eccentridlrregular Lug Geometries

Eccentric Hole Locations

When the lug hole is located as shown in Figure 7.3.1.5.l(a) the

ultimate and yield allowable loads are determined as follows:

. For axial loading, the allowable loads will be determined

in the normal manner using the equivalent lug geometry
shown in Figure tb).
(4 (b)
. For transverse loading, a conservative approach would be (Equivalent)
to use the equivalent lug geometry (Figure (bl) and
methadsofSeetion7.3.1.2.
FIGURE 7.3.1.5-1. Lugs with Eccentrically
Located Holes
It is permissible to use the actual geometry provided
the areas A,, Aq and A, adequately reflect the strength
IrregularLug Sections
ofthe lug relative to the load direction. The allowables
are determined using the calculated area averaging
Two typical examples of determining equivalent lug sections far
method of Section 7.3.1.2. Consider alternate failure
irregular geometriesaredescribed below and inFigurel.3.1.5-2.
modes such as the effect of non-uniform load
distribution and shear or tensile failures at minimum
l Stepped hole diameter; for this condition where the
cr.osssection.3.
bearing stress is distributed over the entire thickness, the
analysis is based on an equivalent rectangular section
shown by the dashed line and modified diameter D’.

. External “rounding” or chamfers: Figure 7.3.1.5-Z

illustrates this condition which could significantly effect
the edge margin “e’*or the total width”w”.

The equivalent dimensions in both examples are based an

average areaPfortheirregularsectians.

External rounding
or chamfering

SECTION AA

FIGURE 7.3.1.5-2. Irregular Lug Sections

 NoRrnRoP a?- STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS

7.3.1.5.1 Lubrication Holes (In Lugs)

When lubrication holes are present the lug analysis must

consider the effective losses in lug thickness and use of the
applicable correction factors outlined below:

A. Axially loaded lugs; modify the allowable load

calculations (of section 1.3.1.1) for P’?, or P’bm (or both)
when required by the location of lube hole as shown in
Figure7.3.1.5.1-1.

- If P’,, requires modification, use the adjusted net

tension area obtained by subtracting the lube hole
diameter from the lug thickness and calculate adjusted
P”,, = K, A”, F,,
A NOTE: Lubrication littings in these
areas may affect the fatique
- If P’b_, requires modiftcation, obtain new bearing area
life.
A”b, by subtracting the lube-hole diameter from the
lug thickness. Obtain K”, from Figure 7.3.1.1-2 (or -31 FIGURE 7.3.1.5.1-1. Lubrication Holes in Lugs
for a W/D = 1.75 using the weakest grain direction
occurring in the plane of the lug. Then the adjusted 7.3.1.6 Clamp-upof Lugs
allowable iscalculated by:
See “induced Stresses Due to Gap Pull-up” in Section 7.2.5.4
p”bru = K,, K”, A”b, F,,, (Item 4 of Analysis Criteria). Normally gaps are not allowed in
rigid clevis type lugs where pull-up causes induced stresses,
B. Transverse loading; obtain P’,, from Section 7.2.1.2 using stress corrosion and loss of fatigue life,& the base of the clevis.
normal methods (neglecting the lube hole1 and multiply Special bushing designs should be considered where the
this by the correction factor shown below: clamp-up load is applied to the bushing.

7.3.2 Beam -Socket Joint Analysis

P”tru = P’tru Ifactor= P’tru [.9(l-;)] This section discusses bearing load distributions which can be
expected in beam - socket type applications and presents
where; d, = lube hole diameter
methods of analysis.

C. Oblique loading; obtain the adjusted allowable values for

I Beam analysis-Beam in a Saeket
P”,, P”,,, and p”,, using the methods described in A
and S above. The interaction equation and procedures of
Depending upon the fit of the beam in the socket and the
Section 7.3.1.2are applicable.
relative rigidity ofthe beam and the socket, several cases
of bearing load distribution arise as illustrated in Figures
7.3.2-l (a, b. andcl
 STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS

mlAL FImIBILITY REI.ATIVELYl3IGIDSUPPORT-~ PGSITIvECLElJuNcg

CLOSE FIT CLOSE FIT PRACTICALFIT

TKEORETICAL
DISTRIBDTION DISTRIBUTION DISTIUEEJTION

n _ . _ _ __ _ _-

- !f!B!m
(a) -(b)

FIGURE 7.3.2-l. Bearing Load Distributions

 - STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS
7.187
l-l

. The maximum load per inch corresponding to the load . A general socket analysis is shown in Section 7.321 to
distribution of Figure 7.3.2-l(a) his solved for illustrate the method.
graphically in Figures ‘7.3.2~3 and -4. This distribution
and graphic data are also applicable to the 2. When designing items such as a piston in B shock strut,
distributions shown in Figures 1.3%lib) and -11~1, raised bearing surfaces should be used in lieu of uniform
since the loading peaks are rounded off (see dotted cylindrical sections. The reasons for this are:
lines of -l(b) and -IlcII due to local plastic
deformations. - Easeofassembly

. When using bearing loads conforming to the - The distribution of the moment loading is accurately
distribution of Figure 7.3.2-l(a) the following known since it is taken out as a couple load on the
commentsapply: bearing surfaces.

- The maximum moment obtained from the load - The dimension “w” shown below (Figure 7.3.2~2) is
distribution of Figure 7.3.2-l(a) (and Figures determined by the packing requirements for cylinder
7.3.2-3 and -41 tends to be conservative for the load leakage or bearingarea.
distributionsofFiguresl.3.2.l(b)and-l(cl.

- The maximum shear corresponding to the load

distribution of Figure 7.3.2-l(a) tends to be
conservative for the distribution of Figure
7.32.1w

FIGURE 7.3.2-2. Raised Bearing Surfaces

 -swnoe~- STRUCTURES MANUAL
c--Dkti FASTENERS AND JOINTS

7.3.2.1 Socket Analysis . For analysisofthe socket;

The following method far the analysis ofsockets is applicable to - The bearing stress, fb,, is found from;
the major portion of the socket design problems encountered in
the general work of the Structures Section. The method
W
presented applies to sockets having rectangular or nearly fbr = 5 (psi)
rectangularwallsand isslightlyeonservative.

- The socket wall tension stress, ft, is found from:

For those sockets with walls varying appreciably from a
rectangular cross section, the method shown for obtaining the
loading within the socket is applicable: however. an analysis
suitable to the wall configuration must be used for the
determination of wall strength.
- Socket shear out stress, f,, is found from;

Nomenclature:

W = Socket loading (pounds per inch).

f, = 5 (psi)
2

D= Socketinside diameteriinches). Nate: h may be obtained by using the standard 40”

shearoutangle procedure.
t, = Wall thickness measured normal to the load direction
(wall in tension) in inches (note sketch). . The ultimate allawahles for bearing and tension are found
using the lug methods of Section 73.1. The ultimate shear
t2 = Wall thickness measured parallel to the load direction allowable isobtainedfromChapter Zor MIL-HDBK-5.
(wall in shear) in inches (note sketch).
. If it is impractical to provide positive margins of safety for
From Figures 7.3.2-3 or 7.3.2-4 the socket load distribution W the above stresses. finite element methods (FEM! are
may befoundfor anyshearandmomentonthesacket. suggested. These methods may require test substantiation
for critical applications.

Section A4

Typical Loads Sketch

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FASTENERS AND JOINTS

S and H are respectively beam

shear ln lbs. and mcment in
blba. at end of socket.
U lr unit loading in lbs. per in.

1.6

Use relations below when -

The external maxima are M and S. If a K value

is not shown, the corresponding internal maxi-
mum (in the mathematical sense) does not

FIGURE 7.3.2-3. Graphic Solution for Beam-Socket

 STRUCTURES MANUAL

0
NonzIIRopoRII*uuIv

7.190
FASTENERS AND JOINTS

10

.8 4

.6 3

2
r*
1:
x

03

-.2 -1

-2

-3

78 -4

-5

-6

-1.0 ~8 7.6 14 72 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0

M
zi

Use relations below when !! 5 1

NOTE: The values of S,,, and M,,, given by
Figures 7.3.2-3and 7.3.2-4are internal maxima.
The external maxima are M and S. If a K value
is not shown, the corresponding internal maxi-
mum (in the mathematical sense) does not
IX%.

FIGURE 7.3.2-4. Graphic Solution for Beam-Socket

NoRlllRop~~uBmsxN STRUCTURES MANUAL I I
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FASTENERS AND JOINTS

7.3.3 Bathtub/Tension Fittings . Attachments in the fitting should have an edge

distance of 2 diameters. If this is not possible, the
A. Sections 7.3.3 through 13.5 include analysis methods part should be analyzed to assure adequate
for Bathtub, Angle, Channel, and “PI” type tension strength is attained.
fittings as follows:
l Use fitting or casting factors when applicable. If
. 7.3.3.1 Bathtub Fittings both factors exist on the same fitting. use the larger
of the two factors. A minimum margin of safety of
l 7.3.3.2 Angle Fittings 20 is recommended.

s 7.3.4 Channel Fittings . Eccentricities in the fitting and attachments should

be avoided. If present, they must be considered in
l 7.3.5 “PI” Type Fittings the analysis.

B. Tension fitting design considerations (for all of the . Both the walls and end pads must be analyzed to
abovetypes) determine minimum marginsofsafety.

. This section for tension fittings considers only 7.3.3.1 Bathtub Fittings
ultimate loading. For yield analysis adjust
ultimate to yield values. A typical bathtub fitting is shown in Figure 1.3.3.1-l.

l Highly loaded tension bolts should have washers

installed under both the head and the nut.

Bearin& ACE
P,,. Appllrd bdd

FIGURE ‘7.3.3.1-1.
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FASTENERS AND JOlNTS

A. Wall Analysis 2. Bending in Wall

1. Tension in wall . Determine applied bending moment in wall

. Locate centroidal axis ofcross section of wall. m = P(c-d)see Figure 7.3.3.1-l

l Obtain the allowable MdI bending stress (Fbulfrom

4.188 Ro3 - Ri3 Chapter 5 using an assumed value of k = 1.10.
( )
c = Calculate the allowable bending momentsfrom
Ro2 - R?

l Calculate moment ofinertia aboutcentraidal axis. I

Mu = Fbu -
c
I = .1098(Ra’-Ri’)-1.5708e2(Ro2-RiZ)
l Determine wall bending ratio from

. Obtain the tension efficiency factor based on area of

wall reduction by attachment hales. In all cases, Jm
except with very complicated hole patterns, the Rbu = c
II
following formula is adequate.
l Calculate margin of safety. Margins of safety are
calculated using the interactive equation

Rb + &” = 1. Assume B solid round section for

where: Ag = gross area ofwall before attachment determination of n. Obtain y from Table 5.6-a and
holes are drilled. determine n from Figure 5.6-2. Plot & and Rb on
Figure 5.5-1 as point A. Extend line OA ta intersect
with curve n (point B). Values of R’b and R’, are
= 5 (Ro’-Ri’) then determined using Rb and &.

An = net area remaining after attachment holes l Marginsofsafetyarethendeterminedby

are drilled.

R’ R’
. Calculate wall tension stress ratio MS= -b-l;andMS = $4
Rb t

R =-
J f* B. End Pad Analysis
tu qF
tu

where: &, = wall tension stress ratio

. Calculate thefollowingparameters:
J= casting or fitting factor if any. Use
J = l.0if”ofactor.
rl a-d
- , - , and 5 ; see Figure 7.3.3.1- 1
q = tension efficiency factor a
‘0

F,, = materiel ultimate strength l Obtain K, from Figure 7.3.3.1-2

ft = P applied/Ag . Obtain &from Figure 7.3.3.1-3

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STRUCTURES MANUAL
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cnmm.rsl.lu.a-dl Dkrlon FASTENERS AND JOINTS

l Calculate the bending stress on the end pad. 7.3.3.2 Angle Fitting

Angle fittingscannot be analyzed by simple methods but may be

PK1 K2 analyzed as a bathtub fitting by considering an equivalent

fb= 0” fitting. This method is valid as long as the ratio of AiB does not
exceed 2.0. The effective values of a and d for an equivalent
where: fb = Sending stress in end pad bathtub fitting are:

P = Bolt tension load on end pad a = ,A + BVnandd = a-CC + DV2

K, and K,; As previously noted

Section properties ofthe equivalent section are as follows:

l Obtain the allowable MciI bending stress (FbJ from

A, = nat,
Chapter 5, using an assumed value ofk = 1.5.

l Determine margin ofsafety far bending by C = .637a

I = 298 a%,”
F
MS = $ -1 ; and J = castingorfittingfactor
Analyze as in Section 7.3.3.1
b

2. Shear-out (Due to bolt head) 7.3.4 Channel Fittings

. Calculate shear-out stress under bolthead by

A typical channel type bathtub fitting is shown in Figure 7.3.4-l.
Analysisofthechannel isthesame asinsectian7.3.3.1 exceptfor
geametryvariations.

l Calculate shear-outmarginofsafetyby

where; F,, is ultimate shear allowable for end

pad.

L Acturl Fitting
L Equivalent Flttiag

FIGURE 7.3.3.2-l. (Equivalent Fitting)

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FASTENERS AND JOINT-S
7.194
cl

FIGURE 7.3.4-l

A. Channel Wall Analvsis Ag=tw(2a+b)

1. Tension in Wall
Thenft = P/Agandq = A:

l Determine area ofchannel by

Calculate wall tension *tress ratio;

Ag = 2at, + bt,

Ift, = $,then

and J = casting or fitting factor.

 STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS 7.195
I
2. Bendinain Wall EC.End Pad Analysis

Determine centroidal axis c and moment of inertia 1 1. w

for the cm88 section being analyzed (see Figure
7.3.4-l). Sectionpropertieaare presented inchapter ‘i
11. . Cornrate - and b’a
a

Determine the applied bending moment Obtain K, from Figure 7.X3.1-4

m = P(d-c) Determine the bending stress (fb) on section B-B,

Figure 7.3.4-l from
Obtain the allowable Mc!l bending stress (F& from
Chapter 5 using an assumed k = 1.5. Calculate the
allowable bending moment f = P(2d-tb) K3
b

M, = FbuI/c * ($

Calculate the wall bending ratio using Determine the allowable McA bending stress Fb,
assuming a rectangular section (k = 1.5) from
J(m) Chapter 5.
R =-
bu M
u Determine margin of safety from

Margin of safety is calculated by we of the

interactive formula Rb + &” = 1. Obtain y from Fbid
Table 5.5-a and determine n from Figures 5.6-Z. MS=Jr-’ b
Plot&and h on Figure 5.6-l as point A and extend
OA to intersect with curve n at point B. Determine 2. Shear of End Pad (Due ta bolt bead)
new values for f& and & (R’b and R’,).
l Determine shear out stress under bolt head
R’b S’t
MS= F-l:mdMS= R_-1
f, = P ; where r. is bolt head radius.
2nr L
oe

. Calculate shear out margin ofsafety

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7.196
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-a-d
6

FIGURE 7.3.3.1-Z. Bending Stress Factor - Kl (Bathtub and Angle Fitting)

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STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS
q
7.197

.90

.80

.70

.60

Kz

.50

.40

.30

.25

FIGURE 7.3.3.1-3. Bending Stress Factor - KS (Bathtub and Angle Fitting)

 STRUCTURES MANUAL
FASTENERS AND JOINTS

FIGURE 7.3.3.1-4. Bending Stress Factor - KS (Channel Fitting)

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FASTENERS AND JOINTS 7.199
u

7.3.5 “PI” Type Fittings

FIGURE ‘7.3.5-l

A. Tension in Wall Ag = gross wall area

Determine the tension stress ft in the fitting walls l Determine margin ofsafety in wall by

by

MS =
4Ftu-
- 1 ; and J = casting or fitting factor.
P(tatd)
f, = -
%-
Jft
where Ag = area of each leg ofthe fitting at section B. End Pad Analysis

B-B.
1. Bending

Obtain tension efficiency factor q based on the wall

reduction at attachment holes. End pad sections of “PI” fittings are analyzed as a
continuous beam spanning three supports. See
analysis steps below and descriptions of Figure
7.3.5-2.

where: An = net wall area after subtraction of the l Determine the fixed end moments as shown in sketch
attachment hales in wall in Figure 7.352 assuming ail loads as concentrated.
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STRUCTURES MANUAL
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c-d *knn ohlsh FASTENERS AND JOINTS l-l

Assume 50% of the end moments above and calculate l Compute marginafsafetyby
the concentrated bolt loads. (Analyze the end bolts for
combined tension and bending loading and the center
bolt as only a tension loading.

Determine the bending moment CUTV~assuming the where: J = casting or fitting factor ifany. Use J
center bolt load to be uniformly distributed aver the = 1 if no factor is to be used.
bolt head flat.
m = max applied momentfrom moment
Obtain the allowable MdI bending stress (Fb,) from diagram (Figure 7.3.5-2)
Chapter 5 assuming a rectangular section with k =
1.5. Note: Several sections may need to be checked to find
critical section in the end pad.
Calculate allowable bending moment from M = F&
B. End Pad Shear (Due to bolt head1

l Determine shear-out stress under bolt bead using

methodsofSection 7.3.3.1(B).

CenterBolt Lou! "umei Elatrlbutad

I

Sotxdld calculatloa HoDlent Diagram

Assuming 53% Fixity

FIGURE 7.3.5-2. End Pad Bending Moments