ENGLISH 9 QUARTER 1 NOTES

I. WORD FORMATION PROCESS

Word Formation – is defined as the process of creating new words. There are various processes in
word formation. In this lesson, you will know how to define and exemplify the most common word
formation processes, namely, derivation, compounding, clipping, blending, abbreviation, acronyms,
and borrowing.

1. Derivation – it is the word formation process in which an affix is attached to the base form
of the word to create a new word. Affixes include prefixes which are added in the beginning
of words, and suffixes which are added at the end of words. They may result in new words
that either have similar or different grammatical forms.
The following tables show some examples of words that are formed using prefixes and
suffixes.

Prefixes Meanings Examples

a- To, towards Side aside
co- Together, mutual Teacher co-teacher
de- Opposite, negative, removal, separation Hydrate dehydrated
dis- removal Infect disinfect
en- Cause to be Crust encrust
ex- Former, previous, from President ex-president
in- Into, in, within Born inborn
non- Absence, not Academic nonacademic
re- Again, repeatedly Play replay
un- Negative, not, opposite, reversal Attended unattended

Suffixes Meanings Examples

-able Able to be Accept acceptable
-er Agent Farm farmer
-ful Characterized by Grate grateful
-fy Make, become, cause to be False falsify
-ism Action or practice, state or condition Volunteer volunteerism
-less Lack of Motion motionless
-ous Characterized by Danger dangerous
-ive Of, related to, tending to Destruct destructive
-ship Condition, character, skill Friend friendship
-y Characterized by, inclination, condition Honest honesty
2. Compounding
It is a word formation process in which two or more words are combined into a single
new word. Compound words may be written as one word (combined), as separate words
(separated), or as words joined with a hyphen (hyphenated). The following tables show
some examples of the three kinds of compounds words.

Combined
After + life afterlife
Earth + quake earthquake
Life + saver lifesaver
main + stream mainstream
moon + light moonlight

Separated
fire + drill fire drill
First + aid first aid
Online + class online class
post + office post office
voice + mail voice mail
 Hyphenated
far + flung far-flung
high + speed high-speed
in + depth in-depth
left + handed left-handed
part + time part-time
3. Clipping
It is a word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing
the meaning of the word. Clipping may be done by retaining the beginning of the word (final
clipping), by retaining the final part of the word (initial clipping), or by retaining both the
beginning and final parts of the word (medical clipping). For compound words, clipping can
be done by either retaining one word the clipping half of the other word, or by clipping both
the halves of the words of the original compound word (complex clipping).

FINAL CLIPPING INITIAL CLIPPING

Examination - exam Airplane - plane
Demonstration - demo Hamburger - burger
Gymnasium - gym Website - site
Magazine - mag Omnibus - bus
Professor - prof Parachute - chute

4. Blending
It is a word formation process in which parts of two or more words are combined to
create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words. It is difficult
to know whether a new word is formed by clipping or blending because the border between
these two types is not always clear. Remember that although these two are used to shorten
words, blending focuses more on combining the meaning of two words and not only
forming shorter words.

Blended Words
Camera + recorder= camcorder Information + commercial = infomercial
Chill + relax = chillax Motor + cavalcade = motorcade
Cybernectic + organism = cyborg Spoon + fork = spork
Emotion + icon = emoticon Stay + vacation = staycation
Glamorous + camping = glamping Television + photogenic = telegenic
5. Abbreviation
It is a word formation process in which new words are formed from the initial letters of
a word or phrase. Although abbreviation is largely a convention of written language, it may
also carry over into spoken language sometimes.

Written Abbreviation Spoken- Written Abbreviation

Mister → Mr. Before Common Era → BCE
Kilogram → kg. Very important person → VIP
Centimeter → cm. Ante meridiem → A.M.
Department → dept. Universal Serial Bus →USB
Doctor → Dr. Department of Health →DOH
6. Acronyms
It is a word formation process in which the initial letters of a phrase or term is
pronounced as one word. This maybe confused with spoken- written abbreviation because
both types use initial letters in forming new words. However, in spoken-written
abbreviation, the initial letters are pronounced per letter, while in acronyms, the initial
letters are pronounced as a word.

Acronyms
Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell Computers and Humans Apart-CAPTCHA
Frequently asked questions - FAQ
Graphic Interchange Format - GIF
 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration- PAG-ASA
Sports Utility Vehicle - SUV

7. Borrowing
It is a word formation process in which a word from one language is borrowed directly
into another language.

Borrowed Word
Yo-yo → Tagalog
Pizza → Italian
Algebra → Arabic
Murder → French
Near → Sanskrit

II. CONDITIONALS – is a sentence that is composed of two clauses and expresses a condition
and its result. Such clauses are the antecedent clause and the consequent clause. The
antecedent clause is the If clause and states the condition. The consequent clause, on the
other hand, is the main clause and expresses the result of the condition.
Take a look at this example:
If Sir Mordred had not broken the treaty, he and King Arthur would not have died.

Antecedent Clause Consequent Clause

The antecedent clause mentions the condition (Mordred not breaking the treaty). This is followed
up by the potential consequence of it (Mordred and King Arthur not dying).

TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

There are four types of conditionals that one can use depending on the probability of the
consequence and the time the antecedent or premise has been, could have been, or will be done.

1. ZERO CONDITIONAL – this is used to express an argument that is based on fact; thus, the
situation will always be true. To form this kind of sentence, you use the following pattern:

IF CLAUSE (Condition) MAIN CLAUSE (Result)

If/ When + simple present Simple Present
Example:
If/When you do not drink enough water, You will get dehydrated.

2. TYPE I – if Zero conditional express universal truth, Type I is used to show something is possible
to occur or happen. Both are used to express real situations; however, zero conditionals express
scientific truth and general knowledge. To express this kind of condition, you may use the
following pattern:

IF CLAUSE (Condition) MAIN CLAUSE (Result)

If + simple present Simple Future
Example:
If I pass all my subjects in Grade 9, I will be promoted to Grade 10.
If + present perfect Simple Future
Example:
If she has passed her projects on time, She will not worry about anything else.
If + simple present All future tenses
Example:
If she stays at her home until 8p.m., She will finish all her assignments.
She will be finishing all her assignments.
She will have finished all her assignments by
the time her parents arrive.
 She will have been finishing all her
assignments for five hours.

3. TYPE II – this type describes unlikely or hypothetical conditions and their probable
consequences. Type II conditionals describe unlikely or hypothetical conditions and their
probable consequences. Take note that those situations are unlikely to happen now or even in
the future. To form this sentence, you may use the following pattern:

IF CLAUSE (Condition) MAIN CLAUSE (Result)

If + simple past Would + base form
Could + base form
Should + base form
(other modals)+ base form
Example:
If you wake up early, You would not be late today
If + could Would + base form
Could + base form
Should + base form
(other modals) + base form
Example:
If you could wake up early You would not be late today.

4. TYPE III – this type of conditional sentence express past unrealistic conditions and their probable
consequences that could have happened in the past. This is why this type of conditional
sentence is used to express regret about things that will never occur or happen. To form this
sentence, you may use the following pattern:

IF CLAUSE (Condition) MAIN CLAUSE (Result)

If + past perfect Would have + past participle
Example:
If I had been healthier I would have joined the army.

Conditionals can be used to express arguments. An argument is composed of a premise and a

conclusion. When you use a conditional to state an argument, the antecedent clause functions
as the premise and the consequent clause functions as the conclusion.
Let us say your argument is:
Repeating the same mistake will result in a person’s loss of credibility. Mike keeps repeating
the same mistake. Therefore, Mike will lose his credibility.
This argument can be expressed with the following conditional:
If repeating the same mistake will result in a person’s loss of credibility and Mike keeps
Antecedent Clause
repeating the same mistake, (then he will lose his credibility.)
Consequent Clause

III. INTERJECTIONS - A word used to express the internal or sudden feelings like joy,
sorrow, emotions, excitements in any sentence is called Interjection. There is no need for any
grammatical adjustment with any other word for the interjections in a sentence.
Usually, interjections start with a capital letter and an exclamation sign.
 Alas, bravo, hurrah, ouch, hello, ahh, hush, etc.

There are basically two types of it and they are -

1. Primary Interjection 
The words that are exclusively interjections and cannot be classified as any other  Parts of Speech are
called Primary Interjections. 
Examples: 
List of Primary Interjections
 Phew Wow Oh Blah

Huh Aw God Oops

Hurray Yuck Gee Ugh

Ouch Alas Geez Meh

o Oops, My bad.
o Wow! You had time to join us.
o Alas! I couldn’t be there on time. 

2. Secondary Interjection 
The Nouns, Adjectives, and other Parts of Speech that act as interjections on occasions are
called Secondary Interjections. 
Examples: 
o Indeed, I was waiting for your premonitions.
o Goodness! How did you go through all these books in a day?
o Holy cow! You're the last person I expected.

Based on the severity of the expressions, Interjections are categorized into two types -

1. Mild Interjection 

The relatively mild expression of feelings and emotions is usually called Mild Interjections. These types
are typically separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. 

Examples: 
o Oh, I was looking for you.
o Well, it wasn't very easy.
o Hmm, I'm doing well. 

2. Strong Interjection 

The strong outbursts of expression are determined as Strong Interjections. These types are typically
separated from the rest of the sentence by exclamation marks. 

Examples:

o Yay! I finally passed.

o Bingo! Found it.
o Ouch! That hurt.

Based on the kind of emotions conveyed, Interjections are divided into three categories -

1. Volitive Interjection 
Commands, requests, and wishes are usually expressed with Volitive Interjections. In the speech, "I
want" expressions are replaced with Volitive Interjections. 

"Enough" expresses the wish to stop listening to someone and maybe put forward a contesting statement.
"Shoo" tends to express the speaker's wish to drive someone away. 

Examples: 
o Shh (I want you to be quiet) - Shh! We have to keep it quiet.
o Ahem (I request your attention) - Ahem! I was looking at another problem.
o Psst (I want to attract attention in secrecy) - Psst! I've started working out. 

2. Emotive Interjection
The words to express sudden spur of emotions like surprise, delight, sorrow, disgust and fear are  Emotive
Interjections. These types usually replace the "I feel" expressions in speech. 

"Eww" means to convey - "I feel disgusted" and "Phew" means to express - "I feel relieved". 

Examples: 
o Ugh (I feel disgusted) - Ugh! What is that filthy smell?
 o Ouch (I feel hurt) - Ouch! These ants sting.
o Yippee (I feel elated) - Yippee! We ended the year victorious. 

3. Cognitive Interjection 
Words that are born off cognition and used as exclamations are called Cognitive Interjections. These
types are used to convey the feelings and emotions that people come across and understand through
experience. 
Examples: 
o Well, I'll try harder.
o Bravo! What a performance!
o Gosh, you're so fast.

Interjections mainly have four roles:

Rule 1: Interjections express a sudden mood, emotions, and feeling with emphasis. There are also many
taboo words that are usually used in everyday conversation but not in formal aspects. These words fall
into the category of interjections.
Example:
o Wow! That’s an amazing scene.
o Aw, I did not want him to come.
o What? You never told me that!
Rule 2: Some interjections interrupt a conversation or a thought or hold someone’s attention for a
moment. These are just sounds, not words because these sounds do not make any sense.
Example:
o Your, um, shirt has a stain on the back.
o I want to, uh, ask you out on a date.
Rule 3: Some interjections express only yes or no.
Example:
o Yes! I will most definitely do it.
o Nah, we are not going.
Rule 4: Some are used to get someone’s attention.
Example:
o Yo, Alex! Get in the car!
o Hey! Will you give me that ball?
o Yoo-hoo!  Is there anyone?

IV. SENSORY IMAGERY - involves the use of descriptive language to create mental images.
In literary terms, sensory imagery is a type of imagery; the difference is that sensory
imagery works by engaging a reader’s five senses. Any description of sensory experience
in writing can be considered sensory imagery.

What Is the Purpose of Sensory Imagery in Writing?

Most writing contains some level of imagery. One reason fiction writers deal in
significant concrete detail  is to permit the reader the pleasure of arriving at their own
judgments and conclusions through perceptual clues. However, writers don’t have to always
resort to describing the way things look to create mental images.

Describing how something tastes, smells, sounds, or feels—not just how it looks—
makes a passage or scene come alive. Using a combination of imagery and sensory imagery
arms the reader with as much information as possible and helps them create a more vivid
mental picture of what is happening.

6 Different Types of Sensory Imagery

1. Visual imagery engages the sense of sight. This is what you can see, and includes visual
descriptions. Physical attributes including color, size, shape, lightness and darkness, shadows,
and shade are all part of visual imagery.
 2. Gustatory imagery engages the sense of taste. This is what you can taste, and includes
flavors. This can include the five basic tastes—sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami—as well as
the textures and sensations tied to the act of eating.
3. Tactile imagery engages the sense of touch. This is what you can feel, and includes textures
and the many sensations a human being experiences when touching something. Differences in
temperature is also a part of tactile imagery.
4. Auditory imagery engages the sense of hearing. This is the way things sound. Literary
devices such as onomatopoeia and alliteration can help create sounds in writing.
5. Olfactory imagery engages the sense of smell. Scent is one of the most direct triggers of
memory and emotion, but can be difficult to write about. Since taste and smell are so closely
linked, you’ll sometimes find the same words (such as “sweet”) used to describe both. Simile is
common in olfactory imagery, because it allows writers to compare a particular scent to
common smells like dirt, grass, manure, or roses.
6. Kinesthetic imagery (a.k.a kinesthesia) engages the feeling of movement. This can be
similar to tactile imagery but deals more with full-body sensations, such as those experienced
during exercise. Rushing water, flapping wings, and pounding hearts are all examples of
kinesthetic imagery.

V. POETRY
- Poetry is a type of literature that conveys a thought, describes a scene or tells a story in a
concentrated, lyrical arrangement of words. Poems can be structured, with rhyming lines
and meter, the rhythm and emphasis of a line based on syllabic beats. Poems can also be
freeform, which follows no formal structure.
- the art of rhythmical composition, written or spoken, for exciting pleasure by beautiful,
imaginative, or elevated thoughts. Literary work in metrical form; verse.
- Poetry is a type of literature based on the interplay of words and rhythm. It often employs
rhyme and meter (a set of rules governing the number and arrangement of syllables in
each line). In poetry, words are strung together to form sounds, images, and ideas that
might be too complex or abstract to describe directly.
- Poetry was once written according to fairly strict rules of meter and rhyme, and each
culture had its own rules. For example, Anglo-Saxon poets had their own rhyme schemes
and meters, while Greek poets and Arabic poets had others. Although these classical
forms are still widely used today, modern poets frequently do away with rules altogether
– their poems generally do not rhyme, and do not fit any particular meter. These poems,
however, still have a rhythmic quality and seek to create beauty through their words.

TYPES OF POETRY

1. LYRIC - is made up of two forms with many sub-genres. Nonetheless, a common feature in all
the subdivisions is the use of great emotion and thought. Traditionally, the refrain was commonly
used and included one or several lines that end or follow a strophe and is then repeated
throughout the poem, either exact or with a slight variation. However, today the use of refrains is
quite rare outside of music. In some cases, the form and theme of a lyric poem are inter wed.
However, it is just as common for the form and theme to be opposites, which brings the readers
interest on whether the poet can successfully bridge a union between the two.
SUBTYPES OF LYRIC
ELEGY- A poem of mourning or reflection on the death of an individual.
ODE- A serious or thoughtful poem, usually with a formal structure. This type of poem is generally seen
as a way to pay homage to a thing or person.
SONNETS - a 14-line poem (generally a sub-division of an ode), either in Petrarchan or Shakespearean
form, in Western civilization. The Petrarchan form is a sonnet consisting of an octave rhyming abbaabba
followed by a sestet of cddcee or cdecde. On the other hand, Shakespearean consists of three quatrains of
abab cdcd efef followed by a couplet, gg. Shakespearean sonnets generally use iambic pentameter.
THE DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE- dramatic monologue a speaker, who is explicitly someone other
than the author, makes a speech to a silent auditor in a specific situation and at a critical moment. Without
intending to do so, the speaker reveals aspects of his temperament and character.
PSALMS – is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing philosophy of life.
SONG - A poem set to music; a song whose lyrics are considered to have a particularly poetical
character. A composition by an amateur lyricist which is sent, typically in response to a classified
advertisement, to an individual or company who arrange to have it set to music, performed, and recorded
at the lyricist's expense.

2. NARRATIVE - As its name implies, narrative poetry is concerned with storytelling. Just as in a
prose story, a narrative poem will most likely follow the conventions of plot including elements
such as conflict, rising action, climax, resolution etc. Again, as in prose stories, narrative poems
will most likely be peopled with characters to perform the actions of the tale.

SUBTYPES OF NARRATIVE
EPICS - usually operate on a large scale, both in length and topic, such as the founding of a nation
(Virgil’s Aeneid) or the beginning of world history (Milton's Paradise Lost), they tend to use an elevated
style of language and supernatural beings take part in the action.
BALLAD - is a song, originally transmitted orally, which tells a story. It is an important form of folk
poetry which was adapted for literary uses from the sixteenth century onwards. The ballad stanza is
usually a four-line stanza, alternating tetrameter and trimeter.
IDYLL- a short poem of a pastoral or rural character in which something of the element of landscape is
depicted or suggested. They were meant to show the beauty of pastoral living compared to living in a
city.
LAY - lay poem is suspected to be Celtic in origin. These are short poems of romance and chivalry.
3. DRAMATIC - is drama written in verse to be spoken or sung, and appears in varying, sometimes
related forms in many cultures. Any drama written in verse which is meant to be spoken, usually
to tell a story or portray a situation. The majority of dramatic poetry is written in blank verse.
Other forms of dramatic poetry include, but are not limited to, dramatic monologues, rhyme verse
and closet drama.
SUBTYPES OF DRAMATIC
DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE- The monologue may have multiple characters but only one speaker. That
speaker may or may not be reliable. The reader has to keep in mind that the speaker is telling a story from
his point of view only. Were another character to tell the story, the reader would get another point of
view.
SOLILOQUY
A soliloquy and a dramatic monologue are so similar; the two terms are often used interchangeably. A
soliloquy is a monologue restricted to drama that actors speak only when alone, or when they believe they
are alone. Because a play contains mostly dialogue and very little narration, a soliloquy is the only time
an audience can access a character's mind. Soliloquies are generally thought to be genuine because when
no one is listening, the character has no motivation to lie, whereas other times in a play a character's
speech might not be trustworthy.
COMEDY- Some dramatic verse is comedy. It may be comedy in the humorous sense that readers think
of today, or it may be comedy in the classical sense, in that it ends happily in spite of the sometimes very
serious trouble that unfolds throughout the story.
TRAGEDY- A tragedy is any story that ends unhappily. The verse dramas "Hamlet," "Romeo and Juliet"
and "The Crucible" are examples of tragedies.
TRAGICOMEDY- is a literary genre that blends aspects of both tragic and comic forms. Most often
seen in dramatic literature, the term can describe either a tragic play which contains enough comic
elements to lighten the overall mood or a serious play with a happy ending.
FARCE- a comic dramatic piece that uses highly improbable situations, stereotyped characters,
extravagant exaggeration, and violent horseplay. The term also refers to the class or form of drama made
up of such compositions. A farce is a comedy. Generally, stories considered a farce use physical humor,
miscommunications, absurdity, and preposterous situations to make you laugh.
MASQUE- a form of aristocratic entertainment in England in the 16th and 17th centuries, originally
consisting of pantomime and dancing but later including dialogue and song, presented in elaborate
productions given by amateur and professional actors.
MELODRAMA- a melodrama is a dramatic work wherein the plot, which is typically sensational and
designed to appeal strongly to the emotions, takes precedence over detailed characterization. Melodramas
typically concentrate on dialogue, which is often bombastic or excessively sentimental, rather than action.

ELEMENTS OF POETRY
As with narrative, there are "elements" of poetry that we can focus on to enrich our understanding of a
particular poem or group of poems.
IMAGERY
The only thing that will make your poetry powerful and enticing is great imagery. This goes along with the
line you always hear “show don’t tell.” Only with poetry, it’s ALL show and NO tell. For the love of god,
don’t just say that love hurts, give us a metaphor. Show us a weapon, maybe draw some blood. Make it
appeal to the five senses.
SOUND
The rhythm of a poem goes along with the general sound of it as well as making it easier to remember. 
There are two sound patterns:
a. euphony- One is soft and harmonious; I like to think of it like the sound of angels humming.
b.  cacophony- sounds more like large metal machines clanging about in an empty warehouse. It’s
much harsher and the sounds kind of rattle off your tongue. 

DICTION- Poetic diction treats the manner in which language is used, and refers not only to the sound
but also to the underlying meaning and its interaction with sound and form. can include rhetorical devices
such as simile and metaphor, as well as tones of voice, such as irony.
METRE (Commonwealth spelling) or METER (American spelling; see spelling differences) is the basic
rhythmic structure of a verse or lines in verse. Many traditional verse forms prescribe a specific verse
metre, or a certain set of metres alternating in a particular order.
RHYTHM - may be defined as the way in which one or more unaccented beats are grouped in relation to
an accented one.
 Rhyme, alliteration, assonance and consonance are ways of creating repetitive patterns of sound.
They may be used as an independent structural element in a poem, to reinforce rhythmic patterns,
or as an ornamental element] They can also carry a meaning separate from the repetitive sound
patterns created.
a. Rhyme- consists of identical ("hard-rhyme") or similar ("soft-rhyme") sounds placed at the ends of
lines or at predictable locations within lines ("internal rhyme").
b. Alliteration - is the repetition of letters or letter-sounds at the beginning of two or more words
immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals; or the recurrence of the same letter in accented
parts of words.
c. Assonance - where the use of similar vowel sounds within a word rather than similar sounds at the
beginning or end of a word.
d. Consonance - occurs where a consonant sound is repeated throughout a sentence without putting the
sound only at the front of a word.
RHYMING SCHEMES- is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or song. It is usually
referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme; lines designated with the same letter all rhyme
with each other.

RHYME SCHEMES

Type Rhyme Structure Details

Alternate ABABABAB Alternating the rhyming pattern throughout

Rhyme (ABAB CDCD EFEF GHGHG)
RHYME SCHEMES

Type Rhyme Structure Details

Ballade ABABBCBC BCBCABABBCBC BCBC Typically comprised of three, eight-line stanzas

(ABABBCBC) followed by a four-line stanza
(BCBC).

Coupled AA BBAA BB Pairs the rhymes into couples with new sounds
Rhyme (AA BB CC DD) or dueling sounds (AA BB
AA BB)

Enclosed ABBAABBA The first line and fourth line rhyme and enclose
Rhyme a pair of new rhymes in the middle. Also called
an internal rhyme scheme.

Limerick AABBAAABBA A five-line poem that starts with a coupled

rhyme scheme but finished by enclosing lines
three and four with a rhyme matching lines one
and two.

Monorhyme AAAAAAAA Mono is Greek for one – One rhyme throughout

each line or throughout the entire poem.

Simple four- ABCBABCB Simple pattern that is used throughout the entire
line rhyme poem.

Terza rima ABA BCBABA BCB Italian poetry made of tercets that use a chain
rhyme, where the first and third line of a stanza
rhyme with the second line of the previous
stanza.

Triplet AAAAAA Set of three lines in a stanza (a tercet) that share

the same rhyme

Villanelle ABAABA (repeat five Comprised of five, three-line stanzas (ABA)

times), ABAAABAA and concludes with a quatrain (ABAA)
FORM AND STRUCTURE OF POETRY
1. LINE- the line is like one sentence. And since poetry doesn’t conform to grammar rules, and no
one is obliged to use a period, the end of a line is like a period would be in pros. It creates a
natural pause, making a break in the flow. This is a tool you can use to control the rhythm of your
poetry. So keeping the way you break your lines up in mind is crucial to writing great poems.
2. VERSE - is formally a single metrical line in a poetic composition. However, verse has come to
represent any division or grouping of words in a poetic composition, with groupings traditionally
having been referred to as stanzas.

3. STANZA - Stanzas are basically the poetic equivalent of a prose paragraph. They are a series of
lines that are grouped together and separated from other groups of lines or stanzas by a skipped
line. Lines of poems are often organized into stanzas, which are denominated by the number of
lines included.
- Stanzas come in a variety of lengths, dependent either on the whim of the poet or the conventions
of a particular poetic form. There is a variety of technical vocabulary often used to refer to
stanzas of specific lengths. Here are the most common of these,
Stanzas of:
●      2 lines are called a couplet
●      3 lines are called a tercet
●      4 lines are called a quatrain
●      5 lines are called a cinquain
●      6 lines are called a sestet, or occasionally a sexain
●      7 lines are called a septet
●      8 lines are called an octave

Verse paragraphs are stanzas with no regular number of lines or groups of lines that make up units of
sense. They are usually separated by blank lines. Verse paragraphs are frequently used in blank verse and
in free verse.

a, blank verse- is poetry written with regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always in iambic
pentameter.
b. free verse - Free verse is an open form of poetry, which in its modern form arose through the French
vers libre form. It does not use consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any musical pattern. It thus tends to
follow the rhythm of natural speech.

VI. SPEECH CHOIR

- Speech Choirs are performance groups that recite speeches in unison, often with elements of
choreography and costuming to help bring the speech to life. It is also called Choral Speaking. The
first plays put on by Greeks featured choruses of speakers. Today, Speech Choir is a popular
teaching as well as a performing art. It operates like a musical choir minus the music, instead of
singing, speech choirs perform spoken-word pieces like poems.

- There are two types of Speech Choir. First is the Traditional or Conventional Speech
choir wherein the speakers simply recite the spoken words without the use of costumes,
choreography, nor props. The other type of Speech Choir is the Dynamic or Theatrical
Speech Choir which makes use of props, costumes, and sometimes, choreography.

     A SPEECH CHOIR HAS MANY ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN IT:

 Members
 Like choir, these are the participants who will perform the piece. They can be
12 or more and are divided based on their natural or speaking voices.
 Pieces
A writing composition that the members are going to perform. They are usually
poems or poetic passages like from the Greek or Shakespearean plays. These
are broken into parts by the conductor.
 Choreography
 In simple terms, dance or planned movement. It may not be vital to speech
choir. However, it adds emphasis, flair, or dramatic effect to the performance.
 Costume
 What members will wear. It could be simple or it could be in line with the
theme of the piece.
  Voice Quality
 The ability to mix light, medium, and dark voices well, as well as the capacity
to communicate reactions to thoughts or emotions through voice.
 Voice Numbers
 The ability to add or subtract how many members that should speak in a certain
part to increase or diminish the intensity of the piece.
 Pitch
 The highness or the lowness of the voice
 Power
 The capacity to control volume, force, or loudness in order to enhance or
reduce emphasis.
 Tempo
 The rate of speed or the ability to balance the rhythm of a piece.
 Staging
 The capacity to organize the position of the choir on stage for performance
effect.

VII. JAZZ CHANT

- is a rhythmic expression of natural language which links the rhythms of spoken American
English to the rhythms of traditional American jazz. Jazz Chants are defined poems with
repeated beats. The beat may vary depending on the idea of the reader.

What are the characteristics of jazz chant?

- The main feature of a jazz chant as opposed to a poem or rhyme is that there is no poetic license
or artificial change to the stress and intonation patterns of natural speech. Jazz chants also often
take the form of an interchange or dialogue which display the natural give and take of everyday
spoken language.