General

Biology 1 12
Earth Science – Grade 12
Quarter 1 – Module 6: Cell Modifications
First Edition, 2020

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General
Biology 1 12
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 6

Cell Modifications
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 Self-Learning Module 6 on Cell

Modifications

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 Self-Learning Module 6 on Cell

Modifications

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

The module is about the non-membrane-bound organelles of cells.

After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. classify different cell types (plant/animal tissue) and specify the functions
of each;
2. describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out
specialized functions; and,
3. cite importance of adaptation.

PRETEST

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. This type of tissue lines the internal organs and covers the outside of the body
as skin.
a. Connective c. Muscular
b. Epithelial d. Nervous
2. This type of tissue includes ligaments, tendons and cartilage.
a. Connective c. Muscular
b. Epithelial d. Nervous
3. This type of cell sends messages throughout the body in the form of electrical
impulse.
a. Muscle cell c. Skin cell
b. Nerve cell d. Sperm cell
4. This type of cells has no nucleus.
a. Animal cells c. Leaf cells
b. Egg cells d. Red blood cells
5. Cellular adaptation that occurs due to an increase in workload that results in
the number of cells is ___.
a. Atrophy c. hyperplasia
b. Hypertrophy d. metaplasia
 RECAP

Non-membrane-bound organelles are organized structure of distinctive

morphology and function. It is not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and includes
ribosomes, centrioles and cytoskeleton

Activity 6.1. Complete the table. Draw the cell organelle and identify structure that
is analogous that can be found in the City of Pasig.

Cell Organelles Function City Structure

Ribosomes

Centrioles

Cytoskeleton
 LESSON

TYPES OF TISSUES ANIMALS AND PLANTS

Tissues are made up of cells which share a similar structure and function.
Animals are made up of four basic tissue types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue,
muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Plants are made up of dermal tissue, vascular
tissue and ground tissue.
Epithelial tissue. It consists of closely packed sheets of cells covering
surfaces- including the outside of the body- and
cavities of the body wall. For example, an
epithelial tissue is the outer layer of your skin
and so is the lining of your small intestine.
Epithelial cells are polarized which means they
have both a top and a bottom face. The epithelial
cell’s apical, top, side faces the inside of the
cavity or the outside of a structure and is
typically exposed to fluid or air. The basal,
Figure1. Epithelial cells (photo credit:
bottom, faces the cells that underlie it. The apical basicmedicalkey.com)
sides of the intestinal cells, for example, have
fingerlike structures which increase the surface area for absorbing nutrients.
Epithelial cells are closely packed and this helps them to serve as barriers to fluid
movement and potentially harmful microbes. Specialized junctions also connect the
cells which bind them tightly to together to prevent leakage (i.e., a type of cell
modification). Other functions include secretion, filtration and protection. Cells that
make up epithelial tissues can have distinct arrangements: cuboidal for secretion;
simple columnar for secretion and active absorption; simple squamous for exchange
of material through diffusion; stratified squamous for protection; and pseudo-
stratified columnar for lining or respiratory tract usually lined with cilia (i.e., a type
of cell modification that sweeps the mucus).
Connective tissue. It is made up of cells that are suspended in an
extracellular matrix. For most cases, protein
fibers such as collagen and fibrin form the matrix
in a solid, liquid or jellylike ground material.
Connective tissue supports and, as the name
implies, binds other tissues. The most abundant
and widely distributed tissues that also functions
as protection. The more common type of
connective tissue is loose connective tissue (fig. Figure 2. Connective tissue (photo credit:
2.). This is located in the body, protecting organs flickr.com
and blood vessels and connecting epithelial
tissues to the underlying muscles. Dense or fibrous connective tissue is found in
tendons and ligaments which respectively connect muscles to bones and bones.
Specialized types of connective tissue include adipose tissue- body fat, bone, cartilage
and blood in which the extracellular matrix is liquid called plasma.
Muscle tissue. Muscles cells, often referred to as muscle fibers contain actin
and myosin proteins which allow them to contract. It is important in holding the
body stable, enabling it to move and also pumping blood and pushing food through
the digestive tract. There are three main muscle types: skeletal muscle, smooth
muscle and cardiac muscle.
Skeletal muscle, also striated-striped- muscle is what we refer to in daily life as
muscle. The skeletal muscle is attached by tendons to the bones, which helps you to
regulate your movements consciously. For example, skeletal muscle in the quads in
your legs or biceps in your arms.
Smooth muscle is found in blood vessel walls, digestive tract walls, uterus, urinary
bladder and various other internal structures. Smooth muscle is not striated and its
involuntary, not under conscious control. This means that you should not worry
about transferring food into your digestive tract.
Cardiac muscle can only be seen in the walls of the heart. The cardiac muscle is
striated like the skeletal muscle. Yet, it is not under voluntary supervision- you do
not need to care about getting your heart going. The individual fibers are bound by
structures called intercalated disks, allowing them to contract synchronously.

Figure 3. a. Skeletal muscle; b. Smooth muscle; c. cardiac muscle (photo credit: Wikimedia.org

Nervous tissue. It is involved in the collection and transmitting of information

through detecting stimuli- external and internal signals. It is composed of two main
cell types: neurons or nerve cells and glia. The neurons are the nervous system’s
main functioning structure. They generate electrical signals called nerve impulses or
action potentials which allow the neurons to transmit information very quickly over
long distances. The glia serves mainly for promoting neuronal activity.
Dermal tissue. It covers and protects the plant and monitors exchange of
gases and absorption of water in roots. The stems’ and leaves’ dermal tissue is
protected by a waxy cuticle that prevents loss of water by transpiration. Stomata are
specialized pores that allow exchange of gas through cuticular holes. Like the stem
and leaves, a waxy cuticle will not cover the root epidermis which would prevent
water from being absorbed. Root hairs, which are root epidermal cell extensions,
increase the root surface area, contributing significantly to the absorption of water
and minerals.
Vascular tissue. It transports water, minerals and sugars into different parts
of the plant. Two different conducting tissues are made of vascular tissue: xylem and
phloem. Xylem tissue brings water and nutrients from the roots to various parts of
the plant and also plays a role in stem structural support. Phloem tissue brings
organic compounds from the photosynthesis site into other areas of the plant. The
xylem and phloem often lie in a vascular bundle adjacent to one another.
Ground tissue. It performs different functions depending on the type and
position of the cells in the plant, including parenchyma (photosynthesis in the leaves
and storage in the roots), collenchyma (shooting support in areas of active growth),
and schlerenchyma (shooting support in areas where growth has stopped) is the site
of photosynthesis, provides supporting matrix for vascular tissue, provides
structural stem support and helps store water and sugar.

Figure 4. a. dermal tissue; b. ground tissue (photo credit: flickr.com)

CELL MODIFICATIONS THAT LEAD TO ADAPTATION

Apical Modifications
Microvilli. Also called brush/striated border. They are finger-like cytoplasmic
extensions of the apical surface which increase surface area for absorption.
Numerous and often regularly arranged and found in absorptive epithelia.
Cilia. Appears as short hair-like structures or projections. The core is
composed of microtubules arranged in specific manner and each cilium is connected
to a basal body and extends from the free surface. Function is for movement/motility
and it beats in coordinated rhythmical wave-like manner that promotes movement
of materials over the surface.
Flagella. They have the same axial structure with cilia but much longer that
also functions with movement. Present in the tail of spermatozoa.
Basal Modifications
Basal infoldings. They support the epithelium and also functions as a passive
molecular sieve or ultrafilter. Present also in mitochondria that suggests active
transport is occurring.
Lateral Modifications
Tight junctions. They are intercellular adhesion complexes in epithelia and
endothelia that control paracellular permeability. This paracellular diffusion barrier
is semipermeable. Tight junctions form the border between the apical and basolateral
cell surface domains in polarized epithelia and support the maintenance of cell
polarity by restricting intermixing of apical and basolateral transmembrane
components.
Adherens junction. This is an element of the cell-cell junction in which
cadherin receptors bridge the neighboring plasma membranes via their hemophilic
reactions. The actin filaments which make up zonula adherens maintain integrity of
the cell to better bind.
 ACTIVITIES

Activity 6.2. Crossword puzzle.

Across
4. muscle in the heart
5. muscles that are voluntary and striated
6. tissue that binds and support
Down
1. shooting support in areas of active growth
2. finger-like cytoplasmic extensions
3. epithelial tissue arrangement for secretion
5. specialized pores for exchange of gas
Activity 6.3. Encircle the hidden words. They may be arranged vertically,
horizontally or diagonally.
I R P T J H R V R J X Y Z P B
M P F Y M L V L A M R E D I J
E A Z Y F E R U N T N T X O V
E P I T H E L I A L E J X S A
C T I I X I Z Y R I U A M A A
J V A Y X Q R W X R R O A I O
D K K L W E R S C O O O L C X
I U A I I O Y K B T N G E Y Y
C E A V A G U R H X S M U T S
Z N I D Y I A W K U F Y B H G
I M L L B N J M R U J D T T D
A R I M Q U A W E M M K P X O
H X C O F X M P X N R T E G Q
F B A E G M P C Y J T J W M N
U D K O F N N O J P Q J Z F X

Activity 6.4. Answer the following items using the words you found in the previous
activity.
_____1. Consists of closely packed sheets of cells covering surfaces- including the
outside of the body- and cavities of the body wall.
_____2. The core is composed of microtubules arranged in specific manner.
_____3. Brings water and nutrients from the roots to various parts of the plant.

_____4. Covers and protect the plant and monitors exchange of gases.
_____5. Serves mainly for promoting neuronal activity.
_____6. Connects bones to other bones.
_____7. Not striated and its involuntary, not under conscious control.
_____8. Known as nerve cells.
 WRAP-UP

Activity 6.5. Complete the following statements:

I now know something about _____________________________________________________
First, ____________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Second, _________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Further, _________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Finally, __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________
Now you know what I know something about _____________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

VALUING

Activity 5.6. Expound the quote citing life experience.

“The cell, over the billions of years of her life has covered
the earth many times with her substance, found ways to
control herself and her environment and insure her
survival.”- Albert Claude

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
 POSTTEST
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following types of tissue is responsible for body movement?
a. connective c. muscular
b. epithelial d. nervous
2. Which of this tissues support the young plants and woody plants?
a. dermal tissues c. parenchyma tissue
b. collenchyma tissue d. schlerenchyma tissues
3. Spermatozoa is propelled by ___.
a. wiggling of cilia
b. wave motion of cilia
c. rotating thread-like flagellum
d. undulating thread-like flagellum
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true about why red blood cells lack
a nucleus?
a. Nucleus is the control center of the cell.
b. Enabling more oxygen to be transported in the blood.
c. Enables the red blood cells to contain more hemoglobin.
d. A specialized adaptation of RBC to be able to perform its function.
5. Which of the following statements is NOT a cell modification that leads to
adaptation?
a. Plant cells have a large amounts of the chloroplast which allows the cell to
undergo photosynthesis.
b. Muscle cells are made up primarily of a pair of special proteins called actin
and myosin which allows muscle to contract.
c. Nerve cells have specialized structure called dendrites which receive an
electrical signal from another neuron and an axon which transmits the
electrical signal to another neuron.
d. None of the above.
 KEY TO CORRECTION

PRETEST ACTIVITY 6.2

1. B ACROSS DOWN
2. A 4. CARDIAC 1. COLLENCHYMA
3. B 5. SKELETAL 2. MICROVILLI
4. D 6. CONNECTIVE 3. CUBOIDAL
5. C 5. STOMATA
POSTEST ACTIVITY 6.4
1. C 1. EPITHELIAL 5. GLIA
2. B 2. CILIA 6. LIGAMENT
3. D 3. XYLEM 7. SMOOTH
4. A 4. DERMAL 8. NEURONS
5. D

References
Doll, Julie BSc, MSc. 2020. Ken Hub: Type of Tissues. July 9. Accessed July 24,
2020. https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/introduction-to-
tissues-epithelial-connective-muscle-and-nervous-tissue.
Farabee, MJ. 2007. Plant Anatomy II. Phoenix, Arizona: Estrella Mountain
Community College.
Meng, Wenxiang, and Masatoshi Takeichi. 2009. "Adherens Junction: Molecular
Architecture and Regulation." NCBI 38.
Zihni, Ceniz, Clare Mills, Karl Matter, and Maria S. Balda. 2016. "Tight Junctions:
From simple barriers to multifunctional molecular gates." Nature 16.