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Immune System
Immune System
The collection of organs. cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate the immune response
Lymphatic system is under
immune system
and complimentary to the circulatory system
IMMUNE RESPONSE
The coordinated response of the components of the immune system to a foreign agent or
Organism
IMMUNITY (protection)
The body's specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism; resistance disease,
specifically infectious diseases
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
Study of diseases resulting in dysfunctions within the immune system
ADENOIDS
Lymphatic tissue that can be found at the upper back of the nasal cavity
Protects body against infection that enters the nose
TONSILS
-can be found in the middle of the nose, mouth and throat
-protects the body against infection that enters the mouth
Tonsilectomy-removal of tonsils
PEYER PATCHES
can be found at ileum
protects the body against infection that can be found in GIT
KUPFFER CELLS
it is found in the liver
1. NEUTROPHILS
(POLYMORPHONUCLEAR)
Most abundant
Short lived (because they burst when they're full)
Most (60-70%) circulating white blood cells,
Being the first white blood cells to arrive at the infected site, they phagocytose and degrade
pathogens
2. EOSINOPHILS
contain histamine and other proin flammatory molecules, best known for fighting large and
unwieldy helminthic parasites, or "worms" can't kill bacteria and viruses but can kills parasites
3. BASOPHILS(allergic responses)
Contain histamine and other proinflammatory molecules, respond to infections, particularly
those against large parasites such as ticks and
worms.
Allergic responses, exclusively found in the blood
4. MAST CELLS
Live in the tissues and not in blood; non-phagocytie and are involved in allergic responsos
5. MONOCYTES
Only circulate in the blood. Some monocytes migrate into tissues and differentiate into
MACROPHAGES, which remain in tissues and aren't found in the blood
Phagoevtic same with neutrophils
6. DENDRITIC CELLS
Survey the blood and external environment for pathogens. Should it detect a pathogen, the
dendritic cell will digest it and present a piece of the pathogen to a T cell to initiate adaptive
miane reseonses
Presenting cell, prototypical antigen
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
innate immune system: large lymphocytes with granules and they target cells infected with
intracellular organisms, like viruses, as well as cells that pose a threat like cancer cells
Travel to arens of infection and secrete eytokines that help to recruit monocytes and
macrophages to the infected tissue and activate
the macrophages to cause inflammation and
start the process o pragocylosis
Coordinates immune respor
5. KILLER T CELLS
Kill cells in the body that have been infected, transformed, or foreign.
REGULATORY T-CELLS
Regulated and limit response especially after the infection is resolved.
TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN
«GAmED"
1. leG
75%
Most abundant antibody
Only antibody to cross placenta to fetus
Protects against bacteria, virus, toxins Main antibody in secondary response
]gA
Produced by mucus membranes
Can pass through breast milk to fetus Can also be found in saliva, sweat, tears
Prevents bacteria, viruses to attach to epithelial surfaces
Colostrum (natural Passive adaptive immunity)
]gM
Largest antibody
Found in blood and lymphatic fluid
Main antibody in primary resporine, 1 in early infection
IgE
Immediate allergic response
Found in basophils and mast cells
Found in the lungs, skin, mucus membranes
Least amoun of antibody (0,001 or 1%)
leD
Least understood antibody
Found on B cells surfaces • helps in action of differentiation from B cell to plasma cell
HYPERSENSITIVITY
An exagerated and abnormal immune response to any type of stimulus
SENSITIZATION
-1st immune response to any type of stimulus
TYPE I ALLERGIES /ALLeRGIC RESPONSES
-An immediate reaction mediated by IgE antibody, laryngeal stridor, angioedema, hypotension,
spasms, hives
-Most severe is anaphylaxis (epinephrine)
Bronchospasm; increase smooth muscle contraction
-Hypotension and Hypovolemia, peripheral vasodilation and increase capillary permeability
-Erythema; extravasation of capillary blood
-Edema; fluid shifting to interstitial spaces
Allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma anaphylactic reaction
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
1. Skin Prick Test- most common sites (upper arm, forearm, and back)
2. Scratch Test- same sites, seratch with associated antigen
3. Intradermal Test- more sensitive than skin prick test, high risk for false positive result
4. Blood Test- allergen specific IgE test
MANAGEMENT
Treatment will depend on the cause of reaction and preventive management (most effective
form)
TYPE II
-Antigen (cell sirface)- antibody complex
an IgG or igM antibody-mediated -Cytotoxic reaction occuring in hours to days
-Hemolytic blood transfusion reaction
-Antigen-antibody complex
Hemolysis, systemic disorders (Myasthenia Gravis, Rheumatic fever, Graved disease)
TYPEIII immune complex
Antigen-antibody immune complex mediated reaction, which can occur over hours, days or
weeks
-Antigen soluble-antibody-deposits in the tissue-complement cascade
Examples include serum sickness, rheumatoid arthntis (RA). systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)
and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Antigen-antibody-complement cascade
LOW COMPLIMENT TEST
C3 and C4 proteins: low because nauubos due to inflammation
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Autoimmune disease of unknown origin
Causes inflammation of the joints (synovium)
Females having 3x more at risk than males
Onset occurs between third and sixth decade of life.
Other factors, genetics, obesity, smoking
DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
Anti-nuclear antibody test- auto antibodies
Rheumatoid factor-auto antibodies
ESR; amount of inflammation
Anti-CCP, inflammation
C-Reactive Protein test amount of inflammation
Complement test (C3. C4); low (+) for RA CBC, serum chemistry
Xray of joints, direct arthroscopy
Synovial fluid aspirate/biopsy
NURSING MANAGEMENT:
1. ACUTE AND CHRONIC PAIN Address immobility, prevent contractures and deformities)
Provide variety of comfort measures
Application of heat and cold, massage position changes, supportive pillow, splints, relaxation
techniques
• Administer medications as preseribed.
Encourage verbalization of feelings.
2. FATIGUE
• Provide education about fatigue
• Facilitate making of activity/rest schedule
• Encourage adequate nutrition
Encourage adherence to treatment program
3. IMPAIRED MOBILITY
Encourage verbalization regarding limitations in mobilit
Assess need for physical therapy referral
Assist to identify environmental barriers
Encourage independence in mobility and assist as needed