13 Current Electricity

1 Electriccurrent

RateofHow ofelectric charges through a crosssection

placed tailor to flow

idt area under i uts t curve
I 94 ad

Instantaneouscurrent to chargeflow in
giventime
unit A IA Es
m
opposite to tow of vecharges
magnitude dalat
II
i
i
It sdirection
but i is scalar not vector nor
tense
I time period ofrevolution
74 9 i
Ink Eff E at
t f frequency

2 CurrentDensity s

J
É unit Aa vectorquantity directionalong i

Amountofcurrentpassingthrough crosssectiondependso
area of crosssection

less
more i 90

i L iii
MONA leesA more legs 0 0

www mn
and alwaysaway

ÉÉuniform
or non
rm as
J
a
alwaysdirected
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 3 Driftspeed

condictorwith Battery conductorw o Battery

78 e moving
randomly
y t o i o
e driftedoppositeto E
F EE E EE
Force Fantine
engineering

y
ggg
relaxationtime

argottimelaps b w twosuccessivecollision oté

4 Relationbtw i and Ud

EneaD neD
J

no no of é volume materialdependentproperty
A as area and Ud drift speed
Linktr.ee
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Cu 5 Cu
50 sus
Al AFA Az Al AI Az Az
uniform Is nonuniformels
is const i const
J const J const J Ja
Ud const
Va const Ud Ud
n const const

provided that material is same

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 E Ohm'slaw
P acrossendsofconductor
8 inv I
L
H
KID
tano resistance opposes
RY e flowofchary
g I Ohmic Conductor Non Ohmicconductor
in i a
1 LA Dv 2.1 2 0.111
Di 10 5 5A
Tio si R 95,1 0.021
TO V
Rtanstatt
3A MF R constant
go r g
dynamicresistance
B
6 Resistance opposesflowofcharges
property of objects mu
Ren L E
Rae Ra th R P
A materialdependent
gRa.retsistivity
silvery.mg P P opposesflowofcharges
A
Doesnotdepends on land area
Stretching of wire pya
a into ot isgiven b intoof is given

Rats const

Rae Raat
FEET EMET
forcircularClsArea ar

Ri r than
PILE
Rf MR ri and ran r
r
Ri R than Ry n4

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 Temperaturedependence of Resistance
PT'd Poe 14290
and PIRA azo a 0
Rpc Roe 14200
for conductors 88
i e Rt OF
a 0
got
for semiconductors 4 0 40
ie Rt Or
for alloys o
8
o a

R const
CarbonCoding of Resistance
couor Digit multiplier
Black 0 100 D
BB Brown I 10
Red 2 102
3 103
Roy Orange
Yellow 4 104 g o 2
5
5 105
GreatBharatGreen sitter
Blue 6 106
very Good voilet 107 91,111
I
wife Grey 108
White Ios
silver no colour I
gold 8
5 10 20 7 0 6 10

7 Combination ofResistances
seriescombination
mm a mom x mm for n identical
Ri
a u I say connected in series

Rs NR
V g and
I constant U
I
VaR Eoltageacross each O
11 01 02 03
Rs RitR2tR3
In seriescombination Rs will be higherthan highest
value resistance
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 resistances
Parallel combination of
Wh
j is
my for n identical resistances
connected
inparallel
is my
a
Rp Pg and
i i
mootresistances
V const
currentin eachresistance
Iast it fortworesistances R and Rz

f
I I
Rp BYE 3442 T.tk
tizti g.gg
g g
Rp 21 8 In parade combinat Rp will te sptanenthan smallestro
i
I
ter and is
ftp i

Éoncept
of equipointial points all thepoints havingequal
potential can be merge at one pointforsolvingcircuit

t
E. R
A e I
Eu R r e r BI
RAB 3yd
Acubehaving identicalresistances at each side than
A
FaceDiagonal
Rac 342 and Cac
Do cubeDiagonal or BodyDiagonal

co B RAB 51g and CAB

Sidecorners
12
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 Wheatstone Bridgebased circuit

than
Bg By
RI Rs
Rghas no significance Alt RS GB
galvanometershows o
deflection i e no i in car
Ra G Ra
NOTE

Ri Ra Ra has its significance

Rs even it
A B
Rz G Ra 23
here R R2 Rs R3 R4

8 Kirchhoff'slaw
Junctionlaw
KCL
anynode in thecircuit
at
a

it 7 i3 incoming singing

11 12 13 14
the
72 y
4 dint i attaint i
311
This law is based on conservation of charge
b KUL00loop law
In
any
close loop part ofelectriccircuit EV o
EVrise Ellarop Thislawisbasedonconservationofenergy
In electricalelement it loopis going v drop
any
UsRise
A and qB Ao
E
FB
directionofloop
directionofloop
UB
VAIL VA
Eng
UB
4
directionofloop
4
directionofloop

YEE BEE
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 9 HeatingEltectofElectriccurrent

É mim
H I Rt

If Energydelivered see power

D i'R Ui

Econst const
Rated valuesofelectrical appliances like Bulb

of
resistance appliance

ERE
UrsRatedVoltage
YE
Consumed Power Brightness

UR 2204 and Us 11011

if supplied voltage is 50 of Ur than Pewill be 25 ofPr

Combination of Bulb
series combination Parallel combination
P iz R
contst
par
at P
Y P a a Pr

u const
Bulbwith lower Pr and Bulb withhigher Pr
higherresistance will lowerresistance
will
glow more glowmore bright
pts It pts Pp pitPatPs
Petqu
pouter
of seriescombination ot parallelcombinath
Equivalent
it anybulbinseriescombinat it anybulbgetfused
getfused thanwholecircuit than otherbulb
may
breakand none ofthe glow morebright or less
bulbglow brightdepending on Di
it if Brightness t
it its Brightnesst
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 10 Cell or Battery sourceofelectricalenergy

my
E internalresistance resistanceoffered
bycell
I depends on
totIcapacityofcell
Emt Electromotivetone areaofplates
at
siperatitimbitptisti
temperature
at
A
I tuned Va voice in E fire
Lmp1 it R variable
i
R O 24 0

EE EE
Er Yee
Potentialdifference r
Potentialdifference cell externalcircuit at Itt E
A B
th
Imm
discharging charging

B v e Ir VA VB V Et ir
Combination ofcell

Socombinationofcell
Hate t.mn me
min min
Eeg EitEz Eeg Et Ez
req rite
req Rita
iz Ent Ez
rith R
n identical cells Eeg ne
Eiger
req nr in
15771 i E
it const
Eg in
it one battery is wronglyconnected it affectstwocells so
it m cells are wronglyconnected than
Ime i
Eeg ne and
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 Parallelcombination ofcell

tmw

IÉ Fil
D Iwm
r
53 Ex
Eeg
É Eeg

It t
8
tf tf

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For n identicalresistances Eat ME E

É
i
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R o i

MixGrouping ofcell n

timeline the
timeline turn
timeline
tu n
cellsconnectedin series
M no of rows

mm
R
no of cells mxn imax
Yp If
Eeg NE
ME
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I
R
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Pmax

I
Bfm maximum
theorem
powertransmissio

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 11 MeterBridge
circuit Based on wheatstonebridge
RTB whilunknow resistance
Ife
it lab 100am
A B K
F R
M
Potentiometer ElectricalCircuit
t
U Vz
V ER
if
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Ef K

Eml mmmm E E
Primary ARAB Rh
Circuit
A i o resistant Betty

ng
Secondary
circuit

Comparing Emfcells

Enl www.xn
I
moreEmt morebalancing

II
B
lengthisrequired

II
1 C
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Findinginternalresistance r ofcell
me mmmm
reefs a r

r
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 12 chargingandDischargingcircuit

C
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ink
to Justafterswitch is closed 9
Q
9 0 I to
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Capacitorbehaveas wire

behave ER t
as a Ve E
a too steadystatesituation i
battery Yr o
9 0 1 0 too
Capacitorotters
veryhigh
t Rc onetimeconstant e 0.37
9 0.639 and 1 0.371 y
t

Discharging circuit
C the
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is Ioe tire Io
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