Design of Spur Gears, Helical, Bevel Gears, Worm

and Worm Wheel

Nirmal Baran Hui

1
 Gears

Introduction- Gear can be defined as the mechanical element used for transmitting power and rotary motion from
one shaft to another by means of progressive engagement of projections called teeth. Smaller of the pair is called
PINION and the larger of the pair is called the GEAR.

ADVANTAGES OF GEAR DRIVES

1. Compact as compared to belt and chain drives

2. Positive drives
3. wide range of speed ratios (6:1 to 4900:1)
4. High speed ratio than belt drives
5. Used for shafts parallel, intersecting, non-parallel, non-intersecting
6. Large power transmission
7. Transmits power at higher speed
LIMITATIONS OF GEAR DRIVES
1. Costly.
2. Can’t be used over a long distance.
3. Requires precise alignment of shafts.
4. Requires continuous lubrication.
 Gears - Classification
1. Parallel axis Gears
• Spur Gears.
• Helical Gears.
• Herringbone Gears.
• Rack and pinion.
• Internal gears.
2. Intersecting axis Gears
• Bevel Gears.
3. Non intersecting and perpendicular axis Gears
• Worm Gears
4. Non intersecting and Non parallel axis Gears
• Crossed Helical Gears
Gears
 Gears – Selection Factors
1. Relative position of Input and output shafts
2. Speed Ratio
3. Efficiency
4. Input speed
5. Power to be transmitted
6. Cost

Sr. No. Gear Drive Reduction Ratio Sr. No. Gear Drive Efficiency
1 Single Stage Spur / Helical Gear 6:1 1 Spur / Helical Gear 96-99%
2 Two Stage Spur / Helical Gear 35:1 2 Bevel Gear Drive 95-98%
3 Three Stage Spur / Helical Gear 200:1 3 Worm and Worm Wheel 45-97%
4 Bevel Gear Drive 6:1
5 Single Stage Worm Gear 70:1
6 Double Stage Worm Gear 4900:1
Terminology in Spur Gears
Law of Gearing
The common normal at the point of contact between a pair of teeth must always
pass through the pitch point it is known as Law of gearing  Law of Gearing
 Let the two teeth come in contact at point Q, and the wheels rotate in the
directions as shown in the figure.
 Let TT be the common tangent and MN be the common normal to the curves
at the point of contact Q.
 A little consideration will show that the point Q moves in the direction of QC,
when considered as a point on wheel 1, and in the direction of QD when
considered as a point on wheel 2.
 Let V1 and V2 be the velocities of point Q on wheels 1 and 2 respectively. If
the teeth are to remain in contact, the components of these velocities with the
normal MN must be equal.
V1 Cosα = V2 Cosβ Where,
 (ω1 × O1Q ) Cosα = ( ω2 × O2Q )Cosβ • ω1 & ω2 = Angular velocity of gear
(ω1 × O1Q )×O1M/O1Q =( ω2 × O2Q) × O2N/O2Q 1 & 2.
ω1 × O1M = ω2 × O2N  ω1 / ω2 = O2N/O1M • D1 & D2 = Pitch circle diameter of
gear 1 & 2.
Also from similar triangles, O1MP and O2NP • T1 & T2 = Teeth of gear 1.
O2N/O1M = O2P/O1P • O1P & O2P = Distance of P from
So, ω1 / ω2 = O2N/O1M = O2P/O1P = D2/D1 = T2/T1 the centres O1 and O2.
 Nomenclature of Spur Gears
 Pitch circle- It is an imaginary circle on gear which by pure rolling action would produce the same motion as
the actual gear.
 Pressure Angle- ( Ø) Angle between the common normal to the two meshing teeth at the point of contact and
common tangent to the two pitch circles at the pitch point
 Pitch Circle Dia.(d)- or PCD- It is the dia. of pitch circle.
 Pitch Point – it is a common point of contact between two pitch circles.
 Circular pitch- It is the dist. measured along the circumference of the pitch circle, from the point of one tooth to
the corr. Point on the next tooth. Pc = πd/z, where z = No. of teeth.

Two gears will mesh together correctly,

if the two wheels have the same
circular pitch.
 Nomenclature of Spur Gears

Addendum: It is the radial distance of a tooth from the

pitch circle to the top of the tooth.
Addendum Circle: It is the circle drawn through the top of
the teeth and is concentric with the pitch circle.
Dedendum: It is the radial distance of a tooth from the
pitch circle to the bottom of the tooth.
Dedendum Circle: It is the circle drawn through the
bottom of the teeth and is concentric with the pitch circle.
Module (m): It is the ratio of pitch circle diameter in
millimeters to the number of teeth
D
m
z
First choice module - 1.0,1.25,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10,
Diametral Pitch (pd): It is the ratio of number of
12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40 and 50.
teeth to the pitch circle diameter in millimeters.
Second choice module: 1.375,1.75,2.25,2.75,3.5, 4.5, 5.5,
z  1 D 7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 22, 28.
pd   = since pc  Ratio(Gear Ratio)-G- Ratio of pinion speed to Gear speed
D pc m z G  np ng , Z p Z g  Dp Dg
 Nomenclature of Gears
Centre Distance (a) :It is the distance between the axes of the two mating gears.

d p  dg m Z p  Zg  mZ p 1  G 
a  
2 2 2
Hunting Tooth:
• In gear pair if gear ratio is an integer number like 1, 3/2, 4/3, same tooth on gear will come in contact with same
tooth on pinion which increases the wear on teeth & reduce the life of teeth.
• In such case extra tooth on the gear is added to spread the wear evenly. This extra tooth is called Hunting tooth.

INTERFERENCE: The
Phenomena when the tip of the
tooth undercut the root on its
mating gear is known as
interference
The minimum number of teeth to avoid interference
• The contact portions of the tooth profile which are not conjugate is called interference.
• Interference is the meshing of two non-conjugate profiles.

2ha
Z min  STANDARD SYSTEMS OF GEAR TOOTH
m sin 2  A tooth system is a standard which specifies the pressure angle and
Where the relations for addendum, dedendum, working depth, tooth
ha= Addendum of meshing rack thickness and a fillet radius in terms of module.
m = module in mm
Ø= Pressure angle Objective- To attain interchangeability of gears of all tooth number
but of the same pressure angle and module.
1) 14.5° composite system.
2) 14.5° full depth involute.
3) 20° full depth involute.
4) 22.5° full depth involute.
5) 20° stub tooth involute.
 Gear Materials
Desirable properties of gear material-
• Sufficient endurance strength in bending.
• Sufficient surface endurance strength.
• Low coefficient of friction.
• Low and consistent thermal distortion.
TYPES OF GEAR MATERIALS

1. Cast Iron- Large size and complicated 2. Steel
shapes • High bending endurance
Advantages: strength.
• Cheap • High surface endurance
• Good damping property strength.
• Good surface endurance strength but low • Ductile
bending endurance strength. • Expensive
• Graphite presents in C.I. works as lubricant. • Poor damping property.
• Easily cast in complicated shapes • Sensitive to thermal
Disadvantages: distortion during heat
Brittle, low bending strength. treatment.
• Steel pinion and C.I. gear.
3. Non- Ferrous metals-
copper, Zink, tin, aluminum,
bronze- worm gear.
4) Sintered Metals  low cost
gears
5) Non-metals  Bakelite,
Nylon
• Cheap, easy to manufacture
• Light weight, tolerate errors
in tooth profile.
• Do not have sufficient
strength.
Force Analysis of Spur Gears
To transmit power from one gear to the other, force is applied by the tooth of the driving gear
on the mating tooth of the driven gear. This force, called as Normal Force (F) acts along the
pressure line and is always normal to the tooth surface. This normal force can be resolved into
two components:
1.Tangential component (Ft)– helps in transmission of torque and determines its magnitude.
2.Radial component (Fr)– tends to push the gears apart, has no contribution in power
transmission.
If torque to be transmitted, T is known, tangential component of force can be calculated as,
T 2Tp 2Tg
Ft     d p np  d g ng
d 2 dp dg 
Where d is pitch circle diameter
60 1000 60 1000
Fn acts along the pressure line and Fn along the common tangent, therefore angle
between Fn and Ft is φ , the pressure angle. Referring to Figure, following relations can be
written:
Fr =Ft tan φ and Fn = Ft/cos φ

Above analysis is based on the following assumptions:

1. Fn remains constant in the power transmission (Fn changes with change in position of the
point of contact).
2. Only one pair of teeth takes the entire load (Load is often shared by more than on pairs).
3. Loads are static i.e. gears run at a low speed (There are dynamic loads in actual practice).
Force Analysis of Spur Gears

Radial Force tends to separate the gears.

Resultant Force
F Ft
2
 Fr 2 

• Ft=Tangential force.
• P= Power transmitted, W
• V= Pitch line velocity,m/s
• Tp= torque acting on pinion.
• Tg= torque acting on Gear.
• dp= P.C.D. of pinion.
• dg= P.C.D. of Gear.
• np= pinion speed, rpm.
• ng= Gear speed, rpm.
 Gear Tooth Failure
Bending failure or tooth Gear Tooth
breakage - Gear tooth is like a Failure
cantilever and subjected to
repetitive bending stresses.
Tooth breakage happens when Bending Failure
total load exceeds beam or breaking of Wear Failure or surface destruction
strength. Avoided by adjusting tooth
module, face width, providing
fillet radius.
Corrosive Scoring
Abrasive Wear Pitting
Wear

Wear failure-Removes complete surface layer. Destructive

Initial Pitting
i) Pitting- Fatigue failure due to repetitive contact stresses. Pitting
A) Initial pitting- Because of high spots, surface irregularities, errors in tooth
profile. It is a temporary phenomena. Can be minimized by improving surface
finish and proper alignment of gears.
 Gear Tooth Failure
INITIAL PITTING is caused by local areas of high
stress due to uneven surfaces on the gear tooth. This
type pitting can develop within a relatively short time,
reach a maximum and with continued service polish
to a lesser severity.

Destructive pitting- Due to repetitive contact stresses

 Depends upon Hertz contact stress, surface endurance
strength, number of cycles.
 Can be avoided by improving surface endurance
strength.(Hardness).
 Spalling- Another surface fatigue failure in which the cracks
originates below the gear tooth surface due to sub surface
stresses.
 Spalling can be avoided by providing sufficient case depth in
surface hardening.
Types of Gear Tooth Failure

ii. Scoring- (scuffing or galling) Metal to metal contact due to lubrication failure. Excessive frictional heat and
overheating of teeth. Welding and Tearing action. (stick-slip phenomena)
iii. Abrasive Wear-Damage caused by particles like dirt, dust in lubricant. Surface injury caused by particles
trapped between mating teeth. Can be avoided by proper filtration of lubricant, use high viscosity oils,
increasing surface hardness.
iv. Corrosive wear-Due to chemical action by improper lubricant, surrounding atmosphere.
 Beam Strength of Spur Gear Tooth
Beam strength of the spur gear tooth is the maximum tangential load the gear tooth can take without tooth
failure.
Lewis Equation for Beam strength of spur Gear tooth
Each tooth is considered as a cantilever beam fixed at the base.
• Radial force Fr- Induces a direct compressive stress of small magnitude and can be neglected.
• Tangential Force Ft- Induces a bending stress which tends to break the tooth.

Ft = tangential force acting on gear tooth

L = Length of tool
y = Half the thickness of the tooth
t = Thickness of tooth section at
b = Face width of the gear tooth
I = L . b . T3 /12
Beam Strength of Spur Gear Tooth
 LEWIS FORM FACTOR

For the gears to be safe in bending, σb should be less than [σb] or Ft should be less than Sb . If gear and pinion are made of same
material, pinion is the weaker member and design is based on its strength. But if those are made of different materials, it is
evident from the Lewis Equation that the gear or pinion having lesser value of product [σ b] x Y is weaker, as m and b are same
for pinion and gear. Also as the gears are subjected to variable stresses, design is based on the endurance limit and allowable
bending stress can be taken as, [σb] = Se/fos
Permissible Bending Stress
 Design of gear tooth – Dynamic Load
Drawbacks of Lewis equation are:
1. The tooth load in practice is not static. It is dynamic and is influenced by pitch line velocity.
2. The whole load is carried by a single tooth is not correct. Normally load is shared by teeth since the contact
ratio is near to 1.5.
3. The greatest force exerted at the tip of the tooth is not true as the load is shared by teeth. It is exerted much
below the tip when single pair contact occurs.
4. The stress concentration effect at the fillet is not considered.

 The tooth errors combined with the mass of the pinion and gear result in inertia
forces.
 Additional forces arising out of the inertia effects are known as dynamic loads.
 Dynamic loads arises due to
 inaccuracies in tooth profile.
 Errors in tooth profile.
 Run out of the gear.
 Inertia of the rotating masses.
 Deflection of the teeth.
 Stiffness of the rotating parts.
 Depends upon tooth error and pitch line velocity.
 Dynamic Load on Gear Tooth
Dynamic Load or Lewis Dynamic Load (Fd or FLD)
1. The velocity factor is used to make approximate allowance for the effect of dynamic loading. The
dynamic loads are due to the following reasons:
2.Inaccuracies of tooth spacing
2.Irregularities in tooth profiles
3.Deflections of teeth under load
FLD or Fd= Ft × Cv

Buckingham Dynamic Load acting on gear tooth FBD

According to Buckingham, small machining error and deflection of teeth under load cause periods of acceleration, inertia forces,
and impact loads on the teeth similar to variable load superimposed on a steady load. The total maximum instantaneous load on
the teeth or dynamic load is FBD or
FD  Ft  Fi
0.164Vm  cb  Ft 
FBD  Ff 
0.164Vm  1.485  cb  F 
Wear Strength of Spur Gear Tooth
Effective Load on Spur Gear Tooth
Application factor- (Ka)

• Accounts for increase in the tangential force

due to fluctuation of the torque by prime
mover or load machine. It also known as
service factor or overload factor.
• Varies from 1.00 to 2.5.
Load distribution factor-( Km)-

• Accounts for non-uniform distribution of load

across the face width.
• Depends on-Alignment of gears. Bearing
mounting.
• Gear tooth manufacturing accuracy.
Estimation of Dynamic Load on Gear Tooth
With pitch-line velocity V in meter per seconds
Estimation of Dynamic Load on Gear Tooth – By Buckinghams Equation

e = sum of error on meshing teeth.

K =Tooth form factor.
Ep, Eg = Modulii of elasticity for pinion and gear material
Estimation of Dynamic Load on Gear Tooth – By Buckinghams Equation
Deformation factor ( Dynamic factor) C- Depends upon the
accuracy of gear teeth
• Steel pinion and steel gear-C = 11500e N/mm
• C.I. pinion and C.I. gear- C = 8900e N/mm.
• Steel pinion and C.I. gear- C = 10000e N/mm

Pitch errors on meshing teeth-(e)- Sum of pitch errors

between two meshing teeth, mm.
e =ep + eg
ep = pitch error for pinion teeth, mm
eg = pitch error for gear teeth, mm

Depends upon gear grade, size, tooth size

IS Gear Grades
Estimation of Dynamic Load on Gear Tooth – Load Distribution Factor (Km)

 Accounts for non-uniform distribution of load across the line of contact

 Depends on mounting and face width
 Load-distribution factor is currently only defined for
 Face width to pinion pitch diameter ratio F/d ≤ 2
 Gears mounted between bearings
 Face widths up to 40 in
 Contact across the full width of the narrowest member
Estimation of Dynamic Load on Gear Tooth – Load Distribution Factor (Km)
Safety on Gear Pair
 Objectives in Gear Design
 High power transmission.
 Compact arrangement.
 High efficiency.
 Low initial cost.
 Low maintenance and running cost.
 Noise and vibration free operation.

DESIGN OF SPUR GEAR PAIR

 Selection of tooth system.

 Selection of the number of teeth.
 Selection of material
 Selection of gear grade.
 Estimation of module, face width, pitch circle diameters,
addenda and dedenda.
The procedure for design of spur gear
The procedure for design of spur gear
The procedure for design of spur gear
 The procedure for design of spur gear
1) Input- Power, Gear ratio, rpm of pinion.
2) Select pressure angle (Ø), No. of teeth on pinion (zp) and gear (zg), ultimate strength of pinion (Sup) and gear (Sug),
surface hardness (BHN), application factor (Ka), Load factor (Km).
3) Calculate bending stress (σb), Lewis form factor (Y), product of (Lewis form factor x bending stress = σb Y).
4) if it is less for pinion, pinion is weak.
5) Calculate Beam strength Fb= σb. b.m.Y in terms of module.
6) Calculate Wear strength Fw=dp.b.Q.K in terms of module.
7) Calculate pitch line velocity, V in terms of module.
8) Calculate tangential force, Ft= P/V. in terms of module
9) Calculate velocity factor, kv in terms of module.
10) Calculate effective load, Feff= ka.km.Ft/kv in terms of module.
11) If beam strength is less than wear strength, Design for beam strength.
12) Fb= Feff x f.s.
13) If wear strength is less than beam strength, Design for wear strength. Fw= Feff x f.s
14) Calculate m, dp, dg, b, ha, hf.
15) Calculate Fd, Dynamic load by Buckinghams equation. Fd=21V(bC+Ftmax.)/21V+√bC+Ftmax.
16) Calculate Feff.= Ka.Km.Ft+Fd
17) If Fb ≤ Fw and Fb ≥ Feff xF.S, Gear pair is safe in bending. If not, gear pair is unsafe in bending, then increase next module,
change material, increase accuracy.
18) If Fw ≤Fb and Fw ≥ Feff xF.S, Gear pair is safe in pitting. If not, gear pair is unsafe in pitting. Then increase next module,
increase BHN, increase accuracy.
19) STOP
 Power Transmitting Capacity of Spur Gear

1) Given- m, Zp, Zg, b, ha, hf, np, grade, Sup, Sug, BHN, Ka, Km, F.S.
2) Decide weaker part in bending .
3) Calculate bending strength based on step 1
4) Calculate Wear strength ,Fw= dp.b.Q.K
5) Calculate V (pitch line velocity), Kv (velocity factor)
6) Calculate Feff.= Ka.Km.Ft/ Kv in terms of Ft.
7) If Fb is less than Fw, power rating is based on Beam strength and if it is more than Fw, power
rating is based on wear strength.
8) Equating Fb or Fw with Feff x f.s, calculate Ft.
9) P= Ft x V
 Gear Lubrication
Objectives of gear lubrication-
LUBRICANTS USED IN GEARS.
Grease.
1) To reduce the possibility of scoring failure.
Straight mineral oil.
2) to reduce the wear of the teeth.
Motor oil.- SAE
3) to reduce the power loss.
Gear oils.
4) to act as coolant by dissipating heat.
5) to carry away the worn-out particles. MODES OF LUBRICATION
6) to minimise noise, vibration and shock.
7) to prevent corrosion. • Grease lubrication.
• Drip-feed lubrication.
• Splash lubrication.
• Spray or jet lubrication.

MULTI-STAGE GEAR REDUCER

1) Splitting of reduction ratio by geometric progression.
2) Splitting of reduction ratio for compact arrangement.- Higher reduction in earlier stages.
 Gears
What we need to Know about them.
1. Type of gears
2. Terminologies or nomenclatures
3. Forces transmitted
4. Design of a gear box
Example:
A conveyor drive involving heavy-shock torsional loading is operated by an
electric motor, the speed ratio is 1:2 and the pinion has Diameteral pitch P=10
in-1, and number of teeth N=18 and face width of b=1.5 in. The gear has Brinnel
hardness of 300 Bhn. Find the maximum horspower that can be transmitted,
using AGMA formula.
Gear Box Design
Example 1: A gearset consists of a 16-tooth pinion driving a 40-tooth gear. The diametral pitch is 2, and the
addendum and dedendum are 1/P and 1.25/P, respectively. The gears are cut using a pressure angle of 200. (a)
Compute the circular pitch, the center distance, and the radii of the base circles. (b) In mounting these gears, the
center distance was incorrectly made 1/4 inch larger. Compute the new values of the pressure angle and the
pitch-circle diameters
Example 2: Find the gear ratio, circular pitch, base pitch, pitch diameters, pitch radii, center distance, addendum,
dedendum, whole depth, clearance, outside diameters, and contact ratio of a gearset with the given parameters. If
the center distance is increased 2% what is the new pressure angle?
Given  A 6pd, 20°-pressure-angle, 19-tooth pinion and a 37-tooth gear.
Assumptions  The tooth forms are standard AGMA full-depth involute profiles

Solution
1. The Gear Ratio 2. The Circular Pitch

3. The pitch measured on the base circle

6. The addendum and

dedendum are
 The length of action
10. The contact ratio
Problem 1: A pinion gear with 22 teeth and a module of 6 mm has a rotational speed of 1200 rpm and drives a gear
at 660 rpm. Determine: i) The number of teeth on the gear, and; ii) The theoretical centre distance
Problem 2: A pair of gears has been designed with a velocity ratio of 3.20. The pinion has 20 teeth and the circular
pitch is 78.54 mm. Determine: i) The number of teeth on the driven gear. ii) The module for the gears. iii) The
theoretical centre distance
Problem 3: A gear drive consists of two gears, A and B, and has a velocity ratio of 1.50. Gear A, the smaller of the two
gears, revolves at 126 rpm in the clockwise direction, and has 28 teeth. If the gears have a module of 2 mm,
determine: i) The number of teeth on Gear B. ii) The pitch (reference) diameters for the two gears. iii) The addendum.
iv) The dedendum. v) The circular pitch. vi) The tooth thickness. vii) The speed of Gear B. viii) The theoretical centre
distance of the two gears.
Problem 5: A spur pinion gear of 120 mm diameter is required to transmit a power of 5 kW to a spur gear, with
both gears having a pressure angle of 20 0 . Given that the pinion rotates in the anticlockwise direction at 200 rpm,
and that the velocity ratio for the two gears is 2.50, determine: i) The diameter and rotational speed of the driven
gear. ii) The forces on each of the gears, and show on a free body diagram.
Problem 6: Based on the gear arrangement shown below, and for an input power of 4.25 kW, determine the forces
on each of the gears assuming that the pressure angle is 20 0, and show these on a free body diagram.
The forces on Gear B will be equal
and in opposite directions to these
forces, so the next calculation is for
Gear C.
Q1. A bronze, spur pinion rotating at 500 rpm drives a cast iron spur gear at a transmission ratio of 4 : 1. The
allowable static stresses for bronze pinion and cast iron gear are 85 MPa and 103 MPa respectively. The pinion
has 16 standard 200 full depth involute teeth of module 8 mm. The face width of both the gear is 90 mm. What is
the power that can be transmitted from gear? Take velocity factor CV=3/(3+V) (where V is speed in m/s)
Q2. A 200 full depth involute spur pinion of 4 mm module and 21 teeth is to transmit 15 kW at 960 rpm. Its face width
is 25 mm.
Given that the tooth geometry factor is 0.32 and the combined effect of dynamic load and allied factors intensifying
the stress is 1.5; the minimum allowable stress (in MPa) for the gear material is
Q3. A 200 full depth involute spur pinion of 4 mm module and 21 teeth is to transmit 15 kW at 960 rpm. Its face
width is 25 mm.
The tangential force transmitted (in N) is
Q4: A steel pinion has module of 4 mm, pressure angle 200 and has 22 teeth. This pinion runs at 900 rpm and
transmits 10 kW power to a 60 tooth gear. The bending stress on the pinion tooth using Lewis beam strength, by
assuming the face width of the gear tooth as 38 mm and the velocity & Lewis form factors as 0.59 and 0.32,
respectively is

https://byjus.com/question-answer/a-steel-pinion-has-
module-of-4-mm-pressure-angle-20-circ-and-has-22/
Q5. A steel spur pinion has a module (m) of 1.25 mm, 20 teeth and 200 pressure angle. The pinion rotates at 1200
rpm and transmits power to a 60 teeth gear. The face width (F) is 50 mm, Lewis form factor Y= 0.322 and a dynamic
factor Kv=1.26. The bending stress(σ) induced in a tooth can be calculated by using the Lewis formula given below.
If the maximum bending stress experienced by the pinion is 400MPa. The power transmitted is
Q6. A pair of straight spur gears has to reduce speed from 600rpm to 240rpm. The pinion is made of 40Cr1 steel
and has 18 teeth. The gear is of C45 steel and has 45 teeth. The teeth of the wheels, accurately machined with a
20o involute hob, has 4mm module and 45mm face width.
Determine the kW-rating of the gear pair allowing a service factor of 1.3. Take the basic allowable
stresses for 40Cr1 and C45 steel as 175MPa and 150MPa respectively.
The velocity factor for carefully hobbed gears Cv= 6 / (6+V), Where V= pitch line velocity in m/s
Machine Elements in Mechanical Design – Robert L. Mott, Edward M. Vavrek, Jyhwen Wang, Pearson, NY 10013
Contact Stress Number
FIGURE 9–16 Dynamic factor, Kv (Adapted from AGMA 2001
Standard, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation
Methods for Involute Spur and Helical Gear Teeth, with the
permission of the publisher, American Gear Manufacturers
Association, 1001 North Fairfax Street, 5th floor, Alexandria,
VA 22314)