INTRODUCTION TO DATA

COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
Data communications refers to the transmission of this
digital data between two or more computers and a
computer network or data network is a
telecommunications network that allows computers
to exchange data. The physical connection between
networked computing devices is established using
either cable media or wireless media. The best-known
computer network is the Internet.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
This module should teach you basics of Data
Communication and Computer Network (DCN) and
will also take you through various advanced
concepts related to Data Communication and
Computer Network.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
Data communication refers to the exchange of data
between two or more devices via a transmission
medium.
Networking involves connecting multiple devices to
facilitate communication and resource sharing.
The purpose of data communication and networking
is to enable the efficient transfer of information.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Data communication is the process of transmitting
data or information from one point to another
through a communication medium.
In the modern digital era, data communication has
become an integral part of our daily lives and is
crucial for businesses, organizations, and individuals to
exchange information, collaborate, and access
resources over networks.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Key Concepts of Data Communication:
Data: Data refers to the raw and unprocessed facts,
figures, or symbols that represent information.
Communication: Communication is the exchange of
data or information between devices or entities using
a common set of rules or protocols.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…Data Transmission: Data transmission involves
sending data from the source to the destination over
a communication channel or medium.
Communication Medium: The communication
medium is the physical path or channel through
which data is transmitted, such as wired cables, fiber
optics, or wireless radio waves.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Components of Data Communication:
Sender: The device that initiates the data
communication process and generates the data to be
transmitted.
Receiver: The device that receives the data sent by the
sender and processes it.
Transmission Medium: The physical path through which
data is transmitted, such as copper wires, fiber optics, or
wireless channels.
Message: The information or data being transmitted from
the sender to the receiver.
Protocol: The set of rules and procedures governing the
format and transmission of the message.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Characteristics of Data Communication:
Speed: The rate at which data is transmitted, usually
measured in bits per second (bps) or megabits per
second (Mbps).
Accuracy: The extent to which the transmitted data
remains uncorrupted and error-free.
Reliability: The degree to which data transmission is
consistent and free from failures or disruptions.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Security: Measures taken to protect data from
unauthorized access or tampering during
transmission.
Scalability: The ability of a communication system to
accommodate an increasing number of users or
devices.
Compatibility: The ability of different devices and
systems to work together and exchange data
seamlessly.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Standards
Standards are established guidelines, specifications,
or criteria that serve as a basis for ensuring uniformity,
interoperability, safety, and efficiency in various
industries, products, systems, and processes. They play
a crucial role in promoting innovation, supporting
global trade, and enhancing quality and safety
standards. Standards can be classified into different
types based on their application and scope.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
International Standards Organisation (ISO)
ISO (International Organization for Standardization):
ISO is an international standard-setting body that
develops and publishes standards covering various
aspects of technology, industry, and commerce.
It is a non-governmental organization with a
membership of national standards bodies from more
than 160 countries.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
ISO standards are developed through a consensus-
based process involving experts from different
industries and countries.
ISO standards aim to promote global interoperability,
quality, safety, and efficiency in products, services,
and systems across various sectors.
Some well-known ISO standards include ISO 9001 for
quality management systems, ISO 14001 for
environmental management systems, ISO 27001 for
information security management, and ISO 3166 for
country codes, among many others.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Communication standards are established sets of
rules, protocols, and specifications that ensure
interoperability, consistency, and seamless
communication between various devices, systems,
and networks. These standards are critical for
enabling reliable data exchange and efficient
communication in both wired and wireless
environments. There are numerous communication
standards developed by various standardization
organizations, industry consortia, and governing
bodies.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model:
The OSI model is a conceptual framework that
standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or
computing system into seven distinct layers.
It was developed by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) in the late 1970s and
published in 1984 as ISO 7498-1.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…The OSI model aims to promote interoperability
between different network protocols and
technologies by defining clear interfaces and
responsibilities for each layer.
Each layer of the OSI model performs specific
functions, and communication between devices
relies on standardized protocols and data formats.
The seven layers of the OSI model, from the bottom to
the top, are: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport,
Session, Presentation, and Application.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a
conceptual framework used to understand and
describe how different networking protocols and
technologies interact and communicate within a
network. It consists of seven layers, each with specific
responsibilities and functions. The OSI model helps in
the development of network protocols, ensuring
interoperability and modular design.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
Layer 7: Application Layer:
The Application Layer is the topmost layer and
provides network services directly to end-users or
applications.
It enables communication between different software
applications and interacts with users.
Examples of application layer protocols include HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer
Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), and
DNS (Domain Name System).
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
Layer 6: Presentation Layer:
The Presentation Layer is responsible for data
representation, encryption, and compression.
It ensures that data is properly formatted and
compatible between different systems.
Examples of presentation layer functions include data
encryption/decryption, character encoding, and
compression/decompression.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
Layer 5: Session Layer:
The Session Layer establishes, maintains, and
terminates sessions between applications on different
devices.
It manages communication sessions, synchronization,
and data exchange between applications.
Examples of session layer functions are session
establishment, data synchronization, and dialogue
control.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
Layer 4: Transport Layer:
The Transport Layer provides end-to-end
communication between devices and ensures
reliable and error-free data transfer.
It segments data into smaller packets, adds
sequence numbers, and handles flow control and
error recovery.
Examples of protocols used at this layer include TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User
Datagram Protocol).
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
Layer 3: Network Layer:
The Network Layer deals with logical addressing and
routing of data packets from the source to the
destination across multiple networks.
It uses IP (Internet Protocol) addresses to identify
devices on the network and determines the best path
for data delivery.
Examples of protocols used at this layer include IP
(IPv4 and IPv6), ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol), and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First).
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
Layer 3: Network Layer:
The Network Layer deals with logical addressing and
routing of data packets from the source to the
destination across multiple networks.
It uses IP (Internet Protocol) addresses to identify
devices on the network and determines the best path
for data delivery.
Examples of protocols used at this layer include IP
(IPv4 and IPv6), ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol), and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First).
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
Layer 2: Data Link Layer:
The Data Link Layer provides reliable data transfer
between two directly connected devices over a physical
link.
It is responsible for framing data into frames, adding MAC
(Media Access Control) addresses, and performing error
detection and correction.
Divided into two sub-layers: Logical Link Control (LLC) and
Media Access Control (MAC).
Examples of protocols used at this layer include Ethernet,
Wi-Fi (802.11), and PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol).
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Layer 1: Physical Layer:
The Physical Layer is the lowest layer and deals with
the physical transmission of data bits over the network
medium.
It defines the characteristics of the hardware, such as
cables, switches, and network interface cards (NICs).
Functions include data encoding, modulation, and
error detection at the bit level.
Examples of technologies used at this layer include
Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and fiber-optic cables.