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chapter 2 I
words and phrases
A

This chapter discusses:

1.The difference between form classes and structure classes of words.
-

2.The main four form classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.
3.The basic components of noun phrases: headwords and determiners.
4.The core structure of all sentences: subject-predicate relationship.
5.The structure and use of Prepositional phrases.
6.How to analyze and understand words and phrases.
-
 the form classes
-

THE FORM CLASSES (four word classes) -

-

-
➢ Nouns -

➢ Verbs
Si
➢ Adjectives ,
➢ Adverbs
 nouns and verbs
n
m
Consider the two simple sentences in terms of form:
Cats fight.
Mary laughed.
What are the clues to recognize nouns and verbs?
Define noun and verb according to their forms?
 nouns and verbs
-
Cats fight Mary laughed Nouse-person, place thing
,

&

noun verb noun verb verb saction word

The clues based on form: (presented in the two given examples)

-

Noun: plural suffix (-s) Verb: past tense (laughed)

-
-

The clues (inflections) to recognize nouns and verbs:

1- Nouns: ①plural ending (-s) + ②the possessive case: the apostrophe- plus-s (cat’s) or the apostrophe after
=> =

the plural marker (cats’). -S

tala's Book
"I

2- Verbs: ① the three principal parts: present tense (= base form = infinitive form), past tense and past
participle + ②-s form (laughs) + ③ -ing form (laughing).
I I

singler present
 nouns and verbs

The definitions of nouns and verbs according to their forms

Noun
me
Verb
-

A word that can be-

made plural and/or
-
-
O
A word that can show tense, such as
->

&
-
-

possessive. present and past.

>
-
 The up
sabiet
↳
5
2

-
-
3
-
is

in the sentence
the subject
-
~
and the rest of the

the noun phrase (np)

-

-
sentence is the up wich
is the predicate

-5 s. Il -5 - ,
~29 ,=

• A phrase is a word or group of words that functions as a unit within the sentence.
Six
• A phrase always has a head (headword).
-

• A Noun Phrase: has a noun as its headword, and most noun phrases (NPs) include a noun signaler or marker
*

(determiner).
-

os!

-I

• Components of a noun phrase:

1. Noun (the headword). Cats fight = noun phrase with a single noun
N
&53= ~ -
2. Modifier: adjectives. A heavy box. (the headword is preceded by an adjective—a word that modifies a noun—that is,
provides more information
-
about the noun)
comes Before the Now
3. Determiners: articles, possessive nouns and pronouns, demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those), numbers,

bi s
g
indefinite pronouns (some, many, each, every …..) Mona’s book – our class – this old house

attra
t
mans a

Those
numbers
di )
Box II 98
,

some -

These NP 51. .
Noum $5
 Noun is the Head word of the NP

the noun phrase (np)

-

note: whenever you encounter a determiner, you can be sure you are at the beginning
e
>
-

- (-5) x0(91-691X
,

of a NOUN PHRASE. INP) -los's -S .

"I

--

a noun is a word that can be made plural and/or possessive; it occupies the headword position in the
- - - - - -

noun phrase; it is usually signaled by a determiner

exercise 1 (page 19)

 subjecti -.. Predicate in the sentence

the verb phrase (vp)

The Head word of the up is verb

Components of a verb phrase:

1. Headword = verb (always). The cat fought the raccoon.
2. Others depend on the type of the verb (Transitive ꓫ Intransitive) Cats fight.
Cats fight fiercely.
3. Adverbials Cats fight in the alley.

Verb phrases = sentence predicates.

subject Predicate
A verb phrase can be complete with one word (headword) just like a noun phrase. (Cats fight) (Mary laughed)
=
NP VP
Single-word verb phrases as predicates are very rare.
 the verb phrase (vp)
NP + VP = S
“Subject plus Predicate equals Sentence.”
SENTENCE

Form
I
NOUN PHRASE VERB PHRASE
S ↳
(SUBJECT) (PREDICATE)
Exercise 2 (page 21) nation
 Check Your Understanding
Identify the components of the two parts of the following sentences:

up subject UP Predicate
1. Their soccer coach explained a difficult play.
5 5 2.
-

.
↑p subject up Predicate
The assistant trainer helped with practice.

E
predictat
3. Themost
team was exhausted at the end of practice.
4. The members of the team practiced late into the evening.
5. The parents of the players are concerned.
6. This upcoming game is important.
 Nonus Sis; verb sinis

adjectives and adverbs

What are the clues to recognize adjectives and adverbs?

How can you identify adverbs?
 adjectives and adverbs
• Adjectives and adverbs – like nouns and verbs – can be recognized by their form and/or their position in
the sentence.
The clues or the inflectional endings that identify adjectives and some adverbs from nouns and verbs:
1. Comparative and superlative degrees. (-er “bigger” + -est “biggest” + more “more beautiful” + most
“most beautiful”)
> -
-

--

2. The ability to pattern with a qualifier. (very beautiful) (very quickly)

-

-- kind-kindlyadv
How can we distinguish the two word classes from each other?
The special clue: -ly ending (not an inflectional suffix) (derivational)= it turns the adjective into adverbs.
Note: inflectional suffix doesn’t change the grammatical function of the word; noun stays noun (cat, cats) &
- ,
se
-

558
Derivational suffix changes the grammatical function of the word; adjective to adverb (quick, quickly)
aditadu
-

-1981 S 5.
 &

adjs "
moveable
adv-> moveable

adjectives and adverbs

i

-J's s

J :

quikly bring the Book

Bring the Book
quilly

I
/

Alys Adv
.

• -ly adverbs are called “adverbs of manner.” they mean “like”: quickly = quick-like….
• Other adverbs have no clue of form; such as: then, now, soon, here, there, everywhere, afterwards,
often, sometimes,…..
The best way to identify an adverb in this case is:
1. The kind of information it supplies to the sentence; time, place, manner, frequency, and the like.
2. Their position in the predicate and their movability.
 adjectives and adverbs

adjectives adverbs
1. Found in NPs (between the determiner 1. Found in predicates.
and the headword).
S A Sey Box 2. –ly is a special ending for adverbs
-S adj
2. NO –ly ending. ↓

determin
i
·

er
vonn
describing manner.
3. Can not be moved to a different place in 3. Can be moved to a different place in the
the NP. predicate.
4. modify nouns. 4. modify verbs.
Examples (page 23) Examples (page 23)
 Function S/
I
I -
adverbial
L adjiativel
~81i/ d

Form
prepositional phrases (pp) -
I

Verb
modivier
For
No

Preposition
o
-No Prepositional Phrase (PP)
24- or ND
the table
object -
on
-

PP
↓
-
ND
preposition (noun phrase)
on
detirmener IIs
word
Prepositional phrases: at in
I ->
-

& 898
is
1

I
Show up throughout our sentences, sometimes as a part of a noun phrase and sometimes as a modifier
of the verb.
-
In a noun phrase:
a PP is a modifier of the noun; it always follows the noun headword (adjectival prepositional phrase)
-

our new neighbors across the hall became our best friends. (which neighbors?)

55
( Function
In a verb phrase: a PP functions as an adverb. & adi)

our good friends live across the hall. (Where?)

&
~ functionals
adverbial

-
 Modifiers of nouns are called adjectivals, no
matter what their form.

Modifiers of verbs are called adverbials, no

matter what their form.
Exercise 3 (page 25)
 the structure classes
We have come across three structure classes:
1- Determiner:
- &I

-
A word that marks nouns; articles, possessive nouns and pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and
-

indefinite pronouns.
2- Qualifier:
A word that marks adjectives and adverbs; rather, very.
-

3- Preposition:
5 SissI
A word that combines with a noun phrase to produce an adverbial or adjectival modifier.
/

on , at , across :
 form classes and structure
classes
Form Classes Structure Classes
1. Large classes: 99 percent of our language. 1. Small classes.
2. Open classes: they keep getting new 2. Closed classes.
members.
3. They are not content words but we couldn’t
3. They are the content words of the language. get along without them.
4. They can be identified by their forms. 4. Have no suffixes.
->-

(suffixes)
* new words * old words
 CLASS ROOM APPLICATION
Many words in English can serve as either nouns or verbs. Here are some examples:
I googled the name of the author. (verb)
I used Google to begin my research paper. (noun)
He offered to help us. (verb)
We accepted his offer. (noun)
She texted the address to us. (verb)
I just got her text. (noun)

1. Write a pair of short sentences for each of the following words,

demonstrating that they can be either nouns or verbs:
visit plant e-mail tweet test
2. Each group should create a whole new list of five words and assign Classroom
Application to another group.