Professional Documents
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BIM Really Can Be A Team Sport: Journal of Building Information Modeling
BIM Really Can Be A Team Sport: Journal of Building Information Modeling
BIM Really Can Be A Team Sport: Journal of Building Information Modeling
National Institute of Building Sciences: An Authoritative Source of Innovative Solutions for the Built Environment
Fall 2012
JBIM
Cover Story:
18
Published For:
The National Institute of Building Sciences Expanding Thought:
buildingSMART allianceTM
1090 Vermont Avenue, NW, Suite 700
Washington, D.C. 20005-4905
Phone: (202) 289-7800
Fax: (202) 289-1092
16 Using Real-Time
CMMS Asset Data Capture
nibs@nibs.org During Construction to
www.nibs.org
Improve Facility Management Case Studies / Best Practices:
PRESIDENT
Henry L. Green, Hon. AIA
20
Jessica Potter
jpotter@matrixgroupinc.net into a Project Collaboration
Publisher Framework
Peter Schulz
Editor-in-Chief
Shannon Savory
ssavory@matrixgroupinc.net
EDITOR
Alexandra Walld Messages:
Finance/Accounting & Administration
Shoshana Weinberg, Pat Andress,
Nathan Redekop
accounting@matrixgroupinc.net
7 Message from the National Institute of
Building Sciences
Director of Marketing &
Circulation
Shoshana Weinberg 9 Message from the buildingSMART alliance TM
Fall 2012 5
Message from the National Institute of Building Sciences
Fall 2012 7
Message from the buildingSMART allianceTM
information is a little harder to track. Howev- Just to give fair warning to United States
er, the information technology world solved design and construction companies, things
this problem years ago with information as- are starting to heat up overseas. There will
surance and metadata, which is data about be more companies like Skanska winning
data. In other words, if you create an object projects here at home as companies like
or add information to it, then that fact needs them are realizing the financial and opera-
to be carried with that object for the rest of its tional benefits of a commitment to doing all
existence. projects using Industry Foundation Class-
Adding and protecting metadata is a es (IFC)-based BIM. BIM-related ideas that
fundamental step that the industry must our industry has been working on for many
take in order to achieve interoperability. years are being put into practice in the Unit-
The Building Information Modeling Serv- ed Kingdom, Norway, Finland, the Republic
er information exchange (BIMSie) pro- of Korea and China.
ject is looking at how to deliver information The world is paying very close atten-
Dana K. Smith, FAIA this way. More information is available at tion to the good work the bSa is doing and
www.buildingsmartalliance.org. Click on they’re using it to their full advantage. Time
Projects and then choose Active Projects. is of the essence to ensure that the United
Over the past several months, the If adopted as a standard, this will be break- States implements and reaps the benefits of
buildingSMART alliance™ (bSa) has been try- through technology in support of sharing. this knowledge too. I have recently received
ing to get the message out that building in- Several articles in this issue of the Jour- several presentations from Chinese groups
formation modeling (BIM) is a team sport. nal of Building Information Modeling (JBIM) on the implementation of BIM standards in
It seems that while the industry is improv- point to information flowing from one phase China. They are proposing a National BIM
ing capabilities in individual areas of exper- of a project to another. Yet, this critical aspect Standard – CHN and so the bSa is begin-
tise, there is still little interest in seeing how has not yet taken root. Unfortunately, the in- ning work to put a memorandum of under-
information that has been created by others dustry is still developing separate models standing (MOU) into place so that we can
can be used and shared. The chief argument that are not communicating. The impact that share the knowledge and still protect our in-
made is “I am responsible for the informa- data flow will have is illustrated by the Con- tellectual capital. The United Kingdom is
tion so I must gather it in order to have con- struction Operations Building information also implementing BIM from a mandate that
fidence in it.” However, in life there is a lot of exchange (COBie) and that is why it is such comes from the highest levels of government.
information that is created by others, yet still an important product. COBie accomplishes They are focusing on the implementation of
relied on every day. For example, is there several things. First, it keeps information in COBie.
any car owner that verifies the engineering a usable form. Second, it demonstrates how The Alliance is working with its MOU-
calculations? information can flow. Third, it is usable by holding associations (approximately 250
People are also concerned about oth- just about anyone. Yet for all the information manufacturing groups and 150 profession-
ers taking their data and calling it their own. potential, it is still lacking in its ability to link al associations) to ensure that business pro-
Again, if the Ford name is on the car, no tightly to 3D objects. Personally, I am confi- cesses are starting to change. The bulk of
one claims it as their own design. Granted, dent that will come soon. Continued on page 10
Fall 2012 9
Message from the U.S. National CAD Standard® Project Committee
What is required is that you vote, every contains the information about all the oth-
time, pretty simple. Sign up at www.build- er good standards that are referenced from
ingsmartalliance.org. industry associations, academia and oth-
NCS and the National BIM Standard- er standards bodies. Some make the case
United StatesTM (NBIMS-USTM) are both that these things really are the standard,
products of the National Institute of Build- that the grey area is how to handle the best
ing Sciences and they both share resources. practices.
Both standards are primarily volunteer ef- Maybe the best practices of how the
forts and some of the volunteers that work tools are used in the architecture, engineer-
on one also work on the other. Up until ing, construction, operations and owner
this point, the scheduling has worked out (AECOO) industry, in the projects that you
so that one or the other was going on. This are working on, needs a facelift. Maybe there
time, for the first time, NCS, Version 6 will is a better way to handle that part of these
R. Mark Butler be happening at the same time as NBIMS, standards. With all of the social media tools
Version 3. Not exactly, of course, but there available, maybe we need something more
will be significant overlap. I anticipate that dynamic in the best practices area?
As I write this, WE’RE in the process of will bring an interesting dynamic to both The overlap in schedule then may be
rebuilding the committees and leadership standards. more opportunity than burden. With the
that will lead us through United States Na- I am one of the people involved with schedules of NCS and NBIMS-USTM over-
tional CAD Standard® (NCS), Version 6. I both efforts and have tried to come to grips lapping, this may be a great opportunity for
was the chairman of the NCS Project Com- with where these efforts might lead us. Is both Project Committees to take a broad
mittee for Version 5 and I have been asked there a need to keep the NCS and NBIMS- look and envision the path that makes the
to stay on as chair for this one too, which USTM efforts separate? Is there some type most sense for the AECOO industry in the
I will gladly do. By the time this issue of of convergence in our future? What might United States.
The Journal of Building Information Mod- that look like? The beginning of the process is always
eling (JBIM) is published, the teams will be Consider the NCS. Perhaps some of exciting. Where will the ballot items sub-
in place and we will likely be in full swing, the most useful stuff in there is the detail mitted by our Project Committee take us?
bugging you about getting involved with around how to use these electronic tools People have expressed interest in digging
this or that. to represent the built environment in the into Civil a little deeper and perhaps han-
In Version 5 we added standards for same clear and concise way, making the dling Reference Standards a little more
the current projects that you are working inevitable and beneficial movement of the like NBIMS-USTM. In what ways will these
on. What is it going to be this time? As you files from person to person, firm to firm and versions help us to move the industry for-
participate in the process, the process is even phase to phase that much easier. Why ward? Are you interested in participating
informed. This is an industry-directed ef- would we treat the additional information in the process? We would love to have you
fort and the more industry involvement, related to building information modeling join in. You took the first step by picking up
the more relevant the result. I am a little (BIM) as a reason to pull out a different this publication and reading it. Go ahead
bummed out because we have fewer peo- standard? It is the same people, the same and take the next step. I’d love to hear what
ple on our Project Committee than we have projects, sometimes even the same tools you are thinking!
had in the past. People are using NCS but being used to produce this work. Perhaps
fewer people seem interested in joining the a more holistic approach is at least worth R. Mark Butler
committee. We try to make it pretty pain- a look. Will there be a time when there is Chair,
less. You are invited to do committee work a part of the standard that contains the de- United States National CAD Standard®
and attend conference calls or face-to- tails around creating drawings and mod- Project Committee
face meetings, but none of that is required. els and whatnot? There is another part that HDR ONE COMPANY | Many Solutions
Continued from page 9 The creation of a data dictionary coordi- Sadly, the industry has been talking about
the work being done by these organizations nating tool is part of this effort. The indus- this problem for over 20 years yet there has
focuses on the aspects of the industry that try absolutely must be able to understand been little progress. Hopefully it can be taken
support their membership, yet, they are all the words being used. The industry does not more seriously. I think the buildingSMART
working towards development and under- necessarily all have to use the same words Data Dictionary will provide the infrastruc-
standing. They are the experts and should be but they all must be understood. Currently, if ture for this to occur.
the ones coordinating the efforts. The bSa is one user puts “CMU” into a model, and an-
working to spread the work to these groups other user is looking for “Concrete Block” in Dana (Deke) K. Smith, FAIA
as much as possible. that same model, “CMU” will not come up. Executive Director
Fall 2012 11
Cover Story
For many years, building information • 3,500 unique CNC molded curved glass Digital ProjectTM for all 3D design and the
modeling (BIM) has been lauded as the an- panels. technology now resident in GT’s recent-
tidote for inefficiencies that pervade the ar- ly-announced BIM collaboration platform,
chitecture, engineering and construction Project background GTeamTM.
(AEC) industries and, now, the use of digi- The Fondation Louis Vuitton is an icon-
tal building models has become a standard ic new museum under construction, locat- Challenge
part of the building process. But as projects ed in a massive park, the Bois du Boulogne. The unique shape and curved glass fa-
become bigger and more distributed, some It will host a permanent art collection as çade (FIGURE 2) of the structure neces-
teams struggle with the collaborative as- well as rotating exhibitions, performances sitates very close teamwork amongst a
pects inherent to BIM. Then again, some and lectures. The building itself will serve spectrum of design disciplines and fabrica-
teams don’t. as a gateway to the Jardin d’Acclimatation, tors, as well as the general contractor and
This article describes how BIM and BIM a popular zoological garden and children’s the owner. Therefore, one of the primary
technology are being used very effective- amusement park. challenges is the effective collaboration of
ly on a high-profile and extremely com- The structure has been likened to this geographically-dispersed project team.
plex project, the Fondation Louis Vuitton, a a sailboat with billowing glass sails The design architects are in Los Angeles,
new art museum in Paris designed by Gehry (FIGURE 1). The use of glass as the primary while most of the rest of the design team are
Partners. The building is a showpiece—not exterior material plays a principal role in the in offices in Paris. Other team members are
only of art, but also of design and technolo- architecture of the building, ensuring that it in the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy.
gy. The project is pushing the limits of BIM will complement the surrounding natural In all, there are over 10 companies involved
technology and demonstrates how BIM, en- environment. The design includes a series in the design process, all of whom require
abled by a cloud-based file management of large curved-glass “sails” and dozens of some level of access to current building in-
and project collaboration platform, can help fibrous concrete “iceberg” surfaces. formation. And many of the design teams
large distributed teams work together. Key collaborators on the project team need to define certain aspects of the geom-
The project includes: included Gehry Partners; the owner, Fon- etry parametrically in the same model. As
• 15+ design teams from around the world; dation Louis Vuitton; the façade engineer, such, the project requires distributed, multi-
• More than 400 model users and RFR/TESS; executive architect, Studios Ar- user, simultaneous access to a single model.
collaborators; chitecture; structural engineer, SETEC Bati- In Paris, the key project participants—
• Nearly 100 gigabites of BIM-based mod- ment; mechanical engineer, IBE; the façade executive architect, structural engineer,
el data; contractor, EIFFEL; and the general con- façade engineer, mechanical systems en-
• Over 100,000 version reiterations of the tractor, VINCI. The project’s BIM deliv- gineer and GT—are all co-located in trail-
building model; ery process was orchestrated and is being ers on the construction site. This improves
• 19,000 unique CNC molded glass rein- managed by Gehry Technologies (GT). communication but still poses barriers to
forced concrete panels; and The 3D project delivery system includes model integration. There is a wide range
Fall 2012 13
Figure 2. The design includes a unique shape and curved glass.
of authoring tools being used on the pro- software tools to create and consume mod-
ject, including Digital Project, Tekla, Sketch- els in various file formats that suit their own
Up, AutoCAD, Bocad, SolidWorks, ANSYS, specific workflows. With approximately 100
STRAUSS, NASTRAN, SOFiSTiK, 3DVIA people creating 3D content and 400 peo-
composer and Solibri. ple accessing it, the project team relies on
The generous use of glass on the curved the technology of GTeam’sTM open collabo-
façade poses another significant challenge. ration platform to bring all those disparate
Normally, curved glass is formed with met- files into a common format. Thus, the team
al molds. But that manufacturing technique members can contribute parametric mod-
would have been cost-prohibitive on this el content regardless of their different lo-
project, as each panel has a unique shape, cations and the entire team can access that
requiring over 3,500 individual molds. In- model information without the need for the
stead, the building team is using CNC mold- native modeling software. The model is an
ed curved glass panels. In addition, the essential tool for project coordination and
“iceberg” surfaces are composed of 19,000 the definitive arbiter of how the building is
different CNC-molded glass-reinforced being built.
concrete panels. To keep costs in check, The 3D project delivery system has ver-
this abundance of uniquely shaped exterior sioned over 10,000 distinct archived itera-
panels requires mass customization. tions of a design model consisting of more
than 5,000 core files and tens of thousands
Solution of auxiliary files. It has already facilitated the
The architect’s goal of lightness and distributed calculation of over 100,000,000
transparency for the structure is being real- design optimization iterations for material-
ized through the close collaboration among specific and fabrication-specific paneliza-
the architect, engineers and fabricators. tions and details.
This process of continuous and concurrent
design and engineering involves approxi- Project Model
mately 15 firms and 400 individuals working The centralized Digital Project para-
together using BIM software and a cloud- metric is stored on a central server and is
based collaboration platform. By combining automatically synced to individual team
advanced parametric models with an online members’ computers. This allows users to
collaboration platform built specifically for work with the actual model files transpar-
BIM and AEC professionals, the Fondation ently, while maintaining project control and
Louis Vuitton project team can communi- accelerating the communication of project
cate, synchronize and share BIM data and data. GTeamTM also manages the distribu-
files from anywhere in the world. Moreover, tion, versioning, access and security of the
BIM facilitates a close partnership between model.
the architect and the client—a critical com- The product model provides a natu-
ponent of this owner-led project. ral way to hierarchically organize work on
A precise structure for the organization the model. Since the project itself has a cer-
of the data allows distributed team mem- tain organization chart, the chart can natu-
bers to collaborate in a structured way on a rally be mapped onto the project structure
single project model. This core project mod- to modularize the associated work. In ef-
el is a Digital Project master model but the fect, the structure of the model becomes
team members also use a range of other the work packaging plan for the design and
Fall 2012 15
Expanding Thought
We are moving to a mobile-centric updates of CMMS databases. At the start Once this information is gathered, the
world, where information can be at our of a project, basic asset data from a build- equipment data is manually entered into
finger tips not just in minutes but in sec- ing information model (BIM) is uploaded the CMMS and assigned an asset num-
onds. Mobile applications are becoming into the CMMS. Then, as the equipment is ber, which identifies its existence. The
commonplace in every industry sector. set, mobile applications capture the asset- next task is to create an equipment-spe-
They are used by commerce to monitor specific data directly into the CMMS. This cific job plan and schedule to ensure
transportation and overnight delivery sys- workflow allows time for the FM person- proper maintenance is performed per
tems to track packages, all by real-time nel to set up equipment PM plans, ensure the manufacturer’s recommendations.
data capture. Could it be that real-time critical spare parts are identified, and al- The follow-on activities include identi-
data collection has value for facility man- lows time to determine what equipment fying spare parts and inventory require-
agement (FM)? training is required before the building be- ments and determining any special tools
This article explores the value proposi- gins operations. or training needed to properly perform
tion of using mobile applications to cap- O&M functions.
ture real-time asset data for improving
By taking a more proactive One activity vital to operations, but
FM activities. Currently, new asset infor- approach, like making a transition rarely considered, is obtaining the in-
mation is delivered to the FM group af- over time to operations (instead stalled equipment’s operating parameters.
ter construction as a “handover”. What of a single moment in time like The final commissioning report provides
asset data is received is manually loaded handover implies), there should design operating ranges and set point ver-
into the owner’s computerized mainte- be improvements not only in FM ification but not likely the equipment’s ac-
nance management systems (CMMS) af- perception and O&M performance tual operating range. Although delivered
ter handover or, in some cases, is never metrics but, more importantly, in to the design engineers or project manag-
loaded at all. extending equipment service life. er to document that the building systems
The combination of delayed entry and met the design basis, this report almost
lack of equipment data in CMMS data- In most facilities today, once a piece never makes it to the FM group.
bases has a significant impact on the FM of equipment is identified as requiring The ramifications of beginning facili-
group’s ability to effectively maintain operations and maintenance (O&M), it ty maintenance after handover are fairly
equipment and achieve intended ser- triggers a sequence of FM activities, be- significant but commonly ignored. Wait-
vice life. Because the maintenance per- ginning with the creation of a new asset ing to receive the equipment information
sonnel depend heavily on the CMMS to in the CMMS. For this task, the FM group before beginning to enter new assets cre-
receive service orders, search for equip- will need basic information on the equip- ates poor equipment maintenance (no
ment information, reserve inventory and ment, such as classification type, and PMs performed) and causes unexpected
prepare work plans, it’s critical to have manufacturer and vendor data. The man- spikes in resource loading and PM back-
correct and complete equipment data. ufacturer name, along with the model log (because there is no upfront sched-
But it’s the timeliness of data entry that number, helps the FM team obtain O&M uling). It also results in a lack of proper
primarily impacts FM activities, such as manuals and performance data, while training (so it takes longer to perform PM)
preventative maintenance (PM) planning the serial number is used for warranty and insufficient spare parts on-hand (in-
and scheduling, identifying required op- issues and replacement parts orders. To creasing the time of PM). This inefficiency
erations training and determining spare locate equipment for servicing or emer- also results in wasted time due to start-
part availability. The reality is, these activ- gency repairs, the FM team will require stop work and disruptions other than pre-
ities are not initiated until after the “hand- the building, floor and room numbers scheduled PMs. This creates a perception
over”, when the building has begun oper- as well as what quadrant of the room the that FM is not staying up with maintain-
ating, meaning FM is already behind on equipment resides. For warranty infor- ing the facility.
maintenance. mation, the team needs the installation What if, by using mobile applications
On the other hand, consider a transi- date, which often becomes the default and devices, FM personnel could capture
tion to operations (ToS) approach, which start of the warranty period, and the ven- the required equipment nameplate data
will create a more seamless handover dor contact information, in cases where a and upload it in real-time to their CMMS
by utilizing mobile devices for real-time service call arises. databases during construction?
Fall 2012 17
Expanding Thought
Augmented Reality:
Bringing BIM To Life
By David Wilcox, Marvin Johnson and Peter Carrato
Reality (alignments, kinematic envelopes). Also, device’s built-in camera, compass, GPS and
Since the term was first coined in 1990 additional data associated with the assets accelerometer, thereby allowing additional
at Boeing1, augmented reality (AR) had can be accessed where it is linked to the data to be accurately laid over the view
remained a research or mostly military graphic elements. through the device.
application. Over the last 10 years, though, The Bechtel team on the Reading The process starts with extracting the
the automotive industry has become a Station Area Redevelopment Project information and geometry data from the
leader in the development of AR for factory (RSAR), a part of the Crossrail project existing project’s BIM and combining
planning exercises2, with more powerful (Europe’s biggest engineering project), is this to create AR content in the format
laptops that allow users to view changes deploying AR to give live access to the BIM required for the display media. Once on
live in the context of their immediate information in the field (FIGURE 1). One of site, the AR model is registered to its real-
surroundings. It is only in the last few the key drivers is to improve the efficiency world position using one of three available
years, however, with the explosion of the and safety of field personnel. Having BIM methods:
use of mobile devices and a similar growth data accessible for decision making at 1. GPS positioning is limited by the mo-
in information-rich building information the site maximizes their field presence, bile device’s capability and cannot yet
modeling (BIM), that AR has reached the which is the most effective way to create a be used for centimeter accuracy. It is,
construction site. AR permits viewing safer site. The ability of AR to “see” what is therefore, limited to more generalized
the design, construction or operational hidden, such as buried services, will play location-based uses, until the mobile
information where it’s needed: on location. a vital role in avoiding cable strikes and devices are equipped to access more
AR differs from virtual reality in that similar incidents. accurate positioning data from survey
it enhances rather than replaces the rovers.
real world. What is augmented on a Augmenting BIM 2. Marker positioning systems, typical-
construction project? Mostly the visual AR is a computer vision technique ly used in the automotive industry and
environment—seeing the future (what that aligns data, relative to a current video referred to as fiducial markers, offer
is not yet built), seeing what’s hidden frame, at the correct perspective relative to a more accurate method. These spe-
(buried) and seeing what cannot be seen the users’ viewpoint, utilizing the mobile cially encrypted and unique markers,
when combined with a camera calibra-
tion process, employ computer vision
techniques to understand the focal po-
sition, orientation and current video
frame perspective to accurately display
the content.
3. Gravity-based alignments utilize fea-
ture-rich imagery, such as buildings
and a device’s accelerometer, to recog-
nise the direction of gravity and provide
better calibrated models.
Using BIM exchange formats (Industry
Foundation Classes, ifcXML, CityGML
and gbXML), workflows include assigning
meta-data to AR graphics, which, in
turn, call up database links into asset
information. An important consideration
in adopting AR technology on RSAR
Figure 1. An AR device view of a proposed platform canopy. was to go beyond simple model graphic
Fall 2012 19
Case Studies / Best Practices
Figure 2. The crane work zone and steel truss placement in the crane management plan.
Fall 2012 21
Case Studies / Best Practices
As building information modeling (BIM) spreads in the • What is the cost/benefit analysis of modeling a component
architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry, de- weighed against the effort required?
signers, engineers, contractors and owners are exploring how to Discussions led to the conclusion that these open-ended
best utilize it to improve the way they do business. This funda- questions needed to be continually revisited so BIM could be
mental change is further accelerated with the emergence of col- used effectively. The IPDT developed a “scope matrix” for the en-
laborative project delivery methods such as integrated project tire project to outline all elements of design and the production
delivery and lean construction. In this “perfect storm,” how do of information flow between players and tools. In addition, the
teams integrate, process and utilize BIM to its best extent? team put a strong focus on a well-defined, “level of detail” (LOD)
Sutter Health’s Cathedral Hill Hospital (CHH) project is a 1.2 matrix for BIM.
million square foot urban replacement hospital in San Francis-
co, California. It is not just designed to be a state-of-the-art hos- Gauge the Maturity of BIM
pital but also to break new ground in multiple areas of design, In an environment of complex information flow, with multiple
construction and operations. As the CHH integrated project de- iterations, it is highly crucial that the IPDT understand the matu-
livery team (IPDT) nears completion of the preconstruction ef- rity of BIM. The IPDT needs to figure out a way to gauge the in-
forts, this paper aims to outline some of the key ideas and tools formation that goes into BIM and know when it is good enough
practiced in this phase. to hand the information to the next team in the production line.
At CHH, major work streams are: architectural; medical planning;
Adapt BIM to Fit a structural; mechanical, electrical, plumbing/fire protection (MEP/
Collaborative Delivery Process FP); and exterior. These groups constantly share incomplete infor-
At the start of any collaborative project delivery, project teams mation, which helps them to understand the maturity of the infor-
go thru a phase of “fuzzy front end” where they work to validate mation within the BIM.
the initial design assumptions, optimizing and influencing de- When IPDT finds that information is not good enough for a re-
sign to validate the cost and schedule, and to analyze constructa- lease/hand-off and/or identifies a conflict that can’t be resolved,
bility issues. This integration phase is full of uncertainty and the production line is stopped. A task force is assembled to assess
ambiguity (FIGURE 1). and resolve the issue and no work resumes in the BIM until the
In this uncharted area, design professionals that tradi- issue has been completely resolved.
tionally took the role of design manager now find themselves It is important to state that the IPDT at CHH benefited tre-
participating in previously unforeseen contexts, working in mendously from being co-located in a single floor of a building.
multidisciplinary teams led by contractors and dealing with This enabled high-quality, face-to-face interaction between the
new responsibilities at the design stage. At the same time, sup- design and trade partners.
ply chain members, not previously involved during the early
project definition phases, are engaged at the earliest phases of Enhance BIM through
the project life cycle. Simple and Visual Communication
In this design phase, BIM was at the center of the discussion. To tackle the challenges of making the design and BIM pro-
Questions asked were: cesses transparent, IPDT used process maps and “swim-lane” di-
• What should be modeled in BIM and/or in 2D? agrams as a way of collecting information and aligning the team
• How much detail is required and needed in the BIM model? members (FIGURE 2). The simplicity of the swim-lane diagrams
• What is the right content in the BIM? Continued on page 30
Figure 1. The Process of Design Squiggle, by Damien Newman. Figure 2. A “swim-lane” process map for MEP/FP coordination.
IFC4:
By Tim Chipman
Fall 2012 23
components in the real-world have a vast
number of relationships (for example, how
connected, where placed, when construct-
ed, who is responsible and what changed).
Relationships must also be captured in data
model, where diagrams make it more clear
how the various objects interact.
Examples: Sometimes it is easier for soft-
ware developers to understand new concepts
by seeing tangible examples rather than sift-
ing through definitions. The IFC4 documen-
tation now includes a comprehensive set of
examples in various domains including: ar-
chitectural; structural; mechanical, electrical
and plumbing scheduling; and estimating.
Model views: While the IFC specification
defines how to represent BIM electronically,
it does not indicate what should be includ-
ed for particular scenarios. The concept of
a model view definition (MVD) has evolved
to fulfill this role, describing exactly what in-
formation must be included for a handoff,
such as for a building maintenance request.
Contracts may be written to require informa-
tion at a particular stage using the referenced
model view, where submissions may be elec-
tronically validated and enforced.
mvdXML: In parallel with IFC4, the MVD
approach has been formalized so that re-
quirements may be defined in a way that is
computer-interpretable, yet human-read-
able in resulting documentation, using a
format called “mvdXML.” MVDs may also
define mapping formats for translating in-
formation into general-purpose applications
such as spreadsheets. The electronic encod-
ing of MVDs now also makes it possible for
a new class of software applications to adapt
data to conform to the MVD without prior
knowledge.
Tools: buildingSMART International has
provided a new tool called ifcDOC for au-
thoring model view definitions and produc-
ing resulting schemas, documentation and
diagrams. This same tool is used for gener-
ating IFC documentation, the Construction
Operations Building information exchange
(COBie) specification and a growing popula-
tion of MVDs.
To take advantage of new BIM capabilities
and much-improved software interoperability,
visit www.buildingsmart-tech.org to find the
growing list of applications supporting IFC4. n
Architects (AIA), BIMForum and when someone other than the author ex- information will be available in order
buildingSMART alliance™ (bSa) are tracts information from it). to plan their work.
working together to create a content and • During the design process, building • Object/element information is not
context-rich framework for building in- systems and components progress uniform through the modeling pro-
formation modeling (BIM) collaboration. from a vague conceptual idea to a pre- cess. There is no uniform level model
This framework merges level of develop- cise description. In the past, there corresponding to project phases. The
ment (LOD), level of detail (LoD), a re- has been no simple way to designate detail and data varies according to the
finement of an object’s specification and where an element is along this path. model purpose or use case required
the object/element matrix (OEM)¹, de- • It’s easy to misinterpret the precision to make project decisions and move
fining data requirements at an object at which an element is modeled. Hand work forward
level by BIM purpose or use case (TA- drawings range from pen strokes on a The point is that a concise method is
BLE 1). This combination integrates napkin to hard lines with dimensions needed to denote where a model element
the three definitions of BIM: BIMODEL called out. In a model, a specific com- is along its path, from vague idea to precise
(product), BIMODELING (process) and ponent located precisely can look description. To make these connections, a
BIMANAGEMENT (the data) into a re- exactly the same as a generic com- multi-disciplinary group met regularily to
peatable strategy needed for BIM-based ponent placed approximately, so we redefine and align these BIM concepts.
project collaboration, communication need something besides appearance Thus, the following LODs have been de-
and execution. to tell the difference. fined. They have been numbered in the
• In a collaborative environment, where hundreds in order to allow for definition
Background people other than the model author of intermediate levels where necessary.
The AIA’s Level of Development are depending on information from This feature should be used sparingly,
(LOD)² framework was created to address the model in order to move their own though. It is recognized that there are of-
several issues that arise when a BIM is work forward, the design work plan ten dozens of steps in a component’s pro-
used as a communication, collaboration takes on high importance. It is neces- gress from concept to installation—it is
or decision support tool (for example, sary for the model users to know when neither feasible nor necessary to label all
of them with an LOD number.
Table 1: BIM Project Collaboration Brief descriptions can be found in
OEM TABLE 2.
LOD LoD
(Object/Element Matrix)
Further explanation
Level of Development Level of Detail Definition of Use LOD 100, then, corresponds to a con-
ceptual level. For example, in a massing
Table 2: Levels of Development
LOD 100 LOD 200 LOD 300 LOD 400 LOD 500
The model element may be The model element is The model element is The model element is graph- The mod-
graphically represented in the graphically represent- graphically represent- ically represented within el element is a
model with a symbol or oth- ed within the model as ed within the model as the model as a specific sys- field-verified rep-
er generic representation but a generic system, ob- a specific system, ob- tem, object or assembly that resentation, ac-
does not satisfy the require- ject or assembly with ject or assembly, ac- is accurate in terms of size, curate in terms of
ments for LOD 200. Infor- approximate quanti- curate in terms of shape, location, quantity and size, shape, loca-
mation related to the model ties, size, shape, loca- quantity, size, shape, orientation with detailing, tion, quantity and
element (for example, cost tion and orientation. location and orienta- fabrication, assembly and in- orientation. Non-
per square foot or tonnage of Non-graphic informa- tion. Non-graphic in- stallation information. Non- graphic informa-
HVAC) can be derived from tion may also be at- formation may also be graphic information may tion may also be
other model elements. tached to the model attached to the model also be attached to the mod- attached to the
element. eement. el element. model elements.³
Fall 2012 25
model, the interior walls may not yet be between the as-designed condition and should be thought of as the designer’s
modeled but we can have an idea of the the as-built condition. Note again, that best professional judgment rather than
cost per square foot of floor area for in- there is no strict correspondence be- unchangeable truth.
terior construction. Thus, the walls are at tween LODs and design phases. Systems The AIA, BIMForum and bSa have
LOD 100—they’re not modeled but infor- will progress at different rates through formed a working group comprised of
mation about them can be inferred from the design process. At 100 percent sche- practitioners from across the spectrum
elements that are modeled (the floors), matic design (SD), the model will in- of design and construction disciplines to
coupled with other information (square clude many elements at LOD 200 but develop a catalog of examples of build-
foot cost tables). will also include many at LOD 100, as ing systems, components and assemblies
To continue with the wall example, well as some at 300 and possibly even modeled at different LODs. The catalog
a floor plan is often first laid out us- 400, depending on the use cases being will serve as a reference to aid project
ing generic walls. The walls can now be developed for decision support. teams in defining BIM needs.
measured directly but the specific wall Similarly, there is no such thing as an The first step was for the group to spe-
assembly isn’t known and the quantity, LOD model. Models will invariably con- cifically interpret the LOD definitions for
thickness and location measurements tain elements at various LODs. all building systems. A by-product of this
will be approximate. The walls are now effort was that the LOD framework was
at LOD 200. To step back to the massing In a model, a specific put to some rigid testing and the logic
model, if the exterior wall area can be held up well.
measured directly, it is actually at LOD component located The next phase of work for the commit-
200, even though there is no detail. tee is to merge the LOD with the OEM so
At LOD 300, the wall element is mod- that a clear understanding of data require-
precisely can look exactly
eled as a specific wall type, with infor- ments by use case is aligned with the LOD
mation about its framing, wallboard and definitions. This work will be submitted
insulation, if any. The element is mod- the same as a generic to bSa for inclusion in the National BIM
eled at the thickness of the actual wall Standard-United States™, Version 3. n
type and is located accurately within the component placed
model. Note that non-geometric infor- Jim Bedrick, FAIA, LEED-AP, is found-
mation may be attached. This means that approximately, so we er of AEC Process Engineering (AECPE),
it’s not necessary to model every compo- a consulting firm dedicated to the design
nent of the wall assembly—a solid model and implementation of technology, pro-
element with accurate thickness, loca-
need something besides cesses, standards and collaboration tech-
tion and with the information usually in- niques that bring economy, efficiency,
cluded in a wall type definition attached appearance to tell the innovation and added value to design
qualifies as LOD 300. and construction.
At LOD 400, details are included. For difference. Dianne Davis, CSI, is the President of
the wall example, this might include such AEC Infosystems, Inc., a member of the
things as seismic bracing and head con- As a final note, some designers have bSa Board of Directors and is co-chair for
ditions. LOD 400 can be thought of as been reluctant to adopt this framework OmniClass development.
similar to the kind of information usually because they are concerned that tag-
found in shop drawings. ging an element with LOD 300 meant A full list of references for this article
At LOD 500, the model element has that it was set in stone. The LODs should is available upon request. Please email
been updated to reflect any differences be viewed with some flexibility and they ssavory@matrixgroupinc.net.
Even though China is one of brought the term and concept to more for using BIM. I have now seen more and
the largest construction markets in the people. more owners adding BIM as a must-have.
world, building information modeling
(BIM) wasn’t high on the radar…until BIM for AE firms Owners’ attitude
now. China is catching up fast and in this The first few projects done with 3D tools There are some owners of large-scale
article, I will share my experience with the were for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. and complex buildings who are asking de-
country’s growing BIM development. Without 3D software, it would have been signers and general contractors to utilize
almost impossible for architects and engi- BIM technologies. Like the owner of the
BIM, five years ago neers to accomplish their designs, many Shanghai Tower, a developer, SOHO Chi-
In 2007, BIM was almost unheard of of which were complex forms, shapes and na, has built a few iconic projects using
in the architecture, engineering and con- textures. The 3D tools helped people solve BIM. It is possible that the shapes of the
struction (AEC) industry. At my architec- the issues they were having. designs made it impossible to build with-
tural class reunion, I shared some of my Architects (including engineers) in out BIM.
BIM experiences with classmates, most of China face a much tougher environment Some owners are asking for BIM to be
whom were holding key roles at their de- than their United States counterparts. The used, even though they are not complete-
sign firms, and many didn’t know what schedules are tighter and frequent design ly clear on what to ask for. Some top devel-
BIM was. In fact, only one out of 20 knew changes (by the owner and/or govern- opers are seriously considering launching
the term “BIM software” and Ms. Song, ment agencies) have scared AE firms away their own BIM projects soon. China’s pri-
who was principal of an architectural firm from learning about and practicing BIM. vate developers are showing a strong in-
in Beijing, told me that BIM software was Even so, there are many design firms that terest in using BIM in both the design
not good for schematic design so they have set up BIM studios and groups, and and construction phases. And some com-
wouldn’t be using it. some have tested BIM on portions of their mercial developers have paid attention to
The only person who knew the term projects. what BIM is accomplishing through the
was Mr. Wei, the CEO of a large scale AE life cycle of the buildings.
firm in Beijing—one of the few companies Contractors’ BIM
you could find in China that had put BIM While 3D/BIM tools were used by de- Government’s role
implementation in their vision. He was signers and contractors on those previ- In 2012, China’s government released
planning to get training on BIM software, ously-mentioned Olympic projects, the the 12th Five-Year Plan, which included
so I strongly encouraged him to pay more widespread use of BIM in construction BIM-related issues and topics. The indus-
attention to BIM and to try it out on real has not been seen. However, some pio- try has shown a strong passion on all re-
projects. neers have started to practice on large lated areas, including the study of China’s
scale projects. BIM standards. In early 2012, the Minis-
Warming up with discussions, The first well-known project is the try of Housing and Rural Urban Develop-
conferences Shanghai Tower, designed by Gensler. ment, China launched several BIM-related
One day in 2010, I ran across a bunch They worked with a local design institute national standards programs. Dozens of
of discussions about BIM on a couple of in Shanghai. I don’t know why the own- research institutes, design firms, contrac-
Chinese websites. This was unheard of be- er of the Shanghai Tower only asked the tors, software vendors and universities
fore—it was impossible to find BIM infor- general contractor to include BIM prac- have joined these projects. They are look-
mation on Chinese websites. It was like tices during the construction phase. Nei- ing to achieve some results by the middle
the light turned green overnight. ther the owner of the project, nor the of 2013.
I was excited to explore the discussions general contractor, was clear about what I have also heard that some local gov-
and sometimes I joined in. However, the should be included in the BIM but Dr. ernments have started to think about
more I read, the more worries I had. There Bian, the general contractor’s BIM direc- some kind of incentives for BIM projects
were some misleading concepts on the tor on the project, has stated that after a and compensations for BIM training pro-
discussion boards and some translations couple of years of experience, he is now grams. Some others are thinking of requir-
were not correct. very confident about using BIM on future ing some level of BIM use on a project’s
I don’t think anyone knows why BIM projects. design and construction phases.
became popular in 2010 but I am sure Even though they started their BIM
those websites were a key factor in spread- journey with, what I call, an inappropri- BIM in academic
ing the information. Some large insti- ate start for the size and complexity of The first school that offered BIM soft-
tutes also hosted BIM conferences, which the project, it still pushed the start button ware courses was a small architectural
Fall 2012 27
school in Beijing. They started teaching
BIM in 2007 and the first-year students
have already graduated. Since then, many
other schools have started to offer some
kind of BIM software course. In 2012, at
least one school started a masters for BIM.
International exchange
Many design firms (most design firms
are AE firms in China) are hesitant to im-
plement BIM in their work processes. One
main reason is that the current BIM tools
are not compatible with Chinese regula-
tions or standards. The other reason is that
the Chinese version of the BIM software’s
terms, menus and help files are poorly
translated, so it’s very hard for people to
learn the tools.
Conclusion
Three years ago, BIM wasn’t heard of
in China. Now there have been achieve-
ments using it. The most challenging issue
that Chinese users are facing is not tech-
nology but the recognition of the benefits
that BIM would bring to us. I believe Chi-
na is headed in this direction. n
In the spring edition of the Journal of Building Enterprises, Autodesk and the University of Bath, or the IMPACT
Information Modeling, I covered the building information program (Integrated Material Profile And Costing Tool), from
modeling (BIM) strategy employed by the government of BRE Global and Integrated Environmental Solutions, may be
the United Kingdom (UK). Now, a year after the strategy was needed to make these ideas accessible.
launched, I will take a look at the implementation. Eight, the much talked-about BIM mandate is being rolled
The UK government’s construction strategy covers far more out through a series of pilot projects. The first is for the build-
than just BIM or “shared structured information,” as we prefer to ing of new prison facilities at Cookham Wood, Kent. The project
say. It is built on the premise that Central Government must be was already well underway when the design team agreed to pro-
a better client. This intention has been developed into eight are- duce a Construction Operations Building information exchange
as of focus: (COBie) at the end of the design development stage. A draft CO-
One, to publish the government’s planned construction pipe- Bie requirement was produced and a simple example worked
line—no, it is not a conduit for hot air but a pledge to make sure up to guide the team, who were soon publishing their own guid-
the industry can see the type and scale of projects that may be ance on this “drop.” The team used a version of the Autodesk
available in the near future. Initially, the information provided Revit COBie add-on and it rapidly became apparent that there
was too scant but it has improved and whilst there can be no cer- was a need for more skill and accuracy in both the design team
tainty, it has been rated a simple but effective success. and the tools. The COBie was included in the tender documents
Two, to develop core competencies of client-related skills and all of the contracting consortiums within the framework suc-
within Whitehall [Whitehall refers to the overall British govern- cessfully submitted their bids along with their response to the
mental administration]. This involves being more consistent and design in COBie files. The tender assessment team used both
sophisticated in contractual methods. As with any learning pro- manual inspection and some automatic reports to assess the CO-
gram, this will take time to bear fruit. Bie submissions as part of the design criteria. The contract has
Three, to exploit cost benchmarking. While seven spending now been awarded and we look forward to seeing the next “drop”
departments have published their cost benchmarks, the empha- before the year end. Handover will occur in 2013. We are now
sis on comparing cost, carbon and value (both in capital and life collating the lessons learned and updating the guidance (www.
cycle terms) should act as a call to arms for the deployment of bimtaskgroup.org/cobie-uk-2012). Meanwhile, the second pilot
consistent standards across the industry. The institutions have is introducing COBie just prior to handover and a third, which is
yet to respond in a coherent manner. As the early-stage design a refurbishment, is just starting out.
pilot projects get underway, we can hope to see some results.
Four, to promote efficiency and make the workload more The UK government’s construction
accessible to small and medium-sized enterprises. This work strategy covers far more than just BIM
stream has focused on introducing project bank accounts that
give greater transparency for the dispersal of funds and reduce or “shared structured information,”
the pressure on subcontractors from delayed cash flow. This is as we prefer to say. It is built on the
being complemented by the adoption of a standard pre-quali-
fication questionnaire (called PAS-91) so that this aspect of the
premise that Central Government
overhead of tendering is reduced. The Highways Agency is lead- must be a better client.
ing this roll-out.
Five, to exploit frameworks (shortlists of pre-approved ten- So, is the strategy working? Yes, in spite of the recession, or
derers) that should encourage construction sector innovation, perhaps because of it, the industry has shown that it can respond.
collaboration and business improvement. On July 2, 2012, the government and the journal, Building, co-
Six, to examine new procurement methods. Three new routes hosted a one-day conference. In their assessments, the journalists
have been defined and are being trialed. analyzed the workstreams and gave the BIM workstreams an
Seven, to address whole life costing and carbon. This program exciting 9 out of 10. The Minister in charge, Francis Maude,
has had its tribulations, as have all “green” initiatives at a time included BIM when he applauded the fundamental change. It
of recession. The lack of reliable back-history of data means that even got a mention on the BBC evening news. n
most assessments have to be done from first principals, which is
costly. A new generation of applications—such as iCIM, which is Nicholas Nisbet is the Technical Coordinator for the
an interoperable Carbon Information Modelling tool from AEC3, buildingSMART UKI chapter and a member of the buildingSMART
the University of Northumbria, BSRIA, Faithful and Gould, RIBA model support group.
Fall 2012 29
Continued from page 22 exists. Although the premium may only be $20 or $30 per ton,
provided a clear way to depict the exchange of information over this is a substantial variable on a 10,000-ton project.
time and what goes into the BIM model. Some of the benefits are:
• It is a clear visual display of how the information flows; Improve BIM with Organizational Learning
• It collects and disseminates information to the right people at Very early in the project, the IPDT realized the need to
the right time; collectively develop a BIM Execution Plan that would define
• It serves as a common language for all participants; and the framework, deliverables and work flows. The result is a
• It helps to manage interfaces between disciplines and trades. project-specific standard operating procedure (SOP) manu-
al for all elements of the BIM toolset. Due to the size and du-
Enrich BIM with Profound Knowledge ration of the project, the team also recognized that there will
from Trade Contractors be changes in processes, hardware and software over its life
The IPDT has strived to build trade knowledge into design cycle.
models. The team focused on optimizing the design by pull- The execution plan and process maps are the basis of contin-
ing the high-quality information from the supply chain. Fol- uous improvement because they outline the BIM workflow. To
lowing are two examples of how the structural BIM model is engage all key players and promote group discussions, the IPDT
enriched thru the collaboration between the structural engi- came together regularly at “plus/delta” sessions to discuss what
neer, Degenkolb Engineers, and the steel fabricator, The Her- worked (plus) and what can be improved (delta).
rick Corporation:
1. The automated bill of materials (BoM) allowed the team to Conclusion
identify and quantify constraints on material availability. By Our industry is going through a fundamental transforma-
overlaying the BoM with rolling schedules from foreign and tion and Sutter Health and the CHH team chose to embrace
domestic mills, Herrick Corporation segregated and priced this. The result was the creation of a collaborative and inno-
the materials based on source. vative project team, which became a high-performing team
2. Degenkolb Engineers “tagged” structural elements in the through the implementation of a collaborative delivery pro-
structural design model by system (gravity and lateral) to cess and BIM technologies. n
identify those structural elements that require supplemental
seismic provisions, such as impact testing and special weld in- Baris Lostuvali is the Senior Project Manager, of the Cathe-
spection, from gravity elements, where no such requirement dral Hill Hospital Project. Reach him at at blostuvali@herrero.
com. Michelle Hofmann is a VDC Specialist on the Cathedral Hill
Hospital Project. Reach her at mhofmann@herrero.com.
Buyer’s Guide
Architectural and Engineering BIM/Model Checking
Firms and Analysis
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