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    Modeling of Supporting Conditions at Bases of Tall Builginds

    Uploaded by

    Rachid Idir

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Modeling of Support Conditions at the Bases of Tall Buildings R SHANKAR NAIR INTRODUCTION Assumptions regarding the vertical and lateral support con- ditions at the base of a tall building can have a significant cffecton the results ofthe analysis of the structure, and onthe design based on that analysis. Ths s especially true wien the building has a deep basement. ‘There is no generally accepted “standard” way of modeling the base restraints or supports. Several alternative idealiza- tos ae in use, These diferent ways of mailing appre foetal buildings willbe discusse and evaluated inthis paper. ‘Through an example, some ofthe simple support models that appear to be in use will be compared with @ compete three- dimensional analysis ‘A technique for using a basement as « “viitua” otrigger to provide a wider bose, for resisting overturning effects, a, ‘proposed in a rextiitader (Nuit, 1998), will be investigated” further in this worl “This is shown to be-a logical extension ‘of the use of a complete three-dimensional mode! of the «bottom ofthe building in the analysis ofthe structure. ‘SIMPLE SUPPORT IDEALIZATIONS ‘Thee alternative simplified models forthe support ofa build- ing’s lateral load-resisting system are illustrated in Figure 1. ‘The building shown has a four-story basement.Inideslization a", horizontal restraint is applied at the bottom of the base- ‘ment. In “b” it is applied atthe top of the basement. In “c” it is applied at the ground floor and all basement floors. ‘The foundation is represented by vertically non-movable supports in Figure 1. Elastic springs could be assumed instead, as indicated in Figure 2, to represent foundation elements that undergo vertical movement when subjected to load. ‘While thereislitle published information on the horizontal restraint conditions assumed in the design of the world’s tall buildings, anecdotal evidence suggests that idealizations “a” and “b” have been used in most designs. However, unless the building's lateral load-resisting system is isolated from the A. Shankar Nair, PRD. PE. S.E. is senior vice president of Teng & Associates, Inc., Engineers/Architects/Planners, in Chicago. basement walls by special detailing, horizontal restraint will be present at all basement floors; this approaches condition c", except that the restraints will be of less than infinite stiffness. None of these simple models represents the true three~ ‘mensional nature of support conditions at the base of the building. The effects of these simplifying idealization will be investigated in Example 1, by comparison with the results of a complete three-dimensional analysis, “VIRTUAL” OUTRIGGERS ‘A recent paper (Nair, 1998) proposed the use of bet trusses land basements as “virtual” outriggers in tall buildings. This, ‘was suggested as a special application of the “offset” outtig- get concept that had. been proposed previously; (Stafford... ‘Smith, Covvellier,Nollet. aiid Maher, 1996). sl ‘In the conventional outrigger concept, trusses or girders connected directly to the lateral load-resisting core of the building and o outboard columns convert moment inthe core intoa vertical couple inthe columns. Inthe “virtual” outrigger concept, the same transfer of overturning moment from the core to elements outboard of the core is achieved, but without aditectconnection between the outrigger trusses and the core. ‘The basic idea behind the virtual outrigger concepts touse floor diaphragms, which are typically vary stiff and strong in [ig 1 Aleative suppor ideation for lateral lad: resisting sytem of uling wih basement onyieldng foundation, ENGINEERING JOURNAL/ FIRST QUARTER /2000 25 ) their own plane, to transfer momentin the form of ahorizontal ‘couple from the core to trusses or walls that are not connected directly to the core. The trusses or walls then convert the horizontal couples into vertical couples in columns or other stcuctural elements outboard ofthe core. Basements as Virtual Outriggers “The basement of tall building can serve asa vrtual uti ger tocreatoabase witha greater effective width forresiting fverruming. This can reduce lateral load-induced forces in foundation elements and reduce or eliminate uplift. Since basement walls are typically of ample strength and stiffness tobstifeciveasoutiggers there may belt aditional cost inyaved in applying this concept. "Ths ue ofthe basement asa virtual ouriggeris not limited to shear core type buildings. The concept is applicable even to framed tubes and other non-core designs. The wily in which-a basement can function asa virtual cvigger i ilustiated in Figure 3. Some fracion’of the ‘overtimning moment from the tower above the basement is Converted into a horizontal couple inthe floors at the top and the bottom of the basement, as shown in Figure 3a. (Other ‘basement floors’ also participate in the moment transfer, but they willbe less effective.) Tis horizontal coupleistransmit- ted through:-the floor diaphragms to the side walls of the basement, which Conver the horizontal coupe nto a vertical couple adhe ends Figure 36). "The sharing of overtuming moment between the tower structure and the outrigger basement, and the forces in the ‘rious components of the outrigger system, can be deter- ‘mined'by-three-dimensional analysis of the base of the build- jing-(asilustrated in Example 1). 1 is important that the stiftess ofthe foundation ofthe lateral Load-resistng system ne: (a) (0) 2) “Fig.2 Alemative support idealization for lateral load-resiing system of building with basemen, lactic foundation 26-ENGINEERING JOURNAL / FIRST QUARTER / 2000 bbe modeled with reasonable accuracy (not as rigid supports). ‘The in-plane stifineses ofthe floors that connect the lateral load-resistng system to the basement walls should also be modeled accurately; these floors should not be idealized as peefcetly rigid diaphragms. ‘The floots atthe top and bottom ofthe basement will be subjected to in-plane shear (in addition to the usual vertical dead and live load effects) and should be proportioned and reinforced appropriately. In some applications, it may be necessary to use thicker-than-normal slabs. The final vertical reactions atthe ends ofthe basement (see Figure 3b) can be supplied by friction or adtesion of soil against the wall surfaces or by conventional foundation ele- rents under the wall. ‘The effectiveness ofthe basement a an outigger is likely to be greatest when the shear core or other lateral load-esising system of the towerhas a “soft” suppor, such a footings on sol ‘oF long caissons subject to elastic length changes. A “hard” support, such as footings directly on rock, may resutin most of the overtuming moment from the tower going down directly into the core foundation, not nto the outrigger system. Itmay be noted that using a basement asa vival outigget does not involve any additional components inte building. Every basement under a tall building is a potential virtual outrigger, even if the designer does not use it as such. Using a basement as a virtual outrigger is, in essence, simply a matter of realistic three-dimensional modeling of the re- ‘Glaphragn (2) Transfer of forces from lateral load-resisting system of tower to floor diaphragms (0) Transfer of forces from floor dlaphragms to basement end walls through basement side walls Fig. 3. “Viral” outrigger actin at basement of el buildings straints at the base of the building, together with careful proportioning, design and detailing of all components to ‘maximize the outrigger effect and to resist all the resulting forces and stresses. EXAMPLE 1 ‘A 40:story steel-framed office tower will be used to investi- ‘gate how different base support idealizations affect the results of lateral-load analysis of the structure and to illustrate the use of a basement as a virtual outrigger. General Layout of the Building ‘An elevation of the building is shown in Figure 4. There are 40 above-ground stories extending to 512 ft above ground level, and four basement levels extending down 52 ft below ‘ground level. ‘A simplified typical tower floor plan, typical basement floor plan and sectional elevation though the basement, and ‘part of the tower are shown in Figure 5. The tower floor is nominally 120 ft wide and 210 ft long (to column grid lines). ‘The longer dimension of the tower floor is in the north-south direction. The basement floor measures 300 ftin the east-west

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