Antone structure Dalton's atomic :-[Law of combination followed AVAGADRO's Law]

theory
:- : Enept

i:
plum pudding module : -
•
atom :S Smaeeut unit and cannot be divided further -

Net
•
atoms
of involve
same element are same and different are
different .

+
-

-
±
+ -
+
*
change =o
•
atoms on chemical reaction .

-
+
+
=
-

I
+
-
-

t
* mais
uniformly
distmrbuted "
-
- -
-

is ① deflated reverted 1%20*00

.

Some some Not Some .

; , ,

Iii
Rutherford atomic : -

•
,

÷ -
i ② most
space an atom
empty
Nucleus :S tre .

③
, -

module
-

e- Nucleus Treon Nucleus

around
owning
.

I ④
stability not
Enplained I Maxwell
captained stability]
.
,
, ,
.

rn= 10-15 ya
,
= 1510m
gold:L
2ns
10-5 0-5 Ta
Iya
'
screen
-_
= on
to
}
e- 99.1×10-31
's
Vn Vi JJ thomson I 6×10-19 C
volume
§ñr Va = 10
leg
- -

1-6×10-27 9C
kg ( 1. 007ama)
'

Goldstein P
-

.
+ i. 6×10

Chadwick ☒ 1.6×10-27 ( 1- 008 amu) 0

kg
① Radius
of nucleus : -

rµ= roams
Me 1- e- at out
A
of moving
v::
:O mais Number
of
=-_-
Mp
-
= . -

mais mais

go = 1.2×10-15 m '
837 e-

J
2

①
11T MT 1-
⑦
:X Iso tops :
change >n mais No
-

② Oso bars : -
Same man No .
"

③ Radiation
Electromagnetic No medium
acquired
:-,
Neutrons ✗
osotoms : -
same

⑨ oso electric specie : same e-

travel
-

with
⑤ ⑦ Electric feild and .
② all
tsodiaphus : ntp ( A- 222)
3×108
propagate Idly m/s
-

direction
⑥lsosteris : -
same e- , same atoms magnetic feild on
.

of wave .

hv
h÷
E "

nh÷
:
planks theory 12400 AO V=¥
-

=
h= 6.676×10 JS
-
= = =
J
✗

✗ I. E
HI > ho
h÷=
K E
t k • E = =
hvotk -
E work
f- Eot
photo Electric :
.
=

function
t -
-

✗ o
k -
E = h
( v -
oo )
effect =
Into + K -
E

}?' ¥11 ,
•
: to maximum
wavelength required for ejection .
E>
V7 V0
Wo

dneident ✗ Exo
Rate
of ejection Intensity of
: .
✗ .

of e-
light .

^
a

÷
ntmity
# Infinity Ejected
.
: more more e- but
*

change
of kinetic
iii. energy
no on
no
.

µ
e-
>
%
u→
Vo v→

% Bohr 's ① called

theory : around Nucleus
e- awol
pathway
on circular orbits
;ng
-
.

②
only applicable for le
specie
-

momentum
sntegral multiple of nh/ mrs
( -7
angular
n=i a. 3-
③
=
:S 21T
.
. .

④ has
gain of Energy
each orbit certain loss
Enngy time
.
:S no or .

⑤ Each orbit has fixed Energy .

?⃝
 Application of Bohr 's : radius 0.5312 ③ '

÷?
i
velocity
1

g- m/s Energy
2.18×10 -13.6
-

=
__ 3 = er

Atomic naodle <

]
'•q÷J/
Time =L atom
5 -2.18×15
HE £ Energy
=
✗ T
period
kz_e2
Pg
-
T E = -
= K E E =

P ET TT
-
. .

2%
'
]
22
TET 89
u
frequency ✗ lev = 1.6×10-1 J

Hydrogen spectrum
2
: -

IR
n -5
-

[ ÷ ¥]
IR Pfund Ñ= 1- =
R ✗ 2- -
.
: no
of spectral Lines : -

n= , ,
Bracket ✗
IR
①
n;n_ to
ground
state
= n
-1 .

n= }

Panchen o : ✗ smalhrt E maximum .

②
(nz-nD{n_tD= total
C- he Lines
visible =
-
.

/ N
✗
4 ~ =
2
n

Balmy
particular
! ✗ ③
9=2 to n=s
of spectral lines
=
no on
maxima
.

Series =
nz
n
✗ to
-
•
÷. I. E = n= • n =\ ,
UV minima

N V V
V N =L

lyman
is Dual Behavior of matter : -
1 de -

broglie wavelength : - ✗ = h
/p=h/mv .

'

+0Wh
Heisenberg's uncertainty 3¥ 31
: Da ax.mn
tsp
particle
-
.
wave .
,

principle
, 41T

Explained by Eaplaimdby DE At 71
•
•
. •

41T
①
photoelectric ① diffraction
③
=¥÷
"
5
peaky Effect .

② on
tnferenee
ciamfru
.

= 51 ② Black Body .

21-12=51 Radiation
=
r

21T

%: Quantum Number : ① d. N tens about ( ) momentum nh_=mvr

principle :
Energy size n
angular
- -

,
,
,
21T
n2
Man no
of orbitals on shell =

'

Azimuthal d. N depend 1=0 '

I about
shape
2 on
say
: -
n value . - . . . .
n -
l .

, ,

d- -
o
,
5=0
/ 1--1 , p =
8 / 1=2 ,
d. =P I 1=3 ,
completed .

orbital
angular momentum
jÉ
=

3
A. depend I about orbitals
magnetic No : value
says
on
-
.

Me
=
l
-
- - - - -
O - - - - - - + I
-1
M
,
I -
I ,
0 ,
1- 1
Me
= -
2
, ,
0
, +1,1-2
L t, I 1T€
Be Py Pz day daz di dyadaa
a
-

~ E-
÷f•
"

- -
→

4
Spin d. N :-( + ,
-
) ( e- ) ✗

e- ↳ Zero
of
node
clockwise or
Anticlockwise spin angular
Rules
for filling e- : -

]
a
for 1 e-
system : -
e- is
'

goes
on

n =\ n = 2 n =
3 n = 4

I
Afbau's principle : -
IS L 25=2 p 2 35 =
3p
= 3dL 4s -_
up = ud=4f .

:
of degenerate orbit N2
degrate orbitals
orbitals . no on an =

b) more than I e- : - Intl] Rule

,
if Intl) same greater n T E T

Orbitals Is < 25 2 2P 23s <3 P 245 < 3dL Up < Ud < Uf .

4
( n + 1) I 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7

2
pauli 's Enehuion : -
on an atom 2 e- Cannot have same
/ Equal Quantum number .

principle
3 +lund's
of : 2s + I 1 HH 14111 ✗
first singly occupant filled
Multiplicity
Rule .
- =

multiplicity 5-
{ ✗ no
of unpaired
e-
1114114 H H ✓ then
pairing
.

4
Stability
:-

half filled ①
symmetry
② Exchange full filled .

partially
111171111 Energy .

1111111411111 filled .

⑤
probability of
e- (9) 144=0 = Node

>
Radial node n -
l -
l

I ( Exception dzz = 0 ) * * ☒ * * **
> Angular node

Radial
> Total node node 1-
Angular node =
n -
I

Graphical regimentation of %
Dcpsobabity
6 sub orbits :
Titular distant
- -

e-)

^ ^ ^
IS ZS 35
In p p
D D Area = N

NA
D

r >
n ,
r s r s r s

^ ^ ^
zp 3p Up

MMA
T T T
D ' Area ~~ more se

r > >
r s r s r s

µ
^ ^ ^
4d b- d
3d
T T
pt
M
p
Area = more more se

r . >
r s r s r s