UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DEL SUR DE MANABI

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD CARRERA

CARRERA DE ENFERMERÍA

INGLES

TEMA:
ANEMIA

INTEGRANTES

- SCARLETTE DANIELA REYES PINCAY

- JHONNY ALBERTO BAQUE MUÑIZ
- ELIANA XIMENA SANCHEZ AVILA

AREA DE SALUD: CUARTO SEMESTRE (ENFERMERIA)

PARALELO / JORNADA

DOCENTE:

LIC. FRANKLIN IGNACIO MACIAS BAILON

PERIODO

MAYO 2023 – SEPTIEMBRE 2023

JIPIJAPA -MANABI-ECUADOR
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
ANEMIA
WHAT IS IT?
Anemia is a condition that develops when the blood produces a lower-than-normal number of
healthy red blood cells. If you have anemia, your body does not get enough oxygen-rich blood.
Lack of oxygen can make you feel tired or weak. You may also have shortness of breath,
dizziness, headaches, or an irregular heartbeat. According to the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention external link, about 3 million people in the United States have anemia.
If you have mild anemia, you may not have any symptoms. The symptoms of anemia can
develop quickly or slowly, depending on the cause of the anemia. General symptoms, which are
the same for many types of anemia, include the following:
 Weakness
 pallor
 Fatigue
 Shaking chills
 Difficulty breathing
 headache
 dizziness and fainting
 bleeding
 Jaundice or yellowing of the skin.
Types of anemia
 Iron deficiency anemia
Iron deficiency anemia is a type of anemia that develops when there is not enough iron in the
body. It is the most common type of anemia.
What are the symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?
Symptoms
People with mild or moderate iron deficiency anemia may not have any symptoms. More severe
iron deficiency anemia can cause common symptoms of anemia such as tiredness, shortness of
breath, or chest pain. Other symptoms include the following:
 fatigue
 Dizziness or lightheadedness
 cold hands and feet
 Pale skin
Problems absorbing iron.
Certain conditions or medications can decrease your body's ability to absorb iron and lead to
iron deficiency anemia. These features include the following:
Certain rare genetic conditions that block iron absorption in the intestines or make it difficult
for bleeding to stop.
Endurance sports, which can cause athletes to lose iron through their gastrointestinal tracts and
through the breakdown of red blood cells.
Intestinal and digestive conditions, such as celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease,
and Helicobacter pylori infection.
Surgery on your stomach and intestines, including weight loss surgery.

 Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, also known as cobalamin deficiency, is a condition that
develops when your body can't make enough healthy red blood cells because you don't have
enough vitamin B12. Your body needs vitamin B12 to make healthy red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets. Since your body does not make vitamin B12, you must get it from the food
you eat or from supplements.
You may be deficient in vitamin B12 if you are unable to absorb it due to problems with your
intestine or if you have pernicious anemia, which makes it difficult for you to absorb vitamin
B12 from your intestines. Without enough vitamin B12, blood cells don't form properly inside
your bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside your bones. These blood cells die earlier than
normal, leading to anemia.
What are the symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?
Symptoms
If you have vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, you may have the typical symptoms of anemia at
first, such as fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, headaches, or dizziness. If left untreated, you
may start to notice symptoms in your brain and nervous system. This is because vitamin B12 is
also necessary for the brain and nerves to function properly.
Your symptoms may include the following:
 Sensations of tingling or pain.
 walking problems
 uncontrollable muscle movements
 Confusion, slower thinking, forgetfulness, and memory loss.
 Mood or mental changes, such as depression or irritability.
 Problems with the sense of smell or taste
 Eye sight problems
 Diarrhea and weight loss
 Glossitis, which is a painful, smooth, red tongue
How is vitamin B12 deficiency prevented?
Prevention
If you are in good health, it is important to maintain a normal diet enriched with vitamin B12.
Foods that are good sources of vitamin B12 include the following:
 Lean red meat and chicken
 Fish, such as catfish and salmon; and shellfish, such as clams and oysters
 Fortified vegan milk, yogurt, cheese, and milk substitutes
 fortified cereals
 eggs
 hemolytic anemia

What it is?
Hemolytic anemia is a blood condition that occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than
they can be replaced. Hemolytic anemia can develop quickly or slowly, and it can be mild or
severe.
What are the symptoms of hemolytic anemia?
Symptoms
Your symptoms may include tiredness, dizziness, weakness, and an enlarged spleen or liver.
How is hemolytic anemia diagnosed?
diagnosis
To diagnose hemolytic anemia, your doctor will do a physical exam and order blood tests.
Additional tests may include a urine test, bone marrow test, or genetic testing.
What happens if hemolytic anemia is not treated?
What if it's not treated
People who have mild hemolytic anemia may not need treatment. Severe hemolytic anemia that
is not treated or controlled can cause irregular heart rhythms, a heart that is larger than normal,
and heart failure if the anemia becomes severe.
What is aplastic anemia?
What it is
Despite its name, aplastic anemia, or bone marrow failure, is more than just anemia. Aplastic
anemia is a rare but serious blood condition that occurs when the bone marrow cannot make
enough new blood cells for the body to function normally. It can develop quickly or slowly, and
it can be mild or severe. At this time, there is no way to prevent aplastic anemia.

What are the symptoms of aplastic anemia?

Symptoms
Symptoms of aplastic anemia include the following:
 fatigue
 Infections that last a long time
 Bruising or bleeding easily
How is aplastic anemia diagnosed?
diagnosis
To diagnose aplastic anemia, your doctor will order tests to find out if you have low numbers of
cells in your bone marrow and blood.
What happens if aplastic anemia is not treated?
What if it's not treated
Aplastic anemia can increase the risk of complications such as bleeding, leukemia, or other
serious blood conditions. Without treatment, aplastic anemia can lead to serious medical
conditions, including arrhythmia and heart failure. (1)
Bibliography
x

1. NHLBI. NHLBI. [Online]; 2022. Acceso 4 de Septiembrede 2023. Disponible en:

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/es/salud/anemia/causas.