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Week11 Shaft Key
Week11 Shaft Key
Design
Types of Shafts
Constant diameter
Constant diameter
Stepped
Crankshaft
Forces on Shaft
Spur Gears
Wt
(Torque on shaft)
(Vertical force on shaft)
Helical Gears
3
Stresses in Shafts
Steady Torque Only
Circular cross‐section:
( D3))
τmax= 16 T // (π
Failure Prediction Method for Steady Torque
Distortion Energy Method
Distortion Energy Method
Stress concentration can be ignored
on ductile materials.
Recall 5‐11
N: design factor
Pure shear load, σ1= ‐σ2= τ
Repeated, Reversed Bending Stress Only
Circular cross‐section:
σmax= 32 M / (π D3)
Failure Prediction Method for Repeated Bending Stress
Endurance Strength Method
Endurance Strength Method
Sn’: Estimated Actual Endurance Strength
Fi 5 8
Fig.5‐8
Material: wrought steel
Cst = 1 for bending stress
Cst = 1
Cst = 0.8 for axial stress
Cst = 0.8
08
(Apply to solid or hollow circular sections)
Typically use N = 2.0 to 3.0 for dynamic loading in
this book
this book.
(section 5‐7)
A General Case: Bending and Torsion Only
Ex. Spur gears, V‐belt sheaves, chain sprockets
Power transmission: torsion
Transverse forces: bending
Assumptions:
A ti
Bending stress is repeated and reversed as the shaft rotates
Torsional shear stress is nearly uniform
Circular cross‐section:
( D3)) (Repeated and reversed)
σmax= 32 M // (π ( p )
τmax= 16 T / (π D3) (Steady)
Failure Prediction Method for Bending and Torsion
Consider stress concentration and
safety factors:
Consider concentration factors
Use this equation when the vertical shearing force V is the only
significant loading.
Keyseats
Shoulder Fillets
Recall Ch.3
0.19
0.03 (sharp) 0.19 (well‐round)
0 19
0.19
Retaining Ring Grooves
Stress concentration factor for a groove is fairly high
Stress concentration factor for a groove is fairly high
1.06*D
If more than one stress concentration exist in the vicinity of
If more than one stress concentration exist in the vicinity of
the point of interest, the larger value is used for design.
Keyseat
Shaft Design
Shaft Design Procedure
4. Bearings:
4 B i
Location: placed close to power‐
transmitting elements
=> Minimize bending moments
=> Minimize bending moments
Shaft length: small
=> keep deflections at reasonable level
=> keep deflections at reasonable level
Use shoulders to resist thrust loads
5. Propose the general form of the geometry: locations, shoulder, rings, keyseats
Shear force & bending moment
Bearing Mounting on the Shafts: Light interference fit
Cm Cst
y
z x
Shaft Rigidity and Dynamic Considerations
Avoid unbalance elements: centrifugal force
Square key
(for smaller shaft)
Rectangular key
(for larger shaft)
The width W is around 1/4 diameter of shaft
Square
Rectangular
Keyseat
Fig. 11‐2
Prevent axial motion
Lower concentration factors
Close fit is required to ensure
the pin does not move
Light loading and easy
assembly/disassembly
bl /di bl
are desired
A series of axial keys machined into a shaft
Types: straight‐sided, involute
Advantages:
Uniform transfer of torque
Can transfer more torque
Can transfer more torque
Spines are integral with the shaft => no relative motion
Parallel Key Design
Determine shaft diameter first => use table 11‐1 to find the key size
SAE 1018 is recommended: low‐cost, readily available material
, y
Potential failure:
1. Shear across the shaft/hub interface
2. Compression failure due to the bearing action between the sides
of the key and the shaft or hub keyseat
1. Shear across the shaft/hub interface W
L
Failure Prediction Method Recall 5‐8
(E 11 4)
(Eq. 11‐4)
2. Compression failure
Failure Prediction Method Recall 5‐8
Yield Strength Method
( q
(Eq. 11‐4)
)
If H=W (square key)
( q y)
(Eq. 11‐5)
Equal
q
Tolerance
Small clearance fit is desirable to permit easy assembly
Other Methods of Fastening Elements to Shafts
To overcome fitting problem
Advantages:
Elimination of keys, keyways
Easy assembly, disassembly
and adjustment
*May loosen during operation due to
vibration
*Shaft surface may be damaged
Quiz#5 (team work)