Limits and Derivatives

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CONTENTS
C O N T E N T S
LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

Theory Solved Examples Exercises Level I Level II Level III Questions asked in AIEEE and other Engineering Exams Answers
Mathematics : Limits and Derivatives
NARAYANA
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES DERIVATIVES

AIEEE Syllabus
Limits, Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions, derivatives of order up to two.
CONTENTS
Definition of a limit Trigonometric limits Exponential and logarithmic limits Approximations Some useful expansions Indeterminate forms Limit of greatest integer function Sandwich Theorem Derivative of a function Some differentiation formulae Algebra of differentiation Differentiation of implicit functions Derivative of parametric functions Derivative of a function w.r.t. another function Use of log in finding derivatives of the function of type (f(x))g(x) Differentiation using trigonometrical substitutions Higher order differentiation Derivative of infinite series Differentiation of a determinant function
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is an introduction to calculus. Calculus is that branch of mathematics which mainly deals with the study of change in the value of a function as the points in the domain change. In this chapter we define limit and some algebra of limits. Also we study derivative and algebra of derivatives and derivatives of certain standard functions.
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1.
DEFINITION
If y = f(x) is any function which is defined in a neighbourhood of a then for some greater than zero there exists a > 0 such that |f(x) l| < | x a | < then l is said to be limit of the function when x-approches a. It is symbolically written as Lt f (x) = l
x a
2.
STANDARD FORMULA
x a
Lt
xn an = na n 1 ; x a xa
2
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5.
APPROXIMATIONS
(i) (iii) (v)
sin ax ! ax
(ii) cos ax ! 1 (iv) eax ! 1 + ax
a2x2 2
tan ax ! ax eax ! 1 ax
x
(vi) log(1 + ax) ! ax (viii) sinhax ! ax
(vii) a ! 1 + (logea)x (ix) tanhax ! ax

n
(x) coshax ! 1 +
a2x2 2
(xi)
1 x !1
x , |x| < 1 n
6.
SOME USEFUL EXPANSIONS

If x 0 and there is at least one function in the given expansion which can be expanded, then we express numerator and denominator in the ascending powers of x and remove the common factor there, the following expansions of some standard functions should be remembered. (a)
ex = 1 + ax =1+
x x2 + + ...... 1 2 (log a)x (log a)2 x 2 + + ...... 1 2
(b)
e x = 1
x x 2 x3 + + ..... 1 2 3 x 2 x3 + ..... 2 3
(c)
(d)
log(1 + x) = x
(e)
x 2 x3 log(1 x) = x + + + ..... 2 3 sin x = x tan x = x x3 x5 + ....... 3 5 x 3 2x 5 + ....... 3 15 x2 x4 + + ....... 2 4 x 3 9x 5 + + ...... 3 5
(f)
cos x = 1
x2 x4 + ....... 2 4 x3 x5 + + ....... 3 5 x 3 2x 5 + + ....... 3 15
(g)
(h)
sin h x = x + tan h x = x + cos 1 x =
(i)
(j)
(k)
cos h x = 1 + sin 1 x = x +
(l)
x 3 9x 5 x + + + ...... 2 3 5 x3 x5 x7 + + ...... 3 5 7
(m)
(n)
tan 1 x = x
(o)
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +
x.15z352
n(n 1) 2 x + ....... where n z + 2
(p)
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7.
INDETERMINATE FORMS
The forms which cannot be defined exactly are called indeterminate forms, they are
0 , , 0 , , 00, 0 and 1 0
L HOSPITALS RULE
If Lt
f (x) f (x) 0 f (x) takes the form of or then the limit of the function is xLta , if xLta g (x) itself g (x) x a g(x) 0 f (x) 0 , then the limit of the function is xLta g (x) and the process is continued 0
takes the form again
till
0 , is eliminated then limit is obtained. 0

If 0 form is given, convert it in the form of
1.
0 , by taking one term to the denominater 0 0 or form, then take the 0
then apply LHospitals Rule. 2. If ( ) form is given, take L.C.M convert it in the form of help of LHospitals Rule. 3. 00 and 0 form is given take the help of logarithms convert the problem again in the form of
0 or form and then use LHospitals Rule. 0

4. If Lt [f (x)]
x a g(x)
takes the form of 1 then write it as Lt ( f (x) ) x a
g( x )
= e x a
Lt g( x )[f ( x ) 1]
8.
LIMIT OF GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION

Greatest integer function is denoted by [.] Let a R then two cases arise. Case (1) if a integer then we have 1.
x a
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Example :
If f (x) =
sin[x] , [x] 0 [x]

[x] = 0
x 0
=0
where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then find Lt f (x) Solution :
h 0
Lt f (0 h) = Lt f (0 + h)
h 0
h 0
Lt
sin[ h] sin[h] = Lt h 0 [ h] [h]
sin1 1
9.
SANDWICH THEOREM
Suppose that g(x) f(x) h(x) for all x in some open interval containing c, except possibly at c itself. Suppose also that
x c
y h(x) f(x) g(x) c
Lt g(x) = Lt h(x) = ! then Lt f (x) = ! x c x c

O
This is called sandwich theorem.
10.
SPECIAL TYPES OF LIMITS

1. Use of Leibnitzs formula for evaluating the limit Consider the integral
(x)
g(x) =
( x )
f (t) dt then
g (x) = f [ (x)] (x) f ((x)) (x)

2. Summation of series using definite integral as the limit of a sum. It is used in the expression of the form
1 n n n r =1 Lt
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
r f = f (x) dx n a
b
To Evaluate such limits we note the following
is replaced by sign of integration
r x (r = x , n = 1) n 1 dx n
Lower limit is always zero. Upper limit is Coefficient of n in the upper limit of
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DERIVATIVES
11. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
Let y = f(x) be a function defined on an interval [a, b]. Let for a small increment x in x, the corresponding increment in the value of y be y. Then y = f(x) and y + y = f(x + x) On subtraction, we get y = f(x + x) f(x) or
y f (x + x) f (x) = x x
Taking limit on both sides when x 0 we have,
x 0
lim
y f (x + x) f (x) = lim x 0 x x dy or f (x) . Thus dx
if this limit exists, is called the derivative or differential coefficient of y with respect to x and is written as
y dy f (x + x) f (x) = lim = lim . This is called Differentiation from first principle. x 0 x x 0 x dx
Derivative at a point: The value of f (x) obtained by putting x = a, is called the derivative of f(x) at x = a and it is denoted by f (a) or
dy dx x = a
Note :
dy d d ( y ) in which is is simply a symbol of operation and not 'd' divided by dx. dx dx dx
12. SOME DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAE

(i)
d (constant) = 0 dx d x x (e ) = e dx d 1 (logex) = dx x d (sin x) = cos x dx
(ii)
d n n1 (x ) = nx dx d x x (a ) = a loge a dx 1 d (loga x) = x log a dx e d (cos x) = sinx dx
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
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(x) (xii)
d 2 (cot x) = cosec x dx d (cosec x) = cosecx cotx dx d 1 (cos x) = dx
(ix) (xi)
d 2 (tan x) = sec x dx d (sec x) = sec x tan x dx d 1 (sin x) = dx
1 1 x
2
(xiii)
(xiv)
1 1 x 2
(xv)
1 d 1 (tan x) = dx 1+ x2
(xvi)
d 1 1 (cot x) = dx 1+ x2 d 1 1 (cosec x) = dx | x | x2 1
a 2 + b 2 e sin (bx + tan
ax ax 1
(xvii)
1 d 1 (sec x) = dx | x | x2 1
(xviii)
(xix) (xx)
d ax ax (e sin bx) = e (a sin bx + b cos bx) = dx d ax ax (e cos bx) = e (a cos bx b sin bx) = dx x d |x| |x| = | x | or : x0 dx x d 1 log |x| = dx x
b ) a b ) a
a 2 + b 2 e cos (bx + tan
(xxi)
(xxii)
13. ALGEBRA OF DIFFERENTIATION

(i) Sum and difference rule
d d d [f1(x) f2 (x)] = [f1(x)] [f2 (x)] dx dx dx
(ii)
Scalar multiple rule

d d
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14. DERIVATIVE OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Let x and y are two functions of variable 't' (parameter) such that x = f(t) and y = g(t). then
dy dy dt g(t) = = dx dx f (t) dt
Example - 1 Solution : If x = a(cos + sin), y = a(sin cos) then find
dx = a[ sin + sin + cos ] = a cos ; d dy = tan dx dy . dx
dy = a(cos cos + sin ) = a sin d
15. DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

If in an equation, x and y both occur together. i.e. f(x, y) = 0 or f(x, y) = c and this function can not be solved either for 'y' or 'x' then f(x, y) is called the implicit function of x (or y).
f dy x (yx y 1 + y x log y) y x b = = If x + y = a , then f dx (x y log x + xy x 1 ) y
15.1. WORKING RULE FOR FINDING THE DERIVATIVE

Method 1 (i) Differentiate every term of f(x, y) = 0 with respect to 'x'. (ii) Collect the coefficients of
dy dy and obtain the value of . dx dx
Method 2
f f f f dy x = = x where If f(x, y) = constant, then and y are partial differential coefficients of x f dx fy y f(x, y) with respect to x and y respectively.
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Example - 2
1 x2 2x Find the derivative of sin1 with respect to cos 1 2 2 1+ x 1+ x

1 2x = 2 tan1 x Let f(x) = sin 2 1+ x
Solution :
f (x) =
2 1+ x2
2 2 1 1 x 1 = 2 tan x g(x) = Let g(x) = cos 1 + x2 1+ x2 Hence the derivative of f(x) with respect to g(x) is
f (x) 2 /1 + x 2 = =1 g(x) 2 /1 + x 2
17. USE OF LOG IN FINDING DERIVATIVES OF THE FUNCTION OF TYPE (f(x) )g(x)
Let y = [f(x)]
g( x )
Taking log on both sides we get log y = g(x) . log f(x) Differentiating we get
dy f (x) g( x ) = [f(x)] g(x) log f(x) + g(x) dx f(x)
Example - 3
d tan x tan x = x tan x sec 2 x log x + x dx x
18. DIFFERENTIATION USING TRIGONOMETRICAL SUBSTITUTIONS

(i) (ii) sin
1
x sin
y = sin
[x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 ]
1
cos
x cos
y = cos
[xy
(1 x 2 )(1 y 2 )]
1 1
(iii) tan
x tan
y = tan
xy 1 x y
(iv)
2 sin
x = sin
( 2x 1 x 2 )
2x 1 x2
(v)
2 cos
x = cos
(2x 1)
(vi)
2 tan
x = tan
(vii) 2 tan
x = sin
2x 1 + x2
1 x 1+ x
(viii)
2 tan
x = cos
1 x2 1 + x2
3
(ix)
1 1 tan x = tan 4
(x)
3 sin
x = sin
(3x 4x )
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(xi) 3 cos
1
x = cos
(4x 3x)
2 2
(xii)
3 tan
x = tan
3x x 3 1 3x 2
2
(xiii) sin x + cos x =

1 1
(xiv)
tan x + cot x =
(xv) sec x + cosec x =
19. SUITABLE SUBSTITUTION

(i) (ii) If the function involve the term If the function involve the term
a 2 x 2 , then put x = a sin , or x = a cos x 2 + a 2 , then put x = a tan x 2 a 2 , then put x = a sec
(iii) If the function involve the term
(iv)
th
ax If the function involve the term a + x
, then put x = a cos
20. n
DIFFERENTIATION OF SUITABLE FUNCTION

D (ax + b) = m(m 1) (m 2) ........... (m n + 1) a (ax + b) If m N and m > n, then
m! n m n mn D (ax + b) = (m n) ! a (ax + b) Dn ( x m ) = m! x m n (m n) !
n n n m n mn
(1) (2)
(3)
D (ax + b) = n ! a D (x ) = n !
n n
(4)
n n 1 ( 1) n ! a Dn = n +1 ax + b (ax + b) n 1 ( 1) n ! Dn = x n +1 x
(5)
D {log (ax +b)} =
( 1)n 1(n 1) ! n a (ax + b)n
D (log x) = (6) (7)

10
n ax n
( 1)n 1(n 1) ! xn
ax n mx
D (e ) = a e
n mx
D (a ) = (log a) a
.m
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(n)
Also denoted by y', y"........y
y1, y2, y3..............,yn f', f".............f

2 3 n n
dy, d y, d y,.........d y
d2 y ln x If y = then find d x2 x
Example - 5
Solution :
We have y = xy = ln x
ln x x
.....(1)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

dy 1 x d x + y .1= x
dy d x + xy = 1
dy d x + ln x = 1
[From (1)]
.....(2)
Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

2
d2 y dx
2
dy 1 . 2x + = 0 dx x dy +1= 0 dx
x3
d2 y dx
2
+ 2x 2
d2 y dx 2 d2 y dx
2
+ 2 (1 ln x) + 1 = 0
d2 y dx
2
[from (2)]
2 ln x 3 x3
Hence
x3
= (2 ln x 3)
or
22. DERIVATIVE OF INFINITE SERIES

If taking out one or more than one terms form an infinite series. (A) If y =
2
f ( x ) + f ( x ) + f ( x ) + .........
then y =
f ( x) + y
(y y) = f(x)
dy Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get (2y 1) d x = f '(x)
(B) If y = {f(x)}{f ( x )}
12
{f ( x )}.......
then y = {f(x)}
y = e
y !n f(x)
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d
13.
x x 1 = cos 1 1 d x x+x
(1) (3)
1 1+ x2 2 1+ x2
x + ex +.....
(2) (4)
dy , then d x =
1 1+ x2 2 1+ x2
14.
If y = e x + e
y (1) 1 y y (3) 1 + y
1 (2) 1 y y (4) y 1 dy x2 x3 + + ....... , then d x = 2! 3!
15.
If y = 1 + x + (1) y (3) y + 1
(2) y 1 (4) none of these

1
16.
Differential coefficient of sec
1 2x 2 1
w.r.t.
28
NARAYANA
LEVEL - II
1.
x a
Lt
x f (x) dx = xa a
(1) 2 f(a) (3) a f(a) 2.
(2) f(a) (4) 0
1 4 9 n2 Lt 3 + 3 + 3 + .... + 3 = n n + 1 n +1 n +1 n +1 (1) 1
(3) 1/3
(2) 2/3 (4) 0
3.
x 0
Lt
log(1 + {x}) = (where {x} denotes the fractional part of x) {x}

(2) 0 (4) does not exist
x x
(1) 1 (3) 2 4.
x 0
Lt
a1/ + a1/
x x
a (1) 4
, a > 1 is (2) 2 (4) 0
(3) 1 5.
Lt
a n + bn , where a > b > 1, is equal to a n bn

(2) 1 (4) none of these
1/ sin 2 x
(1) 1 (3) 0 6.
x 0
Lt 1
+2
1/ sin 2 x
+ .... + n
1/ sin 2 x
sin 2 x
is (2) 0 (4) n
(1) (3) 7.
n(n + 1) 2
x 1
If G(x) = 25 x 2 , then Lt (1)
G(x) G(1) is x 1
(2)
1 24
1 5
1 24
(3) 24
(4)
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f (x) 3 x 3 =
8.
If f(9) = 9, f (9) = 4 , then Lt (1) 3 (3) 6
x 9
(2) 4 (4) 8
9.
x 0
Lt
x tan 2x 2x tan x is (1 cos 2x)2

(2) 2 (4) 1/2
(1) 2 (3) 1/2 10.
Lt
x
sin x (sin x)sin x = 1 sin x + log(sin x)

(2) 2 (4) 4
(1) 1 (3) 3 11.
2 Given f (2) = 6 , and f (1) = 4 , Lt f (2h + 2 + h ) f (2) is h 0 f (h h 2 + 1) f (1)
(1) 3/2 (3) 5/2 12.
(2) 3 (4) 3
Let g(x) = sin2[3]x2 sin2[3]x2 , [.] represents greatest integer function then xLt0 (1) 63 (3) 1
dy = dx
g(x) = sin 4 x
(2) 63 (4) 1
13.
If y = x |x| then (1) |x| (3) x|x|
(2)
|x| x (4) 2 |x|
14.
If 2x + 2y = 2x + y then (1) 2x y (3) 2x y
dy = dx
(2) 2y x (4) 2y x
dy = dx
15.
If x3y2 = (x + y)5 then (1)

x y x y
(2)
y x
(3)
(4) logx
31
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16.
d (x + a)(x 2 + a2 )(x 4 + a4 )(x 8 + a8 ) = dx
(1)
15x16 16x15 a + a16 (x a)2
(2)
x16 x15 a + a16 (x a)2
(3)
x16 a16 xa
x x2 x3
(4) 16x15 a16
17.
If
f(x) = 1 2x 3x 2 then f (x) = 0 2 6x
(1) 0 (3) x2 18.
(2) 1 (4) 6x2
If f(x) = cos2x + cos3 + x sin x sin x + and (5/4) = 3 then (gof)(x) = 3 3

(1) 0 (2) 1 (4) 3
(3) cosx + cos + x 3

19.
Let f(x) be a polynomial function of second degree if f(1) = f(1) and a, b, c are in A.P then f (a), f (b), f (c) are in (1) A.P (2) G.P (3) H.P (4) A.G.P
20.
x x If cos cos 2 2 2
(1)
x cos 3 2
sin x .........to = x then 1 + ...... = cot x + x
1 x 1 x tan + 2 tan 2 2 2 2 2
1 x + 3 tan 3 2 2
(2)
1 1 x 1 x 1 x tan + 2 tan 2 + 3 tan 3 + ...... = cot x 2 2 2 x 2 2 2 1 x 1 x sec 2 + 4 sec 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 + ...... + = cos ec x 2 x
(3)
(4) 21.
1 1 1 x 1 x sec 2 + 4 sec 2 2 + ...... = cosec 2 x + 2 + 3 2 2 22 2 x x

dA = dx
A triangle has two of its vertices at P(a, 0), Q(0, b) and the third vertex R(x, y) is moving along the st.line y = x, if A be the area of the , then
ab 2 a+b 2
(1)
(2)
ab 4 a+b 4
(3)
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(4)
NARAYANA
(2) 9 (4) 25
22.
If f (x) = (x) and (x) = f(x) x , also f(3) = 5 and f (3) = 4 , then the value of [f(10)]2 [(10)]2 = (1) 0 (3) 41
23.
5 If f(x) = sin [x] x , 1 < x < 2 and [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then 2 f 5 = 2
(1)
5 2
4/5
(2)
5 2 3 2
4/5
4/5
(3) 0
dy 1 a sin x + bcos x = If y = tan then dx acos x b sin x
(4)
24
(1) 1 (3) 0
x a+ x b+ x a+ x b + ........ dy = dx
(2) 1 (4)
a a cos x b sin x
25.
If y =
then
(1)
b a(b + 2y) a b(b + 2y)
(2)
b b + 2y ab a + b2y
(3)
(4)
33
NARAYANA
LEVEL - III
1.
x
Lt x cos sin = 4x 4x
(1)
(2)
(3) 1 2.
(4)
Lt
[x] = x
(1) 1 (3) 1
3.
x 2 = Lt sec x tan x x
2
(1) 1 (3) 2 4.
x 0
(2) 1 (4) 3
Lt
xe3x x 1 + x2 1
=
(2) 6 (4) 1
(1) 3 (3) 4 5.
x 0
Lt
e|x| 1 = x
(2) 1 (4) 0
nx
(1) 1 (3) does not exist 6.

11/ x + 21/ x + .... + n1/ x Lt x n
is (2) n (4) 0
(1) n (3) n 1 7.
Lt x + x + x x =
(1)
1 2
(3) 0
34
NARAYANA
8.
x 2
Lt
2 x + 23 x 6 = 2 x / 2 21 x
(2) 4 (4) 6
(1) 8 (3) 2 9.
4 + 3a n If a n +1 = 3 + 2a then nLt a n =
n
(1) 0 (3) 10.

2
(2) 2 (4) 2
1 1 1 + + .... + + .....nterms x > 0, then Lt f (x) = If f (x) = x (1 + 2x)(1 + 3x) n 1 + x (1 + x)(1 + 2x)
1 1 x (3) 1
(1) 11.
(2)
1 1+ x (4) 0
x 4 sin(1/ x) + x 2 lim is The value of x 1+ | x |3

(1) 1 (3) 0 (2) 1 (4)
2 2 2
12.
lim 1/ cos x + 21/ cos x + .... + n1/ cos x The value of x 1

2
cos2 x
is (2) n (4)
(1) 0 (3)
13. If siny = xcos(a + y) then
dy = dx
n(n + 1) 2
(1)
sin2 (a + y) sina cos2 (a y) cosa

dy = dx
(2)
cos2 (a + y) cosa cos2 (a + y) sina
(3)
(4)
14.
If sin2mx + cos2ny = a2 then

m sin 2mx n sin 2ny n sin 2mx m sin2ny
(1)
(2)
n sin 2ny m sin 2mx m sin 2mx n sin2ny

35
(3)
(4)
NARAYANA
15.
xx xx If f(x) = cot 1 then f (1) = 2
(1) 1 (3) log2 16.
(2) 1 (4) log2
4x dy 1 = If y = logcot x tan x logtan x cot x + tan then 4 x2 dx

(1)
1 4 + x2 1 4 x2
(2)
4 4 + x2 4 4 x2
(3) 17.
(4)
If 3f(cosx) + 2f(sinx) = 5x then f (cos x) = (1)

5 cos x 5 sin x
(2)
5 cos x 5 sin x
(3) 18.
(4)
If f(x) = (cosx + sinx) (cos3x + isin3x) .... (cos[(2n 1)x] + isin(2n 1)x] then f (x) = (1) n2f(x) (3) n2f(x) (2) n4f(x) (4) n3f(x)
d 1 [(x)] = 5 then dx 1+ x 1
19.
Let (x) be the inverse of the function f(x) and f (x) =
(1)
1 1 + ((x))5
1 + ((x) )
5
(2)
1 + ( f(x) )
1 + ( f(x) )
(3) 20. If (1)
(4)
1
x 2 + y 2 = ae tan
(y / x)
,a > 0 then y (0) is
a / 2 e 2 2 e / 2 a
(2)
ae / 2
2 /2 e a
(3)
(4)
21.
2 If y = a cos(logx) + b sin(logx) then x
d2 y dy +x = dx dx 2
(2) y (4) 1
(1) 0 (3) y
36
NARAYANA
22.
If siny = x sin(a + y) and (1) 2 (3) sina
dy A = then the value of A is dx 1 + x 2 2x cos a
(2) cosa (4) 2
23.
If y =
ax + b , where a, b, c are constants then (2xy + y)y is equal to x2 + c

(2) 3(xy + y)y (4) none of these
(1) 3(xy + y)y (3) 3(xy + y)y
24.
If
1 x 6 + 1 y 6 = a 3 (x 3 y3 ) , then x 2 1 y6 y2 1 x 6 x2 1 x6 y 2 1 y6
dy is equal to dx
y 2 1 y6 x2 1 x6
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) none of these
25.
u(x) Let f(x) = log , u(2) = 4, (2) = 2 , u(2) = 2, v(2) = 1, then f (2) is (x)
(1) 0 (3) -1
(2) 1 (4) 2
37
NARAYANA
QUESTIONS ASKED IN AIEEE & OTHER ENGINEERING EXAMS

1. If xm yn = (x + y)m+n , then
y x dy is dx
(1)
(2)
x+y xy x y
(3) xy
1 2 4 1 1 lim 2 sec 2 2 + 2 sec 2 2 + .... + sec 2 1 is n n n n n 1 sec1 2
(4)
[AIEEE - 2006]
2.
(1)
(2)
1 cos ec1 2 1 tan1 2
(3) tan1
(4)
[AIEEE - 2005]
3.
lim Let and be the distinct roots of ax + bx + c = 0 then x

2
1 cos(ax 2 + bx + c) is equal to (x a)2
(1)
a2 ( )2 2 a2 ( )2 2
2x
(2) 0
1 ( )2 2
(3)
(4)
[AIEEE - 2005]
4.
a b If lim 1 + + 2 x x x
(1) a R, b = 2 (3) a R, b R
= e2 , then the values of a and b, are

(2) a = 1, b R (4) a = 1 and b = 2. [AIEEE - 2004]
5.
x / 2
lim
x 1 tan 2 [1 sin x] is x 1 + tan [ 2x]3 2
(1)
1 8 1 32
(2) 0
(3)
(4)
[AIEEE - 2003]
38
NARAYANA
6.
If lim
x 0
log(3 + x) log(3 x) = k , the value of k is x
(1) 0
2 3
(2) (4)
1 3 2 3
(3) 7.
[AIEEE - 2003]
Let f(a) = g(a) = k and their nth derivatives fn(a), gn(a) exist and are not equal for some n. Further if
x a
lim
f(a)g(x) f(a) g(a)f(x) + g(a) = 4 , then the value of k is g(x) f(x)

(2) 2 (4) 0 [AIEEE - 2003]
(1) 4 (3) 1 8. If f(x) = xn , then the value of f(1) (1) 2n (3) 0 9. If x = e y + e

1 x x x 1+ x 1 cos 2x 2x
y +....to
f (1) f (1) f (1) ( 1)n f n (1) + + .... + is 1! 2! 3! n!

(2) 2n1 (4) 1 [AIEEE - 2003]
, x > 0 then
dy is dx
(1)
(2)
1 x 1+ x x
(3)
(4)
[AIEEE - 2003]
10.
x 0
lim
is (2) 1 (4) does not exist

x
(1) (3) zero

x 2 + 5x + 3 lim 2 x x + x + 2
[AIEEE - 2002]
11.
is (2) e2 (4) e
x
(1) e4 (3) e3 12.
[AIEEE - 2002]
x 3 For x R , lim is x x + 2
(1) e (3) e5 (2) e1 (4) e5 [AIEEE - 2002]
39
NARAYANA
13.
Let f(2) = 4 and f (2) = 4 . Then lim (1) 2 (3) 4
x2
xf(2) 2f(x) is given by x2
(2) 2 (4) 3
d2 y dy +x is 2 dx dx
[AIEEE - 2002]
14.
2 If y = (x + 1 + x 2 )n , then (1 + x )
(1) n2 y (3) y 15. If sin y = x sin(a + y) , then

sina dy is dx
(2) n2y (4) 2x2y [AIEEE - 2002]
(1)
sina sin (a + y)
2
(2)
sin2 (a + y) sina sin2 (a y) sina

[AIEEE - 2002]
(3) sina sin2 (a + y)

dy is If x y = ex y , then dx
(4)
16.
(1)
1+ x 1 + log x
(2)
1 log x 1 + log x
log x
(3) not defined
(4)
(1 + log x)2
[AIEEE - 2002]
17.
e x esin x lim is equal to x 0 x sin x

(1) 1 (3) 1 (2) 0 (4) none of these [UPSEAT - 2004]
18.
lim
x 0
cos 2x 3 1 is equal to sin 6 2x

(2) (4)
3x 1
(1)
1 16 1 32
is equal to:
1 16 1 32
[CEET (Haryana) - 2004]
(3)
19.
4 lim 1 x x 1
(1) e12 (3) e 4
40
(2) e12 (4) e3 [CET (Karnataka) - 2004]
NARAYANA
20.
a lim 1 + sin equals to: n n

(1) ea (2) e 2a (4) 0 (3) e The differential coefficient of f(sinx) with respect to x where f(x) = logx is (1) tanx (2) cotx (3) f(cosx) (4) [CEE (Delhi) - 2004]
21.
1 x
[CET (Karnataka) - 2004]
22.
If x = A cos 4t + B sin4t, then (1) 16x (3) x
d2x is equal to dt 2
(2) 16x (4) x [CET (Karnataka) - 2004]
23.
x If 1 = a a
b b x x b and 2 = a a x
b are given, then x
(1) 1 = 3( 2 ) 2
(2)
d 1 = 3 2 dx
[UPSEAT - 2000]
(3)
d 1 = 3( 2 ) 2 dx
x log e x then
(4) 1 = 3( 2 )3/ 2
24.
If y =
dy at x = e is dx
1
(2)
(1) (3)
1 e
e
[BIT (Mesra) - 2000]
e
1
(4) none of these
25.
If y = tan (1) 2 (3) 0
log(e / x 2 ) 3 + 2log x d2 y + tan 1 , then 2 = 2 dx 1 6log x log(ex )

(2) 1 (4) 1 [CEE (Delhi) - 2004]
41
NARAYANA
ANSWERS
EXERCISES
LEVEL - I
1. (2) 6. (1) 11. (1) 16. (1) 21. (1) 2. (1) 7. (2) 12. (2) 17. (1) 22. (1) 3. (1) 8. (2) 13. (4) 18. (4) 23. (3) 4. (3) 9. (2) 14. (1) 19. (1) 24. (4) 5. (2) 10. (3) 15. (1) 20. (1) 25. (2)
LEVEL - II
1. (3) 6. (3) 11. (2) 16. (1) 21. (3) 2. (3) 7. (4) 12. (2) 17. (4) 22. (2) 3. (4) 8. (2) 13. (4) 18. (4) 23. (2) 4. (3) 9. (3) 14. (4) 19. (1) 24. (1) 5. (2) 10. (2) 15. (2) 20. (1) 25. (1)
LEVEL - III
1. (2) 6. (1) 11. (2) 16. (2) 21. (3) 2. (1) 7. (1) 12. (2) 17. (3) 22. (3) 3. (3) 8. (1) 13. (2) 18. (2) 23. (1) 4. (2) 9. (3) 14. (1) 19. (3) 24. (1) 5. (3) 10. (3) 15. (1) 20. (3) 25. (2)
QUESTIONS ASKED IN AIEEE & OTHER ENGINEERING EXAMS

1. (2) 6. (3) 11. (1) 16. (4) 21. (2) 2. (4) 7. (1) 12. (3) 17. (3) 22. (1) 3. (1) 8. (3) 13. (3) 18. (4) 23. (2) 4. (2) 9. (1) 14. (1) 19. (2) 24. (2) 5. (3) 10. (4) 15. (2) 20. (1) 25. (3)
42

Limits and Derivatives

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, AT H E M AT I C S + M ,S T U D Y M A T E R I A L+ , + , + , + , + , LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES + , + AIEEE , + , + , + , + , + , + /111111111-

2004 NARAYANA GROUP

The salient features of this package include :

THE NARAYANA TEAM

THE NARAYANA TEAM

LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

Mathematics : Limits and Derivatives

INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES

LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES DERIVATIVES

Mathematics : Limits and Derivatives

INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES

Mathematics : Limits and Derivatives

INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES

(ii) cos ax ! 1 (iv) eax ! 1 + ax

(vi) log(1 + ax) ! ax (viii) sinhax ! ax

(vii) a ! 1 + (logea)x (ix) tanhax ! ax

SOME USEFUL EXPANSIONS

x x2 + + ...... 1 2 (log a)x (log a)2 x 2 + + ...... 1 2

x 2 x3 log(1 x) = x + + + ..... 2 3 sin x = x tan x = x x3 x5 + ....... 3 5 x 3 2x 5 + ....... 3 15 x2 x4 + + ....... 2 4 x 3 9x 5 + + ...... 3 5

x2 x4 + ....... 2 4 x3 x5 + + ....... 3 5 x 3 2x 5 + + ....... 3 15

sin h x = x + tan h x = x + cos 1 x =

n(n 1) 2 x + ....... where n z + 2

Mathematics : Limits and Derivatives

INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES

takes the form again

0 , is eliminated then limit is obtained. 0

0 , by taking one term to the denominater 0 0 or form, then take the 0

0 or form and then use LHospitals Rule. 0

takes the form of 1 then write it as Lt ( f (x) ) x a

LIMIT OF GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION

Mathematics : Limits and Derivatives

INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES

sin[x] , [x] 0 [x]

sin[ h] sin[h] = Lt h 0 [ h] [h]

y h(x) f(x) g(x) c

Lt g(x) = Lt h(x) = ! then Lt f (x) = ! x c x c

This is called sandwich theorem.

SPECIAL TYPES OF LIMITS

g (x) = f [ (x)] (x) f ((x)) (x)

To Evaluate such limits we note the following

is replaced by sign of integration

Mathematics : Limits and Derivatives

INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES

Taking limit on both sides when x 0 we have,

y f (x + x) f (x) = lim x 0 x x dy or f (x) . Thus dx

y dy f (x + x) f (x) = lim = lim . This is called Differentiation from first principle. x 0 x x 0 x dx

dy d d ( y ) in which is is simply a symbol of operation and not 'd' divided by dx. dx dx dx

12. SOME DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAE

d n n1 (x ) = nx dx d x x (a ) = a loge a dx 1 d (loga x) = x log a dx e d (cos x) = sinx dx

Mathematics : Limits and Derivatives

INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES

d 2 (tan x) = sec x dx d (sec x) = sec x tan x dx d 1 (sin x) = dx

a 2 + b 2 e cos (bx + tan

13. ALGEBRA OF DIFFERENTIATION

Scalar multiple rule

Mathematics : Limits and Derivatives