SSC JE Civil

Tiles, Glass, Flyash

Building Materials
Time: 9 PM / 21 August
Daily Free Class Time YouTube: 9:00PM

Teaching Experience 6+ Years

B.Tech in Civil
Masters in Urban Planning & Development
Qualification
Selected in SSC JE , NBCC JE, NPCC JE
Qualified GATE
Achievements Mentored more than 100,000+ Student

Area of Expertise Civil Engineering

https://t.me/civilbyShubhamsir
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(Civil by Shubham Sir)
 Building Materials Concept (C)
Numerical (N)
▪ Yellow Means High Priority
Cement & Concrete C ▪ White Means Medium Priority
Bricks C ▪ Green Means Average Priority
Timber C
Stones C
Lime C
Bitumen & Tar C
Paints & Varnish C
Mortar C
Glass, Tiles C
Plastering, Damproofing C
Pozzolana, Asbestos C
1

3
• Glass is an amorphous substance having homogeneous
texture.

• It is a
• Hard
• Brittle
• Transparent / Translucent Material

• It is the Most Common Material glazed into

• Frames for Doors
• Windows
• The most common types used in building construction are :
• Most Ordinary Colourless Glasses are :
1. Alkali-Lime Silicate
2. Alkali-Lead Silicate
Tensile Strength (T) = (30 – 60) N/mm2
Compressive Strength (C) = (700–1000) N/mm2
Modulus of Elasticity (E) = ( 0.45 × 105 to 0.8 × 105) N/mm2

The Major Problem we face with Glass is Brittleness.

Brittleness Depends on Ratio of E/T

• The raw materials used in manufacturing glass are :
1. Sand (Silica)
2. Lime (chalks)
3. Soda or Potash
which are fused over 1000° C.

• Addition of _____ can Modify Hardness, Brilliance & Colour :

1. Iron oxide
2. Lead Oxide
3. Borax
The functions of the various ingredients are as follows.
1. Silica
• It is used in the form of
• Pure Quartz
• Crushed Sandstone
• Pulverized Flint.
• It should be free from iron contents for best quality
glass.
• It melts at very high temperatures (1710° C)
(Carbonates of Sodium or Potassium are added to lower
down the fusing temperature to about 800° C)
The functions of the various ingredients are as follows.
2. Lime
• It imparts :
• Fluidity
• Durability
• Toughness
• Excess of lime makes the molten mass too thin for
fabrication.

• The addition of lime makes the glass fluid and suitable for
blowing, drawing, rolling, pressing or spinning.
The functions of the various ingredients are as follows.

3. Soda : Acts as an accelerator for the fusion of glass.

4. Potash : makes Glass Fire Resistant.

The functions of the various ingredients are as follows.
5. Lead Oxide
• It Imparts
• Colour
• Brightness
• Shine.

• When 15–30% of it added to substitute lime

• It lowers the melting point
• Imparts Good Workability
• While its transparency is lost with the glass becoming
brittle and crystalline.
Depending upon the constituent’s Glasses are classified as :
1. Soda Lime Glass / Soda Ash Glass / Soda Glass /
Soft Glass
• It is obtained by fusing a mixture of Silica, Lime and
Soda.
• The quality of this glass can be improved by adding
Alumina and Magnesium Oxide and the glass is then
called Crown Glass
• Used In :
1. Doors
2. Windows
3. Making Glass-Wares (bottles)
2. Lead Glass / Flint Glass
1. It is obtained by fusing a mixture of Silica, Lead and Potash.
2. It is free from iron impurities
3. It is colorless.
4. It has High Shining Appearance
5. It can take polish.
6. It is not affected by temperature.
Used in :
1. Electric Bulbs
2. Optical Glasses
3. Ornamental Glass Works
3. Boro – Silicate Glass / Pyrex Glass
1. It is obtained by fusing a mixture of Silica, Borax, Lime
and Felspar.
2. It is Heat Resisting Glass.
3. It can withstand high temperatures
Used in :
1. Laboratory Equipments
2. Cooking Utensils.
Sheet Glass
• It is obtained by blowing the molten glass into the shape of a
cylinder.
• The End of the cylinder produced are cut and flattened over
a plane tray.
• Thickness Range : (2 – 6.5)mm
• It is used for :
1. Glazing Doors (Soda Lime Glass)
2. Windows (Soda Lime Glass)
3. Partitions
Plate Glass
• Superior to Sheet glass (Used for all Engineering Purposes)

• A plate glass differs from a sheet glass in that it has a

parallel, distortion-free surface obtained by grinding or
floating process.

• It is produced by pouring the molten glass on casting tables

and levelling it to a uniform thickness.
• Both the glass surfaces are then ground, smoothened and
polished.
Plate Glass
It is used for all engineering purposes :
1. Cabinets
2. Counters
3. Shop Front
4. Wind Screen of Vehicles
Tempered Glass
• It is made by Plate Glass by reheating & suddenly
cooling .
• It is 3-5 times more strong than Plate Glass.
• Resist Bending Stress better than Plate Glass.
• Used in :
1. Sliding Door
2. Sports Arena
Laminated Glass / Safety Glass
It is made by sandwiching a layer of Polyvinyl Butyral between
two or more layers of Plate or Sheet Glass.

The examples are :

1. Heat Proof Glass
2. Soundproof Glass
3. Bullet Proof Glass
Laminated Glass / Safety Glass
Heat Proof Glass
1. Two or more glass plates are sandwiched by a tinted plastic
inner layer.
2. High resistance to Heat and Glare.
3. By increasing the thickness of plastic layer the glass can be
made more sound resistant.
Laminated Glass / Safety Glass
Bullet Proof Glass
1. It is produced by placing Vinyl Plastic and Glass in several
alternate layers and pressing them with outer layers of
glass.
2. Used in :
1. Banks
2. Jewellery Stores
3. Display Windows.
Laminated Glass / Safety Glass
Insulating Glass
• It is composed of two Glass Plates into which a layer of
(6–130) mm thick Dehydrated Air is sealed.
• The round edges are formed by fusing together the two
Glass Plates.
• Reduce the heat transmission by (30–60)%
Heat Absorbing Glass
1. It is Bluish Green in Color
2. It cuts Ultraviolet Rays of sun.
3. Used in :
1. Railway Carriages
2. Factories
3. Hospitals
4. Health Clubs
5. Kitchens.
Enamel Glass
• It is produced by adding Calcined Lead and Tin Oxide to
the ordinary glass.
• The composition is :
1. 10 Parts Sand
2. 20% Lead & Tin Oxide
3. 8 Parts Potash.
Optical Glass
• It contains
1. Phosphorus
2. Lead Silicate
3. Cerium Oxide
Capable of absorbing ultraviolet light injurious to eyes.

Used in : Making lenses.

• Tiles are thin slabs of low melting clays used for various
purposes in engineering constructions.
• These give :
• Very Pleasing Appearance
• Good Service Properties
• Roofing Tiles
• Flooring Tiles
• Wall Tiles
• Partition Tiles
Characteristics of Roofing Tiles are :
1. Uniform texture
2. Accurate Size and Shape
3. Free from Defects like flaws, cracks and nonuniform
burning.
4. Water Absorption (less than 15%)
5. Resistant to Atmosphere & Dampness
6. Durability
Floor Tiles
• Floor tiles are extensively used in houses and industrial
buildings.
• These are :
• Durable
• Impervious to Water
• Abrasion Resistant
• Wash Easily
• White Burning, Red Burning Clays, Fire Clays and shales are
used in making tiles for floor surfaces.
Wall Tiles
• Tiles for surface of walls differ from floor tiles principally in
design in degree of burning.

• Wall tiles are burned at a comparatively low temperature,

glazed, and fired again in muffle kiln at a still lower
Temperature.
• Manufacturing Same as Bricks.
• Lighter & Thinner than Bricks.
• Burning Tempurature : About 1300 °C.
• Continuous Klins are Used.
• Highly Plastic Clay is Used.
 Symbol
Hand Moulded – H
1. Flat Terracing Tiles Machine Moulded - M
2. Clay Ridge & Ceiling Tiles (Mangalore Pattern)
The clay ridge and ceiling tiles are grouped as :
1. Class AA
2. Class A Tile Class AA Class A
Max. Water 18 20
Absorption (%)
According to IS: 654-1962, the maximum water
absorption percentage of Class AA type Mangalore
pattern tiles is:
A. 18%
B. 25%
C. 29%
D. 35%
3. Flooring Tiles
They are available in sizes :
1. (150 × 150 × 50) mm
2. (150 × 150 × 20) mm
3. (200 × 200 × 20) mm
4. (200 × 200 × 25) mm
5. (250 × 250 × 30) mm
3. Flooring Tiles
It is a finely divided residue that results from the
combustion of ground or pulverized coal and is
transported from boilers by flue gases and collected by
cyclone separation or electrostatic precipitation.
What is the name of ash, as per IS 3812 (Par 1) : 2013,
which is prepared from fly ash or bottom ash or both
mixed in any proportion and conveyed or carried in dry
form and deposited dry?
A. Pulverized fuel ash
B. Mound ash
C. Pond ash
D. Calcareous fly ash
The fineness of fly ash should be as high as possible.
Particle Size: (1 - 150)micron

Fly-Ash from Electrostatic Preceptor is finer than obtained

from cyclone Precipitator.

Curing Temperature = 38°C (Contributes to acceleration of

Strength in Concrete
Pulverized Fuel Ash
Ash generated by burning of ground or pulverized or
crushed coal or lignite fired boilers.
It can be :
Calcareous Fuel Ash
Pulverized Fuel Ash with reactive Calcium Oxide > 10% by
mass
Produced from : Lignite
Properties: Pozzolanic & Hydraulic Properties.
Siliceous Fuel Ash
Pulverized Fuel Ash with reactive Calcium Oxide < 10% by
mass
Produced from : Bituminous Coal
Properties: Pozzolanic Properties.
Pulverized Fuel Ash
1. Fly Ash
Pulverized fuel ash extracted from flue gases by any suitable
process such as by :
1. Cyclone Separator
2. Electro-Static Precipitator
Pulverized Fuel Ash
2. Bottom Ash
Pulverized fuel ash collected from the bottom of boilers by
any suitable process.

3. Pond Ash
Fly ash or bottom ash or both mixed in any proportion and
conveyed in the form of water slurry and deposited in pond or
lagoon.
Pulverized Fuel Ash
4. Mound Ash
Fly ash or bottom ash or both mixed in any proportion and
conveyed or carried in dry form and deposited dry.
What is the name of ash, as per IS 3812 (Par 1) : 2013,
which is prepared from fly ash or bottom ash or both
mixed in any proportion and conveyed or carried form
of water slurry ?
A. Pulverized fuel ash
B. Mound ash
C. Pond ash
D. Calcareous fly ash