1a-

 Inclusive growth: It should be emphasised that good infrastructure is essential not only
for faster economic growth but also for inclusive growth. As a result of inclusive
growth, poverty will be alleviated and income disparity will be reduced in the country.
 Industrial Development: Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSME) are dispersed
throughout the economy, and their production and growth necessitate access to high-
quality, dependable infrastructure services in order to compete effectively with large-
scale enterprises.
o Many MSMEs often build some of their own infrastructures, such as small power
plants or generators. Furthermore, large-scale businesses might locate themselves
near ports and transportation hubs where the necessary infrastructure is
accessible.
 Agricultural development: Agricultural growth and the establishment of agro-processing
enterprises would be supported by the expansion of infrastructure facilities such as
irrigation, rural electrification, highways, and road transport.
o These general infrastructure facilities will assist farmers and processing industry
owners in obtaining low-cost raw materials, fertilisers, and other inputs, as well as
assisting them in bringing their products to markets in large towns and cities.
 Migration and standards of living: Rural infrastructure expansion will provide continued
growth of employment in agriculture and small-scale rural enterprises, as well as
prosperity in rural areas, ensuring inclusive growth.
o Furthermore, this will aid in preventing a large outflow of rural people to
metropolitan regions, which will result in urban congestion, the creation of slums,
and severe housing scarcity.
 Trade: The availability of high-quality infrastructure boosts the economy's productivity
while lowering business costs. Furthermore, appropriate infrastructure aids in the
expansion of trade not just within a country by upgrading transportation facilities, but
also promotes international trade by strengthening ports and airports.
o According to World Bank estimates, developing countries invested roughly
equivalent to 20% each year in new infrastructure—transport, power, water,
sanitation, telecommunications, irrigation and so on.
 Investment: They also provide market price stability. The mobility of labour and capital
inside and out of the economy is assured by economic infrastructure. Infrastructures
support a large number of job creation and employment prospects. This will encourage
investments to flow into the economy.
 National Defence: They also play an important part in national defence. Development of
military and defense infrastructure is crucial for national defence. The development of
border roads infrastructure is also very important.
 Government Revenue: Transportation, communication, and telecommunication
infrastructure help to shatter the country's economic isolation. They provide the
government with a significant and valuable source of revenue. The growth of economic
infrastructure will inevitably lead to the growth of economic trade.
1B-

Much can be done to reduce the worst traffic congestion Dynamic, affordable, liveable and
attractive urban regions will never be free of congestion. Road transport policies, however,
should seek to manage congestion on a cost-effective basis with the aim of reducing the burden
that excessive congestion imposes upon travellers and urban dwellers throughout the urban road
network. 2. Effective land use planning and appropriate levels of public transport service are
essential for delivering high quality access in congested urban areas Integrated land use and
transport planning and coordinated transport development involving all transport modes -
including appropriate levels of public transport – are fundamentally important to the high quality
access needed in large urban areas. 3. Road users want reliable door-to-door trips that are free of
stress Road users generally accept a degree of road congestion but attach a high value to the
reliability and predictability of road travel conditions. Reliability needs to be given greater
weight in assessing options and prioritising congestion mitigation measures. 4. Targeting travel
time variability and the most extreme congestion incidents can deliver rapid, tangible and cost-
effective improvements Unreliable and extremely variable travel times impose the greatest
“misery” on road users. An increase in the reliability and predictability of travel times can
rapidly reduce the cost associated with excessive congestion levels. 5. The age of unmanaged
access to highly-trafficked urban roads is coming to an end Most traditional congestion relief
measures either free up existing capacity or deliver new road capacity, which is likely to be
rapidly swamped with previously suppressed and new demand, at least in economically dynamic
cities. In future, demand for use of highly trafficked roads will need to be managed. Demand
management strategies should take full account of how residents and roadway users wish to see
their community develop as well as their longer term mobility preferences.

1C-
An automated guideway transit (AGT) or automated fixed-guideway transit[1] or automatic
guideway transit system is a type of fixed guideway transit infrastructure with a riding or
suspension track that supports and physically guides one or more driverless vehicles along its
length. The vehicles are often rubber tired or steel wheeled, but other traction systems including
air cushion, suspended monorail and maglev have been implemented. The guideway provides
both physical support, like a road, as well as the guidance.
AGT covers a wide variety of systems, from limited people mover systems commonly found at
airports to more complex automated train systems like the Vancouver SkyTrain. In the people
mover role the term "automated people mover" (APM) is sometimes used, although this
distinction is relatively rare because most people movers are automated. Larger systems span a
variety of conceptual designs, from subway-like advanced rapid transit (ART) systems to smaller
(typically two to six passengers) vehicles known as personal rapid transit (PRT) which offer
direct point-to-point travel along a switched network.
1D-
Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based air traffic controllers (also called
control tower operators (CTO)) who direct aircraft on the ground and through a given section of
controlled airspace, and can provide advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace. The
primary purpose of ATC worldwide is to prevent collisions, organize and expedite the flow of air
traffic, and provide information and other support for pilots.
Air traffic controllers monitor the location of aircraft in their assigned airspace by radar and
communicate with the pilots by radio. To prevent collisions, ATC enforces traffic
separation rules, which ensure each aircraft maintains a minimum amount of empty space around
it at all times. In many countries, ATC provides services to all private, military, and commercial
aircraft operating within its airspace. Depending on the type of flight and the class of airspace,
ATC may issue instructions that pilots are required to obey, or advisories (known as flight
information in some countries) that pilots may, at their discretion, disregard. The pilot in
command is the final authority for the safe operation of the aircraft and may, in an emergency,
deviate from ATC instructions to the extent required to maintain safe operation of their aircraft
1E- The following are the advantages of water transport:

1. The maintenance cost is less.

2. It is comparitively less expensive that the rail and road transport.
3. It is good for carrying heavy goods.
4. Water transportation is used in defence in the form Navy.
5. An important role is played by the water transport in foreign trades.

The following are the disadvantages of water transport:

1. Navigation becomes difficult during the monsoons.

2. The fear of ships sinking is always a concern.
3. It is a slow means of transport.
4. It is not suitable for small businesses.
5. The goods have to be loaded at the specific places due to the difference in depth and
water volumes.
2A-

2B-Civil engineering works are often done in a complex and unfriendly environment, making it
difficult for personnel to operate efficiently. The ability of GPS to provide real-time submeter-
and centimeter-level accuracy in a cost-effective manner has significantly changed the civil
engineering industry. Construction firms are using GPS in many applications such as road
construction, Earth moving, and fleet management.

In road construction and Earth moving, GPS, combined with wireless communication and
computer systems, is installed onboard the Earthmoving machine [5]. Designed surface
information, in a digital format, is uploaded into the system. With the help of the computer
display and the real-time GPS position information, the operator can view whether the correct
grade has been reached (see Figure 10.4). In situations in which millimeter-level elevation is
needed, GPS can be integrated with rotated beam lasers [6]
 3A- Following Method Of Tunneling In Rock,
 Drift Method
 Heading And Benching Method
 Full Face Method
 Cantilever Car Dump Method
 NATM Method

3B- Airport height zoning is also termed as hazard zoning. Height zoning is mainly used to
protect the approaches to the airport from the obstruction of any object. Certain rules and
regulars are made to the heights of structures on land surrounding the airport. Land Use
Compatibility Zones It is critical to maintain safe operational environments both on airport
property, as well as within communities surrounding local airports.
Basis for Land Use Zones Two primary sources of information were used to develop
recommended zones for land use compatibility within Iowa: • Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) Advisory Circular (AC) 150- 5300-13, Change 11, Airport Design, specifically Runway
Protection Zones • Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) Part 77, Objects Affecting Navigable
Airspace, commonly know as the FAR Part 77 Surfaces RPZs and Part 77 Surfaces .
Runway Protection Zones RPZs are the areas at each end of the runway that have a critical need
for protection from incompatible land uses.
3C- The major benefits of Drone Surveying are:

 Drones can get closer to the subject than satellites and other aerial vehicles.
 Images captured with drones are in high resolution and allow for a more accurate survey
than satellite surveys.
 Drone surveying allows for capturing images from angles that are not possible to take
from the ground and can cover large areas quickly
 The aerial view helps give a better understanding of the properties of the land being
surveyed, like the distance between two buildings, or the distance between a building and
road

Disadvantages

 GPS signals are transmitted by satellite and have a finite range, which can result in out-
of-range location errors.
 The high costs associated with drones limit the use of this technology.
 Drones usually have a short battery life, so many drones are needed to cover large areas
in one survey.
 Poor weather conditions can cause the drone to be grounded until the weather improves
and flights can resume safely.

4A- Corrections to basic runway length

 There are three main corrections to be applied to basic runway length to determine the actual
length of runway for an airport. These are: • Elevation Correction • Temperature Correction •
Gradient Correction
Airport Site Selection Criteria
 Atmospheric & Meteorological Conditions.
 Availability of land for Expansion.
 Availability of utilities.
 Development of the Surrounding Area.
 Economy of Construction.
 Ground Accessibility.
 Presence of other Airports.
 Regional Plan.

4B- The Seven Types of Bridges

 Arch Bridges.
 Beam Bridges.
 Cantilever Bridges.
 Cable-Stayed Bridges.
 Suspension Bridges.
 Tied-Arch Bridges.
 Truss Bridges.

4C-
5A-list of some of the most prominently used earth-moving equipment in the construction
industry:

 Excavators
 Backhoe Loaders
 Bulldozers
 Skid-Steer Loaders
 Trenchers

5B- Benefits of Public Transportation

 Improves Community Health. ...
 Economic Benefits to the Community. ...
 Improves Fuel Efficiency. ...
 Public Transportation Reduces Air Pollution. ...
 Improves Road Congestion. ...
 Improves Community Mobility. ...
 Provides an Equitable Transportation System. ...
 Public Transportation Improves Commuters Productivity.

6A- Methods of pile driving can be categorised as follows:

 Dropping weight.
 Explosion.
 Vibration.
 Jacking (restricted to micro-piling)
 Jetting.

6B- Natural vs Harbour

Docks are man-made structures, whereas harbours may be natural or artificial.

Location
A harbour is located in a place on the coast, whereas a dock is usually located inside a harbour.

Function
Docks are for loading, unloading, and repair of ships, while harbours provide safe shelter and
anchorage for ships and allow the transfer of passengers and cargo between the ship and the land.

Conclusion
The main difference between dock and harbour is that dock is an enclosed area of water in a
harbour for the loading, unloading, and repair of ships, whereas a harbour is a place on the coast
where ships may safely moor. Moreover, harbours can be either natural or artificial structures,
whereas docks are not natural structures.
 6C- Types of Harbor based on Usage
 Commercial harbor.
 Fishery harbor.
 Military harbor.
 Marine harbor.
 Harbors of refuge.