1.

Centralized Governance: In this model, decision-making authority and control

over the program rest with a central body or individual. This approach ensures
consistency, standardization, and clear accountability. However, it may lead to
slow decision-making and limited flexibility in responding to local needs.
2. Decentralized Governance: In contrast to centralized governance, a decentralized
model delegates decision-making authority to individual teams or departments.
This empowers local teams to respond quickly to specific needs and challenges.
However, it can result in inconsistencies and difficulties in aligning with the
overall program's objectives.
3. Federated Governance: The federated model combines elements of both
centralized and decentralized governance. It involves multiple semi-autonomous
entities, each with its own governance structure, but with a common framework
that aligns them toward overarching program goals. This model balances local
responsiveness with centralized coordination.
4. Collaborative Governance: Collaborative governance emphasizes cooperation and
collaboration among various stakeholders, such as program sponsors, partners,
and beneficiaries. Decision-making is a collective effort, and input from different
perspectives is taken into account. This approach fosters engagement and can
lead to innovative solutions but might face challenges in reaching consensus.
5. Coordinating Governance: This model involves strong coordination between
different program components or projects. A central body or program
management office (PMO) oversees coordination, resource allocation, and
communication among various teams. It ensures synergies and reduces
duplication of efforts across the program.
6. Network Governance: In the network governance model, the program consists of
multiple interconnected entities that collaborate to achieve common objectives.
These entities can be organizations, departments, or individuals. Network
governance fosters agility, adaptability, and resource-sharing but requires strong
communication and relationship management.
7. Agile Governance: Based on the principles of agile project management, this
model emphasizes iterative, incremental, and adaptive approaches to program
governance. Regular feedback loops, short planning cycles, and continuous
improvement are integral to agile governance.
8. Outcome-Based Governance: In outcome-based governance, the focus is on
defining and achieving specific outcomes and benefits rather than just delivering
outputs. Performance is measured based on the success of the program in
achieving its intended results.
9. Portfolio Governance: In this model, program governance is integrated with
portfolio management, ensuring alignment between the p