Table 1.1.
Reagents and Characteristics
Reagent Characteristics
Naphthalene IUPAC: Naphthalene
Chemical Formula: C10H8
Molecular Weight: 128.1705 g/mol
Melting Point: 80 C
Boiling Point: 218 C
Density: 1.16 g/cm3 at 20 C
Classification: benzenoid polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon
Salicylic Acid IUPAC: 2 – hydroxybenzoic acid
Chemical Formula: C7H6O3
Molecular Weight: 138.12 g/mol
Melting Point: 158.6 C
Boiling Point: 211C
Density: 1.44 g/cm3
Classification: Beta hydroxy acid
Urea IUPAC: urea
Chemical Formula: NH2CONH2
Molecular Weight: 60.056 g/mol
Melting Point: 132.7oC
Boiling Point: 321oC
Density: 1.32 g/cm3
Classification: Amides
Fumaric Acid IUPAC: (2E)-But-2-enedioic acid
Chemical Formula: C4H4O4
Molecular Weight: 116.072 g/mol
Melting Point: 278oC
Boiling Point: 522oC
Density: 1.635 g/mL
Classification: dicarboxylic acid
Safety Protocols
Storage: Well-ventilated location (cool, dry,
and dark) and separated from strong
oxidants and feedstuffs.
Safety measure and precaution: Can cause
Irritant, Health Hazard and Environmental
Hazard. Always wear protective gloves/eye
protection. Avoid spillage to the
environment.
First aid: (eyes) flush eyes with water or
normal saline solution (20 to 30 minutes),
(skin) gently wash all affected skin areas
thoroughly with soap and, (inhalation) take
deep breaths of fresh air if breathed in,
otherwise give artificial respiration.
(swallow) immediately call medical
attention.
Disposal:Dry container. Keep away from
confined spaces (sewers). Do not dispose
of it into drains. Dilute to avoid
environmental damage.
Storage: Away from sources of heat and
closed containers with a well-ventilated
area.
Safety measure and precaution: (Corrosive,
Irritant, and Health Hazard). Wear protective
gloves/Eye or face protection.
First aid: (eyes) rinse with eye wash. Continue
Rinsing. (skin) wash off with soap and
water. (inhaled) artificial respiration if not
breathing. (swallowed) rinse mouth with
water.
Disposal: Neutralize the substance and into
covered containers.
Storage: Dry place and tightly closed
container.
Safety measure and precaution: Proper lab
wear.
First aid: (eyes) rinse in eye wash in several
minutes (skin) wash off with soap & water
and dispose of affected clothing (inhalation)
move to fresh air (Swallow) rinse with water,
call for medical personnel.
Disposal: Collected in a sealable compatible
waste container. Do not empty into drains.
Storage: keep in tightly closed container in a
dry and well-ventilated space
Safety measure and precaution: Avoid contact
with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust
and aerosols.Further processing of solid
materials may result in the formation of
combustible dusts. The potential for
combustible dust formation should be taken
into consideration before additional

2-Butanone IUPAC: Butan-2-one
Chemical Formula: C4H8O
Molecular Weight: 72.11 g/mol
Melting Point: -86oC
Boiling Point: 79.64oC
Density: 0.8050 g/mL
Classification: ketone
n-Pentane IUPAC: Pentane
Chemical Formula: C5H12
Molecular Weight: 72.15 g/mol
Melting Point: -129.8oC
Boiling Point: 36.1oC
Density: 0.626 g/mL
Classification: alkane
sec-Butanol IUPAC name: butan-2-ol
Chemical Formula: C4H10O
Molecular Weight:74.12 g/mol
Melting Point: -114.7
Boiling Point: 99.5
Density: 0.806 at 20
Classification: Butanols
Glycerol IUPAC name: propane-1,2,3-triol
Chemical Formula: C3H8O3
Molecular Weight: 92.09 g/mol
Melting Point: 18.1 °C
Boiling Point: 290 °C
Density: 1.26 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Classification: Triose Sugar Alcohols
processing occurs.
First aid: (inhaled) breathe fresh air or provide
artificial respiration, (contact) wash off with
plenty of water and soap, (eye contact)
Rinse thoroughly for 15 minutes,
(swallowed) Rinse with water.
Disposal: Sweep working area well and
dispose of container
Storage: Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep
container tightly closed Store locked up
Safety measure and precaution: Wash face,
hands and any exposed skin thoroughly
after handling Do not breathe
dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray Use only
outdoors or in a well-ventilated area Keep
away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot
surfaces. - No smoking Keep container
tightly closed
First aid: (inhaled) breathe fresh air, (skin
contact) take off contaminated clothes and
rinse with water, (eyes) rinse with water,
(fire) CO2 extinguisher
Disposal: Dispose of contents/container to an
approved waste disposal plant
Storage: Store locked up. Store in a well-
ventilated place. Keep container tightly
closed. Keep cool.
Safety measure and precaution: Keep away
from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces
First aid: (inhaled) breathe fresh air, (skin
contact) take off contaminated clothes and
rinse with water, (eyes) rinse with water,
(fire) CO2 extinguisher
Disposal: Dispose of contents and container in
accordance with all local, regional, national
and international regulations.
Storage: fireproof container, separated from
oxidants and aluminum
Safety Measure and Precaution: (flammable,
irritant) Wear proper lab wear
Handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.
First Aid: (eyes) rinse several minutes; (skin)
wash with soap and water, remove
contaminated clothing; (inhalation) breathe
fresh air; (mouth) rinse, medical attention
Disposal: closed container, absorbent
Storage: closed container; cool, dry, and well-
ventilated area; do not store in heat or
direct sunlight; protect from moisture; do not
freeze
Safety Measure and Precaution: Wear proper
lab wear
Handling: Avoid contact with skin, eyes or
clothing. Avoid ingestion and inhalation.
First Aid: (eyes) rinse immediately with plenty
of water, also under the eyelids; (skin) wash

Benzoic Acid IUPAC name: benzoic acid
Chemical Formula: C7H6O2
Molecular Weight: 122.12 g/mol
Melting Point: 122.4 °C
Boiling Point: 249.2 °C
Density: 1.3 g/sm3 at 20 °C
Classification: aromatic carboxylic acid
Benzoin IUPAC name: 2-hydroxy-1,2-
di(phenyl)ethanone
Chemical Formula:C14H12O2
Molecular Weight: 212.24 g/mol
Melting Point: 134 - 138 °C
Boiling Point: 194 °C
Density: 1.31 g/cm³
Classification: Ketone
Maleic Acid IUPAC name: (Z)-but-2-enedioic acid
Chemical Formula: C4H4O4
Molecular Weight: 116.07 g/mol
Melting Point:131-133 °C
Boiling Point: 167.16 °C
Density: 1.59 g/cm³
Classification: dicarboxylic acids and
derivatives
immediately with plenty of water, remove
contaminated clothing; (inhalation) breathe
fresh air; (mouth) rinse, drink plenty of
water, medical attention
Disposal: closed container, absorbent
Storage: closed container; cool, dry, and well-
ventilated area
Safety Measure and Precaution: (corrosive,
irritant, health hazard) always wear proper
lab wear; work under hood
Handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Avoid inhalation of substance or mixture
First Aid: (eyes) rinse with plenty of water;
(skin) rinse with water, remove
contaminated clothing; (inhalation) breathe
fresh air; (mouth) immediately drink plenty
of water, medical attention
Disposal: clean container, neutralize
Storage: Store in a cool location. Keep away
from food and beverages. Protect from
freezing and physical damage. Provide
Ventilation for containers. Keep the
container tightly sealed. Store away from
incompatible materials.
Safety Measure and Precaution: Avoid contact
with skin, eyes, and clothing. Follow good
hygiene procedures when handling
chemical materials.
First Aid: Inhalation: Remove from exposure
site to fresh air, keep at rest, and obtain
medical attention. Eye exposure: Flush
immediately with water for at least 15
minutes. Contact a physician if symptoms
persist. Skin exposure: IF ON SKIN: Wash
with plenty of soap and water.
Disposal: Dispose of in accordance with local
regulations. Avoid disposing into drainage
systems and into the environment. Empty
containers should be taken to an approved
waste handling site for recycling or disposal.
Storage: Dispose of in accordance with local
regulations. Avoid disposing into drainage
systems and into the environment. Empty
containers should be taken to an approved
waste handling site for recycling or disposal.
Safety Measure and Precaution: P261 Avoid
breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray
P280 Wear protective gloves/protective
clothing
First Aid: General notes Take off contaminated
clothing. Following inhalation Provide fresh
air. In all cases of doubt, or when symptoms
persist, seek medical advice. Following skin
contact Rinse skin with water/shower. After
contact with skin, wash immediately with
plenty of water. In case of skin reactions,
consult a physician. In case of skin irritation,
consult a physician. Following eye contact

n-Butanol IUPAC name: butan-1-ol
Chemical Formula: C4H10O
Molecular Weight: 74.123 g/mol
Melting Point: -89.8°C
Boiling Point: 117.7°C
Density: 810 kg/m3
Classification: Primary Alcohol
n-Hexane Chemical Name (IUPAC): hexane
Chemical Formula: C6H14
Molecular Weight: 86.18 g/mol
Melting Point: -95.3°C
Boiling Point: 68.7°C
Density: 0.63 g/cm3 at 20°C
Classification: alkanes
Propanoic acid Chemical Name (IUPAC): propanopic
acid
Chemical Formula: C3H6O2
Irrigate copiously with clean, fresh water for
at least 10 minutes, holding the eyelids
apart. In case of eye irritation consult an
ophthalmologist. Following ingestion Rinse
mouth with water (only if the person is
conscious). Call a doctor.
Disposal: P501 Dispose of contents/container
to industrial combustion plant.
Storage: Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep
container tightly closed Store locked up.
Safety Measure and Precaution: Wash face,
hands and any exposed skin thoroughly
after handling. Do not eat, drink or smoke
when using this product. Wear protective
gloves/protective clothing/eye
protection/face protection. Do not breathe
dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray. Use only
outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Keep
away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot
surfaces. - No smoking. Keep container
tightly closed. Ground/bond container and
receiving equipment. Use explosion-proof
electrical/ventilating/lighting equipment. Use
only non-sparking tools. Take precautionary
measures against static discharge. Keep
cool.
First Aid: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh
air and keep at rest in a position
comfortable for breathing. Call a POISON
CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel
unwell Skin If skin irritation occurs: Get
medical advice/attention IF ON SKIN (or
hair): Take off immediately all contaminated
clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower
Wash contaminated clothing before reuse
Eyes IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with
water for several minutes. Remove contact
lenses, if present and easy to do.
ContinuerinsingImmediately call a POISON
CENTER or doctor/physician Ingestion IF
SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or
doctor/physician if you feel unwell Rinse
mouth
Disposal: Dispose of contents/container to an
approved waste disposal plant
Storage: fire-resistant containers; a well-
ventilated area
Safety measures and precautions: (flammable,
irritant, health hazard, environmental
hazard) Always wear proper lab wear
First aid: (eyes) rinse several minutes; (skin)
wash with soap & water, remove
contaminated clothing, (inhalation) breathe
fresh air
Disposal: a closed container
Storage: fireproof container; separated from
oxidants
 Molecular Weight: 74.08 g/mol
Melting Point: -20.7°C
Boiling Point: 141.1°C
Density: 0.993 g/cm3 at 20°C
Classification: Acids, Acyclic,
Propionates
tert-Butanol Chemical Name (IUPAC): 2-methyl-2-
propanol
Chemical Formula: C4H10O
Molecular Weight: 74.12 g/mol
Melting Point: -20.7°C
Boiling Point: 141.1°C
Density: 0.993 g/cm3 at 20°C
Classification: Acids, Acyclic,
Propionates
Silicone fluid IUPAC name: Polydimethylsiloxane
Chemical Formula: C8H24O2Si3
Molecular Weight: 236.5 g/mol
Melting Point: -80.0°C
Boiling Point: 153.0°C
Density: 0.940 g/m3
Classification: Polymers
References: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/; https://www.nist.gov/; https://www.chemspider.com/;
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ghs/#_prec
Safety measures and precautions: (corrosive)
wear goggles & gloves First aid: (eyes)
rinse several minutes; (skin) wash with soap
& water, remove contaminated clothing,
(inhalation) breathe fresh air; (mouth) rinse,
medical attention
Disposal: closed container, neutralize and
dilute
Storage: fireproof container; separated from
oxidants
Safety measures and precautions: (corrosive)
wear goggles & gloves First aid: (eyes)
rinse several minutes; (skin) wash with soap
& water, remove contaminated clothing,
(inhalation) breathe fresh air; (mouth) rinse,
medical attention
Disposal: closed container, neutralize and
dilute
Storage: closed container
Safety Measure and Precaution: (irritant)
always wear goggles
First Aid: (skin) gently wash w/ soap and water;
(eyes & mouth) rinse
Disposal: closed container
Table 2.1 Reagents and Characteristics
Reagent Characteristics
Acetamide IUPAC: Ethanamide
Chemical Formula: C2H5NO
Molecular Weight: 59.0672 g/mol
Melting Point: 81 C
Boiling Point: 222 C
Density: 1.16 g/cm3 at 20 C
Classification: Amides
Acetanilide IUPAC: N-Phenylacetamide
Chemical Formula: C8H9NO
Molecular Weight: 135.16 g/mol
Melting Point: 114.3 C
Boiling Point: 304 C
Density: 1.1 g/cm3 at 20 C
Classification: Amides
Benzene IUPAC: Benzene
Chemical Formula: C6H6
Molecular Weight: 78.11 g/mol
Melting Point: 5.5 C
Boiling Point: 80 C
Density: 0.9 g/cm3 at 20 C
Classification: Aromatic
Hydrocarbon
Safety Protocols
Storage: Store locked up.
Safety measure and precaution: Obtain,
read and follow all safety instructions
before use. Suspected carcinogenicity;
Health Hazard. Always wear protective
gloves/eye protection. Avoid spillage to
the environment.
First aid: (eyes) flush eyes with water or
normal saline solution (20 to 30 minutes),
(skin) gently wash all affected skin areas
thoroughly with soap and, (inhalation)
take deep breaths of fresh air if breathed
in, otherwise give artificial respiration.
(swallow) immediately call medical
attention.
Disposal: Dry container. Do not dispose of it
into drains.
Storage: Store locked up.
Safety measure and precaution: An Irritant.
Harmful if swallowed. Always wear
protective gloves/eye protection. Wash
hands thoroughly after handling. Do not
eat, drink, or smoke when using this
product.
First aid: (eyes) flush eyes with water or
normal saline solution (20 to 30 minutes),
(skin) gently wash all affected skin areas
thoroughly with soap and, (inhalation)
take deep breaths of fresh air if breathed
in, otherwise give artificial respiration.
Rinse mouth. IF SWALLOWED: get
medical help.
Disposal: Dry container. Do not dispose of it
into drains.
Storage: Store in a well-ventilated place.
Keep cool. Store locked up.
Safety measure and precaution: An Irritant.
Flammable; Health Hazard. Harmful if
swallowed. Always wear protective
gloves/eye protection. Do not eat, drink,
or smoke when using this product. Keep
away from heat, hot surface, sparks,
open flames and other ignition sources.
Do not breathe fume, gas mist, vapors,
spray. Wash hands after handling. Do
not touch eyes. Use only in a well-
ventilated area.
First aid: If irritation occurs, seek medical
attention immediately. If on skin, wash
with plenty of water. Take off immediately
all contaminated clothing. IF
SWALLOWED: get medical help.
Disposal: Dry container. Do not dispose of it
into drains.
 Ethyl Acetate IUPAC: Ethyl acetate
Chemical Formula: C4H8O2
Molecular Weight: 88.11 g/mol
Melting Point: -84 C
Boiling Point: 77.1 C
Density: 0.9 g/cm3 at 20 C
Classification: Acetate ester
References: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/; https://www.nist.gov/; https://www.chemspider.com/;
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ghs/#_prec
Storage: Keep container tightly closed.
Safety measure and precaution: An Irritant.
Flammable. Always wear protective
gloves/eye protection. Do not eat, drink,
or smoke when using this product. Keep
away from heat, hot surface, sparks,
open flames and other ignition sources.
Avoid breathing fume, gas mist, vapors,
spray. Wash hands after handling. Do
not touch eyes.
First aid: If irritation occurs, seek medical
attention immediately. If on skin, wash
with plenty of water. Take off immediately
all contaminated clothing. IF
SWALLOWED: get medical help.
Disposal: Dry container. Do not dispose of it
into drains.