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Harrison's Cardiovascular Medicine 2 ed.

APPENDIX. LABORATORY VALUES OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Alexander Kratz   Michael A. Pesce   Robert C. Basner   Andrew J. Einstein

This Appendix contains tables of reference values for laboratory tests, special analytes, and special
function tests. A variety of factors can influence reference values. Such variables include the
population studied, the duration and means of specimen transport, laboratory methods and
instrumentation, and even the type of container used for the collection of the specimen. The
reference or “normal” ranges given in this appendix may therefore not be appropriate for all
laboratories, and these values should only be used as general guidelines. Whenever possible,
reference values provided by the laboratory performing the testing should be utilized in the
interpretation of laboratory data. Values supplied in this Appendix reflect typical reference ranges in
adults. Pediatric reference ranges may vary significantly from adult values.

In preparing the Appendix, the authors have taken into account the fact that the system of
international units (SI, système international d’unités) is used in most countries and in some
medical journals. However, clinical laboratories may continue to report values in “traditional” or
conventional units. Therefore, both systems are provided in the Appendix. The dual system is also
used in the text except for (1) those instances in which the numbers remain the same but only the
terminology is changed (mmol/L for meq/L or IU/L for mIU/mL), when only the SI units are given;
and (2) most pressure measurements (e.g., blood and cerebrospinal fluid pressures), when the
traditional units (mmHg, mmH2O) are used. In all other instances in the text the SI unit is followed
by the traditional unit in parentheses.

REFERENCE VALUES FOR LABORATORY TESTS

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TABLE 1

HEMATOLOGY AND COAGULATION

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TABLE 2

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOLOGY

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TABLE 3

TOXICOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING

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TABLE 4

VITAMINS AND SELECTED TRACE MINERALS

TABLE 5

CLASSIFICATION OF LDL, TOTAL, AND HDL CHOLESTEROL

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REFERENCE VALUES FOR SPECIFIC ANALYTES

TABLE 6

CEREBROSPINAL FLUIDa

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TABLE 7A

DIFFERENTIAL NUCLEATED CELL COUNTS OF BONE MARROW ASPIRATESa

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TABLE 7B 

BONE MARROW CELLULARITY

TABLE 8

STOOL ANALYSIS

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TABLE 9

URINE ANALYSIS AND RENAL FUNCTION TESTS

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SPECIAL FUNCTION TESTS

TABLE 10

NORMAL PRESSURES IN HEART AND GREAT VESSELS

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TABLE 11

CIRCULATORY FUNCTION TESTS

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TABLE 12

NORMAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE LIMITS AND PARTITION VALUES IN ADULTS

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TABLE 13

SUMMARY OF VALUES USEFUL IN PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY

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TABLE 14

GASTROINTESTINAL TESTS

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MISCELLANEOUS

TABLE 15

BODY FLUIDS AND OTHER MASS DATA

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TABLE 16

RADIATION-DERIVED UNITS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The contributions of Drs. Daniel J. Fink, Patrick M. Sluss, James L. Januzzi, and Kent B.
Lewandrowski to this chapter in previous editions of Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine are
gratefully acknowledged. We also express our gratitude to Drs. Amudha Palanisamy and Scott Fink

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for careful review of tables and helpful suggestions.

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