MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION

Model Answer- Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Elements of Electronics Subject code: 22213

Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the
model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try
to assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The languageerrors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more
Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in
the figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may
give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed
constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and
model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant
answer based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi
and Bilingual (English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE Diploma
Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if the students write answers in Marathi
or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same and assess
the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.

`Q. Sub 7Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

1 (A) Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10-

Total
Marks
(a) Draw the symbol of LED and PN junction diode. 2M

Ans: 1. LED 2. PN Junction diode 1M

:each
symbol

(b) Name the circuit to obtain D.C. signal from A.C. signal 2M

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Ans: Rectifier circuit is used to obtain D.C. signal from A.C. signal. 2M

(c) State relation between emitter current (IE), base current (IB) and collector 2M
current (IC) of BJT

Ans: The relation between emitter current (IE), base current (IB) and collector current (IC) 2M
of BJT is
IE = IB + IC
(d) Draw pin configuration of IC723 2M

Ans: 2M

e) List any two applications of zener diode. 2M

Ans: Applications of Zener diode are – 2M

1. Over voltage protection (any

2. Voltage regulator other
3. Wave-Shaper two
relevant
applicati
on can
be
consider
)

f) Write three terminal voltage regulator IC for obtaining : 2M

i) +5V

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ii) -12V

Ans: i) 7805 (1M

ii) 7912 each)

g) Draw symbol and write truth table of EX-OR gate 2M

Ans: Symbol: Truth Table 1M :

Symbol

1M:
Truth
table

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12-

Total
Marks
a) Draw and explain V-I characteristics of PN junction diode. 4M

Ans:
V-I Characteristics:

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2M:
Charact
eristics

Explanation :
2M:
1. When the PN junction diode is in forward bias, Explan
 At zero voltage, zero current will flow through the diode. ation
 If the applied voltage is less than the barrier potential, a small current flows
through the diode.
 When the applied voltage exceeds the barrier potential, the current starts
flowing through the diode and increases rapidly. This is known as forward
voltage or VF of a diode or knee voltage.
2. When the PN junction diode is in reverse bias,
 At the zero reverse voltage no current flows through it.
 If the reverse voltage increases a very small current starts flowing through the
diode, that known as reverse leakage current.
 After a certain point when reverse voltage further increases, the diode starts
conducting heavily in the reverse direction and the current starts flowing
rapidly through the diode. This is known as Reverse breakdown voltage.

b) Explain center tapped full wave rectifier with the help of circuit diagram and 4M
draw input, output waveforms.

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Ans: Circuit diagram:

1M :
circuit
diagra
m

2M:
Worki
ng

1M :
Working:
1) During the positive half cycle, point A is positive with respect to point B ,so wavefo
diode D1 is forward biased and diode D2 is reverse biased. rms
2) Due to this, diode D1 will conduct acting as a short circuit and D2 will not
conduct acting as an open circuit. Therefore the flow of current ‘I’ will be
through diode D1 and load resistor RL.
3) During the negative half cycle, point A is negative with respect to point B,
sothe diode D1 is reverse biased and diode D2 is forward biased. When D2
diode is conducting, the flow of current ‘I’ will be through diode D2 and load
resistor RL.
4) Thus in a full wave rectifiers, DC voltage is obtained for both positive and
negative half cycle.

Input and output waveforms:

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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c) Compare CB, CE and CC configuration (Any four points) 4M

Ans: 4M
Characteristics CB CE CC
(any
Common
Emitter Collector
Terminal for Base Terminal four
Terminal Terminal
Input and Output
points,
Base and Base and
Input voltage Emitter and 1M
Emitter Collector
applied between Base terminal
Terminal Terminal each)
Collector and Emitter and
Output Voltage Collector and
Emitter Collector
taken across Base Terminal
Terminal Terminal
Very high(200
Very Low(only Medium(500
Input Impedance to 750 kilo
50 to 500 ohm) to 5000 ohm)
ohm)
Output Very High(1 to Medium(50 to Very Low( up
Impedance 10 Mega Ohm) 500 kilo ohm) to 50 ohm)

Emitter Base Current Base Current

Input Current
Current or IE or IB or IB

Collector Collector Emitter

Output Current
Current or IC Current or IC Current or IE

Output Signal Same phase 180 degree Same phase

Phase with input out of phase with input
Always less Between 35 to
Very High
Current Gain than Unity 500
γ = IE/IB
α = IC/IE β = IC/IB
Less Than
Voltage Gain About 150 About 500
Unity

Leakage Current Very Small Very Large Very Large

Power Gain Medium High Medium

High
RF Signal Switching
Application Frequency
Processing Circuits
Circuits
d) Explain with circuit diagram operation of zener diode as a voltage regulator 4M

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Ans: Circuit Diagram: 2M:

Circuit
diagra
m

2M:
Explan
ation

Operation:
1) For proper operation, the input voltage Vi must be greater than the Zener
voltage Vz. This ensures that the Zener diode operates in the reverse breakdown
condition. The unregulated input voltage Vi is applied to the Zener diode.
2) The output voltage is given by,
Vo = VL = Vz ……… (1)
3) The input current is given by,
𝑉i−𝑉𝑧 𝑉i−𝑉𝑜
Is = = …….(2)
𝑅𝑠 𝑅𝑠
4) Also the input current Isis the sum of Zener current Iz and load current IL
Is = Iz + IL…….(3)
According to Kirchhoff’s voltage law, the output voltage is given by
Vo = Vi – Is.Rs……. (4)
5) As the input voltage increases, more Zener current will flow through the Zener
diode. This increases the input voltage Is, and also the voltage drop across the
resistor Rs, but the load voltage Vo would remain constant. Thus, a Zener diode
acts as a voltage regulator.

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12-

Total
Marks
a) Draw the block diagram of regulated DC power supply and explain the function 4M
of each block

Ans: Block Diagram of regulated DC power supply: 2 M-

Circuit
Diagram
,

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OR
2M for
explaina
tion

Functions of each block:

1) Transformer: It Converts an AC input source to AC required output without
changing frequency. The transformer is step up or step down transformer.
2) Rectifier: It is a circuit which is used to convert AC into pulsating DC. A rectifying
diode is used.
3) Filter: It is a circuit used to convert pulsating DC into pure DC. A inductor and
capacitors are used as filter
4) Voltage regulator: An unregulated DC voltage is converted into regulated DC
voltage. E.g. IC 78XX & 79XX series are used as regulator

b) Sketch circuit diagram of Hartely oscillator. State expression for frequency of 4M

oscillation.

Ans: Circuit diagram of Hartley oscillator: 3 M for

Diagra
m

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1 M for
express
ion

c) Describe transistor as a switch with neat sketch. 4M

Ans: Diagram of Transistor as a switch: 2 M for

Diagra
m

2 M for
Explain
ation

OR

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OR

Working :
1. From the circuit we can see that the control input Vin is given to base through
a current limiting resistor Rb and Rc is the collector resistor which limits the
current through the transistor or equivalent figure
2. When a sufficient voltage Vin is given to input, transistor becomes ON & it
goes into saturation.
3. During this condition the Collector Emitter voltage Vce will be approximately
equal to zero, ie the transistor acts as a short circuit & Vo = 0.
4. When input voltage Vin=0v, transistor becomes OFF & it goes into cutoff.
The transistor acts as an open circuit. During this condition the Collector
Emitter voltage Vce=Vcc. Therefore Vo = Vcc.

d) In full wave bridge rectifier Vm = 10V, RL = 10KΩ. Find out VDC, IDC, ripple 4M

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factor and PIV.

Ans: Given Data 1 M for

Vm=10v each
RL=10kΩ correct

2 * 𝑉𝑚 value
𝑉𝑑𝑐 =
𝜋
2*10
Vdc=
𝜋

𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 6. 366𝑣
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝐼𝑑𝑐 =
𝑅𝐿
6.366
𝐼𝑑𝑐 =
10 * 103
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 0. 6366𝑚𝐴
𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑚 =
𝑅𝐿
10
𝐼𝑚 =
10 * 103
𝐼𝑚 = 1𝑚𝐴

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2
𝑅i𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = √( ) −1
𝐼𝑑𝑐

𝐼𝑚
( )
𝑅i𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = √( √2 )2 − 1
𝐼𝑑𝑐
1*10−3
( )
𝑅i𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = √( √2 )2 − 1
0.6366 * 10−3
𝑅i𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0. 48
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑟i𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡i𝑓i𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝐼𝑉 i𝑠 𝑉𝑚 = 10𝑣

OR

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Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

4 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12-

Total
Marks

(a) Compare positive and negative feedback (Any four points). 4M

Ans: Sr Positive Negative

Parameter
.No. Feedback feedback ( Any
four

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1 Overall Phase Shift 00 or 3600 1800 suitable

points
2 Input Voltage Increases Decreases
can be
3 Output voltage Increases Decreases cosider
1M
4 Stability Poor Better
each )
5 Voltage Gain Increases Decreases

6 Noise Increases Decreases

7 Application Oscillators Amplifiers

(b) Draw the circuit diagram of bridge rectifier with Π filter. Draw its input and 4M
output waveform

Ans:
Circuit diagram of bridge rectifier with π filter :
2 M for
Diagra
m

2M for
input
and
output
wavefor
m)

or equivalent figure

Input and output waveform:

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(c) In a common base connection, current amplification factor (α) is 0.9. If the 4M
emitter current is 1MA, determine the value of base current and collector current.

Ans: 2M
Given Data : each
correct
α = 0.9
answer
IE = 1mA
Αs α= IC /IE.
Therefore IC = 0.9 mA
IE = IC +IB ……(Assume ICBO = 0)
IB = 0.1mA
OR
IB = (1- α) IE
IB = 0.1mA
(d) Describe the working principle of photodiode with proper diagram 4M

Ans: Diagram of photo diode : 2 M for

Diagra
m

2 M for
explain

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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ation

OR equivalent figure

Working principle of photo diode :

1. When photons of energy greater than 1.1 eV hit the diode, electron-hole pairs are
created.
2. The intensity of photon absorption depends on the energy of photons .Lower the
energy of photons, the deeper the absorption is. This process is known as the inner
photoelectric effect.
3. If the absorption occurs in the depletion region of the p-n junction, these hole pairs are
swept from the junction due to the built-in electric field of the depletion region.
4. As a result, the holes move toward the anode and the electrons move toward the
cathode, thereby producing photocurrent.

(e) Name the type of rectifier for each of following feature: 4M

i) Highest rectifier efficiency

ii) Highest form factor
iii) Two diode rectifier circuit
iv) PIV =2Vm

Ans: 4M
(i) Highest rectifier efficiency : Center tapped & Bridge full wave Rectifier
(ii) Highest form factor : Center tapped & Bridge full wave Rectifier (1 M
(iii) Two diode rectifier circuit : Center tapped full wave Rectifier for
(iv) PIV = 2Vm : Center tapped full wave Rectifier
each)

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Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12-

Total
Marks
a) Define α and β of transistor and derive the relation between them. 6M

Ans: Alpha( α) - Definat

Alpha( α) is the current gain of CB configuration. It is defined as the ratio of collector
ion
current(IC) to emitter current (IE).
:1M
α= IC
IE each
Beta( β) -
Beta( β) is the current gain of CE configuration. It is defined as the ratio of collector
current(IC) to base current (IB).

β = IC
IB
4M
derivat
ion

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b) Construct a dual regulated power supply capable of giving ±12V using 78XX and 6M
79XX IC’S.

Ans: 6M for
relevan
t
diagra
m
(other
suitabl
e
design
also
can be
OR conside
r)

c) Implement the fundamental logic gates ‘OR’ gate, ‘AND’ gate, ‘NOT’ gate using 6M
only NAND gates.

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Ans: 2M
each

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

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6. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12-

Total
Marks
a) Sketch circuit diagram of RC phase shift oscillator. If the value of capacitor. 6M
C = C1 = C2 = C3= 5pf and frequency of oscillation is 800Hz, calculate value of
resistor R1 (R = R1 = R2 =R3 ).
Ans:

3M

3M

b) Draw output characteristics of common emitter (CE) Configuration and explain 6M

active, saturation and cut off regions in detail.

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Ans:

3M

Explanation : 3M
(1) Active Region:
In this region collector junction is reverse biased and emitter junction is forward
biased. It is the area to the right of VCE = 0.5 V and above IB= 0. In this region
transistor current responds most sensitively to IB. If transistor is to be used as an
amplifier, it must operate in this region.

(2) Cut Off:

In this region collector junction is reverse biased and emitter junction is reverse biased
Cut off in a transistor is given by IB = 0, IC= ICO.

(3) Saturation Region:

In this region both junctions are forward biased. Since the voltage VBE and VBC
across a forward is approximately 0.7 V therefore, VCE = VCB + VBE = - VBC +
VBE is also few tenths of volts. In this region the transistor collector current is
approximately given by VCC / RC and independent of base current.

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c) Convert following numbers 6M

i) (11010010)2 = (?)8
ii) (109)10 = (?)2
iii) (6A)16 = (?)10
Ans: 2M
each

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