15.

Describe with diagram the Phosphorous cycle

The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the

movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and
biosphere. ... Low concentration of phosphorus in soils reduces plant
growth and slows soil microbial growth, as shown in studies of soil
microbial biomass.

16.Describe with diagram the Hydrogen cycle

The hydrogen cycle consists of hydrogen exchanges between biotic
(living) and abiotic (non-living) sources and sinks of hydrogen-containing
compounds. ... Hydrogen gas can be produced naturally through rock-
water interactions or as a byproduct of microbial metabolisms.

17.What is Thermal pollution? Describe its health effects

The term thermal pollution has been used to indicate the detrimental
effects of heated effluent discharge by various power plants. It denotes
the impairment of quality and deterioration of aquatic and terrestrial
environment by various industrial plants like thermal, atomic, nuclear,
coal-fired plants, oil field generators, factories, and mills.

Aquatic organisms like juvenile fish, plankton, fish, eggs, larva, algae and
protozoa which pass through screens and condenser cooling system are
extremely sensitive to abrupt temperature changes. They are habitual of
warmer water may suddenly face increase or decrease in temperature of
water bodies and thus die because of sudden changes in the temperature
of water.

18.What is Marine pollution? Describe its health effects

Marine pollution occurs when substances used or spread by humans,
such as industrial, agricultural and residential waste, particles, noise,
excess carbon dioxide or invasive organisms enter the ocean and cause
harmful effects there. The majority of this waste (80%) comes from land-
based activity, although marine transportation significantly contributes
as well. Since most inputs come from land, either via the rivers, sewage or
the atmosphere, it means that continental shelves are more vulnerable to
pollution. Air pollution is also a contributing factor by carrying off iron,
carbonic acid, nitrogen, silicon, sulfur, pesticides or dust particles into the
ocean .The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as
agricultural runoff, wind-blown debris, and dust. These nonpoint sources
are largely due to runoff that enters the ocean through rivers, but wind-
blown debris and dust can also play a role, as these pollutants can settle
into waterways and oceans .Pathways of pollution include direct
discharge, land runoff, ship pollution, atmospheric pollution and,
potentially,, deep sea mining.

19.What is Land pollution? Describe its health effects

land pollution, the deposition of solid or liquid waste materials on land or

underground in a manner that can contaminate the soil and
groundwater, threaten public health, and cause unsightly conditions and
nuisances.

Effects

The lack of an indicator is due to the complexity of relating soil pollution

to health outcomes . Soil pollution often has a long-term impact and
many variables determine the relationship between exposure to soil
pollution and

Disease
21.What is Deforestation? Describe its effects

Deforestation is the clearing, destroying, or otherwise removal of trees

through deliberate, natural, or accidental means. It can occur in any area
densely populated by trees and other plant life, but the majority of it is
currently happening in the Amazon rainforest.

Effects: The loss of trees and other vegetation can cause climate change,
desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, and a host of problems for indigenous people.

Deforestation occurs for a number of reasons, including farming, with

80% of deforestation resulting from extensive cattle ranching, and
logging for materials and development.

22.What is Acid rain? Describe its causes & effects.

 Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is

unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of
hydrogen ions (low pH).

 CAUSES: Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the
atmosphere to produce acids .

Effects:

 Acid rain has many ecological effects, but none is greater than its
impact on lakes, streams, wetlands, and other aquatic
environments. Acid rain makes waters acidic, and causes them to
absorb the aluminium that makes its way from soil into lakes and
streams.

23. Explain the scope of Environmental Studies.

The scope of environmental studies is very wide and it deals with
many areas like i) Conservation of natural resources,

ii) ecological aspects,

iii) pollution of the surrounding natural resources,

iv) controlling the pollution,

v) social issues connected to it

vi) impacts of human population on the environment.

Environmental studies is defined as the branch that deals with the:

Design, study, and discovery of new materials. The study of
humanities, social, biological, and physical sciences. Incorporate the
information and physical sciences.

24. Explain importance of Environmental studies.

The environment is an evergreen subject because it matters a lot to

our daily lives. It’s where we live, eat, breathe, and bring up our
children. Our life support systems entirely rely on the well-being of
every organism living on planet earth. This is why a lot has been
written and spoken about the protection and conservation of the
environment. There are even high-value courses dedicated to the
study of the environment. A typical example is an environmental
science.

Environmental science is a field that deals with the study of the

interaction between human systems and natural systems.

25. Explain various sources of sphere. (Atmosphere, hydrosphere,

lithosphere & Biosphere)
Atmosphere= An atmosphere is the layers of gases surrounding a
planet or other celestial body. ... The atmosphere protects life on
earth by shielding it from incoming ultraviolet (UV) radiation,
keeping the planet warm through insulation, and preventing
extremes between day and night temperatures.

Hydrosphere= The hydrosphere is the combined mass of water

found on, under, and above the surface of a , minor planet, or
natural satellite. Although Earth's hydrosphere has been around for
about 4 billion years, it continues to change in shape.

The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet,

underground, and in the air.

Lithosphere= It is believed the lithosphere evolved about 4.6 billion

years ago. The lithosphere refers to the solid, rocky crust that
covers the entire planet. This solid, rocky crust is composed of a
number of different rocks that have been hrouped into three
categories based on how they are formed. These three groups
include:

Metamorphic rocks – Metamorphic rocks are formed by heat and /

or pressure from pre-existing rocks.

Igneous rocks – igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of hot

molten rock also known as magma. When the hot magma cools it
begins to harden meaning once it had fully cooled it create what is
known to be an igneous rock.

Sedimentary rocks – sedimentary rocks are formed from pre-

existing rocks. When rocks erode and mix with other dirt, clay and
particles then settle together the mix together to form a
sedimentary rock.
 Biosphere= The biosphere is composed of all living organisms,
including; plants and animals. It is believed that all life exists in the
biosphere. Most of the living organisms are found from up to three
meters below ground to thirty meters above it and also in the to
200 meters of the ocean and seas.

26. Explain current environmental issues.

o here are many environmental issues in India. Air pollution, water

pollution, garbage, domestically prohibited goods and pollution of the
natural environment are all challenges for India. Nature is also causing
some drastic effects on India. Waste Production, Population Growth,
Water Pollution, Deforestation, Ozone Layer Depletion, Polar Ice Caps, Air
Pollution, Polar Ice Caps, Climate Change
Acid Rain, Acid Rain
27. Explain Ozone Layer Depletion
Ozone layer depletion means the thinning of the ozone layer present in
the upper atmosphere. That is harmful to nature and the atmosphere.
Ozone layer depletion is one of the major problems for the atmosphere
and also for all the living beings including the flora and fauna of this
earth.
Ozone layer depletion, is simply the wearing out (reduction) of the
amount of ozone in the stratosphere. Unlike pollution, which has many
types and causes, Ozone depletion has been pinned down to one major
human activity.
Industries that manufacture things like insulating foams, solvents, soaps,
cooling things like Air Conditioners,
Refrigerators and ‘Take-Away’ containers use something called
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
29. Explain Non-Renewable resources
A nonrenewable resource is a natural substance that is not replenished
with the speed at which it is consumed. It is a finite resource.
Fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal are examples of
nonrenewable resources. Humans constantly draw on the reserves of
these substances while the formation of new supplies takes eons.

30. Explain Renewable resources in terms of

a) Forest Resources=

Forests provide clean water and air, timber for wood products,

wildlife habitats, stable soil, and recreational opportunities, and
they beautify the environment. Furthermore, they are also an
important economic resource producing marketable timber.

b) Water Resources= Water resources are natural

resources of water that are potentially useful as a source of water
supply. 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three
percent is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen
in glaciers and polar ice caps.

c) Mineral Resources= Mineral resources can be divided into two

major categories - Metallic and Nonmetallic. Metallic resources are
things like Gold, Silver, Tin, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Iron, Nickel,
Chromium, and Aluminum. Nonmetallic resources are things like
sand, gravel, gypsum, halite, Uranium, dimension stone.

d) Food Resources= Main food resources are : Crops: Mainly crops

providing grains like rice, wheat, maize, etc. Vegetables and fruits: It
includes vegetables and different types of fruits. Animals and Birds:
Animals like cow, goat, pig, camel and hen are utilised for food
production
e) Land Resources= Land and Land Resources refer to a delineable
area of the earth's terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of
the biosphere immediately above or below this surface, including
those of the near-surface climate, the soil and terrain forms, the
surface hydrology