Modelling of corruption repression by Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi in Indonesia

Muhammad Ridwan Reza Nugraha and Nuning Nuraini

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1825, 020014 (2017); doi: 10.1063/1.4978983

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4978983
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1825/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics

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 Modelling of Corruption Repression by Komisi
Pemberantasan Korupsi in Indonesia
Muhammad Ridwan Reza Nugraha1,a) and Nuning Nuraini1,b)
1Industrialand Financial Mathematics Research Group,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia
a)
murirenu@gmail.com
b)
nuning@math.itb.ac.id

Abstract. Based on data from transparency.org, in 2015 Indonesia was ranked 88 out of 168 most corrupt countries in the
world, with a score of 36 (high corruption levels 0 - 100 free of corruption). Scores of corruption in Indonesia increased
from 32 to 36 since 2012 until 2015. Since 2002, the eradication of corruption in Indonesia conducted by Komisi
Pemberantasan Korupsi. The number of legal actions undertaken by the Commission since 2002 to 2015 increased. In the
mathematical model, we want to know the tendency of many legal actions carried out by the Commission for the
foreseeable future. By knowing these trends, we can take a variety of strategies that can make Indonesia free from
corruption.
INTRODUCTION
Corruption is an act of enriching someone or corporation, using authority and opportunity or anything available
to him because of the chair or positions that could harm the state finance or economy of the country or economy of
the State [2].
Since 2002 the Commission has been doing their duty to eradicate corruption that meet the following criteria as
follow [2]:
1. law enforcement officials, state officials, and others in connection with criminal acts of corruption
committed by law enforcement officers or state officials;
2. attention plaguing the society; and / or
3. concerning the state losses of at least Rp. 1,000,000,000.00 (one billion rupiah).
TABLE 1. Data Tabulation for Handling of Corruption (KPK) Year 2004-2016 [3]
P1 P2 P3 I E
Repression Investigation Inquiry Prosecution Inkracht Execution
2004 23 2 2 0 0
2005 29 19 17 5 4
2006 36 27 23 17 13
2007 70 24 19 23 23
2008 70 47 35 23 24
2009 67 37 32 39 37
2010 54 40 32 34 36
2011 78 39 40 34 34
2012 77 48 36 28 32
2013 81 70 41 40 44
2014 80 56 50 40 48
2015 87 57 62 37 38
2016 10 7 7 1 5
Total 762 475 396 321 338

Symposium on Biomathematics (SYMOMATH 2016)

AIP Conf. Proc. 1825, 020014-1–020014-5; doi: 10.1063/1.4978983
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1493-8/$30.00

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 In addition to the inquiry, investigation and prosecution, KPK (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi) also stated the
task to have [4]:
x cooperate with institutions authorized to eradicate corruption;
x supervision with institutions authorized to eradicate corruption
x prevention of corruption; and
x oversees the administration of the state
We can conclude that during this time KPK has taken action and prevention.

FIGURE 1. Modelling Process of Prosecution Corruption by KPK

MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Let assume that KPK’s action until 2015 had put an impact in reducing the numbers of corruption. Also
assuming that the processes of corruption case start from investigation until execution are carried out within a period
of one year. All the processes start from January until December in that year, where all the processes are conducted
in Jakarta. The data will be used in this model is data from 2004 to 2015, this data is shown in table 1.
Figure 1 showed the process of legal action by KPK corruption. ߙ௜ is the percentage of suspects who would
undergo the next process, which was on the diagram. By using the amount of each process up to 2015 from table 1,
we acquired ߙଵ ൌ ͲǤ͸ͳͻ͸ͺͳ, ߙଶ ൌ ͲǤͺ͵Ͷ͹͸͵ͻͶͺ, ߙଷ ൌ ͲǤͺʹʹ͸ʹʹͳͲͺ, ߙସ ൌ ͲǤͺʹͷ, and ߙହ ൌ ͲǤͳ͹͹͵͹͹ͺͻʹ, or
ߙ ൌ0.442819149 with ߙ is the percentage of suspects who followed the investigation process before the execution
trial. So we can conclude that about 44% suspect got an execution.
Let assume again that the performance of KPK is stable since 2004. We know that KPK cannot handle an infinite
number of corruption cases. So the performance of KPK certainly has its limits. Therefore, we use the discrete
logistic models to model the growth of corruptors examined by KPK. These models are used because there is
competition between the corruptors to be examined by KPK. We use discrete model because the time is discrete.
Corruption suspect growth model is written in discrete-type logistic equation as follows
N (t ·
N (t  1) N (t )  r * N (t ) ¨1  (1)
K ¹
‫ ݐ‬indicates the time of year. Year 0 indicates the beginning of legal ) action by the commission, namely in 2004,
§
ܰሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ indicates the number of corruption suspect in year-‫ݐ‬, ‫ ݎ‬indicates¸ corruption suspects growth rate per year, ‫ܭ‬
©

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indicates capacity carried by KPK in eradicating corruption. By using least square method nonlinear, we got ‫ ݎ‬ൌ
ͲǤ͹ͻͻͳͷ͵͸͵ͷͻͺͻͷͳ͹ and ‫ ܭ‬ൌ ͹͸Ǥ͹ʹͻ͸ͻʹͻ͸ͻͶ͸͹.

90
Data KPK
Mathematical Model
80

70

Number of Repression
60

50

40

30

20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Year

FIGURE 2. Model Number of Corruption Repression by KPK.

Based on the results above, the number of suspects who would be examined by the KPK will have a tendency of
about 76 people. In fact currently corruption prosecution has already in the period of equilibrium which was about
76 people per year who carried out the investigation. This condition can be stated as safe or dangerous. Safe if
corruption suspects only stands at 76 people. Dangerous if corruption suspects is far more than 76 people while the
capacity the KPK to take action is limited.
Assuming that the number of suspected corruption in the coming year is in accordance with the model and
located in the boundary conditions of KPK. Although we have considered it safe because KPK can still take action,
it is not allowed to continue. At least 76 there were law enforcement officers or organizers of the State or associated
with corruption per year. There were also 76 cases of corruption plagues in society, where minimum 76 billion
rupiah harmed by the alleged corruption act. There was even possibility that there was a combination of two or
three. So even in safe condition, we still have to think of other strategies to prevent corruption in Indonesia.
Corruption reduction strategies can be carried out by KPK or parties outside KPK. Mathematically, an additional
strategy reduction in corruption will decline different rate, for example all precautions have rate ‫ݎ‬ଵ ܰሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ which gives
the effect of each year and ‫ݎ‬ଶ ܰሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ, ‫ݎ‬ଷ ܰሺ‫ݐ‬ሻǡ ǥ ǡ ‫ݎ‬௡ ܰሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ provides periodic impact per 2/3 / ... / ݊ years, with σ‫ݎ‬௜ ൑ ‫ݎ‬.
Each of these actions has ߳ଵ ǡ ߳ଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ ߳௡ effectiveness value between 0 and 1. So the growth model become
§ N (t ) · n
N (t  1) N (t )  rN (t ) ¨1  ¸  N (t )¦ H i ri (2)
© K ¹ i 1

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
In the first case, when we did not perform additional actions to combat corruption, the equilibrium point of
mathematical model above is achieved when the number of suspected corruption converges to a certain value, that
is, when ܰሺ‫ ݐ‬൅ ͳሻ ൌ ܰሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ, from this condition we obtain equilibrium occurs when ܰሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܭ‬. To test the stability of
this equilibrium point, we derived model (1) with respect to N, then substituting the ܰሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܭ‬. From the calculation
we get the stability of its value by ͳ െ ‫ ݎ‬of less than 1, so that the equilibrium point is stable. This means that
regardless of the initial value of the model, the model will always get to the equilibrium point.
σ೙ ఢ௥
For the second model, equilibrium is reached when ܰሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ܭ‬ቀͳ െ ೔సభ ೔ ೔ቁ. Surely we want to make Indonesia
௥
free of corruption, so with more precautions and high effectiveness, it will increasingly come down the equilibrium

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value. Corruptors will be completely exhausted when σ௡௜ୀଵ ߳௜ ‫ݎ‬௜ ൌ ‫ݎ‬, namely ܰሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ. Surely σ௡௜ୀଵ ߳௜ ‫ݎ‬௜ ൌ ‫ݎ‬
achieved when each action has an effective 100% and occurred in year-‫ݕ‬, with y is little common multiple of
ͳǡʹǡ ǥ ǡ ݊ or occurs when all actions have an impact annually. Value stability for this model is 1, meaning the
equilibrium point ܰሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ will not necessarily be reached, so according to this model, corruption will always exist
even though it small.

NUMERICAL RESULTS
In this session, we simulate the dynamics of the model 2 with some variation of parameters ranging from years 0
to 12.
TABLE 2. The Example of Action
Variation Parameter Description Value Effectiveness
1 - - - -
ͳെ‫ݐ‬
2 ‫ݎ‬ଵ Anti-corruption education 0.3 ൬ ൰
‫ݐ‬
ͳെ‫ݐ‬
‫ݎ‬ଵ Anti-corruption education 0.13 ൬ ൰
‫ݐ‬
ͳെ‫ݐ‬
‫ݎ‬ଶ spot inspections 0.15 ൬ ൰
‫ݐ‬
ͳെ‫ݐ‬
3 ‫ݎ‬ଷ reporting of wealth 0.19 ൬ ൰
‫ݐ‬
ͳെ‫ݐ‬
‫ݎ‬ସ visited by KPK 0.2 ൬ ൰
‫ݐ‬
ͳെ‫ݐ‬
‫ݎ‬ହ massive inspection 0.12 ൬ ൰
‫ݐ‬
௡
All action above have 100%
4 ‫ݎ‬ ෍ ‫ݎ‬௜ 1
effectiveness and has impact per year
௜ୀଵ

For the fourth variations, this growth model into a corruption suspect become
N t 
2

N  t  1 N t   r (3)
K

80

Variation 1
70
Variation 2
Variation 3
60 Variation 4
Number of Repression

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Year

FIGURE 3. Repression Model with Additional Strategies

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 The results of this simulation can be seen graphically in figure 3. Variation 2 and 4 produced similar results,
differing only in its equilibrium value. Meanwhile variation 3 has more interesting dynamic. Value of ܰሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ is
always changed throughout the years, and not only decreased, but also increased, this is due to acts that do not
always work every year. The highest decline occurred when, in the many actions that impact.

DISCUSSIONS
We have seen mathematical model for corruption by the Commission. Based on the model (1), corruption was in
the region of equilibrium, which is already at capacity handling by KPK. If this is allowed to continue, then there
will be suspect which were not handled by KPK. But the main thing we focus on is not cracking down all suspect
corruption, but to prevent corruption or even eradicate all acts of corruption that do not meet KPK’s criteria.
Additional strategies from KPK and outside the Commission will be very impactful. Especially when all these
strategies have impact every year. It is possible that the strategy continues to grow every year with high
effectiveness, so that there will be circumstances where the variation 3 is reached. Although according to the model
(2) corruption will not necessarily be disappeared, we should not despair for combating it, because “We fight
corruption not only because it harmed The State finance, but also because it is crime against humanity. Fact proved
that corruption caused poverty among the world population. Corruption brings injustice, social imbalance and
civilization degradation. Corruption has taken nation in the world from their mutual prosperity” [7].

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research is funded by Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan.

REFERENCES
1. Transparency International: Corruption Perception Index 2015. Website :
http://www.transparency.org/cpi2015, accessed May 25th 2016
2. Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi: Undang-Undang No 31 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pemberantasan Tindak
Pidana Korupsi. Website : http://www.kpk.go.id/id/tentang-kpk/undang-undang-pendukung, accessed May
25th 2016
3. Portal Pengetahuan Anti Korupsi: Recapitulation Repression of Corruption. Website :
http://acch.kpk.go.id/statistik, accessed May 25th 2016
4. Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi: Undang-Undang No 30 Tahun 2002 Tentang Komisi Pemberantasan
Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Website : http://www.kpk.go.id/id/tentang-kpk/undang-undang-pendukung,
accessed May 25th 2016
5. Transparency International Indonesia: Corruption Perception Index 2015. Website :
http://www.ti.or.id/index.php/publication/2016/01/27/corruption-perceptions-index-2015, accessed May
25th 2016
6. Ditjen Mineral dan Baru Bara: Undang Undang Republik Indonesia No 8 Tahun 1981 Tentang Hukum
Acara Pidana. Website : https://www.minerba.esdm.go.id/library/sijh/KUHAP.pdf, accessed May 25th
2016
7. Sekertariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia : Written speech President Joko Widodo Presented by Coordinating
Minister for Politics At Peak International Anti-Corruption Day, on Sabuga Building, Bandung, December
10, 2015. Website : http://setkab.go.id/pidato-tertulis-presiden-joko-widodo-yang-dibacakan-oleh-menko-
polhukam-pada-puncak-peringatan-hari-anti-korupsi-internasional-di-gedung-sabuga-bandung-10-
desember-2015/, accessed May 25th 2016.

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